Different Kinds Of Prose Literature 2s2s3j

Different Kinds of Prose Literature Ads

There are several different kinds of prose literature. Prose is a written form that constitutes anything that is not poetic.It is loosely defined as using only ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech.Prose can be broken down into two categories, fiction and nonfiction. Fiction includes include drama, novels, short stories, scripts, while non-fiction covers the sciences, history, philosophy, biographies and any number of other subgenres.Drama consists of any material written to be performed. This could be a movie script, a play, a television show, etc.Novels are works of fiction that range from 50,000 words up and fall into several subgenres including mystery, romance, sci-fi, comedy, historical fiction, literary fiction, erotica, etc. There are also shorter works, called novellas, that fall in the 35,000 to 50,000 word range. This makes them too long to be a short story but not quite long enough to be a novel.Short stories generally run anywhere from 2,000 to 35,000 words and fall into the same genre distinctions as novels. A new offshoot of the short story, called flash fiction, runs less than 2,000 words.Non-fiction is a much more matter of fact type of writing. The purpose is not to entertain, as with fiction, but to inform. This type of prose is what you see in newspapers, magazines, text books, autobiographies, instruction manuals, and a host of other everyday writings.There are some pieces that straddle the line between prose and poetry. While not entirely prose they do deserves consideration here. The lyric essay is one of these. It is a personal essay that includes a poetic stylization. It isn't a prose poem but more like a postmodern essay that circles around a point but never directly states what it means. For more information on this style look at the works of John D'Agata. More reference links: machaut.uchicago.edu www.wordiq.com

http://www.reference.com/motif/reference/different-kinds-of-prose-literature There are a basic list of 10 elements of poetry. They are known as: voice, imagery, figurative language, symbolism, sound, rhythm, Prosody is the study of the meter, rhythm, and intonation of a poem, meter, alliteration and rhyming scenes. This site offers alternative versions of elements of poetry: www.poemofquotes.com.

What Are the Basic Elements of Poetry

By: Rachel Mork Children sometimes struggle to grasp the elements of poetry because there are so many different types of poetry. It may help your child if you break basic poetry down into elements of style and prose so your child understands what makes a poem a poem instead of a story or a song. Poetry Style There are many styles of poetry, each of which dictate a different structure, flow and impact. A haiku is short and simple; a narrative poem can go on for pages and pages telling a detailed story. A limerick always has the same cadence and structure; a free verse poem can flow any way your child desires. If you show your child examples of the different styles of poetry and write out simple rules to accompany them, your child will be able to make an educated choice as to what forms of poetry speak to him or her. Forms of Prose Poets make use of specific forms of literary prose more so than the average writer writing informative articles or literary prose. The poet may make use of similes, metaphors, personification, onomatopoeia and alliteration. The following are quick definitions of these commonly used forms of prose: • Simile: To compare an object to another using "like" or "as." Example: Her smile is like sunshine. • Metaphor: To compare an object to another using a direct comparison. Example: He's a bull in a china shop. The person in this metaphor is not a bull; he is clumsy. • Personification: To speak of an inanimate object as if it were alive. Example: The moonlight danced upon the water. • Onomatopoeia: Using a word that sounds like the word being described. Example: The bee buzzed around the bush. The word "buzz" sounds like the actual sound made by a bee when flying. • Alliteration: The use of several words in a row that all start with the same sound or letter. Example: Dirty dogs don't dare. Alliteration can be used to playfully call attention to a detail in a poem. Poetry Tips When teaching your children about poetry, encourage them to try the following suggestions: • Choose a style of poetry the child understands and believes she can master. • Find an example poem for the child to refer to while working on his own poem. • Keep a list of poetry and definitions available for reference. • Choose a topic the child enjoys. Humorous poems appeal to most children, as do poems about actual experiences. • Encourage the child to illustrate the poem. Sometimes the illustration process will inspire additional prose or tweaking of the written words.

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A Guide to Interpreting Poetry ~ Dr. Chris Koenig-Woodyard

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The Stages Of Reading Read . Re-read. And read again: read straight through—ignoring line and stanza breaks—as though you were reading prose (full sentences). read out loud, paying attention to line breaks, and Second reading: punctuation. circle/underline words and phrases that you don’t Third reading: understand. Fourth Reading: circle/underline words and phrases that you do understand, and that you feel help you to understand the poem. Perhaps a key word or phrase that embodies a theme of the poem. Fifth (and interact with the poem. Read out loud, again. Sound out subsequent individual words and lines repeatedly, trying to gain a sense of readings): rhythm (stress and accents), the sound of letters (hard/soft). Mark up the page(s)—and if you do not want to write in your book, photocopy the page(s)—writing down thoughts and questions; recording definitions of words from your third reading, when you noted words that you didn’t understand. Reverse To be performed after your first reading. As you read, and an Reading: idea enters your head (you have a sense of the big picture of a poem, its theme), STOP reading! and began moving backward through the poem, trying to locate the word, image, line that triggered your idea. If you can’t find a specific trigger—make a note in the margin that “here—it occurred to me—the poem is a about death” (for instance) First reading:

Reading is the first stage of a written interpretation. The notes you make during your readings, allow you to track what you think the poem is about (its themes, point) and how it (and the poet) lead you to hold these ideas

Reading and the Form and Content of Poetry The elements of analysis discussed below are designed to help you identify the ways in which poetry makes its meaning, especially its 'parts'; they do not give a sense of how one goes about analyzing a poem. It is difficult to give a

prescription, as different poems call on different aspects of poetry, different ways of reading, different relationships between feeling, images and meanings, and so forth. My general advice, however, is this: • •

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look at the title read the poem for the major indicators of its meaning -- what aspects of setting, of topic, of voice (the person who is speaking) seem to dominate, to direct your reading? read the ending of the poem -- decide where it 'gets to' divide the poem into parts: try to understand what the organization is, how the poem proceeds, and what elements or principles guide this organization (is there a reversal, a climax, a sequence of some kind, sets of oppositions?) pay attention to the tone of the poem -- in brief, its attitude to its subject, as that is revealed in intonation, nuance, the kind of words used, and so forth. now that you've looked at the title, the major indicators of 'topic', the ending, the organization, the tone, read the poem out loud, trying to project its meaning in your reading. As you gradually get a sense of how this poem is going, what its point and drift is, start noticing more about how the various elements of the poetry work to create its meaning. This may be as different as the kind of imagery used, or the way it uses oppositions, or the level of realism or symbolism of its use of the natural world.

Reading poetry well is a balance among and conjunction of qualities: experience, attention, engagement with the qualities which make the poem resonant or compelling, close reading of structure and relationships. It's an acquired talent, you have to learn it. When you do, however, more and more meaning, power and beauty start leaping out at you.

Analysis 1. What is the genre, or form, of the poem? Is it a sonnet, an elegy, a lyric, a narrative, a dramatic monologue, an epistle, an epic (there are many more). Different forms or genres have different subjects, aims, conventions and attributes. A love sonnet, for instance, is going to talk about different aspects of human experience in different ways with different emphases than is a political satire, and our recognition of these attributes of form or genre is part of the meaning of the poem. 2. Who is speaking in the poem? Please that if the voice of the poem says "I", that doesn't mean it is the author who is speaking: it is a voice in the poem which speaks. The voice can be undramatized (it's just a voice, it doesn't identify itself), or dramatized (the voice says "I", or the voice is clearly that of a particular persona, a dramatized character). Identify the voice. What does the voice have to do with what is happening in the poem, what is its attitude, what is the tone of the voice (tone can be viewed as an expression of attitude). How involved in the action or reflection of the poem is the voice? What is the perspective or 'point of view' of the speaker? The perspective can be social, intellectual, political, even physical -- there are many different perspectives, but they all contribute to the voice's point of view, which point of view affects how the world of the poem is seen, and how we respond. 3. What is the argument, thesis, or subject of the poem What, that is to say, is it apparently 'about'? Start with the basic situation, and move to consider any key statements; any obvious or less obvious conflicts, tensions, ambiguities; key relationships, especially conflicts, parallels, contrasts; any climaxes or problems posed or solved (or not solved); the poem's tone; the historical, social, and emotional setting. 4. What is the structure of the poem? There are two basic kinds of structure, formal and thematic.

Formal structure is the way the poem goes together in of its component parts: if there are parts -- stanza's, paragraphs or such -- then there will be a relation between the parts (for instance the first stanza may give the past, the second the present, the third the future). Thematic structure , known in respect to fiction as 'plot', is the way the argument or presentation of the material of the poem is developed. For instance a poem might state a problem in eight lines, an answer to the problem in the next six; of the eight lines stating the problem, four might provide a concrete example, four a reflection on what the example implies. There may well be very close relations between formal and thematic structure. When looking at thematic structure, you might look for conflicts, ambiguities and uncertainties, the tensions in the poem, as these give clear guides to the direction of meanings in the poem, the poem's 'in-tensions'. 5. How does the poem make use of setting? There is the setting in of time and place, and there is the setting in of the physical world described in the poem. In of the physical world of the poem, setting can be used for a variety of purposes. A tree might be described in specific detail, a concrete, specific, tree; or it might be used in a more tonal way, to create mood or associations, with say the wind blowing mournfully through the willows; or it might be used as a motif, the tree that reminds me of Kathryn, or of my youthful dreams; or it might be used symbolically, as for instance an image of organic life; or it might be used allegorically, as a representation of the cross of Christ (allegory ties an image or event to a specific interpretation, a doctrine or idea; symbols refer to broader, more generalized meanings). Consider this a spectrum, from specific, concrete, to abstract, allegorical: concrete --- tonal -- connotative -- symbolic --- allegorical 6. How does the poem use imagery? "Imagery" refers to any sort of image, and there are two basic kinds. One is the images of the physical setting, described above. The other kind is images as figures of speech, such as metaphors. These figures of speech extend the imaginative range, the complexity and comprehensibility of the subject. They can be very brief, a word or two, a glistening fragment of insight, a chance connection sparked into a blaze (warming or destroying) of understanding; or they can be extended analogies, such as Donne's 'conceits'or Milton's epic similes.

7. Are there key statements or conflicts in the poem that appear to be central to its meaning? Is the poem direct or indirect in making its meanings? If there are no key statements, are there key or central symbol, repetitions, actions, motifs (recurring images), or the like? 8. How does the sound of the poetry contribute to its meaning? Pope remarked that "the sound must seem an echo to the sense": both the rhythm and the sound of the words themselves (individually and as they fit together) contribute to the meaning. 9. Examine the use of language. What kinds of words are used? How much and to what ends does the poet rely on connotation, or the associations that words have (as "stallion" connotes a certain kind of horse with certain sorts of uses)? Does the poem use puns, double meanings, ambiguities of meaning? 10. Can you see any ways in which the poem refers to, uses or relies on previous writing? This is known as allusion or intertextuality. When U-2's Bono writes "I was thirsty and you kissed my lips" in "Trip Through Your Wires," the meaning of the line is vastly extended if you know that this is a reference to Matthew 25:35 in the Bible, where Jesus says to the saved in explanation of what they did right, "I was thirsty and you wet my lips." 11. What qualities does the poem evoke in the reader? What sorts of learning, experience, taste and interest would the 'ideal' or 'good' reader of this poem have? What can this tell you about what the poem 'means' or is about? The idea is that any work of art calls forth certain qualities of response, taste, experience, value, from the reader, and in a sense 'forms' the reader of that particular work. This happens through the subject matter, the style, the way the story is told or the scene set, the language, the images, the allusions, all the ways in which we are called by the text to construct meaning. The theorist Wayne Booth calls the reader as evoked or formed by the text the "implied reader."

12. What is your historical and cultural distance from the poem? What can you say about the difference between your culture's (and subculture's) views of the world, your own experiences, on the one hand, and those of the voice, characters, and world of the poem on the other? What is it that you might have to understand better in order to experience the poem the way someone of the same time, class, gender and race might have understood it? Is it possible that your reading might be different from theirs because of your particular social (race, gender, class, etc.) and historical context? What about your world governs the way you see the world of the text? What might this work tell us about the world of its making? 13. What is the world-view and the ideology of the poem? What are the basic ideas about the world that are expressed? What areas of human experience are seen as important, and what is valuable about them? What areas of human experience or classes of person are ignored or denigrated? A poem about love, for instance, might implicitly or explicitly suggest that individual happiness is the most important thing in the world, and that it can be gained principally through one intimate sexually-based relationship -- to the exclusion, say, of problems of social or political injustice, human brokenness and pain, or other demands on us as humans. It might also suggest that the world is a dangerous, uncertain place in which the only sure ground of meaningfulness is to be found in human relationships, or it might suggest on the other hand that human love is grounded in divine love, and in the orderliness and the value of the natural world with all its beauties. What aspects of the human condition are foregrounded, what are suppressed, in the claims that the poem makes by virtue of its inclusions and exclusions, certainties and uncertainties, and depictions of the way the natural and the human world is and works? For a brief elaboration of the concept of ideology, see my page on the subject. http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~woodyar1/readingpoetry.htm

oetry Interpretation in Eight Simple Steps Literary Analysis Made Easy

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Did you know April is National Poetry Month? English literature students, bibliophiles and poetry lovers learn to read and interpret poetry for enhanced comprehension and enjoyment of the written word. Poetry is music in words, hearts poured on paper and ideas shared through creative writing. To the true poet, printed words may be life itself, expressed in originality and unique language. Whether you plan to write an English class essay or merely peruse poetry for your own interest, try these eight simple steps for poetry interpretation. Poetry Interpretation - Read It Through Read the poem all the way through. If possible, read the lines out loud. Try to find the feelings the poet has attempted to express. Reach for the flow of the verses. What is your first impression of the poem? Did you enjoy it? How does the poem make you feel? Poetry Interpretation - Mind the Mood Read the poem a second time. This time, read it line by line. Mark key words that strike you as important to the meaning of the poem. What is the tone of the poem? Is it upbeat or dreary, humorous or serious? Poetry Interpretation - Look at Language Read the poem a third time. Try to identify any literary devices the poet has used. What similes, metaphors, symbols, allusions, imagery, irony or other figurative language has the poet employed?

Use a dictionary to look up any words you do not understand. Do a bit of research (in reference books or online) to identify any literary allusions or proper names you might not recognize. Poetry Interpretation - Find the Format Any poetry analysis must examine the format of the poem studied. Look at the lines. Does the poem contain meter and rhyme, or do the lines flow as unstructured free verse? Identify the rhyme scheme, if the poem does rhyme. Does the poem contain a refrain or chorus? Try to distinguish the poetic form, if you can. Is it an acrostic, a ballad, a diamonte, a haiku, a limerick, an ode, a senryu, a sestina, a sonnet or another poetic form? If the poem is a sonnet, is it a Miltonian sonnet, a Petrarchan sonnet, a Shakespearean sonnet or another sonnet form? Poetry Interpretation - Master the Mechanics Consider the creative language the poet has used in the verses of the poem you have read. Can you find any alliteration, onomatopoeia, puns or word plays? Poetry Interpretation - Peek at Point of View From what point of view is the poem written? Are the lines crafted in first person ("I" and "me"), second person ("you," "your" and "yours") or third person ("he," "she," "they")? Poetry Interpretation - Research the Writer Put the poem in context by learning about the poet who penned it. Look up the poet's biographical information online or in a literature reference book. Often, poetry anthologies include brief biographies of the poets included. If possible, try to find out when the poem was written. What was happening in the poet's life at that time? What was occurring in the world around him or her as well?

These details can be quite informative in providing the context in which the poem was created. Poetry Interpretation - Think About Theme Finally, after analyzing the content and construction of the poem, you can begin pondering the overall meaning of the composition. What do you think the poet meant by this creative writing? What inspired the poet to craft these lines, and what message did he or she attempt to share with the world by doing so? A Creative Caveat on Poetry Interpretation Although poetry analysis does follow a prescribed pattern, particularly for a formal scholarly essay or literary review the nature of poetry can be considerably freer. Poetry is, after all, a free and creative expression. It is important for readers to refrain from enforcing a strict structure where a poet may not have intended it. Poetry analysis can be a helpful exercise for comprehending and enjoying poetry, so long as the process does not overtake the overall experience of absorbing and appreciating the creative writing itself.

http://voices.yahoo.com/poetry-interpretation-eight-simple-steps-2887504.html Acrostic: In acrostic poems, the first letters of each line of the poem are aligned vertically to form a word. Generally, the word formed thus, is the subject of the poem. Ballad: Ballads are narrative poems that are supposed to be sung. The narrator usually starts with a dramatic scene and relates the narrative with dialog and actions. Canzone: The word canzone, which means, a song, signifies any simple song-like composition. It is an Italian song or ballad. Cinquain: Cinquain poems are five lines long. They do not rhyme. Concrete: In this kind of poetry, the topographical arrangement of words s the meaning conveyed by the poem. The poems form a picture of the topic on which they are centered. Couplet: It is a very simple form of a verse, which contains two rhyming lines. Diamante: This type of poetry is one of the simplest ones to write. The first line of a diamante is a single word; the second line consists of two adjectives describing that word, third line contains three words about the subject while the fourth line contains four. The fifth line and the lines that follow consist of a similar pattern of words describing the idea opposite to the subject of the poem. It seems this kind of poetry writing is simple and interesting.

Doesn't it? Dramatic Poetry: A drama that is written in the form of verses to be recited or sung refers to the dramatic genre of poetry. This form of poetry has evolved from Greek and Sanskrit literature. Epic Poetry: This genre of poetry is a type of narrative literature that narrates stories of mythological heroes. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey and the great Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana are a few of the noteworthy examples of epic poetry. Free Verse: Free verses refer to the different styles of poetry, wherein the poems do not carry a specific meter. Free verses are a poet's expressions, which are free from any rules or restrictions pertaining to the rhyme schemes of the poem. Ghazal: This form of poetry is popular in the Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Bengali literature. It is characterized by five to fifteen couplets that have a refrain at the end of every second line. Each couplet of a ghazal can stand individually as each represents a distinct thought. Haiku: It is an unrhymed form of poetry that is native to Japan. It contains three sections that can be written in a single line, but are written in three lines instead. The way it is broken into, is in essence the poetic effect of this poetic form. This kind of poetry contains a cutting word, which is known as a kireji and a season word, known as a kigo. Iambic Pentameter: It is a relatively complex form of poetry that uses syllables to bring in a musical element to the poems. Jintishi: Native to China, Jintishi is a poetic form based on tonal patterns consisting of the four tones of the classical Chinese language in every couplet. Jintishi is composed of eight lines in four couplets, wherein two couplets depict contrasting ideas but similar grammatical patterns. Du Fu, a poet of the 8th century was an important name in the world of Jintishi. Limerick: Limerick is one of the very popular kinds of poetry. A limerick is a funny little poem with a rhyme scheme of 'aabba'. Lyric Poetry: Lyric poetry is of a personal nature, wherein a poet expresses his/her perceptions and ideas through poetry. Lyric poems deal with subjects like love, peace, loss and grief. T. S. Eliot is one of the prominent names in lyric poetry. Minnesang: It refers to the German tradition of writing lyrics and songs. It became widely popular in the 12th century and continued until the 14th century. The poems belonging to this kind of poetry revolve around the subject of love. Narrative Poetry: This is a genre of poetry that involves story-telling and is one of the very old forms of poetry. The content of these types of poems is intended to appeal the masses. Ovid, William Langland, Alexander Pope and Shakespeare are some of the notable figures in the field of narrative poetry. Nursery Rhymes: It is one of the most popular types of poetry, especially a favorite of most of the kids. Nursery rhymes are short poems written for children and are usually handed over from one generation to another. Ode: Originally developed by the Greek and Latin poets, Odes soon began to appear in different cultures across the world. Odes possess a formal poetic diction and deal with a variety of different subjects. Pantoum: It is composed of quatrains, where the second and fourth lines of each verse are repeated as the first and third lines of the next stanza. Pastourelle: It refers to an old French lyrical form. The poems in this category have the

romance of a shepherdess as their central idea. Prose Poetry: This genre of poetry blends prose and poetry. It is very similar to a short story. However, its concise nature and the use of metaphor in it are sufficient to classify it as a poetical form. Rondeau: It consists of fifteen lines, which make use of two rhymes. It was a French form of poetry. Ruba'i: This form of poetry is written as a four-line verse. It is written by the poets in Arabia and Persia. Satirical Poetry: Sarcasm serves as a very powerful means of expressing criticism. An insult can most strongly be expressed through poetry. Romans have been using satirical poetry for political purposes. Sestina: In this kind of poetry, there are six stanzas, each consisting of six lines without an element of rhyme. The words that appear at the end of the lines in the first stanza are repeated in other stanzas. A concluding stanza of three lines wherein the repeating words reappear in a peculiar way is an important characteristic of Sestina. Sijo: It is a musical lyric popular among the Korean poets. It is written in three lines with a pause in the middle of every line. Sonnet: Derived from Occitan and Italian words meaning 'a little song', Sonnet was originally a fourteen-line song that was based on a strict rhyme scheme and structure. Shakespeare, who wrote 154 sonnets, was one of the most important figures in the field of sonnets. Stave: see Stev Stev: It is a form of lyrical poetry that is prominent in Scandinavia. Stave is the English version of this kind of poetry. Tanka: It is an unrhymed kind of poetry that originated in Japan. It came up as a shorter version of the Japanese formal poetry and the poems of this type were primarily based on personal themes. The emergence of Tanka dates back to the Nara period. It became popular in the 13th century and is continues being practiced till today. Verse Fable: The poems that belong to this genre of poetry consist of stories set into verses. Fables involving natural elements and inanimate objects carrying a moral or message for the masses are expressed through verses. Verse fables use different types of rhyming schemes. Villanelle: The poems of this type consist of nineteen lines made up by five triplets and a concluding quatrain. This form of poetry has received impetus since the late 19th century, giving rise to poets like Elizabeth Bishop and Dylan Thomas. With this, we covered a detailed list of the different kind of poetry as also the various genres of poetry. Let us now have a glimpse of the different types of poetry categorized on the basis of the subjects they deal with. Baby Poems: Babies are the sweetest creations of nature. Baby poems try to describe what having a baby in the family means. Some make you smile, others make you cry. Poems on Birth and Death: Birth signifies a beginning while death marks the end of life; the end of everything. Break Up Poems: Breaking a relationship is always painful. It takes moments to say "hello" but ages to bid goodbye. Break up poems often narrate break up experiences of a poet and try to portray the pain in saying goodbye, as well as that feeling of moving on.

Children and Teen Poetry: They constitute poems about and for children and teenagers. They describe the various facets of the two important phases in life; childhood and teenage. Dark Poetry: Life is beautiful. But the negative feelings like hatred, loneliness, depression and pain eclipse life's beauty. Pieces of dark poetry are portraits of dark emotions like these. Dream Poetry: Poets are dreamers. They compose poems from their world of dreams. Dream poetry revolves around this dream-word that creative people like to live in. After all that's where their poetic creations come from. Family Poems: Your family means the world to you. Doesn't it? Family poems, as their name suggests, talk about family ties. They talk about the colorful threads in a family fabric; some close-knit, some difficult to weave, some torn, some entangled, some strong, and some weak. Funeral Poems: Death ends life, leaving behind memories of the dead. Funeral poems are written in the loving memory of a dead loved one. They portray the pain of losing someone beloved and the difficulty in dealing with that huge loss. Funny Poems: They tickle your funny bone, they make you laugh, they bring a smile to your face, they are fun! Get your hands on some funny poems; laughs are good for health! Goodbye Poems: The end of a journey together is marked by a goodbye. Something new cannot begin without bidding goodbye to the old. Goodbye poems portray this 'goodbye' feeling and teach one to move one. Love Poems: Love is one of the most wonderful feelings. It's often expressed in poetry. Be it a lasting love realtionship or lost love, this emotion has always been depicted through poems. Love poems, as their name suggests, are those about love in its various forms. Nature Poems: The beauties of nature have always interested poets. The endlessly stretching sky, the mystically blue seas, the rising and setting sun, the mountains, the trees, the clouds, the breeze - everything in nature has its own charm and it never fails to inspire a poet. He words his understanding of what nature has to say, through nature poems. Poems about Life: Some say that life is a journey while others call it an adventure. Some call it a dream, others a cruel reality. Poems on life say everything that life has to offer - joy, sorrow, surprise, just everything life is about. Poems for Special Occasions: Birthdays, weddings, baby showers, parties, celebrations, and festivities - there are poems on all these, meant to celebrate these important occasions in life. Poems on War and Peace: Wars personify grief and destruction. Peace is what we yearn for. Listen to what these poets have to say through their poems on war and peace. Relationship Poems: Relationships form a crucial aspect of life. It is these relationships that make life worth living. Relationship poems celebrate these ties and talk about the difficulties in maintaining them. Friendship is one of the most beautiful relationships in life. Friendship poems talk about this bond. Rite of age and Identity Poems: Life is a continuous process of learning. Life is about learning to live and knowing yourself. The discussion about poetry can never end. There's so much written by so many great poets, that life won't be enough to read poetry in its different forms. You can go back to the poems section on this website. You'll find some good works by budding poets there. Literature hosts a huge collection of exquisite kinds of poetry and has a legacy of brilliant poets who enlivened the different poetic forms. Hats off to all of them!

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Poetry Techniques If you are an aspiring poet or love the art of poetry, then this article will help you know more about the poetry techniques used to enhance the feel of the words.

"Poetry surrounds us everywhere, but putting it on paper is, alas, not so easy as looking at it." ~ Vincent Van Gogh Most of us have come across at least one poetry in our lifetime, that has touched our soul from deep within! For people who are just confined to reading and iring the mixture of words and the in-depth meaning that they bring out, they have a belief that it's the natural talent of the creative and intellectual poets that lead to these wonderful masterpieces in writing! Undoubtedly, poetry is an art, but with certain poetry techniques, anyone who has the flair for expressive writing, can learn this art and master the art of writing different kinds of poetry. So, do you want to know what the poetry techniques are? Read further... Essential Poetry Techniques and Styles Having a good voice doesn't mean that one can sing in the right rhythm. Similarly, having the flair for words doesn't mean that you can touch the soul of the reader and be able to deliver the meaning as intended. Below are some poetry techniques and examples that will help you understand and learn the art of poetry in details; with practice, of course! Usage of Simile A simile is a technique of comparing two things or more. You might have come across many poems which have sentences with words like, "as" or "like". An example would be the classic poem by William Wordsworth; "I wandered lonely as a cloud." The poet has used "as", which is a simile that compares the wandering of the poet with that of a cloud. Usage of Metaphor Most of the people get confused between a simile and a metaphor. While a simile is represented using words such as "as" and "like", in metaphors the lines are just written without using these words, and the reader should be able to perceive its comparison. For example, if "I wandered lonely as a cloud" is a simile, then the metaphor is something like "I am a cloud wandering in loneliness." So, a metaphor is an implied comparison which the reader needs to perceive in the right manner. Therefore, it becomes very important for the writer to use simple and easy to understand metaphors. Usage of Personification

The poetry technique of personification is used to personify or portray an object, or a mere quality as if it were a living being... a person with emotions and feelings. This type of poetry technique example would be the classic poem by Emily Dickinson, The Train wherein she has personified the train so beautifully. Just go through the lines below, "I like to see it lap the miles, And lick the valleys up, And stop to feed itself at tanks; And then, prodigious, step." A non living object like a train can't do things like lap, lick, feed. But the usage of the personification techniques has just brought a human feel to this poetry style. Using Apostrophe This poetry technique is used to address a particular person, quality, or a thing in such a way so that it is present in front of you and can hear and perceive all that you are saying. Take this extract for example, "O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man, that ever lived in the tide of times." ~ Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1 by William Shakespeare. In this extract, the poet has used apostrophe to address earth and is conveying his pardon to her. Usage of Hyperbole An hyperbole is a technique that exaggerates a quality, a person, or a thing; deliberately to emphasize more on the emotional impact. By definition, a hyperbole is a figure of speech where statements are exaggerated or extravagant to show the emotional intensity of the thing/person referred to. An example of hyperbole in a poem would be, "An hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes and on thy forehead gaze; Two hundred to adore each breast; But thirty thousand to the rest..." ~ To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell In the above mentioned extract, the poet is describing the beauty of this woman. In order to show how immensely beautiful this woman is, he says that it would take hundred years only to praise her eyes. This exaggeration is only to convey to the readers how beautiful she is. Usage of Alliteration Alliteration is when the poetry has usage of repetitive consonant sounds at the beginning of the words, or, when two or more than two words begin with the same sound or letters with the same sound in a poem. An example of this poetry technique would be; "I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet When far away an interrupted cry Came over houses from another street." ~ Acquainted with the Night by Robert Frost In the above extract, the highlighted set of words like stood and still; stopped and sound start with the same consonant sounds. This is known as alliteration. Using Assonance Assonance is the repetition of vowels that sound similar. The emphasis is only on the Vowel sounds, although, the consonants can be different. Similar vowel sounds are repeated in the words of a poem. An example for the same would be, "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride. ~ Edgar Allan Poe, "Annabel Lee"

This example clearly shows the use of similar vowel ('i') sounds which can be found in the words like night, tide, lie, side, life and bride. Usage of Consonance Unlike assonance, where the focus was on similar vowel sounds, in consonance, there is repetitive nature of consonant sounds anywhere throughout the poem and not just the beginning. An example would be, "The sun came up upon the left, Out of the sea came he! And he shone bright, and on the right Went down into the sea." ~ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge In the above extract, the 'S' sound is the consonance. The End Rhyme As the term sounds, this technique is to use rhyming words towards the ending lines of the poetry! A classic example for this would be, "Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow." ~ Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost The above extract clearly highlights in bold the usage of the end rhymed poetry technique. The Internal Rhyme Scheme Again, it is self-explanatory that internal rhyme technique in poetry is when rhyming words are included within the lines of the poetry. An example for this would be, "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door." ~ Edgar Allan Poe's, "The Raven." You see, in the above example, the rhyming words like dreary and weary, mapping and tapping, are used in the middle as well as the end of the line. This is a perfect example of the internal rhyme scheme. Usage of Onomatopoeia This poetry technique is used when the usage of words that sound just, or somewhat like the noise they create. Onomatopoeia can be used by a poet in 2 ways, the direct way and the indirect way. The direct way is where an onomatopoeic word is directly used to get the reader into the atmosphere. The indirect way is the less obvious way where the poet uses words or some parts of words to create an onomatopoeic atmosphere while writing poetry. An example for the same would be, "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door." ~ Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven". The usage of words like rapping and tapping create an onomatopoeic feel to get the reader into the very same atmosphere. Another example would be sentences like, "Swish those skirts, snap those fingers." The words swish and snap create the same noise as they mean. The Repetitive Technique The repetitive technique in poetry is when a word or a phrase is repeated again and again in such a way that it draws the reader's attention to it. It is among the very popular poetry

techniques for kids. A classy example highlighting the repetitive technique in poetry would be the following extract, "The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep." ~ Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost The poet has repeated the line, "and miles to go before I sleep" twice in the above extract with an intention to emphasize on the fact that he has miles to go before he sleep, which in literal sense means, that he has a lot to accomplish before he dies. Write in Rhythm By rhythm, one means that the flow of the poem from one thought to the next should be well connected and relevant. It is very important for all poetry and poems to be in proper rhythm. An example for a poetry with a good display of rhythm in the way it is written would be, "One of them scampers down the curtain And up to my motionless feet I have the feeling watching that Representatives of two powerful races Are meeting here calmly as equals But the mouse will not be damn fool enough To go away and write a poem - " ~ Mice In the House by Al Purdy Using Meter In Poetry Usage of meter in a poetry helps in creating a rhythm. This is done by repetition of the same sound patterns in a line, but then the patterns might change throughout the different lines of the poem. Robert Frost was known to always use this technique in his writing. There is hardly any poem of his, which has not used the meter technique. Meter generally emphasizes on the accent placement and the length of the line where it has been used. In poetry, a meter is determined by the number of syllables in a line. This greatly affects the rhythm and the flow of the poem. The types of meters can be summarized into the following 5 categories; • Iambic: This is a 2 syllable meter wherein the first part is unaccented and the second is accented. This can be symbolized as (-!). • Trochee: It is again a 2 syllable meter wherein the first part is accented and the second is unaccented, symbolized as (!-). • Spondee: This is a 2 syllable meter wherein both the syllables are accented and therefore symbolized as (!!). • Anapest: This is a 3 syllable meter wherein the first and second part is unaccented, and the third part is accented. This is symbolized as (- -!). • Dactyl: This is again a 3 syllable meter wherein the first syllable is accented and the second and third is unaccented. (!- -). Example for these would be, "TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;" ~ The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Usage of the Imagery Technique Imagery technique in poetry is using of a language that involves our senses. Such technique is mostly used in poems about dreams and fantasies. When a poet uses the imagery technique in a poem, he writes in such a way that allows our imagination to see, feel, smell, hear, and engross in the matter in a powerful way, although being aware of your own world. An example

for the same would be, "Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table; Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, The muttering retreats Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurants with oyster shells." ~ J. Alfred Prufrock I hope the above article on poetry techniques and the examples given, helped you understand the various techniques in poetry in details. These basic elements of poetry enhance the feel and enable the reader to understand the poetry the same way as the poet wishes to convey it, eliminating room for misinterpretation. By Shalu Bhatti

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