Sentence And Utterance Meanin1 1c5p1j

SENTENCE AND UTTERANCE MEANING IN SEMANTIC

BY THE FIRST GOUP: RAMLI AHMAD (16411065) FITRATUL AQIDAH (16411078) YESSICA KARUNIA C. (16411082) ANISFU OKTAVIANI (16411066)

INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MATARAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY YEAR 2017/2018

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Table of Contents Sentence and Utterance Meaning............................................................................................................ 1 A. sentence .......................................................................................................................................... 1 B. There are Five Types of Sentence Meaning: .................................................................................. 2 1.

Proposition meaning is a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion.2

2. Cconnotative meaning is Meaning of the sentence differs depending on the speakers use of it ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Cultural meaning is Includes a specific meaning associated to a certain culture that it comes from..................................................................................................................................... 2 4. Structural meaning is Is the relationship between the meanings of within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements ..................................... 3 5.

Pragmatic meaning> Bound to the context between the speaker and listener alone ...... 3

C. Utterance ........................................................................................................................................... 3 D. Utterance meaning ......................................................................................................................... 5 E. The characteristics of utterance ...................................................................................................... 5 F. The difference between Sentence and Utterance ............................................................................ 5

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Sentence and Utterance Meaning A. sentence Definition Sentence is a Set of words combined together by the grammatical rules of a language that expresses a complete thought, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion. A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb. There are a number of categories in sentences such as simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and also compound-complex sentences. Here are some examples that will highlight the nature of different types of sentences. • A cat drinks milk. (Simple sentence) • I was late already but I decided to wait a bit longer for my friends. (Compound sentence) • I had to work on Saturday last week because there was a lot of work. (Complex sentence) • Although she asked me to come, I just could not go because Jim was sick and I was expecting a visitor. (compound-complex sentence) Sentence meaning is referred to as the meaning that can be predicted from the semantic relationship between the words that the sentence contains. In other words, the meaning of the sentence is bound up with the meaning of each lexical item it comprises. This means that the sentence meaning is mainly related to words, and the grammatical features with which they are associated (but there has been some debate whether the meaning is to be related to the actual surface structure or some more abstract deep structure). So, each sentence will have a meaning, or two meanings in the case of ambiguous sentences like: I went to the bank (the financial institution), I went to the bank (the edge of the river) An example to clarify a sentence meaning, which is identified by means or from its lexical and grammatical features, is the following: “It is very hot today”. Words of this sentence that have a certain grammatical function, including a pronoun, a verb, an adverb, and an adjective, denote a certain meaning that of “the heat of the weather” .So, “It”, “is”, “very”, “hot” and “today” are words grouped to signal what is the weather like in the present day. “A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought."(Hurford) Any set of words without a verb is neglected from being a fully formed sentence. 1

Example: I would like a cup of coffee (sentence) Coffee, please (not sentence) In the kitchen (not sentence) Please put it in the kitchen (sentence) A sentence always consists of the same words, and in the same order. If there is any change in the words, or in their order, a different sentence comes into existence. Example: •

Laras rolled up the carpet

•

Helen rolled the carpet up (Different sentences)

B. There Five Types of Sentence Meaning: 1. Proposition meaning is a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion. Example:     

Zac stays up late. Does Zac stay up late? Zac does not stay up late. All have the same proposition: Zac stays up late.

2. Cconnotative meaning is Meaning of the sentence differs depending on the speakers use of it Example:  

That girl is like a cat, she would scratch your face in the first chance. The speaker mentions the quarrelsome nature of the girl.

3. Cultural meaning is Includes a specific meaning associated to a certain culture that it comes from Examples: 

“jal moke get sum nida” 2

That sentence is the Korean language, they use that sentence before they start to eat something every times, only them who understand about that word and that’s mean we are thankful for the food or meal that we already to eat, but in America or England that act never we find cause just Korean people who do that.

4. Structural meaning is Is the relationship between the meanings of within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements Examples:    

Simple Sentence (she eats a chocolate) Compound sentence (I was late already but I decided to wait a bit longer for my friends). Complex sentence (I had to work on Saturday last week because there was a lot of work). Compound complex sentence (Although she asked me to come, I just could not go because Jim was sick and I was expecting a visitor)

5. Pragmatic meaning> Bound to the context between the speaker and listener alone Examples: 

He hasn’t taken a shower.



He was so hungry he could eat the whole table.

C. Utterance Utterance in generally can be defined as a part of speech between pauses and silence, Utterance is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after there is silence on the part of that person. It refers to a particular use of a linguistic unit; associated with parole (speech). Utterance meaning is not directly related to the grammatical and lexical structure. Instead, it includes all the various types of meaning obtained either from prosodic and paralinguistic features. That is, utterance meaning is associated with meanings, ideas, and thoughts that are to be communicated with non-verbal language and some phonetic features of a given system (language). The utterance meaning is to be obtained from the linguistic or non-linguistic context in which it occurs. The prosodic and paralinguistic features that have a meaning are represented by intonation stress, rhythm loudness...and facial expressions as well as gestures. For example, the utterance “that’s very clever” said with an appropriate use of intonation can be sarcastic .So, “that’s very clever” means “that’s not very clever”. We can also have an utterance like: 3

“Yes I want to go” accompanied with a look of in satisfaction and the act of bending one’s head and looking down. These paralinguistic features give a meaning which is opposed to the meaning stated. That is to say, the speaker seems not to be satisfied or convinced about going. The utterance is also determined with the fact that it performs a speech act. Examples of speech acts are: threats, warnings and promises that are often made by means of utterances without any overt indication that it is done. Let’s see the following example: “There is a bull in the field”. This utterance does not simply convey a piece of information, but could be meant as a warning. An utterance is more related to presupposition. For example, a question like: “Have you stopped beating your wife”. It is a question that could be answered by “yes” or “no” without itting that the speaker has beaten his wife in the past. But, this question implies or presupposes that “the speaker has beaten his wife in the past”. That is, the main focus is in the act of beating the speaker’s wife. As a conclusion, we can say that sentence meaning is the result of a sequence of words having a certain meaning. To put it differently, sentence meaning is determined through the meaning of each lexical item it comprises. While the utterance meaning is related to nonverbal language, some phonetic components, speech acts and presupposition. An utterance can be unacceptable for socio-cultural reasons. For example, there might be a taboo, in a certain English-speaking society, upon the use of the verb “to die” rather than some Euphemism such as “ away” in respect of of the speaker ’s or the hearer immediate family. Or, again, in some cultures, it might be unacceptable for a social inferior to address a social superior with a second person pronoun (meaning “you”). These are things which the translator should be aware of. Hence, he is supposed to know and understand if the pronoun “you”, in the English text, means ‫ أنتم‬or ‫…أنت‬. because in English the pronoun “you” indicates the plural, singular and feminine and masculine too which is not the case in Arabic that comprises different pronouns‫ أنتم‬،‫ أنت‬،‫ أنتن أنت‬. Knowledge of these linguistic facts would the translator to perform an adequate translation of words or texts as a whole.

3-The compositionality principle: It is referred to as the fact that the meaning of a sentence is composed of the meaning of its words and of the syntactic structure in which they are combined. Sentences, and even words and phrases, are typically compositional in the sense that their meanings are somehow basically determined by the meanings of their components. For example: “The student asked a good question” The syntactic structure of sentences has a direct relationship and effect on the semantics of the sentence. To put it differently, syntax is strongly related with semantics. One of most aspects of syntactic structure which is to be related to semantics is word order in the sense that it has a certain effect on meaning. Consider these examples in this respect:

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Mary wrongly accused Peter. Peter wrongly accused Mary. In these examples, there is a difference in meaning which is entirely attributable to the difference in word arrangement (order), this fact makes the sentence meaning dependent on word order in such cases.

D. Utterance meaning Is it includes all the various types of meaning obtained either from prosodic and paralinguistic features. That is, utterance meaning is associated with meanings, ideas, and thoughts that are to be communicated with non-verbal language and some phonetic features of a given system (language). An Utterance is any sound of talk, that a human produces. E. The characteristics of utterance  It is spoken or written  It is a physical event  It may be grammatical or not  Meaningful or meaningless  By specific person  By specific time or on particular occasion  A piece of language F. the difference between Sentence and Utterance  A sentence is a group of words that convey a meaning.  An utterance is a part of speech in between pauses.  Both a sentence and utterance convey a meaning to the reader or listener.  The difference between a sentence and utterance is that while a sentence conveys a complete meaning through a combination of clauses, an utterance conveys a meaning through a few words that may not even compile a clause.  A sentence is in both written and spoken language, but an utterance is in spoken language only.

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CONCLUTION To sum up: Utterances are real pieces of speech. By filtering out certain types of (especially phonetic) information we can get to abstract grammatical elements, sentences. By going on to filter out certain types grammatical information, we can get to propositions, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. So the relationship between utterance, sentence and proposition can be illustrated as utterance > sentence > proposition

REFFERENCE Langues, Informatique et Traduction :: Semantics (Dr. Ouahidi) https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-sentence-and-vs-utterance/ https://www.slideshare.net/AshwagAlhamid/unit-2-sentences-utterances-and-propositions Sentence,Utterance, Proposition and Semanti Rule Syeda Zainab Kubra 5/5/201

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