Railway Reservation System 602a5v

Submited By: NOUREEN JAN Submited To: MISS S ANA MEHBOOB Class:G5B

INTRODUCTION T h i s p r o j e c t i n t r o d u c e s r a i l w a y r e s e r v a t i o n syste m . I t expl ai ns how re se rvati on i s bei ng d o n e i n P a k i s t a n R a i l w a y s . T h e s t e p b y stepprocedure is explained . This p r o j e c t i s developed In microso ft acce ss . Allmost all the fe ature s of acce ss have bee n use d in t h i s p r o j e c t . Proper comments have been given at desired l o c a t i o n s t o m a k e t h e p r o j e c t u s e r f r i e n d l y . Various functions and structures are used to make a complete use of this office.Thos project is w e l l v e r s e d w i t h t h e a c c e s s . R a i l w a y re s e rvati on can e asi l y acc ompani e d w i th the help of this. This project will help in solving all the problems in existing system of railway reservation system.In existing system all data will be stored on files which is akward method and many problems will be faced by the so this project will help to enter data easily in computer nd no problems will be faced by the .the can easily find any data in any time in a few seconds. It includes modules required to successfully operate railway reversion process smoothly. It has train master to add modify train information, Train schedule to enter train journey details include all the station name, arrival time and departure time. It includes automatic fare calculation as per the distance between two stations. Reservation module consist of automatic seat no and coach no allocation system. Daily schedule for updating of not confirm seat and coach no. All master like train master, train schedule, reservation fees, cancellation fees charges can be modified individually from front end and changes reflect in all modules immediate. Therefore proposed “Railway Reservation System” has been designed to automate the process of railway for ticket reservation and back office activities. System can make the daily activities efficient and providing the fast response.

PROBLEM DEFINITION File system data management (or flat-file databases) served as the only method of file storage and retrieval before the advent of database management systems (such as relational databases). While retaining some use, flat-file databases suffer from poor accessibility, data redundancy, lack of standard file access and the inability to organize data. In existing system of “RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM” only file system could be used and the disadvantages of file system can be as follow. Since flat-file databases rely on files that contain records as text without any structural data, they cannot relate data from one file to another. For example, if one file contains an address record of Mr. Johnson, another file that uses address information on Mr. Johnson has to recreate that data. The second file must duplicate the data. This means that the address data on Mr. Johnson exists in two files at once. On large scales, this leads to data redundancy that can quickly take up space in the database and prove cost-inefficient. Flat-file systems usually do not access for multiple s. This means that multiple s at different workstations cannot access the same data simultaneously, limiting access to important data if multiple s search for the same data at the same time Since a flat-file system relies on files to store data, it necessarily relies on the file system that defines how those files are stored and read. This ties data to the system that stores it, and any software used to access the data must conform to the system of storage. Accordingly, any changes to the database require changes to all the software that accesses it. Requesting data from a flat-file database simply retrieves data from a single file. Requesting and retrieving data from various files at the same time (called a "transaction") is impossible. This means that complex requests that make data retrieval accurate and efficient simply do not exist.

SCOPE OF PROJECT The scope of my project is to solve all existing problems in reservation system. Pakistan has some of the most spectacular and unforgettable rail journeys in the world. Here you experience a simple way .There's no better way to enjoy Pakistan's outback, cities, coastal towns and regional areas in comfort. Articles of house hold effects and personal effects which are required by the engers during their journey or immediately after the journey will only be accepted for booking as luggage. ADVANTAGES OF DBMS: A DBMS allows large amounts of data to be stored in the most efficient manner possible. The data is stored in lists of independent information. Additional data sets can be added at any time. Relationships between the data sets are defined in the DBMS, and can be altered without affecting the data. Advantages In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a key to effective data processing. This contrasts with conventional data processing systems where each application program has direct access to the data it reads or manipulates. In a conventional DP system, an organization is likely to have several files of related data that are processed by several different application programs. if some major changes were to be made to the data, the file may need to be rewritten. In a database system, the database management system provides the interface between the application programs and the data. When changes are made to the data representation, the metadata maintained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS continues to provide data to application programs in the previously used way. The DBMS handles the task of transformation of data wherever necessary. This independence between the programs and the data is called data independence. Data independence is important because every time some change needs to be made to the data structure, the programs that were being used before the change would continue to work.In DBMS, all files are integrated into one system thus reducing redundancies and making data management more efficient. In addition, DBMS provides centralized control of the operational data. Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced.In conventional data systems, an organisation often builds a collection of application programs often created by different programmers and requiring different components of the operational data of the organisation. The data in conventional data systems is often not centralised. Some applications may require data to be combined from several systems. These several systems could well have data that is redundant as well as inconsistent (that is, different copies of the same data may have different values). Data inconsistencies are often encoutered in everyday life. For example, we have all come across situations when a new address is communicated to an organisation that we deal with (e.g. a bank, or Telecom, or a gas company), we find that some of the communications from that organisation are recived at the new address while others continue to be mailed to the old address. Combining all the data in a database would involve reduction in redundancy as well as inconsistency. It also is likely to reduce the costs for collection, storage and updating of data. Flexibility of the system is improved .Changes are often necessary to the contents of data stored in any system. These changes are more easily made in a database than in a conventional system in that these changes do not need to have any impact on application programs. Standards can be enforced .Since all access to the database must be through the DBMS, standards are easier to enforce. Standards may relate to the naming of the data, the format of the data, the structure of the data etc. Integrity can be improved .Since the data of the organization using a database approach is centralized and would be used by a number of s at a time, it is essential to enforce integrity controls. Integrity may be compromised in many ways.

EXISTING SYSTEM

The railway reservation system stored data in files.in existing system the data will be maneged using file processing system.In a typical file processing system, each department in an organization has its own set of files.The files are designed specially for their own applocation.the records in one file are not related to the records in sny other file.Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include: Program-Data Dependence Program data dependence is a relationship between data in files and program required to update and maintain the files .Application programs are developed according to a particular file format in file processing system. If the format of file is changed the application program also needs to be changed accordingly. For example, if there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The changes may be costly to implement.

Duplication of data Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same name may be used for different data items in different files. Limited data sharing Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in separate systems. Lengthy Development Times There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts. Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by deg new file formats and descriptions Excessive Program Maintenance The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load. Inconsistance data file system approch can also result incosistance means that two files may contain different data of the same student.For example,if the address of a student is changed,it must be changed in both files.There is a possibility that it is changed in the “students” file and not from “library” file.the data becomes incosistance in this situation. security problems

File processing system does not provide adequate security on data.In some situations it is required to provide different type of access to data for different s.For example,a data entry operator should only be allowed to entry data.The chairman of the organization should be able to access or delte the completely.Such type of security options are not available in file processing system. Integrity problems

Integrity means reliability and accuracy of data.The stored data must satisfy certain types of consistency constrains.For example Roll no and Marks of students should be numeric value.It is very difficult to apply these constrains on files in file processing system. Lack of flexibility The file processing system id not very flexible.It cannot easily generate the information that is different from routine.It can take a lot of time to coleect the data from different files and write programs to produce the desired information. PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system is access and this project is made in DBMS. In DBMS, all files are integrated into one system thus reducing redundancies and making data management more efficient. In addition, DBMS provides centralized control of the operational data. Some of the advantages of data independence, integration and centralized control are:

1.Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced In conventional data systems, an organisation often builds a collection of application programs often created by different programmers and requiring different components of the operational data of the organisation. The data in conventional data systems is often not centralised. Some applications may require data to be combined from several systems. These several systems could well have data that is redundant as well as inconsistent (that is, different copies of the same data may have different values). Data inconsistencies are often encoutered in everyday life. For example, we have all come across situations when a new address is communicated to an organisation that we deal with (e.g. a bank, or Telecom, or a gas company), we find that some of the communications from that organisation are recived at the new address while others continue to be mailed to the old address. Combining all the data in a database would involve reduction in redundancy as well as inconsistency. It also is likely to reduce the costs for collection, storage and updating of data. 2.Better

service to the s A DBMS is often used to provide better service to the s. In conventional systems, availability of information is often poor since it normally is difficult to obtain information that the existing systems were not designed for. Once several conventional systems are combined to form one centralised data base, the availability of information and its up-to-dateness is likely to improve since the data can now be shared and the DBMS makes it easy to respond to unforseen information requests.Centralizing the data in a database also often means that s can obtain new and combined information that would have been impossible to obtain otherwise. Also, use of a DBMS should allow s that do not know programming to interact with the data more easily. Changes are often necessary to the contents of data stored in any system. These changes are more easily made in a database than in a conventional system in that these changes do not need to have any impact on application programs. 3.Cost

of

developing and maintaining systems is lower It is much easier to respond to unforseen requests when the data is centralized in a database than when it is stored in conventional file systems. Although the initial cost of setting up of a database can be large, one normally expects the overall cost of setting up a database and developing and maintaining application programs to be lower than for similar service using conventional systems since the productivity of programmers can be substantially higher in using non-procedural languages that have been developed with modern DBMS than using procedural languages.

4.Standards

can be enforced Since all access to the database must be through the DBMS, standards are easier to enforce. Standards may relate to the naming of the data, the format of the data, the structure of the data etc. The disadvantages of DBMs are as follow:     

Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design Substantial hardware and software start-up costs . Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs . Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system . Initial training required for all programmers and

MAIN OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this project “RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM” in DBMs are as follow:                 

DBMS give multi access Give good security to database. Give full control to Data Gives better hope of porting the code to other DBMS products. Platform independent. online documentation Keep and maintain proper backups. Concurrency control. crash recovery Complex query Redundancies and inconsistencies can be reduced Better service to the s Flexibility of the system is improved Cost of developing and maintaining systems is lower Standards can be enforced Security can be improved Integrity can be improved

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

s.

Berth no

Destinatio n

Train i.d

Destinatio n

Source Seat no

Train name Route i.d

Distance

Class

Source

es

TRAIN

ROUTE

Have

Class Time Date

PESSENGER

Far e Nam e Ag e

N.I.C No

Train i.d Personal i.d

ime

Berth no

RESERVATION B

CONFIR M

I.D

Total fare

Seat fare

Baggie no

Ticket no

Route i.d Berth fare

Source Destinatio n

ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM DESIGN There are four main objects of database which are as follow:    

Tables Forms Reports Queries

TABLES: In relational databases and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows. A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows . Each row is identified by the values appearing in a particular column subset which has been identified as a candidate key. Table is another term for relations; although there is the difference in that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) of rows whereas a relation is a set and does not allow duplicates. Besides the actual data rows, tables generally have associated with them some meta-information, such as constraints on the table or on the values within particular columns. The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the database. Views are also relational tables, but their data are calculated at query time. Another example are nicknames, which represent a pointer to a table in another database. There are four tables in this project which are as follow:  

Train Route



enger



Reservation

TRAIN S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

1

Seat no

Number

2

I.D

Text

3

Class

Text

4

Train name

Text

5

Berth no

Text

6

Source

Text

7

Destination

Text

ROUTE S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

1

Route i.d

Text

2

Distination

Text

3

Source

Text

4

Distance

Number

ENGER S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

1

enger I.D

Number

2

Name

Text

3

Age

Number

4

NIC NO

Text

5

Fare

Number

RESERVATION S.NO

FIELD NAME

DATA TYPE

1

Distination

Text

2

Route i.d

Memo

3

Berth fare

Text

4

Ticket no

Number

5

Boggie no

Number

6

Seat fare

Text

7

Seat no

Text

8

Berth no

Text

9

Date

Date/time

10

Time

Date/time

11

Total fare

Number

12

Train i.d

Text

13

Personal i.d

Number

14

Source

Text

15

Class

Text

QUERIES: In general, a query is a question, often required to be expressed in a formal way. The word derives from the Latin queerer (the imperative form of queerer, meaning to ask or seek). In computers, what a of a search engine or database enters is sometimes called the query. To query means to submit a query (noun). A database query can be either a select query or an action query. A select query is simply a data retrieval query. An action query can ask for additional operations on the data, such as insertion, updating, or deletion. Languages used to interact with databases are called query language of which the Structured Query Language (SQL) is the well-known standard. There are three queries in this project are as follow.

FORMS: A graphical interface used to interact with the database is called form. Forms are used to enter data in the database. A form consists of textboxes, labels, buttons and other graphical objects. These objects enable the to interact with the database easily. The can also retrieve, change,delete and update data by using forms. The application programmers create the interface by deg the forms in different ways. Forms are easy to use. Forms are graphical interface that is attractive. The can interact with the

database without technical knowledge. The data in the forms cannot be formatted. The forms are only use on computer screen. There are four forms in this project are as follow:  

enger form Reservation form



Route form



Train form

enger form:

REPORTS: Reports are the outputs of database application. Reports are used to retrieve and present data in formatted way. The information on reports is arranged in different ways. A report may also contain graphs, charts, table’s etc.The can generate different types of reports by manipulating database. Some reports are simple a list of the record in database. Reports are very important in making key decisions. The can print reports to send them for different people. The output of a query can also be used a source for reports. Most of the DBMS provide the facility of reports. Reports provide quick result from database. Reports help in making important decisions. Reports can display processed data using graphs and charts etc.Reports can be printed or emailed easily. The data in the report cannot be modified. The cannot add new data using report. The data in the report cannot be deleted. There are four reports in this project are as follow:  

enger Reservation



Route



Train

ROUTE:

TRAIN: