Project Railway Reservation System 345a19

INTRODUCTION Project Proposal The Project “Railway Reservation” deals with the automation of the reservation and enquiry of the railway reservation system. It maintains all information starting from reservation to cancellation of tickets. It also acts as an enquiry system about the different trains available. It gives the details of the distance, arrival time and departure time of the different trains. The computerization is aimed at job simplification and reducing the manual work and effective record maintenance.

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FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing the process followed making this determination is called feasibility study. This of determines if a project can and should be taken. Once it has been determined that a project is feasible, the analyst can go ahead and prepare the project specification which finalizes project requirements. Generally, feasibility studies are undertaken within right time constraints and normally culminate in a written and oral feasibility report. The contents and recommendations of such a study will be used as a sound basis for deciding whether to proceed, postpone or cancel the project. Thus, since the feasibility study may lead to the commitment of large resources, it becomes necessary that it should be conducted competently and that no fundamental and that no fundamental errors of judgment are made. An initial investigation culminates in a proposal that determines whether a system is feasible or not. It determines its workability, impact on the organization, ability to meet needs, and effective resources. The objective of feasibility study is not solving the problem but to acquire a sense of its scope. During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and aspects of the problem to be included in the system are determined. Consequently, cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy at this stage. This is a bridge in between the Requirements and the output that he can avail under a set of given constraints, inputs and outputs. The main steps are1. Statement of constraints. 2. Identification of specific system objectives. 3.

Description of outputs.

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Once the constraints are spelled out, the analyst identifies the system’s specific performance objectives, which are the candidate system’s anticipated benefits, and measurable objectives. • Increased vessel utilization. • Real handshake between client and customer. • Improved transshipment routes. • Cost savings. • Base management. • Improved customer service. Feasibility study is a high level version of the entire system analysis and design a process. The purpose of the feasibility is not to solve the problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving. It is conduct performance is defined by the identification of specific system objects and descriptive of output. There are following types of inter-related feasibility. They are: • Technical Feasibility. • Economic Feasibility Or Cost Feasibility. • Operational Feasibility Or Time Feasibility.

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TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY Definition : The process of proving that the concept is technically possible.

Objective : The objective of the Technical Feasibility step is to confirm that the product will perform and to that there are no production barriers.

Product : The product of this activity is a working model. Technical Activities : During the Technical Feasibility step the following must be completed: • Test for technical feasibility; • Examine the operational requirements; • Identify potential safety and environmental hazards; • Conduct a preliminary production feasibility assessment; • Conduct a preliminary manufacturing assessment; • Estimate engineering prototype costs;

Technical Information : The technical feasibility step generates knowledge about the product or process's design, performance, production requirements, and preliminary production costs. This is concerned with specifying equipment and software and hardware that will successfully satisfy the requirement. The technical needs off the system may vary considerably, but might include:

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• The facility to produce output in a given time. • Response time under certain conditions. • Ability to process a certain volume of transaction at a particular speed. • Facility to communicate data to distant location. In examining technical feasibility, configuration of the system is given more importance than the actual make of hardware. The configuration should give the complete picture about the system requirements. What speeds of input and output should be achieved at particular quality of printing. According to the definition of technical feasibility the compatibility between front-end and back-end is very important. In our project the compatibility of both is very good. The degree of compatibility of Visual Basic and MsAccess & Foxpro is very good. The speed of out put is very good when we enter the data and click button then the response time is very fast and give result very quickset. I never find difficulty when we use complex query or heavy transaction. The speed of transaction is always smooth and constant. This software provides facility to communicate data to distant location. We use Visual Basic the deg of front-end of any project is very important so we select Visual Basic as front-end due to following reason: • Easy implementation of code. • Well define interface with database. • Well define hand shaking of MS-Access. • Easy debugging. It center’s around the existing computer system (Hardware & Software) and to what extent it can the proposed system. The necessary hardware and software tools available in the organization and the software recommended the system objects. 5

Technical feasibility is based on three questions : Q1:- Is the proposed technology or solution practical? Q2:- Does the organization currently uses the necessary technology? Q3:- Does the organization have necessary technically expertise? Generally the technology for any defined solution is available. The question which should be consider is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to the problem. We can say that the technical feasibility, the analyst must find out whether current technology resources which are available in the organization are capable of handling the requirement.

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ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY Economic analysis is the most frequently used technique for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis: the procedure is to determine the benefits and saving that are expected from a proposed system and compare them with cost. if benefits outweighs cost ,a decision is taken to design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justification or alternative in the proposed system will have to be made if it is to have a chance of being approved. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle. So, total cost of the proposed system is very cheap. Hence the organization will not find any difficulty at the installation time and after installation also newer find difficulty i.e. Hang, slow speed or slow response time. One project is compulsory for each student this project is either dummy or live. If I am developing a live project then it gives a lot of confidence. It is better for me and for company because, I am developing a system with out any money. So every thing is in favor now, I can say the cost of this software is I think negligible. Hence the economical feasibility is very good. Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. This is an on going effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle. As the necessary software and hardware is available in the organization. In the initial investment for proposed system is nil. The proposed system minimizes the time and the effort of the data collection answering queries and generates reports which result significant saving of the operating cost. Thus the proposed system is economically feasible. Economic or cost feasibility is the determination of the resources that are :

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• Management time. • Time spend by system analyses team. • Cost of doing full system study. • Estimated cost of hardware. • Estimated cost of software or software development.

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OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY s are inherently resistant to change and computers have been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the is likely to towards the development of a new system. As the proposed system is friendly package with all visual aids the effort that goes into education and training the is almost negligible. Therefore resistance to the proposed system is nil. Operational feasibility is the problem or acceptability of the solution. There are two aspects of the operational feasibility. • If the problem worth solving or will the solution of the problem worth. • What to the end s & the management feal about the problem or solution. The following points are consider for the above issue –

1. Performance :- The should be able to provide adequate output & response time.

2. Information :- The system should generates timely, accurate & useful information for the managers & s.

3. Economy :- The system should provide service label & capacity to reduce the cost of the business or increase the profit of the business.

4. Control :- The system should have a probigen for take control to protect the system against fraud & should guarantee of the security of data & information.

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5. Efficiency :- The system should make the optimum use of the available resources including time, minimum process delay & other related activities.

6. Services :- The system should provide desirable & reliable services to those who request for it.

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MODULE DESCRIPTIONS The proposed system's design contains five modules:

ENQUIRY : This functional module includes two entities - ENGER and FRONT DESK.

MODIFICATION OF FARE RATES : Under a protected module the booking officer is allowed to modify the fare rates of the trains for a particular class (reservation categories) for a particular distance. This helps in maintaining or updating the new rates.

RESERVATION : This module includes booking of the ticket by any enger as per the inputs (like station, date of journey, class of reservation, etc.). And then after checking the availability and status of reservation tending enger a unique PNR No. along with a reservation ticket with full details of journey viz., arrival, departure, etc. The booking officer has to collect, either verbally or in written, the personal data of the enger(s) and then enters to the database. The enger is issued a PNR No.

CANCELLATION : 11

In Cancellation module, the advance booking for a train by a enger is cancelled by on enger's request. It requires only PNR No. to enter. The computer-based system cancels the reservation by deleting the enger's record and automatically adding a seat to the seats available field for that train or converting the waiting status of first applicant in waiting list to confirmed enger (as per which is applicable).

: is allotted to the in order to guard the system from unauthorized access at system's level. It firstly, checks for validity of old . If is found valid, the is allowed to modify the safety data.

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PROBLEM ANALYSIS To develop software the first thing, which comes in mind, is that why we need to develop software. What are the problems faced by the or staff to maintain manually their records so that they decided to computerized their working. In Railway Reservation there are so many tasks, which are tedious and time consuming. The person who maintain the reservation manually face so many problems like searching details of a booked tickets, security problem is the main problem which is faced by the person that they maintain s and any one can change details easily. So to solve these types of problems we design a computerized railway reservation system, which is easy to operate, and only authorized person can edit the information. Record entry and searching is not time consuming and fine is calculated automatically.

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REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS We choose our project to automate the “Railway Reservation system”. Railway reservation includes various tasks. Visual basic is graphical interface based language, and using it, the knows the appearance of the output. For managing databases we used MS-Access, visual basic MSAccess for connecting databases using Data Control. In MS-Access we can easily create tables, queries and many more useful operations.

ANALYSIS : We collected data needed for the project by: • Personal interaction with staff . • From manuals. • From information brochures. • From catalogues. • From Internet.

FACT FINDING : The requirement gathering is an art the person who gathers requirement should have knowledge of what & when together information & by what resources. The requirements are gather regarding organization which include

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information regarding its policies, objectives & organization structure, regarding staff. It includes the information about job function & their personal details, regarding the functions of the organization including information about workflow, work schedules & working procedures. After obtaining this background knowledge, the analyst begins to collect data on the existing system’s outputs, inputs and costs. The tools used in data collection are: • Record Reviews. • On-site observations. • Interviews. • Questionnaires.

1. Record Reviews :- A review of recorded documents of the organization is performed procedures, manuals, forms & book are reviewed to see format & functions of present system. The search time in this technique is more.

2. On-site Observation :- In case of real life system the actual site visit is performed to get a close look of system. It helps the analyst to detect the problems of existing system.

3. Interviews :- A personal interaction with staff is performed to identified their requirements. It requires experience of arranging the interview, setting the stage, avoiding arguments & evaluating the outcome.

4. Questionnaires :- It is an effective tool which requires less effort & produces a written document about requirements. It examines a large number of respondents simultaneously & gets customized answers. It gives person sufficient time to answer the query & give correct answers.

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In On-site Observation we find that the person who maintain railway reservation. In that system he faces so many problems. Like He maintains ticket details and maintain s for enger details, reservation ticket issue and cancellation records. This may results error in calculations. This system is time consuming too. The main problem faced by engers is that the manual process is very time consuming.

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT Visual Basic is used as front end.

HISTORY OF VISUAL BASIC : Visual Basic evolved from BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purposes Symbolic Instruction Code). Basic was developed in the mid-1960 by Professor John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz of Dartmouth College as a language for writing simple programs. The wide spread use of Basic with various type computer and led to many enhancements to the language. With developments of the Microsoft Windows Graphical Interface (GUI) in the late of 1980’s and the early 1990’s the natural evaluation of BASIC was Visual Basic, which was created by Microsoft Corporation in 1991.

ADVANTAGES & FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC : Visual Basic is a high level programming language. By going through Visual Basic programme, one can easily understand the logic of the programme and various steps involved in solving the define problem. Visual Basic s Object Oriented Programming through which an programme operation can be logically separated from each other. Visual Basic Programs are easily readable and understandable because their statements are almost similar to the English Language Statements. Visual Basic Programs are created in an Integrated Development Environment

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(IDE). The IDE allows the programmer to create run and debug Visual Basic Programme conveniently. Visual Basic is the world’s most widely used Rapid Application Development (RAD). It has indexing, table handling, multiple page report and other special features, which are general requirements of any programming environment. Visual Basic Programs can be compiled to run as a stand-alone package. VISUAL BASIC is one of the easiest programming tool to master. With some basic guidance, anybody could come-up with a nice little windowsbased programme within a short time, age is not the limit. However do not ever think that Visual Basic can only build simple programs, you could actually develop very advance and powerful applications. Indeed, Visual Basic 6.0 even allows to develop web applications.

WHAT IS VISUAL BASIC : The "Visual" part refers to the method used to create the graphical interface (GUI). Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements, you simply add rebuilt objects into place on screen. If you've ever used a drawing program such as paint, you already have most of the skills necessary to create an effective interface. The "Basic" part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) Language, a language used by more programmers than any other language in the history of computing. Visual Basic has evolved from the original BASIC language and now contains several hundred statements, functions, and keywords, many of which relate directly to the Windows GUI. Beginners can create useful applications by learning just a few of the keywords, yet the power of the language allows professionals to accomplish anything that can be accomplished using any other Windows programming language. The visual Basic programming language is not unique to Visual Basic. The Visual Basic programming system, Applications Edition included in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft access, and many other Windows applications 17

uses the same language and a subset of the Visual Basic language the investment you make in learning Visual Basic will carry over to these other areas.

MICROSOFT ACCESS : Using Microsoft Access, you can manage all your information from a single database file. Within the file, you can use: • Tables to store your data. • Queries to find and retrieve just the data you want. • Forms to view, add, and update data in tables. • Reports to analyze or print data in a specific layout. • Data access pages to view, update, or analyze the database's data from the Internet or an Intranet.

MICROSOFT ACCESS PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING FEATURES : Store data once in one table, but view it from multiple locations. When you update the data, it's automatically updated everywhere it appears. • Display data in a query. • Display data in a form. • Display data in a report. • Display data in a data access page. In our application MS-Access used as a back end. 18

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION Once the system analyst have identified the precise requirements and analyzed these requirements to weed out inconsistencies, they proceed to write the document called the Software Requirements Specification (SRS). It is the final output of the requirements analysis and specification phase. This document is generated as output of requirement analysis. The requirement analysis involves obtaining a clear & through understanding of the product to be developed. Thus SRS should be consistent, correct, unambiguous & complete document. The developer of the system can prepare SRS after detailed communication with the customer. An SRS document should clearly document the following • External interfaces of the system they identify the information which is to flow “From” & “To” the System. • Functional & Non Functional Requirements of the system. • Design Constraints of the system. A SRS should have characteristics like concise, unambiguous, consistent, complete, well structured, etc. The SRS outline is given below –

(i)

Introduction

(a) Purpose (b) Scope (c) Definition, Acronyms 19

(d) References (e) Overview

(ii)

Description

(a) Product Perspective (b) Product Function (c) Characteristics (d) Constraints (e) Assumption & Dependencies

(iii) Specific Requirements (a) External Interfaces (b) Functional Requirements (c) Non Functional Requirements (d) Database Requirements (e) Design Constraints (f) Software System Attributes (g) Additional Comments

(iv) ing Information (a) Table of Contents & Index (b) Appendixes

BACKGROUND : The basic objective behind the creation of this project was the innumerable problems faced by the s in managing database of Railway Reservation System. Normally if someone decides to check the information of Railway Reservation of any year then he/she face a lot of task for that. For example, wants to know information of Railway Reservation of particular subject in a particular state then no present system that generate directly reports in this concern and we have collect information from different documents . The entire process was very time consuming and monotonous. 20

A system was needed which can overcome these problems and make the entire process very simple.

OVERALL DESCRIPTION : This project is being developed with the intention of fixing all the problems currently affecting the manual system. It contains all the important links to the various tasks or categories of topics related to manage Railway database. The project is an important resource for people, who want studies about the Railway Reservation degree outturn in a different subjects and different field’s also state wise estimation. With the help of this project, can collect details about doctoral degree, the related tasks that they wants to perform and that is all with just few clicks of mouse.

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS : Requirement analysis is done in order to understand the problem, which the software system is solve. The emphasis is on identifying what is needed for the system and not how the system will achieve the same. Often at least two parties are involved in software development-A client and a developer. The developer has to develop the system to satisfy the client’s needs. Here is this case the problem is to automate an existing manual system. Analysis of existing system is done to identify the requirement of the client and interaction with the client and end . By studying the existing manuals and procedures new requirements are identified.

DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES : The following aspects are generally recognized in the industry as the goals of software engineering, which are kept in mind during development of software systems. • Modifiability • Accuracy • Reliability 21

• • • • • •

Efficiency Simplicity Future Proofing Modularity Scalability Integrability

Modifiability :- The proposed application must be structured to latter expected modification, pupation, and cancellation resulting from change to the performance requirements, desire outputs.

Accuracy :- The extent to, which the reimbursement system satisfies its specifications and fulfills objectives.

Reliability :- Reliability is the future free operation of software in a specified environment for a specified time.

Efficiency :- The amount of computing resources and code required by the reimbursement management system are performed for its function. The efficiency of source code is directly tied to the efficiency of algorithms defined during detail design.

Simplicity in use :- All programs used in this application should be understood without difficulty.

Future Proofing :- The application should be able to incorporate further enhancements from Intranet to Internet/Extranet based on requirements, technologies developed and usability.

Modularity :- The application/system should be designed as a hierarchy of modules.

Scalability :- The application should be scaleable to any number of s provided the hardware requirements are met.

Integrability :- The application should integrate with the existing system that has direct relations. 22

Usability :- The effort required for learning to operate the input and interpreting the output of an application.

Maintainability :- The effort required for learning ,operate, prepare input, interpret output and fix error in the software should be as minimum as possible.

Flexibility :- Modification of this application should be done without many efforts.

Testability :- The effort required in testing software that performs its intend function should be minimum.

Portability :- The effort required in transferring, the application from one hardware to another should be minimum and the entire process of doing the same as for as possible, the same should be accomplished through installation of programs/interfaces whether feasible.

Reusability :- The function and structure are so created that a program (i.e., both source code as well as complied components) can be reused in other application.

Security :- The applications should be secured from unauthorized access or physical damage.

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SYSTEM DESIGN : The design of the information system produce the detail that state how a system will meet the requirement identified during system analysis, is often referred to as stage of logical design, in contrast to the process of developing program software, which is referred to as physical design. System analysts being the process by identifying reports, the requirement and output need by the system. Then the specific data on each are pinpointed. Usually, designers sketch the form or displays they expect from the system. This can also be done on a paper or on the computer display with the help of automated system tools available. The system design also describes the date to be input, calculated, or stored. Individual date items and calculation procedures are written in detail. The procedures tell how to process the data and produce the output. Designers are responsible for providing programmers with complete and clearly outlined software specification. As programming starts, designers are able to answer questions, clarify fuzzy areas, and handle problems that confront the programmers when using the design specifications As the software is to be designed in Visual Basic and back- end MS-Access, the concept of database is must for quantity deg. Design is the central, unifying process for software development and maintenance. It is a decision making task, often concerning major decisions of a structural nature. The design process maps the “What to do?” of requirements specifications into the “How to do it?” of the design specifications.

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The output of requirements management defines what the system will do; the output of design (design document or design model) defines how it will be done and provides the relevant amount of information to the developers to enable him/her to write a valid and efficient code.

DESIGEN OVERVIEW : The design stage takes the final specification of the “DATABASE ON RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM ” from analysis and finds the best way of fulfilling them, give the technical environment and previous decision on required level of automation. The System design is carried out in two phases: • design (High Level Design). • Detailed design (Low Level Design).

HIGH LEVEL DESIGN : The high-level design maps the business system described in the program requirement specification to logical data structure. It involves• Identifying the entities : - All the entities related to the module were identified, checked and consolidated. • Identifying the relationship :- The relationships between entities, within and outside the system were identified. • Attribute definition :- The pertaining to the entities was identified and their field characteristics were specified. • Normalization :- The entities were normalized. • Interface :- Interfacing with other system was done and attributes related to external entities were identified. Once the entities and their attributes were defined, entity relationship diagrams. 25

LOW LEVEL DESIGN : The low-level design maps the logical; model; of the system to a physical database design:

DEFAULT DATABASE DESIGN : This utility create column and constraint definitions form the entity model and the table / entity mapping entered in : CASE* dictionary : This database design can be refined according to your application regarding using can be refined according to your application regarding using the tables, columns sand key constraint definition screen to make amendments. The step involved here were: • • • •

Generation of table. Primary key. Unique key. Foreign key.

MODULE DESIGN : This screen is used to enter module information during the design stage of business system development. The application systems, function, tables and columns must already exist in CASE* dictionary before being referenced.

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PREFERENCE : Based on preference like form name, validation of primary key, layout of forms, layout of fields. Creating title for forms, mandatory input field prompts etc. was incorporated here.

GENERATE THE PROGRAM : The program was generated based on the relationship specified and according to the preferences.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY : THREE TIER ARCHITECTURE : A three tier distributed client/server architecture includes a system interface top tier where services (such as text input, dialog, and display management) reside.

The third tier provides database management functionality and is dedicated to data and file services that can be optimized without using any proprietary database management system languages. The data management component ensures that the data is consistent throughout the distributed environment through the use of features such as data locking, consistency, and 27

replication. It should be noted that connectivity between tiers can be dynamically changed depending upon the 's request for data and services. The middle tier provides process management services (such as process development, process enactment, process monitoring, and process resourcing) that are shared by multiple applications. The middle tier server (also referred to as the application server) improves performance, flexibility, maintainability, reusability, and scalability by centralizing process logic. Centralized process logic makes istration and change management easier by localizing system functionality so that changes must only be written once and placed on the middle tier server to be available throughout the systems. With other architectural designs, a change to a function (service) would need to be written into every application.

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS This software requires following configuration of an IBM or compatible P.C. – • Microprocessor 486 or higher. • RAM –16 M.B. or higher. • Windows 2007 / XP Operating System. • Hard Disk Drive with 2.1 G.B. free disk space. • Floppy Disk Drive. • Compact Disk Drive. • A Mouse. • A Keyboard. • A Monitor.

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LIMITATIONS : We have made humble efforts in preparing the software, so that it can be in the functioning condition. But due to lack of time some conditions cannot be applied like – This project cannot work in client/server environment. Another limitation is that software will not run under 3.11 operating system.

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT : The future enhancement of the software can provide many more other facilities like barcode reading, book reservation tickets of the Railways.

FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS : The further improvements can be done in project, are list can be generated in different format as according to the requirements, printing of list on printer directly given the commands or by pressing the command button, backup of all the records in the database. It can be made like it can work in client/server environment.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A DATABASE is a collection of related data. A database represents some aspects of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld or the Universe of Discourse (UoD). Database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. It is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. This data is used by organization/individuals to meet their information processing requirements. The most important thing in a database is that the database should be treated as a foundation stone for the future application for the organization. A database may be generated and manipulated manually or it may be computerized. A computerized database may be created and maintained either by a group of application programs written specifically for that task or by database management system. A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables to create and maintain a database.

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DATA TABLE :This relation is used to store the ID and of various authorized s.

S. NO. 1. 2.

ATTRIBUTE NAME

DATA TAYPE TEXT TEXT

The field is used to accept the -IDs of the which are provided only to a few persons in the railway to provide security. The Field is used to accept from the to prevent unauthorized access.

ENQUIRY :S. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

ATTRIBUTE NAME NAME REPEAT ADDRESS FATHER’s NAME DOB STATE DISTRICT PINCODE

DATA TYPE TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT DATE/TIME TEXT TEXT NUMBER

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This relation is used to store the enger details for reservation of the train. The Field NAME is used to accept the name of the enger for whom the reservation is required. The Field is used to accept from the to prevent unauthorized access. The Field REPEAT is used to accept repeat . The Field ADDRESS is used to accept address of the . The Field FATHER’s NAME is used to accept the father’s name of the enger for whom the reservation is required. The Field DOB is used to accept dob of the . The Field STATE is used to accept state of the . The Field DISTRICT is used to accept district of the to prevent unauthorized access. The Field PINCODE is used to accept pin code of the city of the .

RESERVATION :S. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ATTRIBUTE NAME TRAIN NO. TRAIN NAME TICKET NO. NAME FATHER’s NAME AGE GENDER DATE OF JOURNEY COACH BERTH

DATA TYPE NUMBER TEXT NUMBER TEXT TEXT NUMBER TEXT DATE/TIME TEXT TEXT

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11. 12. 13.

SEAT NO. CLASS RENT

NUMBER TEXT NUMBER

This relation is used to store the reservation details of all the trains. The field TRAIN NO. is used to accept the train number of the trains. The field TRAIN NAME is used to accept the train name. The field TICKET NO. is used to accept the ticket number of the trains. The Field NAME is used to accept the name of the enger for whom the reservation is required. The Field FATHER’s NAME is used to accept the father’s name of the enger for whom the reservation is required. The Field AGE is used to accept the age of the enger for whom the reservation is required. The Field GENDER is used to accept the name of the sex for whom the reservation is required. The Field DATE OF JOURNEY is used to accept the date of the reservation. The Field COACH is used to accept the coach of the reservation. The Field BERTH is used to accept the berth of the reservation. The Field SEAT NO. is used to accept the seat no. of the enger of the reservation. The Field CLASS is used to accept the class in which the reservation is required.

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The Field RENT is used to accept the rent of the reservation.

TRAIN ENQUIRY :-

S. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

ATTRIBUTE NAME TRAIN NO. TRAIN NAME P (PANTRY) FROM DEP (DEPARTURE TIME AT THE FROM STATION) TO ARR (ARRIVAL TIME AT THE TO STAION) TRAVEL (TRAVEL TIME OF THE TRAIN) R MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN 1A (AC 1-TIER SLEEPER ON THE TOP) 2A (AC 2-TIER SLEEPER ON THE TOP) 3A (AC 3-TIER SLEEPER ON THE TOP) CC (AC CHAIR CAR ON THE TOP) FC (FIRST CLASS ON THE TOP) SL (SLEEPER CLASS ON THE TOP) 2S (SECOND SITTING ON THE TOP) 3E (3 AC ECONOMY ON THE TOP) AC 1ST CLASS CHARGE AC 2ND CLASS CHARGE AC 3RD CLASS CHARGE CC CHARGE FC CHARGE SL CHARGE 2S CHARGE

DATA TYPE NUMBER TEXT TEXT TEXT DATE / TIME TEXT DATE / TIME DATE / TIME TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT CURRENCY CURRENCY CURRENCY CURRENCY CURRENCY CURRENCY CURRENCY

This relation is used to store the train details for reservation of the train. 35

The field TRAIN NO. is used to accept the train number of the trains. The field TRAIN NAME is used to accept the train name. The field PANTRY is used to accept the ticket number of the trains. The field FROM is used to accept the initial point of the train. The field DEP is used to accept the time of the departure of the train. The field TO is used to accept the time of the destination of the train. The field ARR is used to accept the time of the arrival time of the train. The field TRAVEL is used to accept the travel time of the train.

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM The Data Flow Diagram shows the flow of data or information. It can be partitioned into single processes or functions. Data Flow Diagrams can be grouped together or decomposed into multiple processes. As information moves through software, it is modified by a series of transformations. A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation that depicts information flow and the transform that are applied as data move from input to output at any level of data abstraction. In fact Data Flow Diagrams may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information flow and functional details. Therefore the DFD provides a mechanism for functional modeling as well as information flow modeling. It is a graphical representation of flow of data through a system. Its pictures a system as a network of functional processes. The bases of DFD is a data flow graph which pictorially represents information on data as shown-

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Input Data External Entity

Input Data Level 1 Processing

External Entity

Intermediate Data Output Data External Entity

Level 2 Processing

External Entity

Intermediate Data

Level 3 Processing

Output Data

Data store

External Entity

In this diagram the external entities provide input data for the processing during the processing some intermediate data is generated. The data store is the repository of data. The structure approach of system design requires extensive modeling of the system. Thus instead of making a complete model exhibiting the functionality of system. The DFD’s are created in a layered manner at the first layer the DFD is made at block level & in lower layers the details are shown. Thus level-0 DFD makes a fundamental system.

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I1 I2

Process

Output

‘0’ Level DFD

DFD’s can represent the system at any level of abstraction. DFD of ‘0’ level views entire software elements as a single bubble with indication of only input & output data. Thus ‘0’ level DFD is also called as “Context diagram”.

Rules for making DFD : The following factures should be considered while making DFD’s• Keep a note of all the processes & external entities, give unique names to them identify the manner in which they interact with each other. • Do numbering of processes. • The DFD should be internally consistent. • Every process should have minimum of one input & output. • The data store should contain all the data element that flow as input & output.

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Types of DFD : Different levels of DFD show the application at different levels of detail-

LEVEL ‘0’ OR CONTEXT DIAGRAM :The highest-level DFD (Level 0) shows the entire application as a single process surrounded by its data stores and is sometimes known as Context Diagram. A context diagram plays a very important role in software development. It contains a single process which describes the system interfaces to the business & outside the world or we can say that it determines the boundaries.

LEVEL - 1 OR PHYSICAL DIAGRAM :The next level down (Level 1) shows the whole application again but with the main Processes, the data flows between them and their individual links to the data Stores. Data Stores remain the same at all levels of abstraction but new stores may be introduced at any level. These are usually temporary stores such as views and cursor, which are required in lower level processes. The physical DFD defines who is doing a particular operation. It shows how things happen in the physical components.

LEVEL - 2 OR LOGICAL DIAGRAM :A logical DFD shows what a system is doing rather than what is being done. It shows what occurs i.e. it only specifies type of the operation perform.

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM : -

Customer New Reservation

Schedules

Railway Reservation System

Edit Reservation

Allow new

Cancellation

Reservation

DFD DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

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ENTITY RELTIONSHIP DIAGRAM An entity relationship diagram is a graphical representation of entities and their relationships to each other. Typically used in computing regarding the data within database or information system. The E-R data model is based on a perception of a real word which consist of a set of basic object. The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram. Entity Relationship Diagrams have three different components: • • • •

Entity Attributes Relationship Key Attributes

ENTITY : Entities are the principal data object about which information is to be collected. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events, which have relevance to the database. An entity is analogous to a table in the relational model. Categories of different entities include – 1. 2. 3. 4.

Person :- Student, Teacher, Employee, Manager etc. Place :- Head office, Branch office, Building etc. Objects :- Book, Vehicle etc. Event :- Selling, Reservation, Ticket booking, Registration etc.

(a) Entity Set :- An entity set is the collection of entities of the same type i.e. the entities which are share common properties or attributes. Ex :- The set of all employees of an organization can be called as the entity set employee.

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ATTRIBUTE : Each entity can have a number of characteristics which is called “attribute” of that entity. A data attribute is a characteristic common to all or most instances of a particular entity. An attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies one and only one instance of an entity is called a primary key or identifier. Ex :- An entity “Client” can have characteristic like name, address, phone number etc. Some attributes can be logically grouped into super attribute called “compound attributes”.

TYPES OF ATTRIBUTES :1. Simple & Composite Attributes :- The attributes have been simple i.e. they are not divided into subparts. Composite attributes can be divided into subparts (i.e. other attributes). Ex :- An attribute name could be structured as a composite attribute consisting of first name, middle name and last name. 2. Single and Multi-Valued Attributes :- The Attributes that has single value is called single valued attributes and the attributes that has more than one value is called multi valued attributes. Ex :- The loan number attributes for a specific loan entity refers to only one loan number, such attributes are said to be single value. An employee entity set with the attribute phone number is said to be multi-valued attributes. 3. Derived Attributes :- The value for this type of attributes can be derived from the values of other related attributes or entities.

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Ex :- Suppose that the customer entity set has an attribute age, which indicates the customer’s age. If the customer entity set also has an attribute date of birth, we can calculate age from date of birth and the current date. Thus age is a derive attribute.

RELATIONSHIP : A data relationship is a natural association that exists between one or more entities. The connectivity of a relationship describes the mapping of associated entity instances in the relationship. The values of connectivity are “one” or “many”. The cardinality of a relationship is the actual number of related occurrences for each of the two entities. The basic types of connectivity for relations are : • One-to-one (1:1) • One-to-many (1:m) • Many-to-many (m:m) A one-to-one (1:1) relationship is when at most one instance of an entity A is associated with one instance of entity B. A one-to-many (1:M) relationship is when for one instance of entity A, there are zero, one, or many instances of entity B, but for one instance of entity B, there is only one instance of entity A. A many-to-many (M: M) relationship, sometimes called non-specific, is when for one instance of entity A, there are zero, one, or many instances of entity B and for one instance of entity B there are zero, one, or many instances of entity A.

KEY ATTRIBUTES : The key attribute is an attribute that uniquely identifies an entity in the entity set. Ex :- Employee_code can be the key attribute for the entity set employee because it uniquely identifies each employee entity. 44

SYMBOLS OF E-R DIAGRAM : An E-R diagram can express the overall logical structure of a database graphically. E-R diagram consist of the following major components: • Rectangle : Which represent entity set.

• Ellipses : Which represent attributes.

• Diamonds : Which represent relationship sets.

• Lines : Which link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets.

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• Double Ellipses : Which represent multi-valued attributes.

• Dashed Ellipse : Which denotes derived attributes.

• Double Linear : Which indicate total participation of an entity in a relationship set.

• Double Rectangle : Which represent weak entity set.

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E-R DIAGRAM OF RAILWAY RESERVATION DATABASE :-

Source

Date

Entry Date

Class

Destination

Book Ticket Information

enger details

PNR No.

Fore Train

Availability

Train Name

Class

Distance New Rates

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Address Age Name

enger Details

City

Phone No.

State Pin code Sex

_id

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

Customer Start

Reserve Ticket

Cancel Ticket

Check For Seat Reservation

No View Details Yes Inform Customer Fill Form

Give Details

Check Reservation List

No

Yes Submit Form

Issue Ticket Give Form

Stop Return Payment

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TESTING & DEBUUGGING SYSTEM TESTING : Testing Methodology : The various test cases have been made to find out the bug if any in the application. The test cases have been made keeping in mind to test the individual module as well as system as a whole. The test cases have been given by the client which in my application was NISTADS team. Now the application is fully functional without any bugs. The testing activities are done in all phases of the lifecycle in an iterative software development approach. However, the emphasis on testing activities varies in different phases. This procedure explains the focus of testing in inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases. In the inception phase most of requirements capturing is done and the test plan is developed. In elaboration phase most of design is developed, and test cases are developed. Construction phase mainly focuses on development of components and units, and unit testing is the focus in this phase. Transition phase is about deploying software in the community and most of the system testing and acceptance testing is done in this phase. There are following rules that can serve well as testing objectives: • Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. • A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as-yet-undiscovered error. • A successful test is one that uncovers as-yet-undiscovered error.

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UNIT TESTING : Unit testing is done as per Testing Guidelines. It refers to the process of changes made to a new or existing system. Unit testing is a process in which a tester test the each module individually.

MODULE TESTING : Module testing is also known as unit or component testing phase, module testing is concerned with the testing of the smallest piece of software for which a separate specification exists. It focuses on verification of the smallest unit of software design -- the module. Using the detailed design specification as a guide, important control paths are tested to uncover errors within the boundary of the module. The man to machine interfaces are tested to assure that information properly flows into and out of the module, allowable boundary values are verified, and module-data structure interface is tested to assure that data is properly stored according to established integrity rules. Module testing is performed during the Build Stage.

INTEGERATION TESTING : The system integrator compiles and links the system in increments. Each increment needs to go through testing of the functionality that has been added, as well as all tests the previous builds went through (regression tests). Within iteration, integration testing is executed several times until the whole system has been successfully integrated. Testing is done as per the Test Plan for the project. A Testing Team who may be an independent team or may include of the project team carries out the tests.

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SYSTEM TESTING : System testing is initiated through a System release and a Release Note from Development team to the testing team. The purpose of the System Testing is to ensure that the complete system functions are intended. The system roles in PMP compile and link the system in increments. System Testing is similar to the Integration testing except that it is run under customer environment or in an environment as similar as to the customer environment, as possible. During the System testing the performance criteria is tested and factors like stress, transaction timing, volume of data, transaction frequency etc. are validated. The ability of the Software to be installed in an environment likely to be encountered at the site of the customer is also checked here. System testing of the software is performed against base lined software and the base lined documentation of the customer requirements and the software requirements specification documentation. After System Testing, efforts should be made to conduct other types of testing such as: • Stress Testing/Volume Testing (testing the performance etc.) • Security testing (testing the system against security measures e.g. , etc.) • Recovery testing (the recovery techniques, in case the system crashes) • Regression testing (to ensure that changes have not caused unintended effects on the baseline). During system testing the system is used experimentally to ensure that the software does not fail i.e. it will run according to its specifications and in the way s expect. Special test data are input for the 52

processing and the results examine. A limited number of s try to use it in unforeseen ways. It is preferable to discover any surprise before the organization implements the system and depend upon it. In many organizations persons other than those who wrote the original programs to ensure more complete and unbiased testing and more reliable testing perform testing. The norms that were followed during the phase were that after the developer of the software has satisfied regarding every aspect of the software under consideration he is required to release the program source code. A setup name release is used to copy the name file from the developers’ area to a project area in the directory named with developer name. Here all the final testing used to be done by persons other than the developer himself .if some changes were desired in the program the developer were required to use another setup. Retrieve, which copied back the latest version of the program to developer areas. As in this system data is entered at different levels I considered providing various types of checks like range check, validity check, completeness check etc. in different data entry screens according to the requirements. Since the are not familiar to the new system the data screens were designed in such a way that were-. • Consistent • Easy to use • Has a fast response time

White Box Testing : White box test focus on the program control structure. Test cases are derived to ensure that all statement in the program has been executed at least once during testing and that all logical condition has been exercised. Basic path testing, a white box testing, makes use of

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program graph to derive the set of linearly independent test that will ensure coverage. In white box testing the test developer has access to the source code and can write code that links into the libraries which are linked into the target software. This is typical of unit tests, which only test parts of a software system. They ensure that components used in the construction are functional and robust to some degree. In this testing internal functioning of the product is tested. Each procedures is tested for its accuracy. Unlike black box testing, white box testing uses specific knowledge of programming code to examine output i.e. specific knowledge about the internal structure. This test is accurate only if the tester knows what program is supposed to do. White box testing is also known as glass box, structural box, clean box & open box testing.

Condition Testing : Condition testing is tests case design method that exercise the logical conditions contain in a program module. a simple condition is a Boolean variable or a relational expression.

Branch Testing : I have used Branch testing is probably the for compound condition, the true and false (in project i.e. null values) for each branch.

Data Flow Testing : I have used data flow testing due to check the path of program according to the locations of definitions and uses of variables in the program.

BLACK BOX TESTING : Black box testing focuses on the functional requirements of the software. That is, black-box testing enable the software engineer to

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derive set of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. In black box testing the test engineer only accesses the software through the same interfaces that the customer or would, or possibly through remotely controllable, automation interfaces that connect another computer or another process into the target of the test. In this test overall functioning of the product is tested. Inputs are given & outputs are checked. It does not care about internal structure of the product. Black box test treats the system as black box, so it does not explicitly use knowledge of internal structure. Black box test design usually described as focusing on testing functional requirement. Black box testing is also known as Behavioral, Functional & Closed box testing. Black box testing test the overall functional requirements of the product. Inputs are supplied to the product & outputs are verified. If the output obtained are same as the expected once then the product needs the functional requirement. In this approach internal procedures are not considers.

DISADVANTAGES OF BLACK BOX TESTING : Black box testing uncovers following types of errors – • Incorrect or missing functions. • Interface errors. • External database access. • Performance errors. • Initialization & termination errors.

Graph-Based Testing Method :

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I have used graph-based testing method for removing errors associated with relationships. The first step in this testing is to understand the objects that are modeled in software and the relationship that connect these objects.

Equivalence Partitioning : This testing is used for the following reason: • • • •

specific numeric values range of values set of related values Boolean condition

For example : Check in phone number, code generation, class type, department type, etc.

Boundary Value Analysis : Boundary value analysis is a test case design technique that complements equivalence partitioning. Rather than selecting any element of equivalence class the selection of test cases at the edges of the class. Rather than focusing solely on the input condition. The point of equivalence partitioning as : • An input condition specifies a range boundary by values a and b, test cases should be design with values a and b and just above and just below a and b. • An input condition specific a number of values, test cases should be developed that exercise the minimum and maximum number.

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ACCEPTANCE TESTING : An Acceptance Plan is prepared and handed over to the customer. However it is at the discretion of the Project Manager to decide when to prepare the Acceptance Plan but the Project Manager should ensure that it is at least prepared before the completion of construction phase. This Plan helps the customer in planning, scheduling and providing resources to carry out the customer acceptance testing. The acceptance testing is done during deployment. The Acceptance plan must consist of : A suggested schedule for Acceptance Testing by the customer Hardware, Software and other resources required for Acceptance Testing Confirmation of Acceptance criteria. The Acceptance Plan is reviewed and based on the Review Procedure and the review records are maintained properly.

Test Plan : Initial test plan addresses system test planning, and over the elaboration, construction and transition phases this plan is updated to cater other testing requirements of these phases, like, unit & integration testing. The test Plan must contain the following: • Scope of testing. • Methodology to be used for testing. • Types of tests to be carried out. • Resource & system requirements. • A tentative Test Schedule. Identification of various forms to be used to record test cases and test results The Test Plan is reviewed as per the Review Procedure as defined by the Project Manager. Adequate Review Records are maintained.

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Test Reports and Debugging : The testing team prepares all the defects are reported in the organization’s standard defect tracking system. The defects found are categorized, prioritized and reported as Testing Guidelines. Development team also uses the defect tracking system to report the status of defects. Testing team before closure validates the defects eliminated by development team.

Error Message and Validations : The goals of verification and validation activities are to access and improve the quality of work products generated during development and modification of software . There are two types of verification – • Life cycle verification • Formal verification Life cycle verification is the process of determining the degree to which the work products of a given phase of the development cycle fulfill the specification established during prior phases. Formal verification is a rigorous mathematical demonstration that source code confirms to its specification. Validation is the process of evaluating software at the end of software Development process to determine compliance with requirements. High quality can’t be achieved through testing of source code alone. Although a program should be totally free of errors, this is seldom the case for Large software products. The best way to minimize errors is to detect and remove errors during analysis and design, so that few errors are introduced into the source code.

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The following error messages and validations are used in the system. Error Listing For Screen

Error 1:

When id and fields both are blank or invalide

Error 2:

When id is wrong

Error 3:

When is wrong

Error 4:

When all fields are blank

Error 5:

When No. of doctoral Degree awarded in not numeric Enter numeric value

Error 6:

When no of others students is not numeric Enter numeric value

Error 7:

When retype is not same as new

Error 8:

When entered values exist in data base Value already exists

Error 9:

When no value find in data base Sorry, NO data found

Error 10:

When database is not ready Sorry, Connection failed

Error 11:

When Page is not found Sorry page not found

Error 12:

When Internet connection not available Sorry, connection failed

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Test Data and Test Cases : Test cases describe the details of every test for each feature of the module. The inputs for preparation of test cases are the software requirement specifications and/or Design document/model. System test cases are prepared in elaboration phase, and initial integration test cases are prepared which are refined and completed in construction phase. These test cases are reviewed as per Review Procedure as defined by the Project Manager and adequate review records are maintained. These reviews are done against requirements and Design to ensure adequacy and completeness. The expected results are specified in test cases, against test to be carried out.

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WORKING DETAILS (CODING & OUTPUT)

FORM 1 : (SPLASH SCREEN)

Dim A As Integer Dim s As String Dim n As Integer Private Sub Form_Load() A=1 n=1

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ProgressBar1.Max = 100 ProgressBar1.Min = 1 Timer1.Interval = 100 s = " Railway Reservation Project System" Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "TRAIN.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() Dim b As Integer Label1.ForeColor = QBColor(Rnd * 7) b = Len(s) Label1.Caption = Left(s, n) n=n+1 ProgressBar1.Value = ProgressBar1.Value + 1 If (ProgressBar1.Value >= 98) Then Call Form2.Show Unload Me End If End Sub

Output :-

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FORM 2 : ()

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim n As Integer rs.MoveLast n = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst For A = 1 To n If (rs.Fields("name") = Text1.Text And rs.Fields("") = Text2.Text) Then Call MDIForm1.Show Unload Me Else MsgBox ("your name and not match") Text1.Text = "" 63

Text2.Text = "" Text1.SetFocus rs.MoveNext End If Next A End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() End End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "log convrt") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("log", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "AP1.jpg") End Sub

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Output :-

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MDI FORM :

Private Sub cancelreservation_Click() Call Form8.Show End Sub Private Sub edit_Click() Call Form11.Show End Sub Private Sub MDIForm_Load() MDIForm1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "ss.jpg") End Sub Private Sub new_Click() Call Form3.Show 66

End Sub Private Sub new1_Click() Call Form7.Show End Sub Private Sub searchbydate_Click() Call Form10.Show End Sub Private Sub searchbyname_Click() Call Form9.Show End Sub Private Sub searchbytrain_Click() Call Form6.Show End Sub Private Sub _Click() Call Form4.Show End Sub

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Output :-

FORM 3 : ( INFORMATION) 68

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() A = MsgBox("do you want save ", vbOKCancel) If (A = 1) Then rs.AddNew rs.Fields(1).Value = Text1.Text rs.Fields(2).Value = Text2.Text rs.Fields(3).Value = Text3.Text rs.Fields(4).Value = Text4.Text rs.Fields(5).Value = Text5.Text rs.Fields(6).Value = Text6.Text rs.Fields(7).Value = Text7.Text rs.Fields(8).Value = Text8.Text rs.Update Text1.Text = "" 69

Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Else Text1.SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() End End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db1con") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("DB", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "b.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Text1_LostFocus() Dim b As Integer b = rs.RecordCount For n = 1 To b If (rs.Fields("name") = Text1.Text) Then MsgBox ("your already exist") Text1.Text = "" Text1.SetFocus End If rs.MoveNext Next n End Sub Private Sub Text9_LostFocus() If (Text2.Text <> Text9.Text) Then MsgBox (" and repeat does not match") Text2.SetFocus 70

End If End Sub

Output :-

FORM 4 : ( CHANGE WINDOW)

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Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim K As Integer Dim n As Integer Dim f As Integer f=0 n = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst For K = 1 To n If (rs.Fields("name") = Text1.Text And rs.Fields("") = Text2.Text) Then MDIForm1.new1.Enabled = True MDIForm1.change1.Enabled = True MDIForm1.Edit.Enabled = True MDIForm1.searchbytrain.Enabled = True MDIForm1.searchbyname.Enabled = True MDIForm1.searchbydate.Enabled = True 72

MDIForm1.cancelreservation.Enabled = True f=1 Exit For End If rs.MoveNext Next K If (f = 0) Then MsgBox ("Your name & not match") Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text1.SetFocus End If If (f = 1) Then Unload Me End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() End End Sub Private Sub Command3_Click() Unload Me Call Form3.Show End Sub Private Sub Command4_Click() Dim n As Integer Dim f As Integer n = rs.RecordCount rs.FindFirst "name='" & Text1.Text & "'" If rs.NoMatch = False Then rs.FindFirst "='" & Text2.Text & "'" If rs.NoMatch = False Then Call Form5.Show Form5.Text1.Text = rs.Fields(1).Value Form5.Text2.Text = rs.Fields(2).Value Form5.Text3.Text = rs.Fields(3).Value Form5.Text4.Text = rs.Fields(4).Value Form5.Text5.Text = rs.Fields(5).Value 73

Form5.Text6.Text = rs.Fields(6).Value Form5.Text7.Text = rs.Fields(7).Value Form5.Text8.Text = rs.Fields(8).Value Unload Me End If Else MsgBox (" not found") End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db1con") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("db", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "z.jpg") End Sub

Output :-

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FORM 5 : ( INFORMATION)

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Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() A = MsgBox("Do you want to save", vbOKCancel) If (A = 1) Then rs.Edit rs.Fields(1).Value = Text1.Text rs.Fields(2).Value = Text2.Text rs.Fields(3).Value = Text3.Text rs.Fields(4).Value = Text4.Text rs.Fields(5).Value = Text5.Text rs.Fields(6).Value = Text6.Text rs.Fields(7).Value = Text7.Text rs.Fields(8).Value = Text8.Text rs.Update Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" 76

Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Else Text1.SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db1con") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("db", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "oo.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Text1_LostFocus() Dim b As Integer b = rs.RecordCount For n = 1 To b If (rs.Fields("name") = Text1.Text) Then MsgBox ("your already exist") Text1.Text = "" Text1.SetFocus End If rs.MoveNext Next n End Sub Private Sub Text9_LostFocus() If (Text2.Text <> Text9.Text) Then MsgBox (" & Repeat does not match") Text2.SetFocus End If End Sub 77

Output :-

FORM 6 : (TRAIN DETAILS)

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Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Combo2_Click() Label3.FontBold = True Label3.ForeColor = QBColor(4) Label3.Caption = Combo1.Text + Space(5) + "TO " + Space(5) + Combo2.Text Label4.FontBold = True Label4.ForeColor = QBColor(4) Label4.Caption = Combo2.Text + Space(5) + "TO " + Space(5) + Combo1.Text End Sub Private Sub Command1_Click() Call Form7.Show End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub 79

Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db2c") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("db2", dbOpenDynaset) Combo1.AddItem "ALIGARH" Combo1.AddItem "AGRA" Combo1.AddItem "DELHI" Combo1.AddItem "JAMMU" Combo1.AddItem "ALLAHBAD" Combo1.AddItem "GAZIABAD" Combo1.AddItem "LACKHNOW" Combo1.AddItem "BANGLOR" Combo1.AddItem "CALCUTTA" Combo1.AddItem "MUMBAI" Combo1.AddItem "MADRAAS" Combo1.AddItem "DEHRADUN" Combo2.AddItem "ALIGARH" Combo2.AddItem "AGRA" Combo2.AddItem "DELHI" Combo2.AddItem "JAMMU" Combo2.AddItem "ALLAHBAD" Combo2.AddItem "GAZIABAD" Combo2.AddItem "LACKHNOW" Combo2.AddItem "BANGLOR" Combo2.AddItem "CALCUTTA" Combo2.AddItem "MUMBAI" Combo2.AddItem "MADRAAS" Combo2.AddItem "DEHRADUN" With MSFlexGrid1 .Cols = 31 .Rows = 1 .ColWidth(0) = 1000 .ColWidth(1) = 2000 .ColWidth(2) = 1400 .ColWidth(3) = 1000 .ColWidth(24) = 2000 .ColWidth(25) = 2000 .ColWidth(26) = 2000

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.Row = 0 .Col = 0 .Text = "Train no" .Col = 1 .Text = "Train Name" .Col = 2 .Text = "P" .Col = 3 .Text = "From" .Col = 4 .Text = "Dep" .Col = 5 .Text = "To" .Col = 6 .Text = "Arr" .Col = 7 .Text = "Travel" .Col = 8 .Text = "R" .Col = 9 .Text = "MON" .Col = 10 .Text = "TUE" .Col = 11 .Text = "WED" .Col = 12 .Text = "THU"

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.Col = 13 .Text = "FRI" .Col = 15 .Text = "SUN" .Col = 16 .Text = "1A" .Col = 17 .Text = "2A" .Col = 18 .Text = "3A" .Col = 19 .Text = "CC" .Col = 20 .Text = "FC" .Col = 21 .Text = "SL" .Col = 22 .Text = "2S" .Col = 23 .Text = "3E" .Col = 24 .Text = "AC_1st_class_charge" .Col = 25 .Text = "AC_2nd_class_charge" .Col = 26 .Text = "AC_3rd_class_charge" .Col = 27 82

.Text = "CC_charge" .Col = 28 .Text = "FC_charge" .Col = 29 .Text = "SL_charge" .Col = 30 .Text = "2S_charge" End With Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "ll.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Label3_Click() Dim A As Integer MSFlexGrid1.Width = Form6.Width rs.MoveLast A = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst K=1 For n = 1 To A If (rs.Fields("from").Value = Combo1.Text) And (rs.Fields("to").Value = Combo2.Text) Then MSFlexGrid1.Rows = K MSFlexGrid1.AddItem rs.Fields(1).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(2).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(3).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(4).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(5).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(6).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(7).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(8).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(9).Value _ & vbTab & rs.Fields(10).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(11).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(12).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(13).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(14).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(15).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(16).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(17).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(18).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(19).Value _ & vbTab & rs.Fields(20).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(21).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(22).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(23).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(24).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(25).Value & vbTab & 83

rs.Fields(26).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(27).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(28).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(29).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(30).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(31).Value K=K+1 End If rs.MoveNext Next n End Sub Private Sub Label4_Click() Dim A As Integer MSFlexGrid1.Width = Form6.Width rs.MoveLast A = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst K=1 For n = 1 To A If (rs.Fields("from").Value = Combo2.Text) And (rs.Fields("to").Value = Combo1.Text) Then MSFlexGrid1.Rows = K MSFlexGrid1.AddItem rs.Fields(1).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(2).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(3).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(4).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(5).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(6).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(7).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(8).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(9).Value _ & vbTab & rs.Fields(10).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(11).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(12).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(13).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(14).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(15).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(16).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(17).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(18).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(19).Value _ & vbTab & rs.Fields(20).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(21).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(22).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(23).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(24).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(25).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(26).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(27).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(28).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(29).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(30).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(31).Value K=K+1 End If rs.MoveNext Next n 84

End Sub

Output :-

FORM 7 : (RESERVATION DETAILS)

85

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Dim DB1 As Database Dim RS1 As Recordset Private Sub Combo1_Click() rs.FindFirst "Train_no=" & Text1.Text If (Combo1.ListIndex = 0) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(25).Value ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 1) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(26).Value ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 2) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(27).Value ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 3) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(28).Value ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 4) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(29).Value ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 5) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(30).Value 86

ElseIf (Combo1.ListIndex = 6) Then Text12.Text = rs.Fields(31).Value End If End Sub Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim K As Integer K = MsgBox("DO YOU WANT SAVE ", vbOKCancel) If (K = 1) Then RS1.AddNew RS1.Fields(1).Value = Text1.Text RS1.Fields(2).Value = Text2.Text RS1.Fields(3).Value = Text3.Text RS1.Fields(4).Value = Text4.Text RS1.Fields(5).Value = Text5.Text RS1.Fields(6).Value = Text6.Text RS1.Fields(7).Value = Combo4.Text RS1.Fields(8).Value = Text8.Text RS1.Fields(9).Value = Combo2.Text RS1.Fields(10).Value = Combo3.Text RS1.Fields(11).Value = Text11.Text RS1.Fields(12).Value = Combo1.Text RS1.Fields(13).Value = Text12.Text RS1.Update Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "DB2C") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("DB2", dbOpenDynaset) 87

Set DB1 = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "DB3c") Set RS1 = DB1.OpenRecordset("DB3", dbOpenDynaset) Combo1.AddItem "AC_1st_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "AC_2nd_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "AC_3rd_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "CC_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "FC_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "SL_class_charges" Combo1.AddItem "2S_class_charges" Combo2.AddItem "s1" Combo2.AddItem "s2" Combo2.AddItem "s3" Combo4.AddItem "Female" Combo4.AddItem "Male" Combo3.AddItem "Lower" Combo3.AddItem "Middle" Combo3.AddItem "Upper" Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "qq.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Text1_LostFocus() f=0 rs.FindFirst "Train_no=" & Text1.Text If (rs.NoMatch = False) Then Text2.Text = rs.Fields(2) f=1 End If If (f = 0) Then MsgBox (" train no is not found") Text1.Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text1.SetFocus End If End Sub

Output :-

88

FORM 8 : (CANCEL RESERVATION)

89

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() A = MsgBox("do you want really delete ", vbOKCancel) If (A = 1) Then rs.FindFirst "tno=" & Text1(0).Text rs.Delete Text1(0).Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Text9.Text = "" Text10.Text = "" Text11.Text = "" 90

Text12.Text = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db3c") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("db3", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "rr.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Text1_LostFocus(Index As Integer) f=0 If (Text1(0).Text <> "") Then rs.FindFirst "tno=" & Text1(0).Text If rs.NoMatch = False Then Text2.Text = rs.Fields(1).Value Text3.Text = rs.Fields(2).Value Text4.Text = rs.Fields(3).Value Text5.Text = rs.Fields(4).Value Text6.Text = rs.Fields(5).Value Text7.Text = rs.Fields(6).Value Text8.Text = rs.Fields(7).Value Text9.Text = rs.Fields(8).Value Text10.Text = rs.Fields(9).Value Text11.Text = rs.Fields(10).Value Text12.Text = rs.Fields(11).Value Text13.Text = rs.Fields(12).Value Text14.Text = rs.Fields(13).Value f=1 End If If (f = 0) Then MsgBox ("no is not found ") Text1(0).Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" 91

Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Text9.Text = "" Text10.Text = "" Text11.Text = "" Text12.Text = "" Text13.Text = "" Text14.Text = "" End If End If End Sub

Output :-

92

FORM 9 : (SEARCH BY ENGER NAME)

93

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() f=0 rs.MoveLast A = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst K=1 For b = 1 To A If (rs.Fields(4).Value = Text1.Text) Then MSFlexGrid1.Rows = K MSFlexGrid1.AddItem rs.Fields(0).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(1).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(2).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(3).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(4).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(5).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(6).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(7).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(8).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(9).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(10).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(11).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(12).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(13).Value 94

K=K+1 f=1 End If rs.MoveNext Next b If (f = 0) Then MsgBox ("record not found ") End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "DB3C") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("DB3", dbOpenDynaset) With MSFlexGrid1 .Cols = 14 .Rows = 1 .ColWidth(0) = 1000 .ColWidth(1) = 1000 .ColWidth(2) = 2000 .ColWidth(3) = 1000 .ColWidth(4) = 2000 .ColWidth(5) = 2000 .ColWidth(8) = 2000 .ColWidth(12) = 2000 .Row = 0 .Col = 0 .Text = "ID" .Col = 1 .Text = "Train no" .Col = 2 .Text = "Train Name"

95

.Col = 3 .Text = "tno" .Col = 4 .Text = "Name" .Col = 5 .Text = "F_Name" .Col = 6 .Text = "Age" .Col = 7 .Text = "Sex" .Col = 8 .Text = "Date_of_journey" .Col = 9 .Text = "Coach" .Col = 10 .Text = "Berth" .Col = 11 .Text = "seat_no" .Col = 12 .Text = "class" .Col = 13 .Text = "rent" End With Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "pp.JPG") End Sub

96

Output :-

FORM 10 : (SEARCH BY DATE)

97

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() f=0 rs.MoveLast A = rs.RecordCount rs.MoveFirst K=1 For b = 1 To A If (rs.Fields(8).Value = Text1.Text) Then MSFlexGrid1.Rows = K MSFlexGrid1.AddItem rs.Fields(0).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(1).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(2).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(3).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(4).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(5).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(6).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(7).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(8).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(9).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(10).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(11).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(12).Value & vbTab & rs.Fields(13).Value 98

K=K+1 f=1 End If rs.MoveNext Next b If (f = 0) Then MsgBox ("record not found ") End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "DB3C") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("DB3", dbOpenDynaset) With MSFlexGrid1 .Cols = 14 .Rows = 1 .ColWidth(0) = 1000 .ColWidth(1) = 1000 .ColWidth(2) = 2000 .ColWidth(3) = 1000 .ColWidth(4) = 2000 .ColWidth(5) = 2000 .ColWidth(8) = 2000 .ColWidth(12) = 2000 .Row = 0 .Col = 0 .Text = "ID" .Col = 1 .Text = "Train no" .Col = 2 .Text = "Train Name"

99

.Col = 3 .Text = "tno" .Col = 4 .Text = "Name" .Col = 5 .Text = "F_Name" .Col = 6 .Text = "Age" .Col = 7 .Text = "Sex" .Col = 8 .Text = "Date_of_journey" .Col = 9 .Text = "Coach" .Col = 10 .Text = "Berth" .Col = 11 .Text = "seat_no" .Col = 12 .Text = "class" .Col = 13 .Text = "rent" End With Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "pp.JPG") End Sub

100

Output :-

FORM 11 : (EDITING ENGER INFORMATION)

101

Dim db As Database Dim rs As Recordset Private Sub Command1_Click() Dim K As Integer K = MsgBox("DO YOU WANT SAVE ", vbOKCancel) If (K = 1) Then rs.Edit rs.Fields(1).Value = Text2.Text rs.Fields(2).Value = Text3.Text rs.Fields(3).Value = Text4.Text rs.Fields(4).Value = Text5.Text rs.Fields(5).Value = Text6.Text rs.Fields(6).Value = Text7.Text rs.Fields(7).Value = Text8.Text rs.Fields(8).Value = Text9.Text rs.Fields(9).Value = Text10.Text rs.Fields(10).Value = Text11.Text rs.Fields(11).Value = Text12.Text

102

rs.Fields(12).Value = Text13.Text rs.Fields(13).Value = Text14.Text rs.Update Text1(0).Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Text9.Text = "" Text10.Text = "" Text11.Text = "" Text12.Text = "" Text13.Text = "" Text14.Text = "" End If End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path + "\" + "db3c") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("db3", dbOpenDynaset) Image1.Stretch = True Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(App.Path + "\" + "dd.JPG") End Sub Private Sub Text1_LostFocus(Index As Integer) f=0 rs.FindFirst "tno=" & Text1(0).Text If rs.NoMatch = False Then Text2.Text = rs.Fields(1).Value Text3.Text = rs.Fields(2).Value Text4.Text = rs.Fields(3).Value Text5.Text = rs.Fields(4).Value Text6.Text = rs.Fields(5).Value 103

Text7.Text = rs.Fields(6).Value Text8.Text = rs.Fields(7).Value Text9.Text = rs.Fields(8).Value Text10.Text = rs.Fields(9).Value Text11.Text = rs.Fields(10).Value Text12.Text = rs.Fields(11).Value Text13.Text = rs.Fields(12).Value Text14.Text = rs.Fields(13).Value f=1 End If If (f = 0) Then MsgBox ("no is not found ") Text1(0).Text = "" Text2.Text = "" Text3.Text = "" Text4.Text = "" Text5.Text = "" Text6.Text = "" Text7.Text = "" Text8.Text = "" Text9.Text = "" Text10.Text = "" Text11.Text = "" Text12.Text = "" Text13.Text = "" Text14.Text = "" End If End Sub

Output :-

104

INTRODUCTION

105

In today`s world, computers are making us manage different fields much more easily and efficiently. Through there are difference areas where computer has gained a prominent place like Entertainment, Education, Banking and various industries, various colleges, universities are using computers for accomplishing different kinds of tasks.

As today`s railways are nothing less than organization, various departments like s, Booking, placement cell, istration etc are in operation. One of the above specified areas in Indian railways system. Which have really transformed itself from those old days of maintaining court less s regarding information of tickets…. In today`s era every things is on cycle of mouse whether it is know about ticket status, or updating list of ticket, calculation of cost. If books are late computer have made easy not only for the Railways lines personnel, but also for the enger, management of railways line regarding any kind of information.

106

This railways system tries to perform each of the activity stated above in an effective manner. It is easy to use, -friendly software. The system allows Railway lines personnel to different laid of activities such as: • •

Maintaining the train status Maintaining the issue of ticket.

•

Maintaining the member`s list etc . so on

Different kinds of reports for various information`s are provided.

107

FACILITY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS Indian Railways offers the facility of general Train Enquiry and reserving the ticket in advance. It allows the people to plan out their journey in advance comfortably and almost effortlessly. The Railway istration provides the reservations of seats, berths, compartments, or carriage as per the rules and conditions documented in the Coaching Tariff.

A enger looking for reservation of berth or seats should acquire tickets from the Railway Reservation Offices or Authorized Travel Agency only. The timings for booking the reservation and general enquiry are usually between 8 am to 8 pm every day except for Sunday when the timings are 8 am to 2 pm. Facility for enquiry related to the seats, berth and train timings are also available at all these reservation counters. In order to ease the booking procedure in metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai, multiple centers of ticket booking are set up.

108

General Conditions for Train Reservation Advance reservations (ARP) can be made 60 days in advance of the journey date for all classes and every train. This period of advance reservation excludes the day of train departure. ARP is calculated in relation to journey date from originating train station. Therefore at intermediate stations, if the train arrives on the following day, reservations can be made over 60 days in advance of journey date from the intermediate station.

engers seeking reservation need to complete and submit a reservation requisition form. It should be completely filled with all the required details including the train number, journey date, and class of accommodation, originating and the destination station. Reservation can be applied for maximum of 6 persons in a single form provided they should have the same destination station and booking for same train. Once the requisition form is accepted then ticket is booked by computer in accordance with pre defined logic. A person can submit only one requisition form at a time however if he is applying for onward or return journey then one can submit 2 or 3 forms. A journey ticket needs to be purchased in order to reserve the accommodation and no provisional reservation is entertained.

109

engers are advised to quote PNR number for any enquiry or complaint concerning to reservations. Computerized Reservation ticket should be accompanied by the journey tickets on train. engers should note down the correct departure time printed on the ticket and must make certain timings from the Railway station on the journey day. As the tickets are issued up to 60 days in advance, it is not possible to advise any changes in timing.

Advance Reservation and Enquiry: Indian Railways offers the facility of general Train Enquiry and reserving the ticket in advance. It allows the people to plan out their journey in advance comfortably and almost effortlessly. The Railway istration provides the reservations of seats,

110

berths, compartments, or carriage as per the rules and conditions documented in the Coaching Tariff. A enger looking for reservation of berth or seats should acquire tickets from the Railway Reservation Offices or Authorized Travel Agency only. The timings for booking the reservation and general enquiry are usually between 8 am to 8 pm every day except for Sunday when the timings are 8 am to 2 pm. Facility for enquiry related to the seats, berth and train timings are also available at all these reservation counters. In order to ease the booking procedure in metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai, multiple centers of ticket booking are set up.

111

THE LOGO OF INDIAN RAILWAYS

112

ROUTE MAP

113

enger Indian Railways operates about 9,000 enger trains and transports 20 million engers daily across twenty-eight states and two union territories. Sikkim and Meghalaya are the only states not connected by rail. A standard enger train consists of eighteen coaches, but popular trains can have up to 26 coaches.

Coaches are designed to accommodate anywhere from 18 to 108 engers, but during the holiday seasons and/or on busy routes, more engers may travel in unreserved coaches. Most regular trains have coaches connected through vestibules. However, 'unreserved coaches' are not connected with the rest of the train via any vestibule. Reservation against cancellation service is a provision for shared berth in case the travel ticket is not confirmed. The last timetabled enger service running under steam locomotive power ended in 2000, in Gujarat. All current enger service is provided using electric or diesel locomotives, except for the rack section of the Nilgiri 114

Mountain Railway (NMR) which still relies on Swiss-built X class steamers to do the job.

MODERN ENGER TRAIN :

Types of enger services : Trains are classified by their average speed. A faster train has fewer stops ("halts") than a slower one and usually caters to long-distance travel.

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Rank

Train

1

Duronto Expresses

2

Rajdhani Expresses

3

4

5

6

7 8

Description These are the non-stop point to point rail services (except for operational stops) introduced for the first time in 2009. These trains connects the metros and major state capitals of India and are faster than Rajdhani Expresses. The Duronto services consists of classes of accommodation namely first AC, two-tier AC, three-tier AC, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class,General Class. These are all air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. The Rajdhanis have high priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 140 km/h (87 mph). There are only a few stops on a Rajdhani route.

Shatabdi and The Shatabdi trains are AC intercity seater-type trains. JanJan Shatabdi Shatabdi trains consists of both AC and non-AC classes. Expresses Fully air conditioned trains, designed for those who cannot afford to travel in the expensive Shatabti and Rajdhani Garib Rath Expresses, Garib Rath means "Chariot of the Poor". The maximum speed is 130 km/h. These are trains that have an average speed greater than Superfast 55 km/h (34 mph). Tickets for these trains have an Mail/Express additional super-fast surcharge. These are the most common kind of trains in India. They Mail/Express have more stops than their super-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediate stations. These are slow trains that stop at most stations along the enger and route and are the cheapest trains. The entire train consists of Fast enger the General-type compartments. Trains that operate in urban areas, usually stop at all Suburban trains stations.

Suburban rail 116

Many cities have their own dedicated suburban networks to cater to commuters. Currently, suburban networks operate in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune and Lucknow-Kanpur. Hyderabad, Pune and Lucknow-Kanpur do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share the tracks with long distance trains. New Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai have their own metro networks, namely the New Delhi Metro, the Kolkata Metro,and the Chennai MRTS, with dedicated tracks mostly laid on a flyover.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are mostly electric multiple units. They usually have nine coaches or sometimes twelve to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in Mumbai run on direct current, while those elsewhere use alternating current.[26] A standard coach is designed to accommodate 96 seated engers, but the actual number of engers can easily double or triple with standees during rush hour.

Accommodation classes

117

Several long trains are composed of two to three classes of travel, such as a 1st and 2nd classes which have different pricing systems for various amenities. The 1st Class refers to coaches with separate cabins, coaches can be air-conditioned or non air-conditioned. Further, other AC classes can have 2 or 3 tier berths, with higher prices for the former, 3-tier non-AC coaches or 2nd class seating coaches, which are popular among engers going on shorter journeys. In air-conditioned sleeper classes engers are provided with sheets, pillows and blankets. Meals and refreshments are provided, to all the engers of reserved classes, either through the on-board pantry service or through special catering arrangements in trains without pantry car. Unreserved coach engers have options of purchasing from licensed vendors either on board or on the platform of intermediate stops. The amenities depend on the popularity and length of the route. Lavatories are communal and feature both the Indian style as well as the Western style. The following table lists the classes in operation. Not all classes may be attached to a rake though.

Class Description 1A The First class AC: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are on par with airlines. Bedding is included with the fare in IR. This

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2A

FC 3A

3E

CC EC SL

2S

air conditioned coach is present only on popular routes between metropolitan cities and can carry 18 engers. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodation and have privacy features like personal coupes. AC-Two tier: Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, ample leg room, curtains and individual reading lamps. Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach then the gangway then two berths longways, with curtains provided to give some privacy from those walking up and down. Bedding is included with the fare. A broad gauge coach can carry 48 engers. First class: Same as 1AC, without the air conditioning. This class is not very common. AC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in 2AC but with three tiers across the width and two longways as before giving eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is included with fare. It carries 64 engers in broad gauge. AC three tier (Economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib Rath Trains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3AC but with three tiers across the width and three longways. They are slightly less well appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is not included with fare. AC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travel between cities. Executive class chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach, and usually ten or more coaches could be attached. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths vertically stacked. In broad gauge, it carries 72 engers per coach. Railways have modified certain Sleeper Coaches on popular trains to accommodate 81 engers in place of regular 72 engers. This was done in order to facilitate benefits like clear the enger rush and simultaneously earn more revenue. But this has got lukewarm response with criticism from the travellers and railways has decided to remove them. Seater class: same as AC Chair car, but with bench style seats and without the air-conditioning.

119

UR

Unreserved: The cheapest accommodation, with seats made of pressed wood and are rarely cushioned. Although entry into the compartment is guaranteed, a sitting seat is not guaranteed. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying the ticket. These coaches are usually very crowded.

At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as the guard's cabin. It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the guard usually gives the all clear signal before the train departs. A standard enger rake generally has four general compartments, two at the front and two behind, of which one is exclusively for ladies. The exact number varies according to the demand and the route. A luggage compartment can also exist at the front or the back. In some trains a separate mail compartment is present. In long-distance trains a pantry car is usually included in the centre.

Freight Rail

120

A single line rail bridge IR carries a huge variety of goods ranging from mineral ores, fertilizers and petrochemicals, agricultural produce, iron & steel, multimodal traffic and others. Ports and major urban areas have their own dedicated freight lines and yards. Many important freight stops have dedicated platforms and independent lines.

Indian Railways makes 70% of its revenues and most of its profits from the freight sector, and uses these profits to cross-subsidise the loss-making enger sector. However, competition from trucks which offer cheaper rates has seen a decrease in freight traffic in recent years. Since the 1990s, Indian Railways has switched from small consignments to larger container movement which has helped speed up its operations. Most of its freight earnings come from such rakes carrying bulk goods such as coal, cement, food grains and iron ore. Indian Railways also transports vehicles over long distances. Trucks that carry goods to a particular location are hauled back by trains saving the trucking company on unnecessary fuel expenses. Refrigerated vans are also available in many areas. The "Green Van" is a special type used to transport fresh food and vegetables. Recently Indian Railways introduced the special 'Container Rajdhani' or CONRAJ, for high priority freight. The highest speed notched up for a freight train is 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) for a 4,700 metric tonne load. 121

Recent changes have sought to boost the earnings from freight. A privatization scheme was introduced recently to improve the performance of freight trains. Companies are being allowed to run their own container trains. The first length of an 11,000-kilometre (6,800 mi) freight corridor linking India's biggest cities has recently been approved. The railways has increased load limits for the system's 225,000 freight wagons by 11%, legalizing something that was already happening. Due to increase in manufacturing transport in India that was augmented by the increase in fuel cost, transportation by rail became advantageous financially. New measures such as speeding up the turnaround times have added some 24% to freight revenues.

Dedicated Freight Corridor Under the Eleventh Five Year Plan of India(2007–2012), Ministry of Railways is constructing a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) covering about 2762 route km long two routes - the Eastern Corridor from Ludhiana to Sone Nagar and the Western Corridor from Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva, Mumbai to Tughlakabad/Dadri along with interlinking of two corridors at Dadri. Upgrading of transportation technology, increase in productivity and reduction in unit transportation cost are the focus areas for the project. According to initial estimates, the project would cost 20,500 crore (US$4.4 billion).

A new company, "Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited(DFCCIL)", designated as a `special purpose vehicle`, has been created to undertake planning & development, mobilization of financial

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resources and construction, maintenance and operation of the Dedicated Freight Corridors. DFCCIL has been ed as a company under the Companies Act 1956 on 30 October 2006. Rail budget and finances The Railway Budget deals with planned infrastructure expenditure on the railways as well as with the operating revenue and expenditure for the fiscal years, the public elements of which are usually the induction and improvement of existing trains and routes, planned investment in new and existing infrastructure elements, and the tariff for freight and enger travel. The Parliament discusses the policies and allocations proposed in the budget. The budget needs to be ed by a simple majority in the Lok Sabha (Lower House). The comments of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) are non-binding. Indian Railways is subject to the same audit control as other government revenue and expenditures. Based on anticipated traffic and the projected tariff, requirement of resources for capital and revenue expenditure of railways is worked out. While the revenue expenditure is met entirely by railways itself, the shortfall in the capital (plan) expenditure is met partly from borrowings (raised by Indian Railway Finance Corporation) and the rest from Budgetary from the Central Government. Indian Railways pays dividend to the Central Government for the capital invested by the Central Government. As per the Separation Convention (on the recommendations of the Acworth Committee), 1924, the Railway Budget is presented to the Parliament by the Union Railway Minister, two days prior to the General Budget, usually around 26 February. Though the Railway Budget is separately presented to the Parliament, the figures relating to the receipt and expenditure of the Railways are also shown in the General Budget, since they are a part and parcel of the total receipts and expenditure of the Government of India. This document serves as a balance sheet of operations of the Railways during the previous year and lists out plans for expansion for the current year. The formation of policy and overall control of the railways is vested in Railway Board, comprising the Chairman, the Financial Commissioner and other functional of Traffic, Engineering, Mechanical, Electrical and Staff departments. Indian Railways, which a few years ago was operating at a loss, has, in recent years, been generating positive cash flows and been meeting its

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dividend obligations to the government, with (unaudited) operating profits going up substantially.[40] The railway reported a cash surplus of 900 crore (US$195.3 million) in 2005, 14,000 crore (US$3 billion) in 2006, 20,000 crore (US$4.3 billion) in 2007 and 25,000 crore (US$5.4 billion) for the 2007-2008 fiscal year. Its operating ratio improved to 76% while, in the last four years, its plan size increased from 13,000 crore (US$2.8 billion) to 30,000 crore (US$6.5 billion). The proposed investment for the 2008-2009 fiscal year is 37,500 crore (US$8.1 billion), 21% more than for the previous fiscal year. Budget Estimates-2008 for Freight, enger, Sundry other Earnings and other Coaching Earnings have been kept at 52,700 crore (US$11.4 billion), 21,681 crore (US$4.7 billion), 5,000 crore (US$1.1 billion) and 2,420 crore (US$525.1 million) respectively. Maintaining an overall double digit growth, Gross Traffic Earnings have been projected as 93,159 crore in 2009–10 (19.1 billion USD at current rate), exceeding the revised estimates for the current fiscal by 10,766 crore (US$2.3 billion). Around 20% of the enger revenue is earned from the upper class segments of the enger segment (the air-conditioned classes). The Sixth Pay Commission was constituted by the Government of India in 2005 to review the pay structure of government employees, and submitted its recommendations in April 2008. Based on its recommendations, the salaries of all Railways officers and staff were to be revised with retrospective effect w.e.f. January 1, 2006, resulting in an expenditure of over 13,000 crore (US$2.8 billion) in 2008-09 and 14,000 crore (US$3 billion) in 2009–10. Consequently, staff costs have risen from 44% of ordinary working expenses to 52%.

FUTURE SCOPE AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT OF THE PROJECT

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As most of the business documentation works through computer therefore this is useful for railway lines. The purpose of computerization is basic need for organizations at this time because it is helpful to decrease the lot of mistakes which are comes through manual work and reduce the calculation graph, that`s why such modification & improvement is nothing but computerization in India. This project focuses on how we can maintain the all transaction like Reservation of engers. At this time project is developed only for single and my future scope is to add all operations regarding multi so as to connect all Reservation counters with each other to find out the any transaction and records of any train and also we can find out the current information of any train.

CONCLUSION

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This project is one of the modules of “RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM” . We have taken different forms and try to cover or fulfill all the requirements of the RAILWAY RESERVATION. This project is helpful for Railway reservation which deals with reserving tickets for different categories and maintains their database. The project on railway reservation is like a challenge for us, which we accepted & completed with the best of our efforts, knowledge & skills.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Information Practices – (Sumita Arora)

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Visual Basic 6.0 – (Gary Cornell)

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VB 6.0 Programming Black Book – (Steven Holzner)

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MS – Access

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