Petrel Tutorior 2x65r
This document was ed by and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this report form. Report r6l17
Overview 4q3b3c
& View Petrel Tutorior as PDF for free.
More details 26j3b
- Words: 5,027
- Pages: 177
Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa TPHCM
Đề Tài
PETREL G DỤNG TRONG ĐỊA THỐN Môn học: Địa thống kê GVHD: TS. Tạ Quốc Dũng Nhóm 7 Hồ Hoàng Phúc Nguyễn Mạnh Trường Nguyễn Mai Nam Nguyễn Văn Phước
3120278 3120421 4 3120226 4 3 120289 6
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Seismic
Structural Modeling
0
Domain Conversion
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Make Gridding Horizons Zones & Make s & Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
Seismic Visualization Complete
Visualize data in 3D, 2D (Base Map) and Interpretation windows Create arbitrary and aligned seismic random lines Crop a volume Volume rendering Realizing a cube Create a well intersection fence
Visualize data in 3D, 2D (Base Map) and Interpretation windows
Result s in 3D
Results in 2D
Seismic Visualization
Create an Interpretation Window
We can zoom and interpretati on for each intersection
Seismic Visualization
Crop a volume
Crop have function that cutting part away volume help work area more convenience
Seismic Visualization
Realize a volume
Realization is process copy data seismic 3D or 2D .It can define amplitude and adjust pixel
Seismic Visualization
Displaying Well Data in Time
Input Check shots to display time – depth relation
Seismic Visualization
Random Lines -Well Section Fence
Well section fence used for create seismic crossing each well
Seismic Visualization
Seismic Interpretation Complete
Horizon Interpretation - Guided and Seeded autotracking - Editing the interpretation Fault Interpretation
3D autotracking
Seismic Interpretation
2D autotracking
Seismic Interpretation
Fault interpretation
Seismic Interpretation
Petrel Workflow Tools
Domain Conversi on
Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometric al, Facies & Petrophys ical Modeling
Pillar Make Gridding Horizons Zones & MakeLayering Optional Plotting s & Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Edit Input Data Seismic
Editing Input Data Complete
Make/edit Polygons Make/edit Surfaces Use Surfaces calculator Create General Intersection
Editing Input Data
Introduction
Make/edit Surface 2D,3D define Cross Section Plane ( General Intersection), define Vertical Well Section, use Surface Caculator Process
Use for
Make/edit Polygons
Make Boundary
Make/edit Surface
Make/edit 2D,3D database on lines, point, polygons,3D seismic lines, surfaces, bitmaps or well tops
From 3D interpretation, we make surface and define boundary from Top tarbert
Editing Input Data
Make Polygons/ Points
Editing Input Data
By active make/edit polygons, we create boundary by data 3D semic Interperation in 2D window ( use with Top Tarbet) we have Polygon Polygon Surface more accurated Limit boundary in Volume calculation
Make Surfaces
From “ raw data” in 3D seismic interperation and polygon have been genarated,we make surface Before
Surfaces use for A)Display B) Caculation volume C) Input for 3D grid After
Edit a surface
By tools “smooth area” and “peak remove”, we adjust surface more suitable Before
After
Calculation in setting
Before
After
Editing Input Data
Surface calculator Thickness_map
VD
General intersection
Can also use seismic data to observe
Use intersection help observe surface intresection
Editing Input Data
Well Correlation
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratig raphic Modeli ng
Domain Conversion
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Zones & Make s &Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workflow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
Well Correlation Complete
Create and display data in a Well section window Well section settings Track and log settings Use the Log Calculator Make/edit Well tops Well top spreadsheet
Well section window
Flatten on Well Tops
Flattening on Well Tops is used to correlate intervals
Well Correlation
Log Calculat or
Use the Log calculator to create/edit and perform operations on logs.
Make/Edit Well Tops
Move existing well tops - click on the well top and drag it to move it to a new position.
Well Tops Spreadsheet
Well Correlation
3D grid Construction
Petrel Workflow Tools
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Pillar Make Griddi Horizons ng Zones & Make s & Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
3D grid Construction How to start the initial build of a 3D grid in Petrel will be covered in this module. The use of fault interpretations and surfaces as input for building the 3D grid will be demonstrated Complete Learn About the Input Used to Build the 3D grid Fault Interpretations Surfaces from Horizon Interpretations Understand the Main Methods Used to Build a 3D grid Make simple grid Corner point gridding Structural framework
Input data for 3D grid Construction Surfaces
Horizon Interpretation
Fault sticks
Fault polygons
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid
Input to fault model
Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Horizon modelin g
Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modeling
Corner point gridding
Pillar Griddin g
Make Simpl e Grid
Make Horizon s Make zones Layerin g Property Modeling Volume calculati on
Make simple grid process
Surfaces Input data
Make simple grid
3D grid Construction
Make Zones
Layering
Generates a simplified version of a 3D grid using surfaces as input which defines the resulting horizons. Further diveded into subdivisions through zonation and layering processes.
Corner point gridding vs. Structural framework Fault Input data
Structural framework
Fault framework modeling
Horizon modeling
Corner point gridding
Fault Modeling Pillar Gridding Make Horizons Make Zones
Layering
Corner point gridding – Fault 3D grid Construction modeling process The Corner Point gridding processes includes the use of the Fault modeling and the Pillar gridding processes together to create a skeleton framework. Fault mode ling
Structural framework – Fault framework modeling
3D grid Construction
Structural framework – Horizon modeling
3D grid Construction
Petrel Workflow Tools
Pillar Gridding
Domain Conversi on
Structural Modeling
0
Pillar Make Grid Horizons ding Zones & MakeLayering Optional Plotting s & Volume Calculation
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Geometric Well Log al, Facies & Upscale Petrophys ical Modeling
Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic Stratigraphic Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Build the framework of the 3D grid by using the Pillar Gridding process in Petrel . Faults and fault directions, the use of boundaries, segment generation and how to add trends will be covered. Also,demonstration of how to refine the grid will be given Complete Define the Process of Pillar Gridding
QC of Skeletons Intersections and Segments
Befor e
After
Structural framework
Fault framework modeling Corner point gridding
Fault modelingPillar Gridding Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Result in 3D view
Pillar Gridding
When clicking OK in the Pillar Gridding dialog, Petrel will generate a new 3D grid in the Models pane. This will contain three skeleton grids: Top skeleton
Mid skeleton
Base skeleton
Result in 3D view
Pillar Gridding
QC – Intersections
Pillar Gridding
QC – Segments
Pillar Gridding
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Griddin Make g Horizons Make s Optional & Volume Calculation Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make Horizons Process Structural framework Add the main horizons that will create the framework of the model. Normally these are seismic interpretations or gridded surfaces. Horizon modeling Corner point gridding
Fault modeling Pillar Gridding Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
Make Horizons Objectives Provide Overview of Stratigraphic Subdivisions in Petrel Gain Understanding of the Make Horizons process Define number of horizons (depending on input data) Define horizon type (geological)
Settings Tab Algorithms
Faults Tab Fault matrix setup and options Extrapolation options towards fault plane
Quality Check Methods Extra
1. Provide Overview of Stratigraphic Subdivisions in Petrel
Surfac e
Horizo n
2. Gain Understanding of the Make Horizons process Erosional – Horizons below will be truncated Discont – Horizons below and above will be truncated Base – Horizons above will be truncated Conformable – Will be truncated by all the other horizons
3. Setting Tab
4.1 Fault Tab Fault matrix setup and options
4.2-Fault Tab Extrapolation options towards fault plane
4.3 Setting Fault No Active Fault
Active Fault
5. Quality Check Methods & Horizon Lines Surfac e
Horizo n
6. Make horizons Final
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
Stratigrap hic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Domain Conversion Objectives Depth conversion principles and its application in Petrel Build a Velocity Model Make velocity model process Define zones Specify corrections Choose velocity methods and input Set Output Depth Convert the 3D grid using the Velocity Model Perform General Depth Conversion
Depth conversion in Petrel Depth Conversion is a 2 step process:
1. Velocity model
2. Depth conversion
Bridges the gap between time and depth domain
Uses a Velocity model to calculate Depth/Time relationship
There are several ways of doing domain conversion: From traditional velocity methods (Linvel equation) to more innovative approaches
There are two processes: • Depth convert active 3D grid (your 3D model) • General depth conversion (surfaces, interpretations, seismic and points from the Input pane)
Time domain
Depth
Velocity model Time -> depth conversion Depth -> time conversion
domain
Velocity model: The Layer-cake approach
Layer-cake approach Each lithologic unit is defined with a different mathematical function. Intervals are defined based on distinct velocity trends. It is calculated vertically, starting from datum, progressing downwards and taking one zone at a time You will have to: 1. Define the velocity model for every zone 2. Input parameters for the velocity model 3. Apply corrections if required
1. Depth conversion principles and its application in Petrel
Application Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
2. Build a Velocity Model
2. Build A Velocity Model 4 Step to Make Velocity Model 1. Define the Zone
2. Define the Correction
3. Define the Velocity Equation
Constant Surface Horizon
Constant Surface Horizon Well tops None
V=V0=VInt 4. Enter the Input for the Equation V=V0+KZ Define V0 (constant or surface) V=V0+K(Z-Z0) Define K (constant or surface) V=V0+KT Avg cube Avg property Same as above
1
Result Velocity model
3. Depth Convert 3D Grid
3. Depth Convert 3D Grid (Result)
4. General Depth Conversion Objects that can be converted using the General Depth Conversion process include: • Surfaces • Seismic Horizons •Seismic Faults •Seismic surveys • Fault interpretations • Points
4. General Depth Conversion (Result)
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Gridding
Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make Zones and Layering Objectives Isochore Processing 1. Create Isochore Points 2. Make Isochore Surface Introduce the Make Zones and Layering Process Discuss stratigraphic Intervals Set parameters for Making zones and Layering Apply adjustments to Well Tops QC Results in 3D Corner point gridding
Fault Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
1. Isochore Processing- Definition
•
Isochore: vertically
•
Isopach: Thickness between two horizons measured normal to horizon surfaces
Thickness between two horizons measured
Zo ne
N H ew or iz on
H on ori z
Stratigraphic Well top
Isochore thickness point
Isopach SubZone
1.1 Create Isochore Points
1.2 Make Isochore Surface
2. Introduce the Make Zones
2.1 Make Zone Process
2.1 Make Zones process - Results Before
After
2.2 Make Zones - Stratigraphic Intervals
2.3 Make Zones - Parameter Settings
Build from
Volume correction
Build along
Top Horizon Isochores added from top of interval
Proportional correction Will split the error proportionally into the zones according to its relative thickness.
Vertical Thickness (TVT)
Base Horizon – Isochores added from base of interval
Equal correction Will split the error into equal proportions for each zone.
Stratigraphic Thickness (TST)
Both Base and Top Horizon only active if a Rest zone is defined (all zones build towards it)
None correction Will not make volume corrections for all zones
Along Pillar – use when pillars are close to vertical
2.4 - Make Zones Results
3 - Layering - Process Defines the cells of the 3D Grid. It is the final vertical subdivision of the framework. The layers will be part of the Zone, and will not have a direct filter like the Zones do. Corner Point Gridding
Fault Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
3.1 - Layering Setting Proportion al Follow Base Follow Top Fractions Follow Base with Reference
3.2 - Layering - Results Types of zone division: Follow base Proportio nal Follow top Fractions Follow top + using a depositional surface Note: It is always a good idea to display edges in 3D to see all updates before applying the Make Zones and Layering Processes.
3.2 - Layering – Results (tt)
Petrel Workfow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Property Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Property modeling overview The objective of Property modeling is to distribute properties between the available wells so it realistically preserves the reservoir heterogeneity and matches the well data.
Petrel processes
.
Available Petrel tools for property modeling Property calculator Property filters
.
Data analysis
Several other important processes are:
Geometrical Modeling : Geometrical modeling by using to make a bulk volume property and an above property, which can later be used in the Volume Calculation process. Up-scaling the logs : Asg a value in every grid cell that is penetrated by the wells, based on the raw log values. upscaling the logs. Property Modeling: The process of asg property values in between the well logs, based on information from the logs. It includes Facies, Petrophysical and Geometrical modeling.
Geometrical Modeling Methods The Geometrical modeling process generates properties based on pre-defined system variables, mainly when no input data is available. Each cell of the 3D grid gets one single averaged property value. Method examples
Examples of use
Bulk Volume
QC the negative cells of the 3D grid.
Cell angle
QC the orthogonality of the cells in the 3D grid.
Zone and segment QC the modelled grid for both zone and index segment. Above
Used in SW calculations
Seismicresampling
Resamples the seismic into the 3D cells
• Create Bulk Volume & apply value filter. • Create Cell angle & apply 1D filter. • Creating an above property (to be used for SW calculation)…etc…
I. Bulk Volume Method:
Property Grid Filter Options
There are three types of property filters I-J-K filter
Filters a row of cells in the I/ J direction and K direction (1). With this filter there is also a Property Player (2). It is useful for QC of grid.
Index filter
It skips a defined amount of cells in I-J-K direction. It is useful for viewing a fence diagram (3).
Value filter
Applies cut off between selected values of the property (4).
I direction.
J direction.
K direction.
Example of Index & Value Filter Application Create a Bulk volume property from Geometrical modeling. It is good for finding non-orthogonal cells and negative grid cells when filtered:
Negative cells are usually caused by faults. Do a quality control of the grid and the fault model and pillar grid.
Befor e
Negative cells are usually caused by faults. Do a quality control of the grid and the fault model and pillar grid.
After
+ This can be due to bad pillar gridding + Requires the to go back to the Pillar Gridding Process and fix the grid
II. Cell Angle: Create a Cell angle property from Geometrical modeling. Quality check the orthogonality of the cells created during the structural modeling, by viewing filtered cell angle deviation:
cells. + The values calculated are angles representing the maximum + Deviation from 90 degrees at each corner. + Example: * These distorted cells align along faults. * As a rule of thumb, values less than 15 are suitable for simulation. * Higher values may result in errors when used in a typical five-point difference scheme.
III. Above : to be used for SW calculation. I directio n
IV. Well index: - To Filter Cell Angle
A-10 Well
A-15 Well
Visual filters for the 3D grid There are several filtering options for the 3D grid. They can all be combined or applied separately. Method examples
Used for
Fault filter
After having generated horizons and zones, it helps display only the faults related to a zone to see the offsets on faults.
Zone filter
After having generated horizon and zones, you can filter the zones.
Segment filter
After having generated the grid, it helps display the horizons or properties within the areas closed by faults, grid boundary, segment boundaries or a combination of these.
Petrel Workfow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Domain Conversion
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
What is Upscale………..? Before
After
Upscaling of Well Logs Objectives Gain Understanding of Concept and Process Understand and Use Discrete Logs Averaging methods Facies weighting Understand and Use Continuous logs Averaging methods Biasing to a discrete log Look at Different Scale-Up Settings Treat log as lines or points Method of which penetrated cells to use QC of Upscaled Logs Using well section window
The Scale up well logs process averages the values to the cells in the 3D grid that are penetrated by the wells. Each cell gets one value per upscaled log. These cells are later used as a starting point for Property modeling. Cells exist along the well path. Values assigned to cells based on well log values along the well path.
Upscaled logs used to fill in the 3D grid.
NOTE: An upscaled property will have a [U] following its name in the Property folder in the Models pane.
Commonly used Averaging Methods Averaging method
Description
Most of
Used together with discrete logs, it will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log for each particular cell.
Arithmetic mean
Typically used for additive properties such as porosity, saturation and net/gross.
Harmonic mean
Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer. It works well with lognormal distributions. It is sensitive to lower values.
Geometric mean
Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation and is lognormally distributed. It is sensitive to lower values.
1.1 Averaging Discrete Logs Averaging method For Discrete
Description
Most of
Will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log for each particular cell
Median
Will sort the input values and select the center value.
Minimun/Maxi Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell. mum Mid Point Pick
Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.
Random Pick
Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.
1.2 - Biasing to a Discrete Log
2. Averaging Continuous Logs Averaging method
Description
Arithmetic mean
Typically used for additive properties such as porosity, saturation and net/gross.
Harmonic mean
Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer. It works well with log normal distributions. It is sensitive to lower values.
Geometric mean
Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation and is log normally distributed. It is sensitive to lower values.
Median
Will sort the input values and select the center value.
RMS (Root Mean Squared)
Will provide a strong bias towards high values.
Minimun/ Maximum
Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell.
Mid Point Pick
Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.
Random Pick
Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.
Settings – Treat Log as lines or points Treat log
Description
As points
All sample values within each cell are used for averaging.
As Lines
If the midpoint of a line between two sample points is inside a cell, the point outside the cell will be used in the calculation.
Settings – Method of which penetrated cells to use Method
Description
Simple
All cells penetrated by the well trajectory are included
Through cell
The well trajectory must penetrate two opposite cell walls
Neighbor cell
All penetrated cells are used but cells in the same cell layer are averaged.
Quality Checking Upscaled Logs
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Facies Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Domain Conversion
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Facies Modeling Objectives General Property Modeling Workfow Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques Deterministic techniques Stochastic techniques Learn How to use different Algorithms Sequential Indicator Simulation Object Modeling fluvial channel general object modeling Interactive Modeling
Property modeling general workflow Apprais Explorati al on Less data More uncertainty Stochastic
Developm ent
Product ion
Pixel based Object based
EstimationInterpolationAddressed Deterministic
More data Less uncertainty
Stochastic vs Deterministic modeling methods Stochastic Deterministic Random (Seed number) It generates different equiprobable results for different seed numbers Variable states are described by probability distributions It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional modeling Allows more complexity and
It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors It generates the same result for a given set of initial conditions Variable states are described by unique values Need upscaled cells – needs more data
Faster to run
Two algorithms Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS)
Object modeling
Stochastic method using a pixel based technique
Stochatic method using an object based technique
The facies shapes and relationships may not be clearly understood
- Capture geological details in a more realistic manner
Sequential Indicator Simulation
Sequential Indicator Simulation Result: Pixeled Model
Object Modeling Discrete fluvial facies model
Object Modeling Adding general objects
Object Modeling Adding Oxbow facies
Object Modeling Use trend data: Flow line -To constrain the facies modeling - Must not be in conflict with the upscaled well logs
Object Modeling Use trend data: Flow line
Object Modeling Use trend data: Sourse Point
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphi c Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Layering Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversio n
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Petrophysical Modeling Objectives Discuss Different Petrophysical Modeling Techniques Deterministic techniques Stochastic techniques Learn How to Use Common Settings Setting filters Using many realizations Learn How to Use Zone Settings Define zones Use The Different Stochastic Algorithms Sequential Gaussian Simulation Gaussian Random Function Simulation QC results Property Calculator
Algorithms covered in the course 1. Moving Avarage - This is a deterministic method which uses an interpolation technique - The algorithm finds an average of the input data and weighs according to the distance from the wells
Gaussian Random Function Simulation - This algorithm is a stochastic method and the technique is pixel based - The variability of the data will be honored, conditioning the results to a previously modeled facies model
Petrophysical modeling - Common tab
1. Use filter - Property filter, Zone filter and Segment filter - If you select this option, all of the active filters will be used, so make sure that only the filter you want to use is active
2. Number of realizations
- Select this check box and enter the number of realizations to run, if more than one
Petrophysical Modeling - Zone Settings tab 1. Select the zone to model 2. Select the method to be used 3. Specify the settings for the chosen algorithm for the selected zone
Moving average - The algorithm is fast and will create values for all cells
- It can also create “bulls eyes” if the range of the input data is larg
Moving average Histogram: use your geological knowledge to see if the model represents the expected result (3D property & upscaled logs)
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 1. Variogram and - Create localTabs variations away distribution from the upscaled well log values - Should be specified for each of the facies
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 2. Co-kriging and Expert tabs - To steer the simulation using the spatial distribution of a secondary variable together with a correlation coefficient (Collocated co-kriging).
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 1. Define the Secondary variable: - Property: Usually a continuous seismic attribute volume that correlates with the property to be modelle - Horizontal surface - Vertical function 2. Choose the Method: - Local varying mean will normal transform the data before adding the residual - Collocated co-kriging will use a correlation coefficient to calculate the contribution of the secondary variable
Gaussian Random Function Simulation Specify Variogram
Gaussian Random Function Simulation
Gaussian Random Function Simulation Conditioning to Facies: A petrophysical model will be created by using a facies model as input. This will constrain the petrophysical values representing one facies to that facies only
Property Calculator There is a similar calculator associated with the properties
Property Calculator Result= Porosity Model1 + Porosity Model2 + Porosity Model3
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make s
Make Horizons Zones & Optional Layering
Well Design
Property Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make s Objectives Define Fluid s Oil Water s, Gas Oil s etc. Visualize Fluid s View lines only View s as hydrocarbon zones on surfaces View the s in 3D Create a Fluid Property Make fluid properties between s
Define Fluid s Purpose: Enter different types of s, such as constant values, dipping s and surfaces Visualize the s together with one of the horizons =>Areal extent of the hydrocarbon intervals.
Define Fluid s
OWC
GOC
Visualize Fluid s Visualize the s on a horizon: Fill horizons will drape the over the horizon being visualized
Create a Fluid Property
3D property that represent s the s
Petrel Workflow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make Horizons Zones & Volume Layering Optional Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
Stratigrap hic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Volume Calculation Since each cell is triangulated, it is possible to cut the cell exactly, and hence, using exact s
Volume Calculation 1. Creating a STOIIP Map - Show the sum of STOIIP for every X, Y position in the entire grid - Where to expect the highest concentration of oil
Volume Calculation 2. STOIIP map on a depth surface Surface
Surface with the STOIIP attribute
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Workflow editor
Objectives
Workfow editor interface Predefined workfows Autogenerate a 3D model workflow Autogenerate a mapping sequence
Workfow editor interface Provides a record of how a model was created Automatically update the model after the input data has been changed Extracting the details of which input data and settings were used
Autogenerate a 3D model workflow A simple adjustment of the layering in a 3D grid will first be done to illustrate the Repeat all calculations on the active 3D grid workflow
Autogenerate a 3D model workflow
Befor e
After
Autogenerate a mapping sequence
Petrel Workflow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversio n
Stratigraphi c Modeling
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Uncertainty and Optimazation Objectives Overview The principles of Uncertainty analysis Checking the results Visualizing the results
Overview
The principles of Uncertainty analysis
Checking the results
Visualizing the results
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Introduction
Well path design
Display different types of data on it Create vertical well intersectio n
Create synthetic logs along the well path
Φ K Sw
Well path design
To tell about all exits and entries of each zone To be handled over to the drillers
Get well points with different attributes
Φ K Sw
Well path design Trajectory
Well path design Porous Intersection
Well path design
Reference
Petrel 2010 manual
Introduction course 2010 Geostatistical reservoir modeling
HANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIO
Đề Tài
PETREL G DỤNG TRONG ĐỊA THỐN Môn học: Địa thống kê GVHD: TS. Tạ Quốc Dũng Nhóm 7 Hồ Hoàng Phúc Nguyễn Mạnh Trường Nguyễn Mai Nam Nguyễn Văn Phước
3120278 3120421 4 3120226 4 3 120289 6
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Seismic
Structural Modeling
0
Domain Conversion
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Make Gridding Horizons Zones & Make s & Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
Seismic Visualization Complete
Visualize data in 3D, 2D (Base Map) and Interpretation windows Create arbitrary and aligned seismic random lines Crop a volume Volume rendering Realizing a cube Create a well intersection fence
Visualize data in 3D, 2D (Base Map) and Interpretation windows
Result s in 3D
Results in 2D
Seismic Visualization
Create an Interpretation Window
We can zoom and interpretati on for each intersection
Seismic Visualization
Crop a volume
Crop have function that cutting part away volume help work area more convenience
Seismic Visualization
Realize a volume
Realization is process copy data seismic 3D or 2D .It can define amplitude and adjust pixel
Seismic Visualization
Displaying Well Data in Time
Input Check shots to display time – depth relation
Seismic Visualization
Random Lines -Well Section Fence
Well section fence used for create seismic crossing each well
Seismic Visualization
Seismic Interpretation Complete
Horizon Interpretation - Guided and Seeded autotracking - Editing the interpretation Fault Interpretation
3D autotracking
Seismic Interpretation
2D autotracking
Seismic Interpretation
Fault interpretation
Seismic Interpretation
Petrel Workflow Tools
Domain Conversi on
Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometric al, Facies & Petrophys ical Modeling
Pillar Make Gridding Horizons Zones & MakeLayering Optional Plotting s & Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Edit Input Data Seismic
Editing Input Data Complete
Make/edit Polygons Make/edit Surfaces Use Surfaces calculator Create General Intersection
Editing Input Data
Introduction
Make/edit Surface 2D,3D define Cross Section Plane ( General Intersection), define Vertical Well Section, use Surface Caculator Process
Use for
Make/edit Polygons
Make Boundary
Make/edit Surface
Make/edit 2D,3D database on lines, point, polygons,3D seismic lines, surfaces, bitmaps or well tops
From 3D interpretation, we make surface and define boundary from Top tarbert
Editing Input Data
Make Polygons/ Points
Editing Input Data
By active make/edit polygons, we create boundary by data 3D semic Interperation in 2D window ( use with Top Tarbet) we have Polygon Polygon Surface more accurated Limit boundary in Volume calculation
Make Surfaces
From “ raw data” in 3D seismic interperation and polygon have been genarated,we make surface Before
Surfaces use for A)Display B) Caculation volume C) Input for 3D grid After
Edit a surface
By tools “smooth area” and “peak remove”, we adjust surface more suitable Before
After
Calculation in setting
Before
After
Editing Input Data
Surface calculator Thickness_map
VD
General intersection
Can also use seismic data to observe
Use intersection help observe surface intresection
Editing Input Data
Well Correlation
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratig raphic Modeli ng
Domain Conversion
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Zones & Make s &Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workflow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
Well Correlation Complete
Create and display data in a Well section window Well section settings Track and log settings Use the Log Calculator Make/edit Well tops Well top spreadsheet
Well section window
Flatten on Well Tops
Flattening on Well Tops is used to correlate intervals
Well Correlation
Log Calculat or
Use the Log calculator to create/edit and perform operations on logs.
Make/Edit Well Tops
Move existing well tops - click on the well top and drag it to move it to a new position.
Well Tops Spreadsheet
Well Correlation
3D grid Construction
Petrel Workflow Tools
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Pillar Make Griddi Horizons ng Zones & Make s & Optional Layering Volume Calculation Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic
3D grid Construction How to start the initial build of a 3D grid in Petrel will be covered in this module. The use of fault interpretations and surfaces as input for building the 3D grid will be demonstrated Complete Learn About the Input Used to Build the 3D grid Fault Interpretations Surfaces from Horizon Interpretations Understand the Main Methods Used to Build a 3D grid Make simple grid Corner point gridding Structural framework
Input data for 3D grid Construction Surfaces
Horizon Interpretation
Fault sticks
Fault polygons
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid
Input to fault model
Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Horizon modelin g
Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modeling
Corner point gridding
Pillar Griddin g
Make Simpl e Grid
Make Horizon s Make zones Layerin g Property Modeling Volume calculati on
Make simple grid process
Surfaces Input data
Make simple grid
3D grid Construction
Make Zones
Layering
Generates a simplified version of a 3D grid using surfaces as input which defines the resulting horizons. Further diveded into subdivisions through zonation and layering processes.
Corner point gridding vs. Structural framework Fault Input data
Structural framework
Fault framework modeling
Horizon modeling
Corner point gridding
Fault Modeling Pillar Gridding Make Horizons Make Zones
Layering
Corner point gridding – Fault 3D grid Construction modeling process The Corner Point gridding processes includes the use of the Fault modeling and the Pillar gridding processes together to create a skeleton framework. Fault mode ling
Structural framework – Fault framework modeling
3D grid Construction
Structural framework – Horizon modeling
3D grid Construction
Petrel Workflow Tools
Pillar Gridding
Domain Conversi on
Structural Modeling
0
Pillar Make Grid Horizons ding Zones & MakeLayering Optional Plotting s & Volume Calculation
3D Grid Construction Property Modeling
Geometric Well Log al, Facies & Upscale Petrophys ical Modeling
Workfow Editor Uncertainty Well Design
Intro to Petrel Import data Edit Input Data
Seismic Stratigraphic Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Build the framework of the 3D grid by using the Pillar Gridding process in Petrel . Faults and fault directions, the use of boundaries, segment generation and how to add trends will be covered. Also,demonstration of how to refine the grid will be given Complete Define the Process of Pillar Gridding
QC of Skeletons Intersections and Segments
Befor e
After
Structural framework
Fault framework modeling Corner point gridding
Fault modelingPillar Gridding Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Result in 3D view
Pillar Gridding
When clicking OK in the Pillar Gridding dialog, Petrel will generate a new 3D grid in the Models pane. This will contain three skeleton grids: Top skeleton
Mid skeleton
Base skeleton
Result in 3D view
Pillar Gridding
QC – Intersections
Pillar Gridding
QC – Segments
Pillar Gridding
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Griddin Make g Horizons Make s Optional & Volume Calculation Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make Horizons Process Structural framework Add the main horizons that will create the framework of the model. Normally these are seismic interpretations or gridded surfaces. Horizon modeling Corner point gridding
Fault modeling Pillar Gridding Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
Make Horizons Objectives Provide Overview of Stratigraphic Subdivisions in Petrel Gain Understanding of the Make Horizons process Define number of horizons (depending on input data) Define horizon type (geological)
Settings Tab Algorithms
Faults Tab Fault matrix setup and options Extrapolation options towards fault plane
Quality Check Methods Extra
1. Provide Overview of Stratigraphic Subdivisions in Petrel
Surfac e
Horizo n
2. Gain Understanding of the Make Horizons process Erosional – Horizons below will be truncated Discont – Horizons below and above will be truncated Base – Horizons above will be truncated Conformable – Will be truncated by all the other horizons
3. Setting Tab
4.1 Fault Tab Fault matrix setup and options
4.2-Fault Tab Extrapolation options towards fault plane
4.3 Setting Fault No Active Fault
Active Fault
5. Quality Check Methods & Horizon Lines Surfac e
Horizo n
6. Make horizons Final
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
Stratigrap hic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Domain Conversion Objectives Depth conversion principles and its application in Petrel Build a Velocity Model Make velocity model process Define zones Specify corrections Choose velocity methods and input Set Output Depth Convert the 3D grid using the Velocity Model Perform General Depth Conversion
Depth conversion in Petrel Depth Conversion is a 2 step process:
1. Velocity model
2. Depth conversion
Bridges the gap between time and depth domain
Uses a Velocity model to calculate Depth/Time relationship
There are several ways of doing domain conversion: From traditional velocity methods (Linvel equation) to more innovative approaches
There are two processes: • Depth convert active 3D grid (your 3D model) • General depth conversion (surfaces, interpretations, seismic and points from the Input pane)
Time domain
Depth
Velocity model Time -> depth conversion Depth -> time conversion
domain
Velocity model: The Layer-cake approach
Layer-cake approach Each lithologic unit is defined with a different mathematical function. Intervals are defined based on distinct velocity trends. It is calculated vertically, starting from datum, progressing downwards and taking one zone at a time You will have to: 1. Define the velocity model for every zone 2. Input parameters for the velocity model 3. Apply corrections if required
1. Depth conversion principles and its application in Petrel
Application Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
2. Build a Velocity Model
2. Build A Velocity Model 4 Step to Make Velocity Model 1. Define the Zone
2. Define the Correction
3. Define the Velocity Equation
Constant Surface Horizon
Constant Surface Horizon Well tops None
V=V0=VInt 4. Enter the Input for the Equation V=V0+KZ Define V0 (constant or surface) V=V0+K(Z-Z0) Define K (constant or surface) V=V0+KT Avg cube Avg property Same as above
1
Result Velocity model
3. Depth Convert 3D Grid
3. Depth Convert 3D Grid (Result)
4. General Depth Conversion Objects that can be converted using the General Depth Conversion process include: • Surfaces • Seismic Horizons •Seismic Faults •Seismic surveys • Fault interpretations • Points
4. General Depth Conversion (Result)
Petrel Workfow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Pillar Gridding
Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
Stratigraphic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make Zones and Layering Objectives Isochore Processing 1. Create Isochore Points 2. Make Isochore Surface Introduce the Make Zones and Layering Process Discuss stratigraphic Intervals Set parameters for Making zones and Layering Apply adjustments to Well Tops QC Results in 3D Corner point gridding
Fault Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
Different ways of constructing a 3D Grid Corner point Gridding: Fault modeling Input to fault model
Horizon modeling Structural Framewor k: Fault framewo rk modelin g
Corner point gridding
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons Make zones Layering
Make Simple Grid
Property Modeling Volume calculation
1. Isochore Processing- Definition
•
Isochore: vertically
•
Isopach: Thickness between two horizons measured normal to horizon surfaces
Thickness between two horizons measured
Zo ne
N H ew or iz on
H on ori z
Stratigraphic Well top
Isochore thickness point
Isopach SubZone
1.1 Create Isochore Points
1.2 Make Isochore Surface
2. Introduce the Make Zones
2.1 Make Zone Process
2.1 Make Zones process - Results Before
After
2.2 Make Zones - Stratigraphic Intervals
2.3 Make Zones - Parameter Settings
Build from
Volume correction
Build along
Top Horizon Isochores added from top of interval
Proportional correction Will split the error proportionally into the zones according to its relative thickness.
Vertical Thickness (TVT)
Base Horizon – Isochores added from base of interval
Equal correction Will split the error into equal proportions for each zone.
Stratigraphic Thickness (TST)
Both Base and Top Horizon only active if a Rest zone is defined (all zones build towards it)
None correction Will not make volume corrections for all zones
Along Pillar – use when pillars are close to vertical
2.4 - Make Zones Results
3 - Layering - Process Defines the cells of the 3D Grid. It is the final vertical subdivision of the framework. The layers will be part of the Zone, and will not have a direct filter like the Zones do. Corner Point Gridding
Fault Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Make Horizons
Make Zones
Layering
3.1 - Layering Setting Proportion al Follow Base Follow Top Fractions Follow Base with Reference
3.2 - Layering - Results Types of zone division: Follow base Proportio nal Follow top Fractions Follow top + using a depositional surface Note: It is always a good idea to display edges in 3D to see all updates before applying the Make Zones and Layering Processes.
3.2 - Layering – Results (tt)
Petrel Workfow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Property Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversion
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Property modeling overview The objective of Property modeling is to distribute properties between the available wells so it realistically preserves the reservoir heterogeneity and matches the well data.
Petrel processes
.
Available Petrel tools for property modeling Property calculator Property filters
.
Data analysis
Several other important processes are:
Geometrical Modeling : Geometrical modeling by using to make a bulk volume property and an above property, which can later be used in the Volume Calculation process. Up-scaling the logs : Asg a value in every grid cell that is penetrated by the wells, based on the raw log values. upscaling the logs. Property Modeling: The process of asg property values in between the well logs, based on information from the logs. It includes Facies, Petrophysical and Geometrical modeling.
Geometrical Modeling Methods The Geometrical modeling process generates properties based on pre-defined system variables, mainly when no input data is available. Each cell of the 3D grid gets one single averaged property value. Method examples
Examples of use
Bulk Volume
QC the negative cells of the 3D grid.
Cell angle
QC the orthogonality of the cells in the 3D grid.
Zone and segment QC the modelled grid for both zone and index segment. Above
Used in SW calculations
Seismicresampling
Resamples the seismic into the 3D cells
• Create Bulk Volume & apply value filter. • Create Cell angle & apply 1D filter. • Creating an above property (to be used for SW calculation)…etc…
I. Bulk Volume Method:
Property Grid Filter Options
There are three types of property filters I-J-K filter
Filters a row of cells in the I/ J direction and K direction (1). With this filter there is also a Property Player (2). It is useful for QC of grid.
Index filter
It skips a defined amount of cells in I-J-K direction. It is useful for viewing a fence diagram (3).
Value filter
Applies cut off between selected values of the property (4).
I direction.
J direction.
K direction.
Example of Index & Value Filter Application Create a Bulk volume property from Geometrical modeling. It is good for finding non-orthogonal cells and negative grid cells when filtered:
Negative cells are usually caused by faults. Do a quality control of the grid and the fault model and pillar grid.
Befor e
Negative cells are usually caused by faults. Do a quality control of the grid and the fault model and pillar grid.
After
+ This can be due to bad pillar gridding + Requires the to go back to the Pillar Gridding Process and fix the grid
II. Cell Angle: Create a Cell angle property from Geometrical modeling. Quality check the orthogonality of the cells created during the structural modeling, by viewing filtered cell angle deviation:
cells. + The values calculated are angles representing the maximum + Deviation from 90 degrees at each corner. + Example: * These distorted cells align along faults. * As a rule of thumb, values less than 15 are suitable for simulation. * Higher values may result in errors when used in a typical five-point difference scheme.
III. Above : to be used for SW calculation. I directio n
IV. Well index: - To Filter Cell Angle
A-10 Well
A-15 Well
Visual filters for the 3D grid There are several filtering options for the 3D grid. They can all be combined or applied separately. Method examples
Used for
Fault filter
After having generated horizons and zones, it helps display only the faults related to a zone to see the offsets on faults.
Zone filter
After having generated horizon and zones, you can filter the zones.
Segment filter
After having generated the grid, it helps display the horizons or properties within the areas closed by faults, grid boundary, segment boundaries or a combination of these.
Petrel Workfow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Domain Conversion
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
What is Upscale………..? Before
After
Upscaling of Well Logs Objectives Gain Understanding of Concept and Process Understand and Use Discrete Logs Averaging methods Facies weighting Understand and Use Continuous logs Averaging methods Biasing to a discrete log Look at Different Scale-Up Settings Treat log as lines or points Method of which penetrated cells to use QC of Upscaled Logs Using well section window
The Scale up well logs process averages the values to the cells in the 3D grid that are penetrated by the wells. Each cell gets one value per upscaled log. These cells are later used as a starting point for Property modeling. Cells exist along the well path. Values assigned to cells based on well log values along the well path.
Upscaled logs used to fill in the 3D grid.
NOTE: An upscaled property will have a [U] following its name in the Property folder in the Models pane.
Commonly used Averaging Methods Averaging method
Description
Most of
Used together with discrete logs, it will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log for each particular cell.
Arithmetic mean
Typically used for additive properties such as porosity, saturation and net/gross.
Harmonic mean
Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer. It works well with lognormal distributions. It is sensitive to lower values.
Geometric mean
Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation and is lognormally distributed. It is sensitive to lower values.
1.1 Averaging Discrete Logs Averaging method For Discrete
Description
Most of
Will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log for each particular cell
Median
Will sort the input values and select the center value.
Minimun/Maxi Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell. mum Mid Point Pick
Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.
Random Pick
Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.
1.2 - Biasing to a Discrete Log
2. Averaging Continuous Logs Averaging method
Description
Arithmetic mean
Typically used for additive properties such as porosity, saturation and net/gross.
Harmonic mean
Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with constant permeability in each layer. It works well with log normal distributions. It is sensitive to lower values.
Geometric mean
Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation and is log normally distributed. It is sensitive to lower values.
Median
Will sort the input values and select the center value.
RMS (Root Mean Squared)
Will provide a strong bias towards high values.
Minimun/ Maximum
Samples the min/max value of the well log for the cell.
Mid Point Pick
Will pick the log value where the well is halfway through the cell.
Random Pick
Picks a log point at random from anywhere within the cell.
Settings – Treat Log as lines or points Treat log
Description
As points
All sample values within each cell are used for averaging.
As Lines
If the midpoint of a line between two sample points is inside a cell, the point outside the cell will be used in the calculation.
Settings – Method of which penetrated cells to use Method
Description
Simple
All cells penetrated by the well trajectory are included
Through cell
The well trajectory must penetrate two opposite cell walls
Neighbor cell
All penetrated cells are used but cells in the same cell layer are averaged.
Quality Checking Upscaled Logs
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Facies Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering
Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Well Design
Domain Conversion
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Facies Modeling Objectives General Property Modeling Workfow Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques Deterministic techniques Stochastic techniques Learn How to use different Algorithms Sequential Indicator Simulation Object Modeling fluvial channel general object modeling Interactive Modeling
Property modeling general workflow Apprais Explorati al on Less data More uncertainty Stochastic
Developm ent
Product ion
Pixel based Object based
EstimationInterpolationAddressed Deterministic
More data Less uncertainty
Stochastic vs Deterministic modeling methods Stochastic Deterministic Random (Seed number) It generates different equiprobable results for different seed numbers Variable states are described by probability distributions It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional modeling Allows more complexity and
It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors It generates the same result for a given set of initial conditions Variable states are described by unique values Need upscaled cells – needs more data
Faster to run
Two algorithms Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS)
Object modeling
Stochastic method using a pixel based technique
Stochatic method using an object based technique
The facies shapes and relationships may not be clearly understood
- Capture geological details in a more realistic manner
Sequential Indicator Simulation
Sequential Indicator Simulation Result: Pixeled Model
Object Modeling Discrete fluvial facies model
Object Modeling Adding general objects
Object Modeling Adding Oxbow facies
Object Modeling Use trend data: Flow line -To constrain the facies modeling - Must not be in conflict with the upscaled well logs
Object Modeling Use trend data: Flow line
Object Modeling Use trend data: Sourse Point
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigraphi c Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Layering Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversio n
3D Grid Construction
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Petrophysical Modeling Objectives Discuss Different Petrophysical Modeling Techniques Deterministic techniques Stochastic techniques Learn How to Use Common Settings Setting filters Using many realizations Learn How to Use Zone Settings Define zones Use The Different Stochastic Algorithms Sequential Gaussian Simulation Gaussian Random Function Simulation QC results Property Calculator
Algorithms covered in the course 1. Moving Avarage - This is a deterministic method which uses an interpolation technique - The algorithm finds an average of the input data and weighs according to the distance from the wells
Gaussian Random Function Simulation - This algorithm is a stochastic method and the technique is pixel based - The variability of the data will be honored, conditioning the results to a previously modeled facies model
Petrophysical modeling - Common tab
1. Use filter - Property filter, Zone filter and Segment filter - If you select this option, all of the active filters will be used, so make sure that only the filter you want to use is active
2. Number of realizations
- Select this check box and enter the number of realizations to run, if more than one
Petrophysical Modeling - Zone Settings tab 1. Select the zone to model 2. Select the method to be used 3. Specify the settings for the chosen algorithm for the selected zone
Moving average - The algorithm is fast and will create values for all cells
- It can also create “bulls eyes” if the range of the input data is larg
Moving average Histogram: use your geological knowledge to see if the model represents the expected result (3D property & upscaled logs)
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 1. Variogram and - Create localTabs variations away distribution from the upscaled well log values - Should be specified for each of the facies
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 2. Co-kriging and Expert tabs - To steer the simulation using the spatial distribution of a secondary variable together with a correlation coefficient (Collocated co-kriging).
Gaussian Random Function Simulation 1. Define the Secondary variable: - Property: Usually a continuous seismic attribute volume that correlates with the property to be modelle - Horizontal surface - Vertical function 2. Choose the Method: - Local varying mean will normal transform the data before adding the residual - Collocated co-kriging will use a correlation coefficient to calculate the contribution of the secondary variable
Gaussian Random Function Simulation Specify Variogram
Gaussian Random Function Simulation
Gaussian Random Function Simulation Conditioning to Facies: A petrophysical model will be created by using a facies model as input. This will constrain the petrophysical values representing one facies to that facies only
Property Calculator There is a similar calculator associated with the properties
Property Calculator Result= Porosity Model1 + Porosity Model2 + Porosity Model3
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make s
Make Horizons Zones & Optional Layering
Well Design
Property Modeling
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Make s Objectives Define Fluid s Oil Water s, Gas Oil s etc. Visualize Fluid s View lines only View s as hydrocarbon zones on surfaces View the s in 3D Create a Fluid Property Make fluid properties between s
Define Fluid s Purpose: Enter different types of s, such as constant values, dipping s and surfaces Visualize the s together with one of the horizons =>Areal extent of the hydrocarbon intervals.
Define Fluid s
OWC
GOC
Visualize Fluid s Visualize the s on a horizon: Fill horizons will drape the over the horizon being visualized
Create a Fluid Property
3D property that represent s the s
Petrel Workflow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Make Horizons Zones & Volume Layering Optional Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
Stratigrap hic Modeling
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Volume Calculation Since each cell is triangulated, it is possible to cut the cell exactly, and hence, using exact s
Volume Calculation 1. Creating a STOIIP Map - Show the sum of STOIIP for every X, Y position in the entire grid - Where to expect the highest concentration of oil
Volume Calculation 2. STOIIP map on a depth surface Surface
Surface with the STOIIP attribute
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Workflow editor
Objectives
Workfow editor interface Predefined workfows Autogenerate a 3D model workflow Autogenerate a mapping sequence
Workfow editor interface Provides a record of how a model was created Automatically update the model after the input data has been changed Extracting the details of which input data and settings were used
Autogenerate a 3D model workflow A simple adjustment of the layering in a 3D grid will first be done to illustrate the Repeat all calculations on the active 3D grid workflow
Autogenerate a 3D model workflow
Befor e
After
Autogenerate a mapping sequence
Petrel Workflow Tools Structural Modeling
0
Property Modeling
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plotting
Make Horizons Zones & Layering Make s & Optional Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Well Design
3D Grid Construction
Uncertainty
Domain Conversio n
Stratigraphi c Modeling
Workflow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Uncertainty and Optimazation Objectives Overview The principles of Uncertainty analysis Checking the results Visualizing the results
Overview
The principles of Uncertainty analysis
Checking the results
Visualizing the results
Petrel Workflow Tools Stratigrap hic Modeling
Structural Modeling
0
Well Log Upscale
Geometrical, Facies & Petrophysical Modeling
Plottin g
Well Design
Property Modeling
Make Horizons Zones & Make s Optional Layering & Volume Calculation
Pillar Gridding
Uncertainty
Domain Conversi on
3D Grid Construction
Workfow Editor
Edit Input Data
Import data
Intro to Petrel
Seismic
Introduction
Well path design
Display different types of data on it Create vertical well intersectio n
Create synthetic logs along the well path
Φ K Sw
Well path design
To tell about all exits and entries of each zone To be handled over to the drillers
Get well points with different attributes
Φ K Sw
Well path design Trajectory
Well path design Porous Intersection
Well path design
Reference
Petrel 2010 manual
Introduction course 2010 Geostatistical reservoir modeling
HANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIO
Related Documents 171j1w
Petrel Tutorior 2x65r
November 2021 0
Petrel 5y75o
May 2022 0
Petrel Shale 2l43q
January 2022 0
Petrel English 56a3u
December 2019 71
Manual Petrel 2s4t2b
December 2019 292
Petrel Geophysics 124h2a
November 2020 0More Documents from "nguyenmainam" 44f3
Petrel Tutorior 2x65r
November 2021 0