Rural And Urban Development 57622g

RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

THE NATURE OF RURAL PROBLEMS • Rural problems various aspects like social, economic, political, cultural and educational activities. Such complexities of rural problem requires specific and relevant solution based on local resources and conditions. Not a few imported Western rural development programs or specialist have failed in the less developed countries.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT EXPLAINED • Rural development is a continuous process. It is primarily concerned with the optimum utilization of resources-human, economic, social and physical, in a given area through a systematic manner. It is based on sound technical principle, and its main objective is to raise the standard of the local resident.

REAL AREAS-ROOTS OF POVERTY •

The growth of modern science and technology has not really reached most of the rural communities of the less developed country. The world poorest are found in rural areas of the poor countries. Economic opportunities are extremely rare and hopes for a better future are dim for them. Their dependence on primitive agriculture and they are poorer if they do not own the land they are cultivating.

SMALL FARMERS-THE RURAL POOR • Tenants/Share croppers are farmers without land of their own. Landless fatmer are many in Latin America, and other third world countries.

HELPING THE RURAL POOR • Improving the structure of their institutions, fashioning appropriate development strategies, and better use available resources, such countries were able to transform their rural areas from poverty to prosperity.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES • Most of the rural development projects were assisted by the United States in the form of financial technical and commodity aid. Among the more popular rural development institutions were the PACD (Presidential Assistant on Community Development). PRRM (Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement) PRUIS (Philippine Rural Improvement Service) and 4-H Clubs (Heart, hands, head and health) top priority is the development of people-their attitude, values, knowledge and skills. The strategy for rural development takes into consideration the needs, problems and resources of every region in the country. The policy is to provide more financial and technical assistance to depressed region in order to develop an equitable rural development.

• There are factors that can ensure the success of any rural development such as the competence and dedication of rural development specialist and workers, and the attitude of the rural people towards the program other is the availability of funds for the project.

FILIPINO FARMERS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT • Rural development is basically agricultural development. The best way to improve the social and economic conditions of the farmers is to make them the owners of the lands they have been cultivating for many years.

SOME RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS/PROJECTS • • • • • • • • •

Agrarian Reform Program Cooperatives Development Program Human Settlement Program Community Development Program Nutrition Program Integrated Electrification Project Fishing Resources Management Medium & Small-Scale Industries Family Planning

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

CHINA-MODEL RULE DEVELOPMENT • Solving the basic needs of the people does not only imply a rapid increase in the production of goods and services, but also redistribution of land and other productive factors.

STAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

MUTUAL AID TERM the first step toward collectivization They liked to increase their farm outputs but their means of production are limited.

ELEMENTARY CO-OPERATIVES • Formed in 1953 which was the agricultural producers cooperatives

• The feature of this stage is their recognition of individual property right in the system of income distribution. Each year the member elected a committee to manage their co-operative.

ADVANCE CO-OPERATIVE • The government extended financial and technical assistance to advance cooperative.

• An advanced co-operative had more resource to buy farm machinery, undertake irrigation and flood control projects and finance small scale rural industries.

PEOPLE COMMUNES • The people’s communes proved effective in meeting farm problems as well in improving the rural life of the peasant. They worked together to provide relief and to construct embankment and water wells. Their organized effort greatly reduce the damage of natural calamities of their farm.

LESSON FROM CHINA • Most of the people of China live in the rural areas. Considering the increasing pressure of its huge population, food supply became a critical problem.

• China economic policy was based on the Russian model which stressed heavy industry and urbanization through central planning (employment, equality and satisfaction of basic needs)

• The success of China in rural development was not without obstacle at the beginning of the transformation. There were considerable political tension.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA •

This portion explains the urbanization of Southeast Asia and the problems of its cities.

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There has been a tremendous growth in world population. People have been inclined to move towards the cities and other urban center. Such massive influx of rural people to the cities, together with the existing population, explosion, has spawned more serious social economic problems, especially in the third world countries.

EUROPEAN CREATION • The nature of economic development under the colonial powers was the strong emphasis on the production of few agricultural crops, and the exploitation of the mineral resources for the international market. Obviously, this favored the interests of the colonial masters.

A DUALISTIC SOCIETY • Modern cities in the region have been transformed into dualistic structure. The wealthiest and the poorest exist in the city. Not far from the most elegant modern buildings and fashion able sprawling mansion are the makeshift dilapidated houses of the squatters and the poorest. And in not a few cities, the slum dwellers live just behind the modern tall building.

URBANIZATION IN LESS DEVELOPED WORLD • The rapid urbanization of the less developed countries has spawned illegal squatter settlements. Such squatter problems have become the common feature of the rapid population growth in cities of the aforementioned countries.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT CITIES •

The indigenous city was small and short lived.

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Agricultural states were capable of ing large urban centers. These served as the seat of government, business, military and religious function.

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The earliest cities founded by European in Southeast Asian reflect colonial architectural layout and other colonial features of urban planning.

SPANISH DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE CITIES • Pre-Spanish time, most people lived in villages located in the lake shores, river banks and other coastal communities.

• The foreign traders come from Japan, China and Brunei. Spanish colonizers in the Philippines, Manila was officially designated as a Spanish city. Foreign trade immediately centered in Manila. With the creation of the Galleon trade, the products of the orient, especially China, were trade with silver which was the medium of exchange of Mexico.

CITY AND TOWN PLANNING • The layouts of the cities and towns were adopted from Mexico-also a Spanish Colony. The construction of a large church and an adjacent huge convent was always done.

• Settlements were physically and socially designed to suit the existing social classes

• Tondo became the principal source of native labor. Other Filipinos lived around the edge of the City. Lay Spaniards were prohibited from residing in Cabeceras (Settlements) This made the principalia very prestigious in the cabeceras. They live near the church.

URBANIZATION OF METRO MANILA • The population of Manila has now about million people. • The major contributions of urban population were the squatters and slum dwellers. Many of them were unskilled and uneducated, and they were too many. The more enterprising ones become sidewalk vendors and others went to all sorts of odd jobs.

• For istrative and economic efficiency, Manila together with four other cities and 12 towns, has been converted into one urban center called Metro Manila.

SINGAPORE: MODEL URBAN PLANNING • Singapore has the highest per capita income in Asia – second to Japan just like any other rapidly growing urban society. They also encountered problems like unemployment, housing, traffic, sanitation, population, pressure, water and electric supply.

• The Singapore model is a good example of transforming a concept. Theory or plan into an attainable reality succeeded in accomplishing an urban development which is considered phenomenal by Asia standards.

• Its housing program is the best in Asia, including Japan.

HISTORY OF SINGAPORE •

The island of Singapore is Southeast Asian mainland. This makes it a natural gateway to the orient and the Pacific. Through the effort of its industrious inhabitants, the favorable location of the island was transformed into one of the most important market places in South East Asia

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Singapore has the largest port in Asia and the fifth in the world in of gross tonnage of traffic handled.