The Effectiveness Of Santol Seed's Oil Extract As Biofuel 4r5d13

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SANTOL (Sandoricum koetjape) SEEDS OIL EXTRACT AS A BIOFUEL

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Bautista National High School Bautista, Pangasinan S.Y. 2015-2016

By: ROSHELL B. RAMOS AGATHA FRITZIE L. MATEO ROSS FAITH L. BANLAOI Grade10-SSC

DR. RITCHIE G. MACALANDA

Adviser APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements in RESEARCH II of the Special Science Curriculum, this thesis entitled, “The Effectiveness of Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) Seeds Oil Extract as an Alternative Biofuel was prepared and submitted by Roshell Ramos, Ross Faith Banlaoi and Agatha Fritzie Mateo and hereby recommended for approval and acceptance for oral examination. DR. RITCHIE G. MACALANDA Adviser ______________________________________________________________________

Oral Examination Committee Approved by this committee on the Oral Examination:

OLIVIA P. QUINTO Chairman

FEBREN V. VELASQUEZ Member

FE ANNE THEA V. DE GUZMAN Member

______________________________________________________________________

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research II.

EDUARDO B. CASTILLO Principal IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers wish to extend their profound gratitude to those who in diverse ways shared in making this thesis work possible. First and foremost, to the Almighty Father in heaven who is the ultimate source and fountain of their energy and inspiration giving them an oasis of comfort at all times amidst desolation. To their families, for their financial and moral , prayers and inspirations. ive Tito’s and Tita’s for the financial, moral and love. Their siblings who understood and guided them throughout the research. Loving cousins, for the unending love, and suggestions in making this thesis possible. The hardworking adviser, Dr. Ritchie Macalanda and other Science Department teachers who helped them in their financial needs, who shared their priceless time, knowledge, suggestions and served as boundless inspiration to them. Their unforgettable and second family classmates, the PBD 737 Family/ 10-SSC, thank you for the stomach aching laughter, tears, kindness, lessons and great memories we have shared despite of the difficulties we are undertaking due to unending requirements that has been given to us. We love you to infinity plus one. And last but not the least, to their special someone, their best friends, for the endless understanding despite of their differences and busy schedule. Thank you and we love you. Faith

Roshell, Agatha, Ross

DEDICATION This Research work is committedly and devotedly dedicated to our efficient Research II adviser, Dr. Ritchie G. Macalanda, to the faculty and staff of Bautista National High School, to the love of our lives, our families, The Ramos Family, Banlaoi Family and Mateo Family and to God Almighty.

- Roshell, Agatha & Faith

Research Abstract Title:

“The Effectiveness of Santol (Sandoricum Koetjape) Seeds Oil Extract as an

Alternative Biofuel” Researchers: Roshell B. Ramos Agatha Fritzie L. Mateo Ross Faith L. Banlaoi Adviser:

Dr. Ritchie G. Macalanda

School:

Bautista National High School Bautista, Pangasinan

______________________________________________________________________ People depend on our natural resources. The more our population increases the more resources are needed, and with some of our natural resources being limited we are to face challenges. One of the major problems the world is experiencing today is the lack of fuel. It is because fuels are known to be non-renewable resources, in which it takes time for it to be replaced and replenished. And the fact that we are taught with knowledge and skills on how to survive, it is natural for us to find solutions to our problems, especially if it is a way for us to sustain our life. That is why researchers have been taking interest on finding an alternative solution on the lacking of fuel.

This research study was conducted for the reason of aiming to help conserve the limited supply needed by unending demand of the rising population and to determine the effectiveness of santol seed oil extract in using it as alternative biofuel.

The researchers conducted this investigation to help the people around to understand further use of plants as an ingredient of certain products that can be useful to mankind. This is also considered as eco-friendly because it can be used without causing any waste products. With this it may later help the development of the economy. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1.) What are the active contituents of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract that can be used as biofuel; 2.) Is there a significant difference between the Santol seed oil as a biofuel and the commercial one in of: a.Combustibility; 3.) How effective is the Santol Seeds Oil Extract as an alternative Biofuel? The researcher tested the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. There was no significant difference in using the Santol seeds oil extract as an alternative biofuel and the commercial one. The laboratory analysis was conducted to identify the property of the Santol seeds that is responsible for the oil biofuel. It was conducted at Virgen Milagrosa University. The researchers used the experimental design in which the procedure and statistical treatments was derived from scientific experiments The following are the materials used by the researchers to extract the inner part of the Santol seed; Santol seeds, knife, scissors and trays. In making the Santol seeds extract as biofuel the materials used were the Santol Seeds, Beaker, Stirring Rod, Erlenmeyer Flask, Graduated Cylinder, Spatula, Mortar and Pestle, Water Bath, Test tube, Sodium hydroxide, Glycerin, Methanol.

The researcher then recommends that further experiment should be conducted to test if other plants also have potential as biofuel.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page

i

Approval Sheet

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Dedication

iv

Abstract

vii

CHAPTER 1.

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

1

Conceptual Framework

3

Research Paradigm

3

Statement of the Problem

4

Research Hypothesis

5

Significance of the Study

5

Scope and Delimitations

6

Definition of

6

2.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

8

Related Studies

11

3.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

13

Materials and Procedure

13

Flow Chart

15

Data Gathering Instrument

16

Statistical Treatment of Data

16

4.

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Findings

25

Conclusion

26

Recommendation

27

BIBLIOGRAPHY

29

APPENDICES

30

CURRICULUM VITAE

47

18

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM Background of the Study The santol is believed native to former Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, and to have been introduced into Sri Lanka, India, Borneo, Indonesia, the Moluccas, Mauritius, The Seychelles and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is also called Yamapi'. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits are seasonally abundant in the local and international markets. Santol Tree is severely a tropical tree and do not grow over 1000 m. It is usually cultivated in Asian countries and its fruits are abundant in local markets during the season. Santol itself is a very elegant by appearance and fast growing tree which can attain height up to 50 m. It also makes a good shade tree with large lime to deep green leaves and offering occasional contrasting red leaves. Leaves are typically trifoliate, but sometimes the number of leaflets may be more leaflets broadly the ovate to ovate rectangle, faintly fragrant.

A very creative tree, it produces between 18,000 and 24,000 fruits per year. It is harvested by clamping the ripen fruits. There are two varieties of santol fruit, previously considered two different species, the yellow variety and the red. The difference is in the color that the older leaves turn before falling. The red appears to be more common and the reddish leaves mixed with the green ones add to the distinction and attractiveness of the tree. The fruits are often the size, shape and slightly fuzzy texture of peaches, with a reddish tinge. Both types have a skin that may be a thin peel to a thicker rind, according to the variety. It is often edible and in some cultivars may contain a milky juice. The central pulp near the seeds may be sweet or sour and contains inedible brown seeds. In some varieties the outer rind is thicker and is the main edible portion, with a mild peachy taste combined with some taste and the pulpy texture of apples. In others the outer rind is thinner and harder and the inner whitish pulp around the seeds is eaten. This may be rather sour in many cultivars, which has reduced the general acceptance of the tree. Most improved varieties have increased thickness of the edible outer rind, which can be eaten with a spoon leaving just the outer skin, and should increase the acceptance of the santol worldwide. The fruit grows on a fast-growing tree that may reach 150 feet in height. It bears ribbed leaves and pink or yellow-green flowers about 1 centimeter long.

On the other hand, fuels are any materials that store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and used for work or as heat energy. The concept originally applied solely to those materials storing energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion, but the concept has since been also applied to other sources of heat energy such as Nuclear energy (via nuclear fission or nuclear fusion). The heat energy released by many fuels is harnessed into mechanical energy via an engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release un-usable energy. Hydrocarbons are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized. Fuels are contrasted with other methods of storing potential energy, such as those that directly release electrical energy (such as batteries and capacitors) or mechanical energy (such as flywheels, springs, compressed air, or water in a reservoir). The first known use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus near 2,000,000 (two million) years ago.[page needed] Throughout most of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were only used by humans . Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals.

It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as European forests started to become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking. Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the development of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005. Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the industrial revolution, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power. Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as biofuels like alcohols. Biofuels have become part of daily living. When using the word fuel, the tendency is to think of a substance that is mainly used in transportation, house chores and many more. The truth is biofuels are a major help to us by means of replacing some of the human energy needed in our home heating to vehicle fuel to electricity generation.

Biofuels can also help our society to lessen the pollution in the air. Since the country is experiencing a rapid population growth the tendency is that we create more air pollution. One cause of this pollution is the burning of fuels. And with the rapid increase of population which triggers a demand for bigger supply in our fuels, the world now is facing a problem, due to the fact that fuels are nonrenewable resources. And also, because fuels when transformed to gas is said to harm the environment. That is why the world needs a fuel which is considered or labeled as eco-friendly. Due to the abundance of Santol here in the Philippines and in other tropical countries, the researcher thought of investigating and experimenting the effectiveness of Santol Seed Oil as biofuel. It has been noted by the researcher that the Santol Seed Oil have other constituents that can be used on, especially alkaloids. This encouraged the researcher to find its possibility of the Santol Seed Oil on becoming a biofuel.

Conceptual Framework The researcher made a diagram on how to determine the effectiveness of Santol seeds oil extract as biofuel.

Research Paradigm Figure 1. Shows the relationship between the input, process and output of the research study.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm The concept of this research was presented by research paradigm. This shows the relationship between the input, process, and output of the research study. The focus of the study is to determine the potential of santol seed oil extract as a biofuel.

Statements of the Problem/ Objectives This study aims to test the effectiveness of Santol Seeds Oil as an alternative Biofuel. This study will answer this questions. 1. What are the active contituents of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract that can be used as biofuel? 2. Is there a significant difference between the bamboo shoot as essential nutritive pancit enhancer and the commercial one in of: 

Combustibility

3. How effective is the Santol Seeds Oil Extract as an alternative Biofuel?

Hypothesis There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the Santol seeds oil extract as a biofuel and the commercially available biofuel.

Significance of the Study In this section, the researchers expressed the value or importance of the research study. It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study is enumerated. The researchers conducted this study to know if the Santol seeds oil extract is effective as an alternative biofuel. The outcome of this study may give significance to all kind of people, but most likely to these following groups: Students and Teachers. This will give them information about the Effectiveness of Santol Seeds Oil Extract as an alternative Biofuel. Future Researchers. It will serve as their future related studies. Normal People. It is to notify them about the beneficial uses of Santol Seeds oil Extract.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research study was focused on the effectiveness of Santol seeds oil extract as a biofuel. Specifically, the researcher used a specific variety of Santol at Bautista, Pangasinan. The Santol seed oil extraction was conducted at the The following result will be the basis of the effectiveness of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract.

Definition of To make the research more clear and understandable, here are some of the definitions of words that are used: Biofuel- are energy sources made from living things, or the waste that living things produce. ers of biofuels argue that their use could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; while burning the fuels produces carbon dioxide, growing the plants or biomass removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Phytochemical Screening- refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Extraction- it is a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others. The mixture is brought into with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the related literature and studies that are relevant with the present study. . Taxonomic Description Kingdom:

Plantae-Plants

Subkingdom:

Tracheobionta-Vascular plants

Super-division:

Spermatophyta-Seed plants

Division;

Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants

Class:

Dicotyledonae

Subclass:

Rosidae

Order:

Sapindales

Family:

Meliacea

Genus:

Sandoricum

Species:

koetjape

Related Studies The santol is believed native to former Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, and to have been introduced into Sri Lanka, India, Borneo, Indonesia, the Moluccas, Mauritius, The Seychelles and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is also called Yamapi'. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits are seasonally abundant in the local and international markets. The santol is a fast-growing, straight-trunked, pale-barked tree 50 to 150 ft (1545 m) tall, branched close to the ground and buttressed when old. Young branch lets are densely brown-hairy. The evergreen, or very briefly deciduous, spirally-arranged leaves are compound, with 3 leaflets, elliptic to oblong-ovate, 4 to 10 in (20-25 cm) long, blunt at the base and pointed at the apex. The greenish, yellowish, or pinkish-yellow, 5-petalled

flowers, about 3/8 in (1 cm) long are borne on the young branch lets in loose, stalked panicles 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm) in length. The fruit (technically a capsule) is globule or oblate, with wrinkles extending a short distance from the base; 1 1/28 to 3 in (4-7.5 cm) wide; yellowish to golden, sometimes blushed with pink. The downy rind may be thin or thick and contains a thin, milky juice. It is edible, as is the white, translucent, juicy pulp (aril), sweet, sub-acid or sour, surrounding the 3 to 5 brown, inedible seeds which are up to 3/4 in (2 cm) long, tightly clinging or sometimes free from the pulp. Due to its abundance and adaptable characteristics researchers decided to conduct researches on the Santol Tree. The following are some researches of santol. Related Studies Santol Plant According to the site of the Philippine Medical Plant Stuart Xchange the Contituents of Santol are as follow- its bark contains traces of a bitter principle, a toxic alkaloid. The bark also contains a bitter substance, sandoricum acid, similar to acids found in Chisocheton, dysoxylum, heynea and carapa. Thai study yielded two new limonoids from the leaves: sandoripin A and sandoripin B. While, study on leaves have yielded trijugin-type limonoids, sandrapins A, B, C, D and E and sandoripin A and B. Studies

have

also

yielded

more

than

10

terpenoids.

It is said that the Seeds have yielded andirobin-type limonoids - sandoricin and 6hydroxysandoricin.

The

seed

contains

an

amorphous

bitter

principle.

The fruit hulls have yielded bryononic acid and bryonolic acid terpenoids, meso-inositol and

dimethyl

mucate

polyalcohol.

Stem bark studies have yielded triterpenoids such as, katonic acid, indicic acid, koetjapic acid, 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid, alloaromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol],

bryononic acid,

secobryononic acid,

secoisobryononic

acid, 20-

epikoetjapic acid, 3-epikatonic acid and sandorinic acid A, B and C. Ethyl

acetate

extract

of

leaves

yielded

two

new

limonoids:

[2α-(2-

methylbutanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (1) and [2α-(2-methylpropanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (2). (18) Hexane extract of stem bark yielded an oleane-type triterpenoid, briononic acid. (see study below The Santol is also said to be aromatic, carminative, antispasmodic, astringent, stomachic, tonic and its fruit considered astringent. Its nutritional background consist of high in carbohydrates, fair in iron, but low in calcium. Also, fair source of vitamin B. Other studies shows that Santol is Ichthyotoxic and Anticarcinogenic, Anticancer,Anti-inflammatory, has DNA Polymerase B Inhibition, Termite Repellent, Antiangiogenic

/

Koetjapic

Acid,

Topical

Anti-Inflammatory,

Anti-Angiogenic,

has Biosorption / Lead and Cium, has Briononic Acid and has Bioinsecticide Effects.

Biofuel

Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized in some areas. J. curcas is a poisonous, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m (20 ft). It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to be grown in deserts. Its seeds contain 27-40% oil (average: 34.4%) that can be processed to produce a highquality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine. The seeds are also a source of the highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin or jatrophin. In 2008 researchers at Daimler Chrysler Research explored the use of jatropha oil for automotive use, concluding that although jatropha oil as fuel "has not yet reached optimal quality, it already fulfills the EU norm for biodiesel quality". When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality biofuel or biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car or further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), or as animal fodder. The cake can also be used as feed in digesters and gasifiers to p Seed has a toxic principle, toxalbumin curcin, belonging to the same group as croton and ricin. Comparatively, curcin causes less gastrointestinal irritation. 8 drops of this oil has been reported to cause severe vomiting, followed by diarrhea.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design Method In this study, single-group design method of research was used. This design involved a single treatment with two or more levels. It as highly controlled procedures in which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or a condition called the dependent variable, to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All the factors or variable was attributed only to the experimental or independent variable. Research Subject The researchers used Santol Seeds as the subject of the experiment. The researchers also search for the active components of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract at the College of Pharmacy in Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation. Research Locale

The Santol Seed Oil Extract that was used by the researcher was collected at different Brgys. In Bautista, Pangasinan. The researcher will determine the active components present on the Bougainvillea Leaf Extract by undergoing the phytochemical analysis that was held at Virgen Milagrosa University Pharmacy Department.

Research Materials The following materials were used to accomplish successfully this research study: •

Santol Seeds

•

Beaker Stirring Rod

•

Erlenmeyer Flask

•

Graduated Cylinder

•

Spatula

•

Mortar and Pestle

•

Water Bath

•

Test tube 

Sodium hydroxide, Glycerine, Methanol

Procedures: 1. Sun dry the collected Santol seeds. 2. Then, peel off the outer cover of the seeds. Use the mortar and pestle to powderize it. 3. After powderizing it will go through the Phytochemical Screening. 4. After the Phytochemical Screening comes the extraction process. The Extraction is needed to separate the oil from other components so that the oil needed to make a biofuel will be identified. 5. When the oil is extracted, it will be mixed with Glycerin and Sodium Hydroxide. Stir until the Sodium Hydroxide is melted.

6. Then the mixture is poured into a separatory funnel in a ring stand. 7. Let the mixture stable for several minutes. The separation will be noticeable. 8. Carefully open the stopcock and allow the lower layer to drain into the flask. Drain just to the point that the upper liquid barely reaches the stopcock. 9. Then, put the oil into a small disk. 10. Lastly, lit the oil with fire. If it produces fire then it is positive for biofuel.

Flow Chart

Data Gathering Instrument The researcher used a rating chart questionnaire which includes the instrument that would help the respondents in rating the quality of Santol seed biofuel in of the following characteristics. Table 1 Rating Scale

Rating Scale

Characteristic Combustability

5.00-4.01

Like very much

4.00-3.01

Like moderately

3.00-2.01

Like slightly

2.00-1.01

Neither like nor dislike

1.00-0.00

Dislike slightly

The following interpretation of ratings and verbal elements are as follows:

4.01-5.00

Excellent

3.01-4.00

Very Good

2.01-3.00

Good

1.01-2.00

Fine

0.00-1.00

Poor

Statistical Treatment of Data Mean, as a measure of central tendency was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the product against a prepared questionnaire. On the other hand, t-test was used to determine the significance of means for bivariate experimental research, the characteristics of the biofuel from the Santol seed and the commercial one.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents the data that were analyzed and interpreted by the researcher in accordance with the objectives of the study. The data presented were based on the experiment presented.

Table 2 Phytochemical Screening Results of Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) Seeds Oil Extract

Qualitative Test

A. Screening Alkaloids 

Positive Result

Actual Result

Production of ppt.

Production

for

Mayer’s

Regeant



Production of ppt.

Reagent Production of ppt.

t’s Reagent

The

solution Positive

becomes turbid

Valser’s

Production of ppt.

Reagent 

Production of few Positive precipitate

Boucharda



of Positive

precipitate

Wagner’s



Remark

No production of Negative ppt.

Screening

of Unsaturated, Sterols 

and

Triterpenes Lieberman’ Color change/ blue or green sol.

s Burchard Test 

Salkowski



Color change/ cherry red solution

Clear

transparent Negative

solution Screening

for Flavonoids Bate-Smith Red violet color

Metcalf Test  Cyanidin Test

transparent Negative

solution

test 

Clear

Color change/ green red etc.

Light yellow solution Negative Colorless

Negative



Screening

for

Steroid

(Cardio active 

glycosides) Kedde

Purple color

No development of Negative

Reaction 

Keller-

purple color Purple ring

No development of Negative

Killiani Test

 

purple ring color

Screening for Saponins

Froth test

Formation

of

froth No information of Negative

and foam

froth and foam

Gelatin Test

Production of ppt.

Production of ppt.

Positive



Production of ppt.

Production of ppt.

Positive



Screening for Tannin and

Phenolic Compound 



Gelatin Black Test

Ferric Chloride Test

Greenish

Blue/ Greenish

Greenish Black

 

color

Screening for Anthraquinone

Heterosides Borntrager Test

Color change/ cherry Clear red or pink sol.



black Positive

Modified Borntrager Test

Color

transparent Negative

solution

change/n Clear

cherry red or pink sol. solution

transparent Negative



Screening for Cyanogenic

Glycosides 

Gulgnard Test

Appearance

of No appearance of Negative

various

of various shades of

shades

Red with 15 minutes

Red

within

15

minutes

Table 2 shows that the active constituents present in Santol Seed’s Oil are Alkaloids and Tannins. Alkaloids have pharmacological effects, used as medications, and used as recreational drugs. Hence, it is little surprising that the alkaloids have been researched and examined the most by the modern day scientists. The strength or effectiveness of the alkaloids commonly includes everything or all substances that are poisonous in the plants. Combustibility of the Biofuel Table 3 shows the respondents rating on the combustability of the biofuel from Santol seeds. It is noted that the respondents rating on the smell of the Santol seed oil as biofuel had mean of 4.65 and was rated excellent in of the combustibility of the biofuel. Table 3 Combustibility of the Biofuel

RESPONDENTS

COMMERCIAL PRODUCT

1 2 3 4 5

5 4 4 4 4

SANTOL BIOFUEL 5 5 5 5 5

SEED

OIL

AS

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total

4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 86

4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 90

Table 4 indicates that the difference between Santol seed biofuel and the commercial product in of combustibility of the biofuel. The computed t-value of -4.0 is lesser than the tabular t-value 2.093 for the degrees of freedom 19. It shows therefore that the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between the characteristics of Santol seed biofuel and commercial product in of combustibility is rejected. Table 4 Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the combustibility of the Santol seed oil Biofuel and the commercial one

Variable Experimental Group Control Group df= 19

Df 19

Mean 4.5

Variance 0.3

t-value -4.0

19

4.3

0.4

-4.0

tabular t-value= -4.0

*significant

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS This

chapter

presents

the

summary

of

findings

gathered

after

the

experimentations as well as the conclusions derived and the recommendations made from the study. This study sought to answer the following questions: 

What are the active contituents of Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) seeds?



Is there a significant difference between the Santol seeds oil extract as

biofuel and the commercial one in of: a. Combustibility 

How effective is the Santol seeds oil extract as an alternative biofuel?

Findings Based on the data gathered, the following findings are hereby presented.



As to the result of the phytochemical analysis, it was found out that the

Santol Seeds Oil Extract contains alkaloids (which have pharmacological effects, used as biofuel), and tannins (that carries properties of making a biofuel). 

The characteristic of Santol(Sandoricum koetjape) seeds oil extract as a biofuel in of combustability was rated excellent with a mean of 4.3.



Based on the experiment conducted the Santol Seeds Oil Extract was

found out to be effective, it is much precise to be called a Methanol based biofuel.

Conclusions Based on the summary of findings, the following conclusions are presented. 

That the most active constituents that present on the Santol Seeds Oil

Extract are the alkaloids and tannins. Mainly, the alkaloids are the one responsible for its biofuel property. 

The characteristic of Santol (Sandoricum koetjape) seeds oil extract as a

biofuel in of combustibility excellent. 

The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference

between the characteristics of Santol seed biofuel and commercial product in combustibility is rejected. 

Basing on the laboratory analysis result, it can be concluded that the

Santol seed oil extract is effective, though specifically it is a Methanol based biofuel.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion, the researchers then recommend that; further experiment shall be conducted to test the potential of Santol Seeds to create other studies regarding the other possible uses of 

Similar studies should be conducted to determine other plants which may

also contain Alkaloids and Tannins. Researchers may also enhance the study by merging new studies to improve the results of the biofuel. 

The Santol seed biofuel must be enhanced to sur or maintain the excellent rating in of combustibility. Other physical attributes must also be considered for more validity and effectiveness.



People should be encouraged to use Santol seed biofuel because of it is eco-friendly and is help towards conserving the remaining fuel resources.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites “Santol Seeds’ Oil” (Accessed, August 14, 2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoricum_koetjape http://www.fruitsinfo.com/Santol-Exotic-fruits.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoricum_koetjape http://santolvinegar.blogspot.com/ https://prezi.com/8itwrfwyqjd3/the-feasibility-of-santol-seed-sandoricum-koetjape-as-ain/ http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2009.852.858 http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=10179

APPENDIX A Computation of T-test as Statistical Tool for Bivariate Experimental Research on the Combustibility of Santol Seed Biofuel Santol seed oil Biofuel

Commercial biofuel

Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

X2 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5

X1 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5

0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 -0.3 0.7 -0.3 0.7

0.49 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.49 0.09 0.09 0.49 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.49 0.09 0.49 0.09 0.49

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

19 20 Total

4 4 86

-0.3 -0.3

0.09 0.09 8

Mean Computation Given:= 86 = 90 N1= 20 N2= 20

First Variable

=

Second Variable

=

Variance (SD2) Computation (Working Formula)

=

5 4 90

0.5 -0.5

0.25 0.25 5

=

Computation of t-test Given:

df

= N-1

=20-1 df =19 df.05(20)= 2.093

N1= 19 N2= 19

=

= =-4.0 Interpretation: The computed t-value is -4.0 with 19 degrees of freedom (df). This value is significant at 0.05 level of confidence due to lesser than -2.093, tabular value, of 0.05 levels at df 19(t0.05(19)=2.093). This means that the mean weight of biofuel from Santol seeds differ from the commercial product. Therefore, the null hypothesis had been rejected.

APPENDIX B

MATERIALS USED IN OIL EXTRACTING

APPENDIX D PICTURES DURING THE EXPERIMENTATION

APPENDIX C THE PRODUCT

CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Roshell B. Ramos Address: Cabuaan, Bautista, Pangasinan Birthdate: September 17, 1999

Age: 15 Parents Father: Mr. Rolando P. Ramos Mother:

Mrs. Sheila B. Ramos

Nationality: Filipino Civil Status: Single Educational Background: Elementary: Bautista Central School (5th Honorable Mention) Nandacan, Bautista, Pangasinan Secondary: Bautista National High School Poblacion East, Bautista, Pangasinan Organizations: SSG – Secretary Seminar Attended: Municipal Science Investigatory Project Seminar

CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Agatha Fritzie L. Mateo Address: Ketegan, Bautista, Pangasinan Birthdate: June 3, 2000 Age: 15 Parents Father: Mr. Allan N. Mateo Mother: Mrs. Richelle L. Mateo Nationality: Filipino Civil Status: Single Educational Background Elementary: Bautista Central School (2nd Honorable Mention) Nandacan, Bautista, Pangasinan Secondary: Bautista National High School

Poblacion East, Bautista, Pangasinan Organizations: School Paper (English) – EIC and English Club - President Seminar Attended: Municipal Science Investigatory Project Seminar CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Ross Faith L. Banlaoi Address: Cacandongan, Bautista, Pangasinan Birthdate: October 19, 1999 Age: 15 Parents Father: Mr. Ruther C. Banlaoi Mother: Mrs. Evangeline L. Banlaoi Nationality: Filipino Civil Status: Single Educational Background

Elementary: Ketegan Elementary School (Salutatorian) Ketegan, Bautista, Pangasinan Secondary: Bautista National High School Poblacion East, Bautista, Pangasinan Seminar Attended: Municipal Science Investigatory Project Seminar