Voluntary Blood Donation.ppt 2g2v35

Blood Science

To give information about: •The physiology of blood, its constituents and functions

Importance of Blood Blood comes only from human

beings Blood is being made all the time in

the body

What is blood It is a Tissue It is a pale straw coloured fluid

containing cells and protein Blood mixed with anticoagulant when

allowed to stand, settles by gravity with red cells at bottom, plasma on top, platelets and white cells in between

Composition of Blood Blood is composed of Liquid and Cellular Components:  Liquid-Plasma  Cellular-Red cells -White cells -Platelets

Functions of Blood Components

Red blood cells (haemoglobin)-carry

oxygen to tissues and transport carbondioxide back to lungs for expulsion from body  White blood cells-help in fighting disease Platelets-prevent bleeding Plasma proteins-have various functions including clotting

•Red cells (packed cells) for ~ 45% of blood volume•Continuously produced in bone marrow •After entering the blood stream their life span is 120 days during which it travels 170 miles to deliver O2 to tissues •Destroyed in spleen •After 120 days the old cells perish & the new cells are formed •Don’t waste blood – Donate it

The adult red cell is composed of •

water - 63%

• Hb -

33%

• lipids

0.5%

• mixture of sugar, salts, enzymes, proteins, aminoacids and vitamins - 3.5%

Gives red colour to blood Contains Iron and binds O2 For blood donation 12.5 g /100 ml required

The normal production of red cells requires a balanced diet including : • Iron (red meat,fruits and vegetables) • Vitamin B6 and B12 (meats and milk products) • Folic acid (vegetables)

Platelets Gather at site of injury Form a plug and stop bleeding

White Cells Defence against infection Produce antibodies that provide

immunity

Plasma . 55% of blood is Plasma 92% of plasma is water 8% proteins,sugar,fat vitamins and

minerals Also antibodies and hormones Hormones regulate growth, emotions

and other body functions

Quantity of Blood in the Body Male : Approximately 76ml per kg of

bodyweight Female : Approximately 66ml per kg of body weight Blood donated : 8ml/kg 45 kg body wt required to collect 350 ml

blood & 55 kg+ for 450 ml

Donated Blood Liquid part replaced in 48 hrs Cells take 21 days to be replaced

Interval between two donations - 90

days or 3 months

Need,Importance & Benefits of Blood Donation  During Accidents,Calamities,Surgery,various diseases like cancer etc Noble act towards humanity/Altruism in action Saves lives Beneficial to donor also by reducing the viscosity of blood, new blood cells are produced,excesss iron is removed etc.

Voluntary Blood donation Who is a Voluntary Blood donor? A person who gives blood,plasma or any other blood

component at his / her own free will and receives no payment for it either in cash or in kind which could be considered a substitute for money,but the mental satisfaction of helping to save some one’s life is a Voluntary Blood Donor. Why VBD? Voluntary Blood donors are the corner stone of a safe

and adequate supply of blood and blood products. The safest blood donors are Voluntary non – remunerated Blood Donors from low risk population.

Other types of blood donors 

Replacement or Directed blood donor member of family or friend of patient replaces the blood issued



Captive donor forced to donate blood against wishes by his superiors/ employers ( not acceptable)



Autologous donors give blood for self

Objectives of VBD Provide safe and quality Blood and blood

components. Motivate and maintain a permanent well- indexed record of Voluntary blood donors. Educating the community on the beneficial aspects of VBD and harmful effects of collecting blood from paid donors. Promote AIDS awareness Assists various organisations ,clubs,colleges,public& private organisations to conduct VBD drives and arrange for motivational talks to increase the number of VNRBD every year.

Goal of VBD To wipe off the scarcity of

blood and ensure availability of safe and quality blood and other blood components round the clock and through out the year.

Who is a VNRBD? A Voluntary non remunerated

repeated blood donor is a person who repeatedly donates blood i.e once in three months.

How VNRBD Programme? Need Assessment Education Motivation Recruitment Selection Donation Retention Data base

Method of estimating & calculating Blood requirement Your Locality: An efficient blood collection programme needs careful planning and you need a variety of information in order to calculate blood requirements, recruit adequate numbers of donors and collect blood in a cost-effective way. This includes a good knowledge of: The geographical area served by your blood transfusion service or hospital blood bank The population of this area The main population centres and the communication and transportation system The location at which blood is collected

Your locality (cont.) The hospitals and health centres to which blood is distributed Previous blood usage The number of acute hospital beds in your locality A good knowledge of the geographical area served by your centre is important since this will affect th way in which you work.

It is important that the volume of blood collected

balances the volume that needs to be issued. Regular voluntary non-remunerated blood donors are not only the lowest risk donor, but they also help to ensure that an adequate supply of blood is always available. Using regular donors makes it possible to plan blood collection in a systematic way The qty you need each week, each month and each year will depend on the size of your transfusion service or blood bank, the size of the population it serves and the number of hospitals it supplies.

Methods of estimating Blood requirement Method 1: Assess the number of units of blood used in a specified period of time in a defined geographical area or population, or for a specific number of acute hospital beds. An analysis of blood usage on a weekly, monthly and annual basis gives an approximate indication of whether the demand for blood is constant, increasing or decreasing. It also indicates where there tends to be a greater or reduced demand at certain times of the year.

Method 2:  Used to estimate the number of units of blood needed to meet a country’s blood requirements over a period of one year.  Can be used to calculate the blood requirements of individual regions or districts within the country. Example:  Using this method, 1% of the population of a country with 10 million people is 100,000 people. This is the approximate number of units of blood needed each year. If each donor gives blood at least three times a year, a minimum of 34,000 donors will be required to meet the country’s needs.

Educating Blood Donors

Donor Education Goals There are three basic donor education goals: To promote changes in the public’s knowledge, attitudes and beliefs so that they understand why donation is a vital, life-saving service to the community; To promote changes in people’s behaviour so that they become willing to donate on a regular, voluntary, unpaid basis; To ensure potential donors’ understanding of safe blood so that they don’t donate if in poor health or at risk of transfusion-transmissible infections.

Information Needs What information needs to be conveyed to achieve these goals? What is the purpose of blood in our bodies? Why do some people need emergency blood transfusions? What will my blood be used for? Can any artificial alternatives be given?

Information Needs (cont.) Who should or should not give blood? Why? What happens if I give blood? Will it hurt? Will the donation affect my health? Might I lose strength or get AIDS? What tests are performed on blood, and why? Why do patients have to pay for blood, even if donors aren’t paid? Why aren’t I paid for my donation?

People Are Different Different people need different information. Be aware of these differences when planning educational talks Do a study on why people don’t donate blood if the concept of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation is widely accepted in your area For example, cultural or religious beliefs may influence people’s attitudes towards donation

Assistance in planning public approaches can also be obtained from students involved in marketing, communications or journalism, especially when it relates to people who feel they ought to be paid for their blood If you can’t undertake the study yourself, get external assistance such as university or college departments of social sciences or health education

Resources An investment in human and material resources for an effective donor education, motivation and recruitment campaign will create long-term benefits for the service These resources include: staff and volunteers; educational materials; finance.

Staff and Volunteers Designated blood donor promotions officer or donor recruitment organiser who is responsible for organizing donor education, motivation and recruitment programmes, as well as donor clinic staff, especially nurses Draw on external sources such as other health workers Red Cross or Red Crescent Society Community leaders, teachers, social workers, journalists and influential people in the community Involve existing donors in educational activities

Educational Material Educational materials, such as leaflets and posters are important part of donor recruitment If no suitable material is available, however, it may be necessary to adapt existing ones or to prepare your own

Finance Even if assistance is available from volunteers who give their services free, a donor education, motivation and recruitment campaign requires the allocation of funds to cover: Staff costs The cost of the preparation and distribution of educational material The costs of holding meetings to educate the public, including transport and refreshments

Communication Methods Whenever planning an educational strategy, you first need to find out: What information is already available? Who do we want to educate? What do we want them to know and understand? How do we want them to respond? What should we tell them? Who can help us? How do we measure the effectiveness of our communication?

Plan your presentation You can then plan how to present the information so that it is appropriate for the people it is designed to reach, keeping local language and cultures in mind Decide on the following issues: Do you present it in oral or written form? Do you communicate via leaflets, posters, newspapers, public talks, radio or television?

Which language? Who will prepare it? How will it be pre-tested? How much will it cost? When should it be done?

Oral Presentation The effectiveness of the talk does not depend on the literacy level of the audience The speaker can adjust the style and level of the talk to suit the particular audience Immediate is possible The effectiveness of the talk partly depends on the skill of the speaker to speak clearly and in logical sequence The audience may be influenced more by the speaker’s humour, appearance or confidence than the content Talks usually reach only a small number of people The audience may not everything that has been said if no material is supplied to read

Written Material The effectiveness of the material depends on the literacy level of the audience Different materials can be produced to suit different literacy levels No immediate such as questions It is expensive to change material after production The effectiveness of the material depends on the writer Written material can reach a large number of people Readers can refer back to material if they forget

Pre donation Material and Educational Talks An effective method of communication is pre donation talks to individuals or groups People have the opportunity to ask questions and you can check whether they understood message Potential donors can be educated about reasons why they should not donate blood Educate people in how to avoid infection Encourage self-exclusion Reinforces public confidence in safety of blood supply

Educational Material Written educational material forms a vital part of a public education programme Use material that’s already available Information in leaflets should be presented clearly as well as in logical sequence and simple language, with attractive illustrations if possible Leaflets should be pre-tested, even if only with a small number of people Posters can be seen by a large number of people

Press Both the local and national press are important media in keeping the public informed about the daily need for voluntary blood donors, as well as when and where donors can donate blood

Radio and Television These media reach a large number of people with relatively little effort Give high priority to public service broadcasting and are generally glad to assist Talks can be given on radio and television to inform the public about the daily need for blood and the importance of voluntary blood donors Urgent appeals can be made to new and regular donors when blood stocks are low

Cinema Provides a large captive audience, particularly young people Obtain funding or sponsorship to make a short ment or film

Monitoring and Evaluation Evaluate the effectiveness of any donor education, motivation and recruitment activities in order to ensure that the most efficient and cost-effective communication strategies are being used Keep records of all educational activities

Success Indicators Some main indicators of the effectiveness of a donor education, motivation and recruitment campaign An increase in the number of communities involved in giving blood An increase in the total number of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors

Success Indicators (cont.) An increase in the number of donors who return to give blood a second or subsequent time An increase in the average number of donations per donor per year (within the acceptable limits of safety to the donor) A decrease in the number of donors who have to be permanently excluded due to transfusion-transmissible diseases

Learning Outcomes You will now be able to :  Identify the different approaches used when

presenting information Think in a global context whilst acting within

your local set up Identify and build relationships with different

partners to convey their message

Teaching Aim To make the participants aware of various

strategies that can be used in motivation and recruitment of VNRD.

2.3.1

Building a donor base Motivate through a sustained and

organised Information, Education & Communication (IEC) Strategy. Recruit donors from the motivated individuals Retain donors through a sustained donor care program

2.3.3

AWARENESS AND EDUCATION MOTIVATION RECRUITMENT BLOOD DONATION VOLUNTARY DONOR BASE 2.3.4

Methods of Approach Short term Approach

Strategies which results in meeting the immediate need for blood  Long term Approach Aims at increasing awareness about blood and voluntary blood donation e.g. general awareness program through motivation lectures, literature,media

2.3.5

Methods of Approach II Individual Approach e.g. letter, telephone, personal appeal etc Group Approach e.g. audio-visual programs, seminars etc., Mass Approach e.g. using media, cycle & car rallies, blood walks, candle light marches etc.

2.3.6

Motivation & Recruitment Strategies 

Regular



Innovative

Interesting & Interactive

2.3.8

Regular Strategies Motivation of Target groups Tele recruitment (using telephone) Intimating Donors Motivating Youth

2.3.9

Motivation of Target Groups 1. Identify Organisation 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Get Managerial Identify Person Conduct Motivation Campaign Identify and Recruit Donor Maintain database Liberal use of IEC materials

2.3.10

Database of Target Group  Potential Donor  Persons/Volunteers  Address/Telephone/email Free Time available for Motivation Campaign Dates and Events important to Organisation Potential date of Motivation Campaign Co-ordination between Blood banks & motivators

2.3.11

Target Groups for motivation  Educational Trade Unions Industrial and Commercial  Social & Cultural, Sports  Religious and Spiritual  Political  Government 

2.3.12

 Uniformed Services  Women’s

Associations  Youth  Fan Clubs

Tele Recruitment Is a short term donor recruitment strategy to take care of blood requirements for: shortages especially during emergencies / disasters  specific blood group shortages  specific component requirements  transfusion dependant cases Remind donors of when next donation is due

2.3.14

Steps in Tele Recruitment Donor database with:     

Name and blood group Preferred number Convenient time to Birthday/Wedding Anniversary Last date of donation

2.3.15

Tele Recruitment (contd.)  Staff trained in communication skills

Should provide clear directions to blood center Instruct Blood Centre staff about donor

appointment Close coordination between BBs & voluntary workers

2.3.16

Intimating Donors Keep in touch with donors through:  Regular mails, Updates of the Blood Centre, News on Blood Transfusion  Details of Blood Donation Camps  Birthday/Anniversary Greetings  Reminders for Blood Donation at Regular Intervals  Website (SBTC)  Newsletter  Award functions  Special functions eg. Free movies etc for donors

2.3.17

Recruiting Youth Why Target youth ? Because they are : Idealistic / easy to mould Affected by peer pressure Have high Emotional Quotient (EQ) Take their responsibility to Society seriously Always ready to help/ move in groups Will continue for long term duration

2.3.18

School Program Methods:

 Talk on the importance of blood donation  Competitions like Quiz. Fancy dress,slogan writing, poster,

skits etc (This involves the whole family)  Through Peer Educators  Visits to Hospitals and blood banks  Introduce to Thalassemia children  Blood camp on PTA Day –

 class to class motivation, with talks varying

according to age groups  children to motivate parents & family  incentives like special stickers / pizza party  prizes for class or house getting maximum donors

2.3.20

School Program Methods:

 Talk on the importance of blood donation  Competitions like Quiz. Fancy dress,slogan writing, poster,

skits etc (This involves the whole family)  Through Peer Educators  Visits to Hospitals and blood banks  Introduce to Thalassemia children  Blood camp on PTA Day –

 class to class motivation, with talks varying

according to age groups  children to motivate parents & family  incentives like special stickers / pizza party  prizes for class or house getting maximum donors

2.3.20

School program contd. 1. Explains the blood science and importance of blood

donation 2. Motivates school students to    

donate blood on their 18th birthday become VNRDs arrange blood donation camps encourage school students to visit blood bank

2.3.19

Pledge- 25

A club for school leavers ( applies to 18+ age group) who pledge to donate 25 times in their life time, once they leave school - Incorporate in Red Ribbon Clubs Aims:to promote blood donation to reduce risk behaviour to promote responsible behaviour among youth to keep them committed to the cause

2.3.21

Innovative Motivation and Recruitment Strategies Celebrate special days Using sports, social and other events  Donors Converting disaster into opportunity Using mobile phones

2.3.22

Using Special Days Hold Blood Donation Camps on: days of National/ Regional/ Local importance e.g.Independence day, Labour day, Birthday of national leaders etc ( spell out other days) the birthday of Film stars through Fan Associations

2.3.23

Event based BDC Identify date, Place of event Obtain management consent well in advance Arrange for logistics and management of

Blood Donation Camp e.g. camp in the open air/refreshment, nearest hospital for adverse reaction

2.3.24

Event based BDC (contd.) Give certificates signed by sports/film

personalities associated with the event Request them to inaugurate the Blood Donation Camp Use media coverage of the event to spread message about blood donation

2.3.25

Recruitment using Birthday/Anniversary Maintain donor database of Birthdays

/Anniversaries Send Birthday/Anniversary greetings Add message about Blood Donation Helps in recruitment of new donors

2.3.26

Birthday/Anniversary Recruitment contd. 

Helps in retention of old donor Cost effective Give a special but small token of appreciation e.g. chocolate, flowers, birthday cards

2.3.27

Disasters- an opportunity Large numbers of people volunteer to donate at the time of Disasters Use the opportunity to recruit new donors Use the opportunity to recruit lapsed donors Future blood donation camps can be held in memory of lives lost Prepare database of excess donors for future calls

2.3.28

Donor s Especially rare blood group donors and donor for other specific needs Conditions: Donor consent to be on the Consent to be on call for emergency Have a telephone/email/own transport Donor data kept confidential

2.3.29

Apheresis Donors Information to Donor: that the procedure is safe that it takes 1-2 hours Can donate with an interval of 48 hrs but

not more than 24 time a year the benefit to the patient

2.3.30

Using Mobile Phones An innovative strategy  motivated & enrolled as donors

mobile phones Recruited through SMS message Retention possible with regular updates through SMS messages Similar strategy during sale of other goods

2.3.31

Learning Outcome The participants will be able to plan for motivational and recruitment techniques to increase the Voluntary Blood Donor base



2.3.32

Care of Donors

Teaching Aim To highlight the importance of upholding the

highest standards of care and service when handling blood donors

Core Topics Responsibility for appropriate procedures for

donor service and care Confidentiality Handling adverse reactions Post donation service and care

Key Points Ensure that: - Competent and well trained staff handle

donors - Staff is motivated so as to deliver excellent

service - The donation process is a worthwhile

experience

Staff Donor clinic staff should: Have a professional attitude Be polite & courtious Be well trained and maintain high standards of

personal hygiene Be aware of donor needs and expectations Committed to the donor Be trained to recognise and deal with adverse donor reactions Post donation care should be offered as part of donor care. Staff should be motivated in order to deliver a total and efficient service

Blood Donors 1 All blood donors are the only source of blood

Without Blood donors BTS would be helpless Without donors a BTS would not exist The blood donor should be treated in an efficient and exceptional way, and be acknowledged during the donation process Blood donation should be a pleasant, safe, convenient, and a worthwhile experience to the donor

Blood Donors 2 The quality of service that the donors receive

affects the recruitment and retention of VNRBD Customer service should be assured through an effective quality system and SOPs for each process To care for donors before, during & after donation Every donor has two basic needs: Personal needs Practical needs

Blood Donors 3 Personal Needs: Maintaining and enhancing self esteem Listening and responding with empathy Asking for ideas and/or asking for suggestions

Practical Needs:\ Acknowledge the person Clarify the situation Meet or exceed the need Confirm satisfaction

Learning Outcomes You will now be able to: Prepare guidelines for all aspects of donor

service and care Identify various factors that may compromise

the comfort and safety of a donor Identify the different expectations and needs

of new and repeat donors

Psychology of Donors

Teaching Aim To make the participants understand

why some people donate blood, some donate repeatedly why others do not donate ?

Why People Donate Blood Altruism/ human interest /comion Sense of duty To do Good thing Service to the community To help others To save a life

Why People Donate Blood (contd) Personal obligation Peer pressure Social prestige Blood donor certificate For recognition & awards Checking up health Knowing blood group

Why Donors Donate Regularly Understood the need for Blood

Donation Motivated well Self Interest Achieving Records Timely intimation by the Motivator Regular donation for special occasions

What Donors Expect

Cordial reception Minimum inconvenience

Clean and Hygienic environment Bleeding with minimal pain Transparency of Blood transfusion service Blood donors card with the correct blood

group Assurance of proper utilisation of blood Availability of blood for donor’s own need

Donor has a right to know about Blood Transfusion services Screening tests and their results Blood requirements Storage and utilisation Functions of personnel

Donor has the right to know Blood Grouping and grouping card (contd) How to get blood when in need Volume Donated Post donation reactions,care and special

precautions if any Time for recuperation Interval between donations Reason for deferral-temporary/permanent

Why people don’t donate blood Fear of needle/ pain Fear of seeing blood Fear of becoming weak Lack of opportunity Objection from elders Apathy/Indifference Ignorance “Nobody asked me” Inconvenience due to location of BBs Blood is sold at high

Why People Refuse to Donate after first General Reasons Donation Illness Lack of time Lack of sufficient information health consideration

Why People Refuse to Donate after first Specific Reasons: Donation Unfavourable location of camp or Donation hours Improper handling by blood bank personnel or organisers Bad experience/ not getting blood when needed Post Donation Reactions

Behaviour of First Time Donor Anxiety about needle/pain Afraid of sight of blood Seek more attention

Behaviour of Repeat Regular Donors Have few or no demands Understand the need for blood

donation Very Co-operative

Learning Outcome Participants will be able to understand Factors that need to be dealt with in order to make people donate blood For the first time Regularly