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1
Department Of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
SEMINAR REPORT ON “HYBRID VEHICLE” SUBMITTED BY DIBYANSHU PANDEY MEE-THIRD YEAR [CSJMA11001390255]
Seminar In-Charge ER. PRAMOD KUMAR
***
2
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
It gives me great sense of pleasure to present the B. Tech Seminar report undertaken during B. Tech , Third year. I owe special debt of gratitude to respected ER. PRAMOD KUMAR for his constant and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity , thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for me . It is only his cognizant efforts that mine endeavor have seen light of the day.
I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all dignitary staff of U.I.E.T KANPUR for his kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our seminar report . Last but not least , I acknowledge my friends for their contribution in the completion of seminar report.
Apart from the effort of me , the success of this seminar depends upon largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others . I take his opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this report.
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Electric vehicles (EVs), including hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electric vehicles, are becoming an increasingly important part of the global automotive market. The growth of these vehicle sales is being driven not only by the appeal of the vehicles, but also by consumer demand for vehicles that cost less to operate than traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, government influence on the market, and a rebounding economic environment. The main purpose of producing a hybrid car is to improve mileage and reduce harmful gas emissions. Since due to over use of gasoline engine , the percentage of suspended particles and co2 are increasing with heavy rate . So for overcome this problem hybrid vehicle is a better option.
The hybrid car can be considered to be the car of the millennium. This is a very environment friendly car that hardly produces any combustion at all. This is a car that basically runs on two sources of energy; one being a fuel, and another a battery. With the presence of two sources of energy to the hybrid car, there is obviously a lower requirement of fuel in the car. This is because most of the driving is managed with the energy the battery provides. The battery provides sufficient energy for the driver to use the car for its normal uses of transportation.
4
Hybrid vehicle is somewhat heavier than conventional gasoline vehicle due use multi regenerative system. The working of a hybrid vehicle can be defined as a multi operation system .
The main drawback of hybrid vehicle is less acceleration effort during electric run but research is on the process to remove this problem. There are some disadvantages in hybrid car in field of power and acceleration but due to shortage of fossil fuel and for saving our environment , we should consider hybrid vehicle as a boon .
5
CONTENTS
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….6 2. Why hybrid vehicles………………………………………………………………………..7 3. Facts about hybrid cars…....................................................................8 4. Growth and efficiency graphs of hybrid vehicle………………………………9 5. Types of hybrid vehicle……..…………………………………………………………..11 6. History of hybrid vehicle………………………………………………………………..14 7. How hybrid vehicle works………………………………………………………………15 8. Some new models of hybrid vehicle………………………………………………23 9. Advantages of hybrid vehicle…………………………………………………………24 10. Disadvantages of hybrid vehicle…………………………………………………..25 11. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………26 12. References……………………………………………………………………………………27
6
INTRODUCTION The word hybrid is usually applied to plants and animals which have been cross bred between species to produce something new. A hybrid car is a enger vehicle that is driven by a hybrid engine, which can run on two or more fuel sources. In other word, Hybrid cars are primarily gas powered cars with electrical motor assist. The key thing here is that the amount of pollution allowed does not depend on the mileage of the car gets. But a car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. That pollution will have to be removed by the emissions control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another type of pollution a car produces. The government does not regulate it, but scientists suspect that it contributes to global warming. Since it is not regulated, a car has no devices for removing CO2 from the exhaust, so a car that burns twice as much gas adds twice as much CO2 to the atmosphere. Hybrid Cars use a rechargeable energy storage system to supplement fossil fuel energy for vehicle propulsion. Hybrid engines are smaller and more efficient than traditional fuel engines. Some hybrid vehicles use regenerative braking to generate electricity while travelling. The term "Hybrid Vehicle" can also refer to a vehicle engine that uses a combination of different fuels such as petroleum and ethanol.
7
WHY HYBRID VEHICLES Most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, and need to be recharged every 50-100 miles. Hybrids bridge the gap between electric and gasoline powered cars by traveling further and driving faster. Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is built small to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. Here are the reasons why you should choose a hybrid car instead of normal car: 1. Hybrid cars are environment friendly. They can reduce pollution by 80 percent. 2. Hybrid cars are economical in medium and long run than normal gasoline cars. 3. Hybrid cars are more reliable than electric cars, as they have gasoline as an alternate fuel. 4. Hybrid cars make less dependent on fossil fuels (gasoline). 5. Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway. 6. Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). 7. Emissions are greatly decreased.
8
FACTS ABOUT HYBRID VEHICLES Hybrid vehicles are a practical solution to the rising greenhouse gas levels and soaring oil prices. Fuel cell technology may be the technology for the future but it may still be some time till these cars are introduced into the market. Auto Makers like Honda and Toyota have taken initiatives to improve on the existing Hybrid technology by inventing cleaner engines that also give more mileage. A Hybrid vehicle is one which uses an electric motor to provide additional power along with the conventional internal combustion engine. They have a special mechanism that is capable of recharging the batteries without being plugged in. They can also be charged by the gas-engine if need be. As a result, the gas engines can be a little smaller as there is an additional power supply for its aid. The advantage is that the gasoline engine can then be quite small, since power is obtained from not one but two sources. When the car comes to a sustained stop, the gas engine shuts down saving fuel. When the car is ready to accelerate, the electric motor kicks in till the time the gasoline engine can resume on its job. Hybrid SUVs may be the alternative to those gas-guzzling, pocketripping SUVs which could manage very little mileage. EPA mileage estimates about 33 mpg as city/highway average. The Toyota Prius is estimated to give an average of 55 mpg. Apparently, it has a better mileage in city conditions rather than the highway. That's because the battery pack comes into use more frequently in city conditions than on the highway.
9
GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY GRAPH
1. Predicted growth in sales
10
1. Use of fossil fuel per 100 km
Thus by observing the graph we can conclude that hybrid Toyota vehicle is more efficient than conventional vehicle.
11
TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLE ( According to engine arrangement) 1- Series Hybrid Typically, the petrol engine is used to start and stop the car. Once the hybrid car has attained a certain speed, the electric engine will take over. The petrol engine is also used to charge the electric engine’s batteries. Thus, both the petrol and electric engines are used in tandem with each other but never together.
SERIES HYBRID
12
2- Parallel Hybrid The second type is called the parallel hybrid. It has the same physical configuration of the series hybrid however the operation is quite different. Both the electric engine and the gasoline engine can be used to start and stop the car. The electric engine is used to boost the power of the car when required. Parallel hybrid cars are more suited for long distance travelling. The Toyota Prius, Honda Insight and Toyota Highlander are all examples of hybrid cars.
PARALLEL HYBRID
13
(According to hybrid vehicle) 1. Mild hybrid: The combustion engine is ed by a low powered electric motor. The vehicle cannot run purely on electrical power. 2. Full hybrid: The vehicle is mainly powered by a combustion engine. It can be driven short distances using electrical power. 3. Plug-in hybrid: The vehicle is powered by a combustion engine but can be driven longer distances using purely electrical power. The high voltage battery can be charged directly from a home electrical socket using a charger. 4. Electric vehicle with range extender: The vehicle is powered solely by an electric motor. A small combustion engine can charge the battery as needed during vehicle operation.
14
HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLES The history of hybrid cars dates back to the late 1800s and 1900s. • 1839: First electric vehicle. • 1886: Electric powered taxicab in England. • 1890-1910: Significant improvements in battery technology (leadacid, nickel-iron). • 1890-1910: Significant improvements in battery technology (leadacid, nickel-iron). • 1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid. • 1900: Pieper introduced hybrid. • 1905: Gas-Electric car. • 1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi. • 1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower engine. • 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium launched major program to produce “super” battery. • 1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan. • 1999: Honda Insight released in US (70 mpg). • 2000: Toyota Prius available in US. • 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid introduced. • 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; Ford Escape Hybrid introduced.
15
HOW HYBRID VEHICLE WORKS The below figure shows a gas-powered car. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a transmission, which turns the wheels. an electric car, which has a set of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.
16
Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency.
Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.
Generator.- The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.
17
Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.
Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids have conventional transmissions. Others radically different ones.
Hybrid system operates in four phases
Only one major moving compressor component. Acts as rotor for permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Acts as rotor for permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Impellers are keyed directly to the motor rotor.
18
Electrical Components of Hybrid Car Start/Stop - When we turn the ignition key of the Hybrid car, the electric motor comes to life. The electric motor, in turn, starts the gasoline engine. The car then performs a series of checks to determine if it can switch to electric-only operation: It checks to see if the batteries are charged, if the operating temperatures are okay and if interior climate control settings are in the appropriate range (the air conditioning's maximum setting requires the gasoline engine to run). If everything checks out, the engine will then shut off, leaving the car running under electric-only power. This process only takes a second or two. When we come to a stop in the Hybrid car, the gasoline engine actually shuts off. The car runs on electric-only while you're at a stoplight or waiting in line at the drive-thru. The hybrid put a lot of effort into making the gasoline engine on-off cycles as smooth and seamless as possible, but testers reported a discernible shudder in the vehicle when the engine went on or off. This is common to all hybrid cars.
19
Electric Drive - As the Hybrid car accelerates from a stop, it does so under electric power. Electric motors are good at generating torque at lower rpm ranges, so they're perfect for this purpose. At about 25 mph, the gasoline engine starts back up. If we are driving in heavy city traffic, we could go all day using only electric power. The electric motor and gasoline engine operate in tandem up to highway cruising speeds.
Regenerative Braking - Whenever we apply the brakes on a car, the kinetic energy of the car's movement is dissipated as heat. In a hybrid car, the brakes take some of that energy and, using the electric motor as a generator, put back into the batteries. This is why hybrids actually get better mileage in start/stop city driving than they do on open highways. Every red light recharges the batteries.
Electric Assisted Cruising - At highway cruising speeds (roughly 50 to 70 mph or 80 to 110 kph), the gasoline engine does most of the work. It's most efficient at this speed range. But because the Hybrid car has a small, four-cylinder engine, it needs a little help when ing. When a speed boost is called for, the electric motor kicks in and adds its horsepower to that of the gasoline engine.
20
21
The "Power Split Device" The power split device is the heart of the hybrid car. This is a clever gearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together. It allows the car to operate like a parallel hybrid the electric motor can power the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they can power the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operate like a series hybrid, the gasoline engine can operate independently of the vehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels as needed. It also acts as a continuously variable transmission (CVT), eliminating the need for a manual or automatic transmission. Finally, because the power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car does not need a starter. The power split device is a planetary gear set . The electric motor is connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to the differential, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car. The generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the engine is connected to the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear depends on all three components, so they all have to work together at all times to control the output speed.
22
23
SOME NEW MODELS OF HYBRID CARS
Cheapest Green Car – Honda Fit Hybrid In tune with its focus on continuing with combining hybrid attempts and smaller size, Honda is offering another hybrid - the smallest and cheapest. Honda will be launching the cute little car in the 2010 Auto Show at Paris in October under the name Honda Fit Hybrid. Its petrol version, called Jazz/Honda Fit is already in the markets. The Hybrid Fit will have the distinction of being the first hybrid subcompact car model marketed by Honda.
150mpg Algae-Powered Toyota Prius First algae fuel-powered vehicle in the world was officially launched in San Francisco. The car, called Algaeus is a modified Toyota Prius, which derives power from green crude, from Sapphire Energy. The car runs on an astonishing 150 miles per gallon of green fuel. But they are aspiring to cross the US on approximately 25 gallons of fuel.
24
Advantages of Hybrid car: • Hybrids combine clean energy of the electrical motor with the power of the gas-powered engine which results into lower emissions and better mileage. • Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par with the normal gas-powered vehicles, if not better. • Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and they have a tax benefits(only till 2006). • There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state). • Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO and other greenhouse gas emissions. • Hybrids provide a better mileage. • The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency. • Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source.
25
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars: Hybrid cars, though useful, have some disadvantages. The point to be noted here is that the advantages far exceed the disadvantages. • High cost: hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-Hybrid versions. • More weight due to battery packs. • Some states charge additional fees for registration. • In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high voltage wires. • They have a complicated system which needs to be taken care of by experienced mechanics only. • Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly. • Usually, hybrids have a lower acceleration than that their normal counterparts.
26
CONCLUSION A Cooler, cleaner and more secure future The main purpose of producing a hybrid car is to improve mileage and reduce harmful gas emissions. As more hybrid cars enter the market, new designs and innovations are becoming available. Although Costly in the market but having a long term vision for the hybrids is profound to hit the causes of helping Fuel Draught that might occur in the near future. There are some disadvantages in hybrid car in field of power and acceleration but due to shortage of fossil fuel and for saving our environment , we should consider hybrid vehicle as a boon .
27
REFERENCES
http://www.alternative-energy news.info/technology/transportation/hybrid-cars/ www.bosch-automotivetechnology.com http://www.toyota global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/hybrid/ https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml
Department Of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
SEMINAR REPORT ON “HYBRID VEHICLE” SUBMITTED BY DIBYANSHU PANDEY MEE-THIRD YEAR [CSJMA11001390255]
Seminar In-Charge ER. PRAMOD KUMAR
***
2
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
It gives me great sense of pleasure to present the B. Tech Seminar report undertaken during B. Tech , Third year. I owe special debt of gratitude to respected ER. PRAMOD KUMAR for his constant and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity , thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for me . It is only his cognizant efforts that mine endeavor have seen light of the day.
I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all dignitary staff of U.I.E.T KANPUR for his kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our seminar report . Last but not least , I acknowledge my friends for their contribution in the completion of seminar report.
Apart from the effort of me , the success of this seminar depends upon largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others . I take his opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this report.
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Electric vehicles (EVs), including hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electric vehicles, are becoming an increasingly important part of the global automotive market. The growth of these vehicle sales is being driven not only by the appeal of the vehicles, but also by consumer demand for vehicles that cost less to operate than traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, government influence on the market, and a rebounding economic environment. The main purpose of producing a hybrid car is to improve mileage and reduce harmful gas emissions. Since due to over use of gasoline engine , the percentage of suspended particles and co2 are increasing with heavy rate . So for overcome this problem hybrid vehicle is a better option.
The hybrid car can be considered to be the car of the millennium. This is a very environment friendly car that hardly produces any combustion at all. This is a car that basically runs on two sources of energy; one being a fuel, and another a battery. With the presence of two sources of energy to the hybrid car, there is obviously a lower requirement of fuel in the car. This is because most of the driving is managed with the energy the battery provides. The battery provides sufficient energy for the driver to use the car for its normal uses of transportation.
4
Hybrid vehicle is somewhat heavier than conventional gasoline vehicle due use multi regenerative system. The working of a hybrid vehicle can be defined as a multi operation system .
The main drawback of hybrid vehicle is less acceleration effort during electric run but research is on the process to remove this problem. There are some disadvantages in hybrid car in field of power and acceleration but due to shortage of fossil fuel and for saving our environment , we should consider hybrid vehicle as a boon .
5
CONTENTS
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….6 2. Why hybrid vehicles………………………………………………………………………..7 3. Facts about hybrid cars…....................................................................8 4. Growth and efficiency graphs of hybrid vehicle………………………………9 5. Types of hybrid vehicle……..…………………………………………………………..11 6. History of hybrid vehicle………………………………………………………………..14 7. How hybrid vehicle works………………………………………………………………15 8. Some new models of hybrid vehicle………………………………………………23 9. Advantages of hybrid vehicle…………………………………………………………24 10. Disadvantages of hybrid vehicle…………………………………………………..25 11. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………26 12. References……………………………………………………………………………………27
6
INTRODUCTION The word hybrid is usually applied to plants and animals which have been cross bred between species to produce something new. A hybrid car is a enger vehicle that is driven by a hybrid engine, which can run on two or more fuel sources. In other word, Hybrid cars are primarily gas powered cars with electrical motor assist. The key thing here is that the amount of pollution allowed does not depend on the mileage of the car gets. But a car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. That pollution will have to be removed by the emissions control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another type of pollution a car produces. The government does not regulate it, but scientists suspect that it contributes to global warming. Since it is not regulated, a car has no devices for removing CO2 from the exhaust, so a car that burns twice as much gas adds twice as much CO2 to the atmosphere. Hybrid Cars use a rechargeable energy storage system to supplement fossil fuel energy for vehicle propulsion. Hybrid engines are smaller and more efficient than traditional fuel engines. Some hybrid vehicles use regenerative braking to generate electricity while travelling. The term "Hybrid Vehicle" can also refer to a vehicle engine that uses a combination of different fuels such as petroleum and ethanol.
7
WHY HYBRID VEHICLES Most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, and need to be recharged every 50-100 miles. Hybrids bridge the gap between electric and gasoline powered cars by traveling further and driving faster. Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is built small to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. Here are the reasons why you should choose a hybrid car instead of normal car: 1. Hybrid cars are environment friendly. They can reduce pollution by 80 percent. 2. Hybrid cars are economical in medium and long run than normal gasoline cars. 3. Hybrid cars are more reliable than electric cars, as they have gasoline as an alternate fuel. 4. Hybrid cars make less dependent on fossil fuels (gasoline). 5. Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway. 6. Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). 7. Emissions are greatly decreased.
8
FACTS ABOUT HYBRID VEHICLES Hybrid vehicles are a practical solution to the rising greenhouse gas levels and soaring oil prices. Fuel cell technology may be the technology for the future but it may still be some time till these cars are introduced into the market. Auto Makers like Honda and Toyota have taken initiatives to improve on the existing Hybrid technology by inventing cleaner engines that also give more mileage. A Hybrid vehicle is one which uses an electric motor to provide additional power along with the conventional internal combustion engine. They have a special mechanism that is capable of recharging the batteries without being plugged in. They can also be charged by the gas-engine if need be. As a result, the gas engines can be a little smaller as there is an additional power supply for its aid. The advantage is that the gasoline engine can then be quite small, since power is obtained from not one but two sources. When the car comes to a sustained stop, the gas engine shuts down saving fuel. When the car is ready to accelerate, the electric motor kicks in till the time the gasoline engine can resume on its job. Hybrid SUVs may be the alternative to those gas-guzzling, pocketripping SUVs which could manage very little mileage. EPA mileage estimates about 33 mpg as city/highway average. The Toyota Prius is estimated to give an average of 55 mpg. Apparently, it has a better mileage in city conditions rather than the highway. That's because the battery pack comes into use more frequently in city conditions than on the highway.
9
GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY GRAPH
1. Predicted growth in sales
10
1. Use of fossil fuel per 100 km
Thus by observing the graph we can conclude that hybrid Toyota vehicle is more efficient than conventional vehicle.
11
TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLE ( According to engine arrangement) 1- Series Hybrid Typically, the petrol engine is used to start and stop the car. Once the hybrid car has attained a certain speed, the electric engine will take over. The petrol engine is also used to charge the electric engine’s batteries. Thus, both the petrol and electric engines are used in tandem with each other but never together.
SERIES HYBRID
12
2- Parallel Hybrid The second type is called the parallel hybrid. It has the same physical configuration of the series hybrid however the operation is quite different. Both the electric engine and the gasoline engine can be used to start and stop the car. The electric engine is used to boost the power of the car when required. Parallel hybrid cars are more suited for long distance travelling. The Toyota Prius, Honda Insight and Toyota Highlander are all examples of hybrid cars.
PARALLEL HYBRID
13
(According to hybrid vehicle) 1. Mild hybrid: The combustion engine is ed by a low powered electric motor. The vehicle cannot run purely on electrical power. 2. Full hybrid: The vehicle is mainly powered by a combustion engine. It can be driven short distances using electrical power. 3. Plug-in hybrid: The vehicle is powered by a combustion engine but can be driven longer distances using purely electrical power. The high voltage battery can be charged directly from a home electrical socket using a charger. 4. Electric vehicle with range extender: The vehicle is powered solely by an electric motor. A small combustion engine can charge the battery as needed during vehicle operation.
14
HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLES The history of hybrid cars dates back to the late 1800s and 1900s. • 1839: First electric vehicle. • 1886: Electric powered taxicab in England. • 1890-1910: Significant improvements in battery technology (leadacid, nickel-iron). • 1890-1910: Significant improvements in battery technology (leadacid, nickel-iron). • 1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid. • 1900: Pieper introduced hybrid. • 1905: Gas-Electric car. • 1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi. • 1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower engine. • 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium launched major program to produce “super” battery. • 1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan. • 1999: Honda Insight released in US (70 mpg). • 2000: Toyota Prius available in US. • 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid introduced. • 2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; Ford Escape Hybrid introduced.
15
HOW HYBRID VEHICLE WORKS The below figure shows a gas-powered car. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a transmission, which turns the wheels. an electric car, which has a set of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.
16
Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency.
Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.
Generator.- The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.
17
Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.
Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids have conventional transmissions. Others radically different ones.
Hybrid system operates in four phases
Only one major moving compressor component. Acts as rotor for permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Acts as rotor for permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Impellers are keyed directly to the motor rotor.
18
Electrical Components of Hybrid Car Start/Stop - When we turn the ignition key of the Hybrid car, the electric motor comes to life. The electric motor, in turn, starts the gasoline engine. The car then performs a series of checks to determine if it can switch to electric-only operation: It checks to see if the batteries are charged, if the operating temperatures are okay and if interior climate control settings are in the appropriate range (the air conditioning's maximum setting requires the gasoline engine to run). If everything checks out, the engine will then shut off, leaving the car running under electric-only power. This process only takes a second or two. When we come to a stop in the Hybrid car, the gasoline engine actually shuts off. The car runs on electric-only while you're at a stoplight or waiting in line at the drive-thru. The hybrid put a lot of effort into making the gasoline engine on-off cycles as smooth and seamless as possible, but testers reported a discernible shudder in the vehicle when the engine went on or off. This is common to all hybrid cars.
19
Electric Drive - As the Hybrid car accelerates from a stop, it does so under electric power. Electric motors are good at generating torque at lower rpm ranges, so they're perfect for this purpose. At about 25 mph, the gasoline engine starts back up. If we are driving in heavy city traffic, we could go all day using only electric power. The electric motor and gasoline engine operate in tandem up to highway cruising speeds.
Regenerative Braking - Whenever we apply the brakes on a car, the kinetic energy of the car's movement is dissipated as heat. In a hybrid car, the brakes take some of that energy and, using the electric motor as a generator, put back into the batteries. This is why hybrids actually get better mileage in start/stop city driving than they do on open highways. Every red light recharges the batteries.
Electric Assisted Cruising - At highway cruising speeds (roughly 50 to 70 mph or 80 to 110 kph), the gasoline engine does most of the work. It's most efficient at this speed range. But because the Hybrid car has a small, four-cylinder engine, it needs a little help when ing. When a speed boost is called for, the electric motor kicks in and adds its horsepower to that of the gasoline engine.
20
21
The "Power Split Device" The power split device is the heart of the hybrid car. This is a clever gearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together. It allows the car to operate like a parallel hybrid the electric motor can power the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they can power the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operate like a series hybrid, the gasoline engine can operate independently of the vehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels as needed. It also acts as a continuously variable transmission (CVT), eliminating the need for a manual or automatic transmission. Finally, because the power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car does not need a starter. The power split device is a planetary gear set . The electric motor is connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to the differential, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car. The generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the engine is connected to the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear depends on all three components, so they all have to work together at all times to control the output speed.
22
23
SOME NEW MODELS OF HYBRID CARS
Cheapest Green Car – Honda Fit Hybrid In tune with its focus on continuing with combining hybrid attempts and smaller size, Honda is offering another hybrid - the smallest and cheapest. Honda will be launching the cute little car in the 2010 Auto Show at Paris in October under the name Honda Fit Hybrid. Its petrol version, called Jazz/Honda Fit is already in the markets. The Hybrid Fit will have the distinction of being the first hybrid subcompact car model marketed by Honda.
150mpg Algae-Powered Toyota Prius First algae fuel-powered vehicle in the world was officially launched in San Francisco. The car, called Algaeus is a modified Toyota Prius, which derives power from green crude, from Sapphire Energy. The car runs on an astonishing 150 miles per gallon of green fuel. But they are aspiring to cross the US on approximately 25 gallons of fuel.
24
Advantages of Hybrid car: • Hybrids combine clean energy of the electrical motor with the power of the gas-powered engine which results into lower emissions and better mileage. • Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par with the normal gas-powered vehicles, if not better. • Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and they have a tax benefits(only till 2006). • There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state). • Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO and other greenhouse gas emissions. • Hybrids provide a better mileage. • The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency. • Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source.
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Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars: Hybrid cars, though useful, have some disadvantages. The point to be noted here is that the advantages far exceed the disadvantages. • High cost: hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-Hybrid versions. • More weight due to battery packs. • Some states charge additional fees for registration. • In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high voltage wires. • They have a complicated system which needs to be taken care of by experienced mechanics only. • Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly. • Usually, hybrids have a lower acceleration than that their normal counterparts.
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CONCLUSION A Cooler, cleaner and more secure future The main purpose of producing a hybrid car is to improve mileage and reduce harmful gas emissions. As more hybrid cars enter the market, new designs and innovations are becoming available. Although Costly in the market but having a long term vision for the hybrids is profound to hit the causes of helping Fuel Draught that might occur in the near future. There are some disadvantages in hybrid car in field of power and acceleration but due to shortage of fossil fuel and for saving our environment , we should consider hybrid vehicle as a boon .
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REFERENCES
http://www.alternative-energy news.info/technology/transportation/hybrid-cars/ www.bosch-automotivetechnology.com http://www.toyota global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/hybrid/ https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml
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