Chapter 2 Cad Cam Hardware 293l4a
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CAD/CAM Principles and Applications Ch 2 CAD/CAM Hardware
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
1
Objectives • • • • • • • •
The idea of the basic structure of a computing system hardware as used in CAD/CAM systems The basic developments that are taking place in microprocessors and their speed The different types of memories used in computers The varieties of graphic input devices used for controlling the graphic input information The types of graphic display devices, their capabilities and applications The graphic output devices such as printers and plotters used to obtain the hardcopies of the graphic information The varieties of secondary storage devices used The CAD/CAM system configurations and the software systems CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
2
2.1 Basic Structure
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
3
Fig. 2.1 Organisation of a typical computing system MEMORY
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
OUTPUT DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
4
Fig. 2.2 Organisation of central processing unit MAIN MEMORY CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT INTERNAL S
CONTROLLER
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT
I/O DEVICES
AUXILIARY MEMORY CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
5
2.3 Memory Types • ROM - Read only memory, • PROM - Programmable ROM, • RAM - Random access memory in its various forms • EPROM - Erasable programmable ROM, and • EEPROM - Electrically erasable and programmable ROM. • Flash memory CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
6
Table 2.1 Memory Speed Comparison DRAM Memory Type
Fast-page mode (FPM) Extended-data out (EDO) SDRAM (66 MHz) SDRAM (100 MHz)
Typical Page-Mode Cycle Time, ns
35 25 15 10
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
Typical Page-Mode Cycle Frequency, MHz
28.5 40.0 66.0 100.0
7
2.4 Input Devices • • • • • •
Keyboard Mouse Light pen Joystick Digitizer, and Tablet CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
8
Fig. 2-3 Mouse Buttons Connection to computer
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
9
Fig. 2-4 Light pen Fibre optics Photo detector
Field of view
+V Screen
Operator push button
AND gate
To computer CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
10
Fig. 2-5 Puck or pointing device used with tablets and digitizers Glass window Cross-hair
Buttons
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
11
Fig. 2-6 Digitizer
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
12
2.5 Display Devices • Cathode ray tube (CRT) display, • Plasma display or • Liquid crystal display (LCD).
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
13
2.5.1 CRT Display • Stroke-writing and • Raster scan.
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
14
Fig. 2.7 The cathode ray tube principle Metallic coating
Focusing
Horizontal deflection
Phosphor coating
Heater
Cathode
Grid
Vertical deflection
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
15
Fig. 2-8 Dividing the screen into small points called pixel. Each square represents a pixel Dot Pitch
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
16
Fig. 2.9 Raster scan display for continuous scanning of lines
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
17
Fig. 2.10 Raster display of lines
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
18
Fig. 2.11 Raster display of circles
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
19
Fig. 2.12 Interlaced scanning in refresher type CRT
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
20
Fig. 2.13 Information organisation in a raster scan display GRAPHIC PROCESSOR
FRAME BUFFER
SWEEPER
SYNCHRONISING INFORMATION
MAIN PROCESSOR
DISPLAY DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
21
Fig. 2.14 Colour lookup tables in a raster scan display y
Refresh buffer
Pixel in memory
x',y' x
Red Green Blue Position memory
Look-up table
Red Green Blue
x'
Display y'
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
22
2.6 Hard Copy Devices • Graphical printers, • Plotters, or • Photographic devices.
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
23
2.6.1 Graphical printers • • • • •
Impact dot matrix printer Thermal transfer Ink jet printer Laser printer Colour copiers
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
24
Plotters • Pen plotters • Electrostatic plotters
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
25
2.7 Storage Devices • • • • • •
Floppy disks, Winchester disks, Magnetic tapes, Magnetic tape cartridges Compact disk ROMS, and DVD CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
26
Fig. 2.15
Hard disk
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
27
Fig. 2.16 Software classification SOFTWARE
SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
EDITOR
DEBUGGER LINKER
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
UTILITIES
INTERPRETER
BASIC
PROLOG
APPLICATIONS GKS
CAD
PHIGS
CAD/CAM
COMPILER
LOW LEVEL
HIGH LEVEL
ASSEMBLER
FORTRAN
APT
PASCAL
FEM
VISUAL BASIC
DBMS
C/C++
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
28
Fig. 2.17 Typical configuration of a workstation Plotter Graphical Output Device
Monitor Display Device U Storage Keyboard Input device
Digitiser Graphical Input Device
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
29
Fig. 2.18 Configuration of server Plotter
Mass Storage Unit
Server Printer Graphic Output devices CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
30
Fig. 2.19 Configuration of local work stations Server
Workstation 1
Workstation 2
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
Workstation 3
31
Fig. 2.20 DEVICE
DEVICE
Star net work topology DEVICE
MASTER CONTROLLER
DEVICE
DEVICE
DEVICE
DEVICE DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
32
Fig. 2.21 WORK STATION
WORK STATION
WORK STATION
Bus net work WORK STATION
WORK STATION
WORK STATION FINITE WORK STATION
WORK STATION
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
ELEMENT WORK STATION
FILE SERVER WORK STATION
33
Fig. 2.22
Ring net work
INTERFACE DEVICE
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
34
Summary • Basic structure of a computer is modular with the central processing unit, memory, input and output devices being the major components. • Microprocessor capability has been increasing at an exponential rate • Continuous developments have been taking place in the main memory with the DDR RAM that is currently the main type used in all the workstations. • Though there are a number of graphic input devices have been tried, mouse is the universally used input device with digitizer being used for specialized work. CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
35
Summary • The output device most common is the cathode ray tube type with very high resolution as well as size. However liquid crystal displays are increasingly becoming common • Hard copy devices plotters are used for final output for archival purpose, while the graphic printers such as inkjet and laser are extensively used for regular and draft outputs. • A variety of storage options are available involving magnetic and optical technologies. • CAD workstations are organized into networks to facilitate the group working and information sharing. CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
36
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
1
Objectives • • • • • • • •
The idea of the basic structure of a computing system hardware as used in CAD/CAM systems The basic developments that are taking place in microprocessors and their speed The different types of memories used in computers The varieties of graphic input devices used for controlling the graphic input information The types of graphic display devices, their capabilities and applications The graphic output devices such as printers and plotters used to obtain the hardcopies of the graphic information The varieties of secondary storage devices used The CAD/CAM system configurations and the software systems CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
2
2.1 Basic Structure
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
3
Fig. 2.1 Organisation of a typical computing system MEMORY
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
OUTPUT DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
4
Fig. 2.2 Organisation of central processing unit MAIN MEMORY CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT INTERNAL S
CONTROLLER
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT
I/O DEVICES
AUXILIARY MEMORY CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
5
2.3 Memory Types • ROM - Read only memory, • PROM - Programmable ROM, • RAM - Random access memory in its various forms • EPROM - Erasable programmable ROM, and • EEPROM - Electrically erasable and programmable ROM. • Flash memory CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
6
Table 2.1 Memory Speed Comparison DRAM Memory Type
Fast-page mode (FPM) Extended-data out (EDO) SDRAM (66 MHz) SDRAM (100 MHz)
Typical Page-Mode Cycle Time, ns
35 25 15 10
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
Typical Page-Mode Cycle Frequency, MHz
28.5 40.0 66.0 100.0
7
2.4 Input Devices • • • • • •
Keyboard Mouse Light pen Joystick Digitizer, and Tablet CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
8
Fig. 2-3 Mouse Buttons Connection to computer
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
9
Fig. 2-4 Light pen Fibre optics Photo detector
Field of view
+V Screen
Operator push button
AND gate
To computer CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
10
Fig. 2-5 Puck or pointing device used with tablets and digitizers Glass window Cross-hair
Buttons
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
11
Fig. 2-6 Digitizer
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
12
2.5 Display Devices • Cathode ray tube (CRT) display, • Plasma display or • Liquid crystal display (LCD).
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
13
2.5.1 CRT Display • Stroke-writing and • Raster scan.
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
14
Fig. 2.7 The cathode ray tube principle Metallic coating
Focusing
Horizontal deflection
Phosphor coating
Heater
Cathode
Grid
Vertical deflection
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
15
Fig. 2-8 Dividing the screen into small points called pixel. Each square represents a pixel Dot Pitch
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
16
Fig. 2.9 Raster scan display for continuous scanning of lines
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
17
Fig. 2.10 Raster display of lines
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
18
Fig. 2.11 Raster display of circles
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
19
Fig. 2.12 Interlaced scanning in refresher type CRT
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
20
Fig. 2.13 Information organisation in a raster scan display GRAPHIC PROCESSOR
FRAME BUFFER
SWEEPER
SYNCHRONISING INFORMATION
MAIN PROCESSOR
DISPLAY DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
21
Fig. 2.14 Colour lookup tables in a raster scan display y
Refresh buffer
Pixel in memory
x',y' x
Red Green Blue Position memory
Look-up table
Red Green Blue
x'
Display y'
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
22
2.6 Hard Copy Devices • Graphical printers, • Plotters, or • Photographic devices.
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
23
2.6.1 Graphical printers • • • • •
Impact dot matrix printer Thermal transfer Ink jet printer Laser printer Colour copiers
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
24
Plotters • Pen plotters • Electrostatic plotters
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
25
2.7 Storage Devices • • • • • •
Floppy disks, Winchester disks, Magnetic tapes, Magnetic tape cartridges Compact disk ROMS, and DVD CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
26
Fig. 2.15
Hard disk
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
27
Fig. 2.16 Software classification SOFTWARE
SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
EDITOR
DEBUGGER LINKER
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
UTILITIES
INTERPRETER
BASIC
PROLOG
APPLICATIONS GKS
CAD
PHIGS
CAD/CAM
COMPILER
LOW LEVEL
HIGH LEVEL
ASSEMBLER
FORTRAN
APT
PASCAL
FEM
VISUAL BASIC
DBMS
C/C++
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
28
Fig. 2.17 Typical configuration of a workstation Plotter Graphical Output Device
Monitor Display Device U Storage Keyboard Input device
Digitiser Graphical Input Device
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
29
Fig. 2.18 Configuration of server Plotter
Mass Storage Unit
Server Printer Graphic Output devices CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
30
Fig. 2.19 Configuration of local work stations Server
Workstation 1
Workstation 2
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
Workstation 3
31
Fig. 2.20 DEVICE
DEVICE
Star net work topology DEVICE
MASTER CONTROLLER
DEVICE
DEVICE
DEVICE
DEVICE DEVICE CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
32
Fig. 2.21 WORK STATION
WORK STATION
WORK STATION
Bus net work WORK STATION
WORK STATION
WORK STATION FINITE WORK STATION
WORK STATION
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
ELEMENT WORK STATION
FILE SERVER WORK STATION
33
Fig. 2.22
Ring net work
INTERFACE DEVICE
CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
34
Summary • Basic structure of a computer is modular with the central processing unit, memory, input and output devices being the major components. • Microprocessor capability has been increasing at an exponential rate • Continuous developments have been taking place in the main memory with the DDR RAM that is currently the main type used in all the workstations. • Though there are a number of graphic input devices have been tried, mouse is the universally used input device with digitizer being used for specialized work. CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
35
Summary • The output device most common is the cathode ray tube type with very high resolution as well as size. However liquid crystal displays are increasingly becoming common • Hard copy devices plotters are used for final output for archival purpose, while the graphic printers such as inkjet and laser are extensively used for regular and draft outputs. • A variety of storage options are available involving magnetic and optical technologies. • CAD workstations are organized into networks to facilitate the group working and information sharing. CAD/CAM Principles and Applications by P N Rao, 2nd Ed
36
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