Seminar Report On 2h3j4x

SEMINAR REPORT ON NANOTECHNOLOGY

MECHATRONICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING CHALLENGES

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS 2. MECHATRONICS 3. EXAMPLES 4. INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY 5. HISTORY 6. EXAMPLES 7. MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES 8. APPLICATIONS

1.

I-Robots STAR TREK As engineers it makes us think do they have any truth? Is there any way in which we can make this Science Fiction a science reality? Is there any means that can help us achieve our dream?

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Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronics,

controls engineering, and computers... 

Mechatronics is adding intelligence to a mechanical design. As technology advances,

designs that were once purely mechanical are now best done with electronics or a combination of both. Perhaps the best way to understand mechatronics is to look at example applications where microcontrollers have enhanced or replaced the mechanical and analog components of a design

1 Introduction:-

Mechatronics is attracting more and more attention. The term is used for a wide variety of applications. Sometimes it is even used for applications that, judged by a more narrow definition, hardly can be seen as a mechatronic system. The Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee of the European Union, (IRDAC, 1986) has formulated ageneral accepted definition of mechatronics: The term mechatronics refers to a synergistic combination of precision engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes. It is an interdisciplinary subject that both draws on the constituent disciplines and includes subjects not normally associated with one of the above.

Essential in this definition is the systems approach. This implies that the system is designed and optimised as a whole and not in sequential steps. However, not every design made by means of a systems approach is a mechatronic design. By concentrating on a limited application area, a mechatronic designer should have the domain-specific knowledge that enables him to realise really advanced products. Mechatronic design also implies teamwork. Specialists with a background in mechanical and electrical engineering, control and computer engineering should co-operate in a team, in all phases of the design, to come to a synergistic combinatio

Electronic Fuel Injection

Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) works on two major principles. The first is the ability to measure the mass of the air flowing through the intake manifold. The second is the ability to measure the exhaust gas oxygen content. Using sensors for the observation of these variables, a properly programmed EFI system can inject a nearly stoichiometric mix of fuel and air into the motor's cylinder and thus obtain the best combustion and fuel economy characteristics. The system is timed by a cam position sensor and is fine tuned with data from a variety of other sensors including exhaust gas temperature, throttle position, and valve position. Fuel line pressure, motor RPM, fuel jet flow rate, and intake gas pressure with A/F ratio, exhaust gas temperature, throttle position, and mass-air flow. There are many benefits to a mechatronics solution. These benefits include: 

Enhanced features and functionality

Incorporating a PIC® microcontroller 

More -friendly

Power windows, power door locks, keyless entry 

Precision

control

Flow rate, speed, position 

More efficient

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 

Lower cost

Microcontroller-based approach 

Flexible design (reprogrammable)

Software controlled parameters 

More reliable

Optical encoder and digital display  

Smaller Safe

Figure

1 Mechatronics is a synergistic combination of mechanical and electrical engineering and information technology

Finally a good design philosophy is essential. Buur (1990) gives a more concise definition: Mechatronics is a technology which combines mechanics with electronics and

information technology to form both functional interaction and spatial integration in components, modules, products and systems.

The aspect of spatial integration, in addition to functional integration, points to an interesting feature found in many mechatronic designs. Although the word mechatronics is new, mechatronic products have been available for some time. In fact all electronically controlled mechanical systems are based on the idea of improving the product by adding features realised in another domain. Good mechatronic designs are based on a real systems approach. What has been lacking in the past, and is often still lacking today, is that systems are not designed as a whole. Mostly, control engineers are confronted with a design in which major parameters are already fixed, often based on static or economic considerations. This prohibits optimisation of the system as a whole, even when optimal control is applied. When tacho is applied to an electrical motor, the mechanical time constant of the motor can be reduced at the expense of a better electric power amplifier. Old gramophones where equipped with heavy turntables in order to guarantee a constant number of revolutions. In the last days of vinyl disc players, more sophisticated designs used tacho in combination with a light turntable to achieve the same. But a really new design was the compact disc player. Instead of keeping the number of revolutions of the disc constant, it aims for a constant speed of the head along the tracks of the disc. This means that the disc rotates slower when tracks with a greater diameter are read. The bits read from the CD are buffere

electronically in abuffer that sends its information to the DA-converter, controlled by a quartz crystal. Thisenables the realisation of a very constant bit rate and eliminates all audible speed fluctuations.Such a performance could never be obtained from a pure mechanical device only, even if itwere equipped with a good speed control system. In fact the control loop for the disc speeddoes not need to have very strict specifications. It should only prevent overflow or underflowof the buffer. The high accuracy is obtained in an open loop mode, steered by a quartz crystal Figure

2. Combination of closed-loop and open-loop control in a CD-player

The flexibility introduced by the combination of precision mechanics and electronic control has allowed the development of CD-ROM players, running at speeds more than 30 times faster than the original audio CDs. A new way of thinking was necessary to come to such a new solution. On the other hand, the CD player is still a sophisticated piece of precision mechanics. No electronic memory device can compete yet economically with the opto-mechanical storage capabilities of the CD and its successor the DVD. But this may change rapidly. Nowadays, electronic buffers with a memory capacity of up to 10 seconds, allow the use of these devices during outdoor exercises, such as jogging. The first devices that deliver CD-quality sound and use only solid state electronics in combination with powerful data compression techniques have become available already. In the packing industry, many devices still rely on, for instance, gravity to get a certain behaviour of the product and the packing material. Such systems are sensitive to disturbances. In addition, a new packing requires a redesign or at least readjustment of the machine. By implementing active motion control, a more reliable, faster and more flexible device can be constructed. If an aeroplane should have stable flight properties under pure manual control, the design