The Deaf And Language 6n4wg

The Deaf and Language: Sign, Oral, Written By Intan Permata Sari (1300952)

Sign Language: A true Language without Speech A. A Formal Criterion for a True Language

A sign language is a true language because the language system allows a signer to comprehend and produce an unrestricred number of grammatical sign sentences.

B. An Informal Criterion for a True Language -.The criterion for a true language: Simple and readily understandable. -.A person who could comprehend and produce communications, through sign rather than speech, surely can be said to have language.

C. Complete and Incomplete Sign Languages

Gestures of Hearing People Are Signs But Do Not Form a Language Gestures are only collections of signs which are limited in scope and do not form a true language. A. Gestures without Speech •.Gestures using arms, head, torso -.Ex: in greetings, requests/commands, insults, answers,

evaluations, success/victory, descripsions, referring -.Most gestures are specific to culture, linguistic, or

geographic areas.

•Facial gestures Facial gestures movements are used everywhere to convey a wide range of emotions and feelings. •Iconic gestures Iconic gestures are kinds of gestures that have a close relationship between gesture and meaning.

•Specialized communities and their gestures Ex: - Stock tranding - Betting at a Race-Track in Britain - Music - Sports - Television

B. Gestures with Speech •.Beat - Beat is where one’s hand or finger is kept in motion and is synchonized with what a person is saying. - Beat is basically to emphasize the discourse function of concurrent speech. - Beats do not add to the content of a description or story. Many beats may occur in a single sentece.

•Iconic gestures - Only occur once within each clause. - Can add or make more explicit some part of a description or a story line. - This gestures is made while the important portion of the sentence is being uttered. C. Conclusion Regarding Gesture and Sign Language -. The gestures are very limited

Speech-Based Sign Languages There are two types of sign language: 1. Speech-based sign languages .Represent spoken words and the order of these words or morphemes 2. Independent sign languages  Develop their own words and grammatical system for the production and understanding of sentences

Speech-based sign languages can be separeted into two different kinds: A.Finger Spelling: Letter by Letter -. Words are presented by spelling them out letter by letter in of individual signs -. Each sign represents a letter of the alphabet.

B. Morpheme by Morpheme (MnM) Sign Language: ‘g Essential English’ and ‘Seeing Exact English’ -. MnM uses a whole sign for each speech word or meaningful part -. g Essential English and Seeing Exact English are types of MnM sign system -. These language systems follow in sign the exact linear flow of spoken words.

•Advantages of MnM systems -Learner simultaneously acquires the morphology and syntax of both the sign and relate speech-based language. -Easier for an adult hearing person to learn an MnM than an ISL. •Serious disadvantages -Children do not learn MnM easily. -MnM is not preferred by the daf community.

Independent Sign Language (ISLs) such as American Sign Language (ASL) A.Some Characteristics of ISLs Three basic components of ISL: 1. Hand configuration: the shape that hand forms 2. Place of articulation: where in space the hand is formed 3. Movement: how the hand move. •. Word Structure (Morphology)

B. The Syntax of a Typical ISL: American Sign Language (ASL) -. Individual words are structured together into sentences according to syntactic rules. -. In ASL, the proper indexing or apportionment of space is crucial to producing grammatical sentences. -. Violation of the rules which govern the relationshop between signs will lead to confusion and ambigous sentences

C. Dialects and Foreign Accents in Sign Language -. How signs tend to be made when learning a foreign ISL can be affected by the native language. -. There is no universal sign language -. A sign language is part of a culture.

D.A Sign Language Borrowed Whole: The Orign of ASL

The Process of Learning ASL

The Oral Approach and Total Communication A.Oral Approach Succesful with the Less Hearing-Impaired B. Oral Approach Fails with the Severely Hearing-Impaired C. Speechreading is Not Easy D.A Sensible Approach: Total Communication

The Sign Language vs Oral Approach Controversy A.Rationale of Oral Advocates in Excluding Sign Language B. One Formidable Advocate of the Oral Approach: Alexander Graham Bell C. Bell versus Edward Gallaudet

Public Recognition of ASL and Growth of Deaf Pride A.ISLs out of the Closet and into Respectability B. Growing Recognition and Interest in Sign Language Worldwide C. Deaf Pride in the USA

The Written Language Bilingual Approach for Complete Communication A.How the Deaf can Communicate with the Hearing and Succeed in the Workplace B. The Distinction between Reading and Written Language C. The written Language Approach D.Historical Perspective on Written Language E. Advantages of the Learning of Written Language F. Research on Teaching Written Language to Young Children

A Programme for Teaching Written Language A.Guiding Principles B. A Four-Phase Programme for Teaching Written Language