1. Major Philosophies 2sc1s

Lost time is never found again. ~ Benjamin Franklin

MAJOR VIEWS/PHILOSOPHIES IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY 

CYCLICAL VIEW



PROVIDENTIAL VIEW



PROGRESSIVE VIEW OR LINEAR VIEW



RELATIVIST VIEW

CYCLICAL VIEW  History  All

repeats itself.

human events occur in cycles.

 Famous

exponents were Herodotus

and Spengler.

HERODOTUS  Father

 First

of History

historian - to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.

OSWALD SPENGLER  German

historian and philosopher

PROVIDENTIAL VIEW  History  It

is determined by God.

consists of recording the death

struggle between good and evil.  It

is widespread during the Middle

Ages.

ST. AUGUSTINE

Man relegated to the role of the pawn in a game of high stakes.

PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW  Mankind

as responsible for the advancement of civilization. It places complete faith in human abilities rather than in divine intervention.

 Mankind

better.

is getting better and

PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW  This

view holds that each new generation should build upon the achievements of the preceding; it must be better because it has more with which to start.

PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW  Vico,

Leibnitz, and Marx were leading exponents.

RELATIVIST VIEW  History

classifies and groups together facts about the past in of current needs or contemporary concerns.

 “History

creates its own subject”.

RELATIVIST VIEW  “Each

new situation implies a reinterpretation of the past. – thus, relationship o the past is in a constant state of change(Dumont).

 This

implies the subjective nature of the historical knowledge.

RELATIVIST VIEW  History

doesn’t deal with causal analysis. – “cause-and-effect relationship” – but on discourse.

 This

view states that one does not have a fixed theory or fixed position against which historical data could be measured.

"We study the past to understand the present; we understand the present to guide the future." - William Lund

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