Sociology A With Notes 1v4351

NMAT 2018 SOCIOLOGY MODULE A (with explanations)

1. The technical or applied science includes all but one of the following: a. politics c. economics b. education d. humanities • Technical or applied sciences: Applies scientific knowledge for the development of practical applications • Humanities: Focus on human culture (Philosophy, Literature, History), gives us general knowledge but not necessarily practical application

2. The idea that one group is more superior than the other shows: a. ethnocentrism c. superiority b. complex reaction d. prejudice • Choices C and D may be considered as under Ethocentrism

3. Culture is: a. cumulative b. ideational c. learned d. shared if the newly acquired knowledge is

added to the stock of beliefs or ideas • Ideational: Formation of ideas and the use of the same to assign meanings to experiences and the environment • Cumulative: Knowledge is stored and ed on from one generation to the next, and new knowledge is being added to what is existing While it is true that culture is ideational and learned, the most important characteristic of culture is cumulative because it assures the continuity of a culture. Otherwise, a culture ceases to exist.

4. Normative culture: a. set patterns of behavior b. regulate one’s actions and conduct c. guidelines for group action d. means deviance • Normative culture is a way of behaving rather than a system of rules • Pragmatic culture observes a set of rules because it focuses on practical applications (B & C) • D is wrong because culture ensures belongingness, and deviance from culture effects the opposite of belongingness

5. Value systems are: a. configuration of culture b. revolve around personalism c. generally shared by all people d. cannot easily be discerned • Personalism: Any philosophy that considers the individual as the supreme value and the key to measuring reality Disregards the concept of the common good • C is wrong because cultures have different value systems, so it’s impossible that a value system is consistent in all groups of people • A is the correct answer because different cultures configure or make up their own value systems that make their culture unique

6. The gathering of people at a bargain counter and the milling of kibitzers in a traffic incident are examples of a a. mass c. public b. crowd d. mob

• Mass/Public: Dispersed collectivities • Crowd: Localized collectivity (Physically together) Mob is a type of crowd but the scenario stated above is not emotionally toned

7. Public opinion can be formed by the following except one: a. propaganda c. newspaper b. survey d. rages social epidemics • “Epidemics” connotes the spread of something. An individual opinion can be spread and make it public (Correct) • C and D are correct also because they help form public opinion • Surveys are only considered as tools to describe or discover public opinion

8. Gemeinschaft as a social structure refers to community relations while Gesselschaft refers to a: a. population c. society b. multitude d. diverse group • Community: Refers to a group of individuals residing in a specific location (Physical location is what unites them) • Society: System of social relationships • “Population”, “Multitude”, and “Diverse group” may describe Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft (Vague). -These words are also seen in societies

9. One of the following is not a type of deviance: a. conformist b. retreatist c. ritualist d. cultist •

•

• • •

Retreatist: The rejection of culturally prescribed goals and the conventional means of attaining them Deviance: Departing from usual standards

Ritualist: refers to the person who does the common practice of going through the motions of daily life even though one does not accept the goals or values that align with those practices. Cultist: a person who s a cult, a social group with socially deviant or novel (new or unusual in an interesting way) beliefs and practices Conformist: a person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.

10. Considered a social function of values judgment is: a. interconnectedness of specific action with idea of good or bad b. personal conviction c. majority choice d. popular concept • Values judgment: Your own judgment of the rightness/wrongness/usefulness of something or someone in comparison with another entity (Ex. What is right thing to do, what is important) • B is may be correct but incomplete because it does not consider the social function

11. Cultural development of man is greatly influenced by all but one of the following: a. climate c. ecology b. community d. decentralization • Ecology: Deals of relationships of organisms to one another and their physical surroundings (Encompases choices A and B )

12. Deviance represents: a. social disintegration c. failure in socialization b. stereotyped system d. varied child-rearing practices • • • •

Socialization: Learning to behave in an accepted way, as dictated by the culture of a society D is wrong because deviance does not only mean varied childrearing practices; it could mean other things Deviance: Departure from usual standards; denotes inconsistency Stereotype: Denotes consistency (B is wrong) -Deviance is not always associated with social disintegration

13. Looking glass self refers to all but one of the following: a. image known to others b. importance of the judgment of others c. perceived kind of personality d. personality substitution • Looking Glass Self Theory: Explains how identity is formed. We can judge ourselves as if we are another person. Our self-identity may be formed through: - Image known to others - Our own perception of the judgment of others of our own image - Judgment of others

14. Xenocentrism which is opposite of ethnocentrism means but all one of the following: a. mania for foreign goods b. live with joneses in the country c. social climber d. superiority of local products • Xenocentrism: Perceived superiority of another’s culture above one’s own

15. The barkada or peer group becomes an important reference group when: a. parental guidance is lacking b. there is uncertainty and stress c. isolation and loneliness are felt d. the child needs trust and confidence • The child will always go to their family first in times of crises. But when the family deems to be unreliable, that’s the time the individual considers their peers as their reference groups.

16. Cultural determinism views that human behavior is a result of: a. cultural environment b. racial prejudice c. ecological difference d. breakdown of discipline • Cultural Determinism: Culture shapes one’s thoughts and actions - Different from Environmental Determinism: The condition of the environment shapes one’s culture

17. Personality is defined as: a. cluster of attitudes b. adolescent age c. social adjustment d. biological change in body

18. Euthanasia is considered moral if: a. istrated by the patient b. assisted by patient c. sanctioned by legislation d. church approved • • •

C: May be considered as ethical (Rules of conduct, the proper way to do something regardless of morals), not moral - Not everything that is considered ethical is moral. D: Moral (Based on what you perceive as right or wrong) Difference between morals and ethics

19. Sociology replaces all but one of the following: a. superstition c. social order b. prejudice d. traditionalism • Our knowledge in Sociology may help us solve societal issues such as superstition, prejudice, and traditionalism, to give way to social order.

20. A great majority of problem in kids is a product of: a. extreme pampering b. emotionally and physically handicapped c. exodus of parents abroad for a better life d. broken homes

21. All but one are considered grounds for divorce: a. adultery of wife b. maintenance of mistress in the conjugal dwelling c. serious and habitual maltreatment d. irregular copulation

22. The family plays a unique role in personality development of the child because it is: a. the main link between the child and society b. the cradle of values and attitudes c. inculcates the system of reward and punishment d. recognized by the government •

Personality development of a child should be viewed within the context of society, not just within the values and expectations set by the parents. Also, said values and expectations from parents come from the society itself, which makes society the cradle of values and attitudes. The family also explains to the child the culture of the society where they belong because the family belongs to the society.

23. Air pollution is caused by many factors, the most damaging of which is: a. CO2 b. smog reactions c. cement dust d. soot and other particulates

24. All but one are considered as ill effects of relative divorce: a. severance of marriage bonds (Cause) b. bogged down communication among couples c. problem children d. anxiety, hatred and frustration • In comparison with B, C, and D, A is the least destructive/severe.

25. One of the following does not work out change in the Philippine stratification system: a. greater autonomy given to local government b. improved taxation system c. emancipation of landless tenants d. re-zonification of territories • Philippine stratification system: Delineation of society into social classes/statuses • B, C, and D narrow the gap between social classes, so they change the stratification system

26. Social change is brought about by an interplay of all but one of the following factors: a. moral and ethical values b. people’s motor skills and other abilities c. topography of the land d. climate change

27. Demographers conclude that in the study of sex composition all but one of the following are considered influences: a. fertility c. migration b. mortality d. sex ratio

• Sex Composition = Sex Ratio • The study of sex composition includes analysis of various Demographic Processes (Processes through which population can change): - Fertility - Mortality - Migration

28. Hallucinogens, which affect sensation, thinking and emotion of takers are also called: a. Pep pills c. Psychedelics b. Barbiturates d. Sedatives • Barbiturates: Depressants, may induce mild sedation Examples of Barbiturates: methohexital (Brevital®) thiamyl (Surital®) thiopental (Pentothal®)

• Sedatives: Calming effect, may induce sleep Examples of Sedatives: Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) & alprazolam (Xanax) • Pep pills: tablet or capsule containing a stimulant drug, especially an amphetamine. • Psychedelics: include LSD (“acid”), psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline (found in peyote), ibogaine, salvia, and DMT (found in ayahuasca).

29. One of the following is considered as a consequence of industrialization: a. emergence of the new rich b. class conflict c. mass migration d. shortage in housing • Industrialization: Economy of a society shifts from agricultural (traditional) to the manufacturing of goods (modern) - Businessmen who owned factories surfaced as the “new rich”

• B, C, and D may already be existent even before Industrialization

30. All but one are factors of social mobility: a. changing labor market b. changing patterns of fertility c. greater emphasis on education d. liberalized immigration laws • Social mobility: Moving from one social status or class to another

31. As a social structure, social stratification is referred to as: a. institutionalized inequality b. delineation of roles and statuses c. ranking of positions d. position equates with roles played

31. As a social structure, social stratification is referred to as: a. institutionalized inequality b. delineation of roles and statuses c. ranking of positions Keyword: ranking d. position equates with roles played • Notable keywords: Status: Position Role: Behavior (associated with a position or status) Stratification: Ranking

32. The most commonly used birth control technique sanctioned by the church is: a. rhythm method b. use of intrauterine device c. surgical method of sterilization d. surgical abortion • Rhythm method is the only natural method

33. In social organization, the number of people walking down the street is known as: a. group c. mass b. collectivity d. audience

• Social Groups: Hold a distinct set of social boundaries and a regular pattern of interaction Social groups are more or less organized and planned • Collectivities: No particular set of social boundaries and there is irregularity in interaction Crowds: Localized collectivities (Physically together) Ex. Audience Mass/Public: Dispersed collectivities (Physically apart)

34. Hare Krishna is a typical example of: a. sect b. denomination c. cult

d. religion

• Religion: A particular system of faith and worship • Denomination: Subgroup within a religion • Sect: A group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong. - More openly accepted by society, in contrast to cults - Hare Krishna: Derived from Hinduism, believes that Krishna is the source of all avatars of God Believers of this may come from different source of religions (e.g., Christianity vs. Hare Krishna: In HK, meat-eating and intoxicants are not allowed)

• Cult: A starting form of religion, not recognized universally - Stigma is often attached with cults - Keywords: Personal charisma Manipulation of Rigid bureaucratic structure

35. Ecumenism: a. Plurality of church b. One dogma c. One religion d. Beliefs according to choice • Ecumenism: The principle or aim of promoting unity among the world’s Christian churches A common teaching or dogma unifies various denominations under the same religion

36. All institutions acquire symbols, which serve as shorthand reminder of the institution. The citizen is reminded of allegiance while education is associated with: a. school building c. books b. computers d. visual aids

37. Considered the foundation of a state is a: a. government c. sovereignty b. family d. leaders • “The family is the basic unit of society” • Sovereignty: Supreme power or authority

38. A bureaucratic system presents all but one of the characteristic: a. specialization b. aggressive compulsion from officials c. formalistic personality d. chain of command • A bureaucratic system emphasizes efficiency, ranking of positions, and authority. Every decision and move is carefully calculated

39. Considered the foundation of the family: a. marriage c. values b. children d. license • Marriage is expected to come first - Bond of husband and wife

40. The fundamental law of the land is a: a. Laws of the church b. School’s policies c. Constitution d. Family’s traditional values • Consitution: Mother of laws. This is where our acts, bills are based

41. While religion performs a number of functions, it can also have dysfunctions: a. it can be divisive force of society b. sex mores are integrated with religious c. worship permeates the whole social life of certain minority group d. it allays fears and anxieties of individuals

41. While religion performs a number of functions, it can also have dysfunctions: a. it can be divisive force of society b. sex mores are integrated with religious c. worship permeates the whole social life of certain minority group d. it allays fears and anxieties of individuals

42. Religion includes both the set of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. One of the ff. is not an essential component of religion: a. behavior in front of sacred things b. worship Buddha, Allah or Jehovah c. miracle at Agoo d. rituals conducted by a cult • A, B, and D: Set of beliefs and practices diligently followed • Miracles are not compulsory in a religion

43. Which of the following is considered the most valid criticism of Marxist’s model of society? a. Polarization of society into two conflicting groups

b. Emphasis on class dictatorship c. Overemphasis on the importance of economic class to explain historical trends (Marx attributed various societal problems to class inequality)

d. The forces that reduce the polarization of classes.

• Marxism emphasizes the even distribution of goods and equality in social status, in opposition to capitalism (an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.)

• Marxism sprung from the clash of classes, of polar opposites (i.e., the rich and the poor) • Marxism attributes problems of society to rifts between classes

44. The statement, “Much of what man does in life, he does as a cultural being,” means that a. culture shapes and conditions the actions and beliefs of a human being b. reason moves man to action c. biological needs determines man’s acts and beliefs d. free will determines man’s action

45. Racial stratification systems are generally more closed than class stratification systems because a. race is achieved b. race is ascribed c. class is achieved d. class is ascribed • Although C is also correct, the subject of the question is racial stratification systems

46. The population of Metro Manila has considerably increased in the past decades as a result of natural growth and movement of people from the rural areas. However, population growth has not been met by an increase of housing facilities, thus resulting in overcrowding. This discrepancy illustrates the concept of a. cultural lag c. cultural pluralism b. cultural complex d. cultural relativism • • • •

Context clues: Question connotes lack of progress, stagnancy, a lag Cultural complex: Group of cultural traits Cultural pluralism: Smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural traits (e.g., Regionalism) Cultural relativism: A person’s beliefs and values should be understood within the context of his or her own culture

47. To say that a specific environment will produce a specific type of culture is an expression of a. biological determinism b. cultural determinism c. environmental determinism d. geographical determinism • Cultural Determinism: A culture will predict and influence one’s pattern of behavior

48. Which of the following best exemplifies innovation? a. The continuance of old patterns of life b. The introduction of gasoline engines to fishing boats by a majority of the villagers c. The acceptance of new ways of farming by a small group of farmers d. The maintenance of good habits and practices

48. Which of the following best exemplifies innovation? a. The continuance of old patterns of life (No change)

b. The introduction of gasoline engines to fishing boats by a majority of the villagers c. The acceptance of new ways of farming by a small group of farmers (“small group of farmers” is not equivalent of the majority) d. The maintenance of good habits and practices (No change)

• Innovation: Mass progress brought about by a unique and unprecedented change in one’s way of living - A true innovation benefits the majority of a group

49. According to Pepinsky, which of the following is the most effective form of social control among Chinese communist? a. group manipulation of guilt and shame b. surveillance system c. party directives d. written laws Forms of Social Control: • Informal means of control • Internalization of norms and values by a process known as socialization. • Pepinsky • Formal means of social control • External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society • Émile Durkheim

50. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy? a. specialization b. chain of command c. informality and autonomy d. merit appointment and job tenure •

•

A bureaucracy is formal and its are rather deprived of autonomy. Those at the top of the hierarchy always make the decision