Vowels I i, iy, e, ey I

GROUP V

,0

j "

"

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 9 1. VOWELS I i, iy I

)

I

Words in Contrast This is a very important section. Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "short i sound" ii, as in live; the second word has the "long e sound" fiy/, as in leave.

pit, Pete sick, seek slip, sleep grits, greets

live, leave sit, seat ship, sheep mitt, meet

rid, read chip, cheap lip, leap hit, heat

sin, seen

gyP. jeep

fit, feet

dip, deep

I

Sentences 1. Potato chips are cheap.

2. Did they fit his feet?

3. Please sit in this seat.

-I. I leave the house where I live at five o'clock.

:). Did he say "living" or "leaving"?

27

,f

VOWELS I iy, i I

2.

Words in Contrast N ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds.

The first word has the "long e sound" liyl, as in leave; the second word has the "short i sound" Iii, as in live.

'I",

""'.

leave, live cheek, chicken eat, it lead, lid deed, did

he'd, hid ease, is tease, 'tis he's, his Gene, gin

steal, still we'll, will feel, fill kneel, nil green, grin

meal, mill deep, dip bean, bin these, this peat, pit

Sentences

1_

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

He's been eating his meals at the mill. Is the steel strike still on? Which of these women did he see? She didn't meet the three children-she missed them. Is it easy?

3. VOWELS I e, ey I Words in Contrast

This is a very important section. Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "short e sound" lei, as in let; the second word has the "long a sound" leyl, as in late. pet, pate bet, bait led, laid N ed, neighed fed, fade

, I

let, late met, mate wet, wait pepper, paper bread, braid

debt, date pen, pain get, gate wreck, rake west, waste

Sentences 1. They get ten days' vacation. 12. On what date was the debt paid?

28

red, raid den, Dane Ed, aid ebb, Abe special, spatial

13. Your weight is greater when you're wet. 14. Did they say "pepper" or "paper"? :wel sounds. ... .erond word

L ... ".

I

4. VOWELS ley, e I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "long a sound" leyl, as in late; the second word has the "short e sound" leI, as in let. late, let stayed, stead Yale, yell James, gems main, men

raid ~Dane ~ aid

r

jl;O.

Abe

pcial, spatial

age, edge taste, test lace, less quail, quell aches, X

wade, wed chased, chest tale, tell waste, west

,J

,­

11 '....'" "

'.

Sentences 15. 16. 17. 18.

'O&irs of words ."borte sound" . as in late.

wage, wedge phase, fez sale, sell spatial, special

) }

They went to bed late. Jane said they'd already met her. Did she take the dress with less lace? They stayed instead of us.

.I

5. VOWELS I i, iy, e, ey I Review Sentences Review sentences 1-18, which you have practiced in PD 9. Practice sentences 19-22, which have words with all the sounds you have been "tudying. A. Sentences with I i I and I iy I 1. Potato chips are cheap. 2. Did they fit his feet? 3. Please sit in this seat. 4. I leave the house where I live at five o'clock. 5. Did he say "living" or "leaving"? 29

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

·.. t

~

't.",

II( "'.".

He's been eating his meals at the mill. Is the steel strike still on? Which of these women did he see? She didn't meet the three children - she missed them. Is it easy?

B. Sentences with I e I and I ey I 11. They get ten days' vacation. 12. On what date was the debt paid? 13. Your weight is greater when you're wet. 14. Did they say "pepper" or "paper"? 15. They went to bed late. 16. Jane said they'd already met her. 17. Did she take the dress with less lace? 18. They stayed instead of us.

C. Sentences with / i, iy, e, ey / 19. Will we stay? Yes, we'll stay. 20. They said we might get rain this evening. 21. Did they feel better? 22. They feel better than they felt yesterday.

'~,1~ •••••••••

30

-~

GROUP VI

Complex Vowels I aw, ow, uw I

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 10 '.' 1. THE COMPLEX VOWEL I aw I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words with the "au sound" lawl, as in house. house out hour our noun about how ~'

power down doubt now town mouse cloudy

south cow towel found sound thousand ground

mouth proud around ounce pound amount round

Sentences 1. "Around" and "about" are not nouns.

2. I doubt that he's downtown.

3, How much is a pound of ground round? (steak)

.VOTE: Many Americans say lrewl instead of lawl, and find the lat­ ter sound artificial.

31

2. THE COMPLEX VOWEL / ow / Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know.

"."

know 0 no nose coat November hold

go so old don't won't over those

close clothes home whole telephone moment chose

Ohio show both Oklahoma told only though

Sentences

4. Rose and Joan don't know yet. " 5. Oh, did Joe go home? 6. Both those cars are pretty old.

3. THE COMPLEX VOWEL / uw / Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long 00 sound" luw/, as in two. too two to do afternoon you

soon who whom whose food move

prove proof choose spoon loose lose

shoe through soup group tooth blue

Sentences 7. Do you have a loose tooth? 8. I'm moving to another room this afternoon. 9. Whose group do you belong to?

32

I

-,

1

~~----.i2""""""""-

~

4. THE COMPLEX VOWEL I uw I Words Frequently Used ..xmd" low/,

The words listed below, like the words in 3, have the luwl sound, but when it is spelled with the letter u, it is conventionally named the "long u sound." The letter u also represents the sounds Iyuwl, and the condi­ tions under which the Iyl sound is present before the luwl are explained below in the Note, and illustrated in 5. Practice the following common words containing the "long u sound" luw/, as in rule, or lyuw/, as in use, few. rule Q,

y

":/'

U

June July Tuesday

"I'i

knew news beauty beautiful usually

excuse me music fruit review human

suit

juice use (n., use (v., used to

,.i.

Sentences 10. We used to have quite a few arguments about music. 11. Ruth had some fruit juice in her room. 12. Who will tell the students the news? NOTE: Read This with Your Teacher's Help:

Many Americans pronounce "long u" as follows: Iyuwl = initially and after Ib, f, m, p, vi and Ik, g, hi; luwl = after the other consonant sounds Ie, d, j, 1, n, r, s, s, e, z/. Many other speakers of English, particularly in the American South, have two types of "long u" distributed as follows: Iyuwl = Initially, after Ib, f, m, p, vi, Ik, g, hi, Id, 1, n, s, t/; luwl = after the remaining consonant sounds Ie, j, r, s, e, z/. This means that words like Tuesday, new, and suit are pronounced with either the luwl sound or the Iyuwl sound, depending on the region.

I

Some other speakers have a sound we write IwI! after all the consonant sounds in all words with the "long u" sound. These regional variations are all acceptable. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

33

".:;

oj,

5. THE SOUNDS I uw, yuw I Words in Contrast N ow you will practice some words which have the sound luw/: either the "long 00 sound," as in too, or the type of "long u sound," as in rule; and the sound lyuw/, the other type of "long u sound," as in use and few.

"t;.,.,. ,

C

In the words in Column 1 below, all speakers use luw/; in the words in Column 2, speakers of English use luwl or Iyuw/, according to the part of the country they come from; in the words in Column 3, all speakers use Iyuw/.

>"

r . ...

_

...

,

1

2

3

luwl

I(y)uwl

Iyuwl

ew 1

00,0

U,

too do soon who zoo

chew June juice rule true

U,

ew 2

U,

Tuesday due new enthusiasm student

use pupil beauty few review

ew 3

music excuse argue human usually

It follows that some speakers, but not all, have a contrast in the follow­ ing few pairs of words:

do, due

gnu,knew

too, Tuesday

loot, lute

All speakers have a contrast in pairs like the following: who, hue coo, Q

whose, hues fool, fuel moo, mew

lafter Ie, j, rl 2after Id, 1, n, s, t, 91 linitially, and after other consonants

34

who'll, Hugh'll pooh, pew mood, mewed

whom, Hume

coot, cute

The important thing to when you have a word with a "long u sound" is this: pronounce "long u" as Iyuwl at the beginning of a word and after b, c, f, g, h, m, p, and v. .. ..ither the . .:de; and mdfew. 're words in :0 the part ~ speakers

II

6. COMPLEX VOWELS I aw, ow I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "ou sound" lawl, as in house; the second word has the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know. SOW,4 so how, hoe

noun, known blouse, blows rouse, rose

now, no loud, load out, oat

now's, knows scowled, scold

.

w

.

lIP·

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 11 7. VOWELS low, ah I Words in Contrast

:.n the follow­

!:1ume .:te

:-';ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first has the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know; the second word has the "aw sound" lahl, as in saw. so, saw coat, caught toll, tall low, law woke, walk choke, chalk oat, ought

coat, call owe, awe boat, bought cold, called ode, awed mode, Maude

Joe, jaw droll, drawl oaf, off goes, gauze coast, cost loan, lawn pose, paws

phone, fawn scroll, scrawl hole, hall close, clause row, raw slow, slaw

'-female swine," Isawl

35

Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16.

A local phone call costs ten cents. Now's the time to show us how. Do cows cause tuberculosis? Now, Paul, drive downtown slowly.

8. VOWELS law, ah I

.

Words in Contrast

"

The "ou sound" lawl, as in house, and the "aw sound" l'Jh/, as in saw, are not at all similar in sound. Occasionally, however, there is confusion be­ tween lawl and lah/, partly because of the complexity of the English spell­ ing system.

....

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ only in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "au sound" lawl as in house; the second word has the Haw sound" lahl, as in saw. ,"

I

sow, saw allow, a law mouse, moss tout, taught brown, brawn sows, saws found, fawned

cloud, clawed bout, bought loud, laud souses, sauce down, dawn louse, loss

fowl, fall cow, caw cows, cause pound, pawned row 6 , raw howl, hall

9. VOWELS I aw, ow, uw I Words in Contrast Say the conventional names of the complex vowels law, ow, uw/, and then the key words. 5Some Americans say Isawzl instead of Isaws/. 6"noisy disturbance or quarrel," Iraw/.

36

...~

Phonemic Symbol

1. 2. 3. 4.

lawl lowl luwl luwl or Iyuwl

Key Words

Conventional Name

the the the the

ou sound long 0 sound long 00 sound long u sound

house, now hope, coat, no soon, too, do rule, use, few

We have used the symbol/(y)uwl as a cover symbol to mean the sound uwl whether or not it was preceded by the Iyl sound, and whether it was represented in the spelling by 00, by u, or by some other letters. - in saw, are

·nfusion be­ nglish spell­

,,~ their vowel . the second

Now you will hear some groups of words which differ only in their vowel sounds: one of each group of three words has the "ou sound" law/, as in house; another word has the "long 0 sound" low/, as in hope; the other word has the "long u sound" I(y)uw/, as in rule or use. new, no, now whose, hose, house (v.) sue, so, sow

mow 7 , moo, mows road, rude, rowed

sues, sews, sows who, hoe, how ruse, rose, rouse

Sentences 17. 18. 19. 20.

Who drove you downtown? I doubt that you know the rules. Do you know how to get to school? "Food" and "nose" are nouns.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 12 10. VOWELS I u, uw I Words in Contrast . ow, uw/, and

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "short 00 sound" lui, as in put and good; the sec­ ond word has the "long 00 sound" /uw/, as in too. '''cut grass with a sickle or machine," Imowl '-a pile of hay; a storage place for hay," Imaw/.

37

-----~---

pull, pool look, Luke book, rebuke Toots, toots

l

t

full, fool could, cooed soot, suit look, leukemia

stood, stewed should, shoed foot, refute wooden, wound

wood, wooed hood, who'd put, impute

You have already studied the "short 00 sound" lui. Although this sound does not occur in very many words, the words in which it does occur are very frequently used. put good book woman

foot could should would

wood wool took look

stood push pull full

Sentences 21. Would some good food put you in a good mood? 22. Ruth should move to a good rooming house. 11. VOWELS I aw, ow, uw, (y)uw I Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 10, 11, and 12. A. Sentences with I aw I 1. "Around" and "about" are not nouns. 2. I doubt that he's downtown. 3. How much is a pound of ground round? (steak) B. Sentences with I ow I 4. Rose and Joan don't know yet. 5. Oh, did Joe go home? 6. Both those cars are pretty old.

C. Sentences with I uw / 7. Do you have a loose tooth? 8. I'm moving to another room this afternoon. 9. Whose group do you belong to?

38

t

. -00. wooed .xi. who'd _:. impute

-

, . this sound ioes occur

D. Sentences with I (y)uw I 10. We used to have quite a few arguments about music. 11. Ruth had some fruit juice in her room. 12. Who will tell the students the news? E. Sentences with I aw, ow, uw, (y)uw I 13. A local phone call costs ten cents. 14. Now's the time to show us how. 15. Do cows cause tuberculosis? 16. Now, Paul, drive downtown slowly. 17. Who drove you downtown? 18. I doubt that you know the rules. 19. Do you know how to get to school? 20. "Food" and "nose" are nouns. 21. Would some good food put you in a good mood? 22. Ruth should move to a good rooming house .

!; ,

.' ",

. '

39

Vowels before Irl

GROUP VII

l)

.()J PRONUNCIATION DRILL 13 t. THE SOUND lihrl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long e-r sound" :hr/, as in ear. ear hear here near

tear I dear year weary

rear merely fear interfere

Shakespeare

cheerful

superior

beer

...·OTE: There are many dialects of English that lingUists call "r-Iess" :.ecause they do not have Irl except before vowels. Such dialects are "outhern British (Received Standard), and parts of New York City, New . -:gland. and the coastal Southern U.S. Imitate your teacher's pronun­ ._.on, keeping in mind that it may not match the transcription given

-.e. 'liquid from the eye," Itihr/.

41

Sentences 1. Keep the earphones nearer, dear. 2. Shakespeare's King Lear showed here last year.

2. THE SOUND f

em f

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long a-r sound"

I'

-.

lehr/, as in air.

air hair care stairs

"0,

their there where wear

fare fair Mary tear (v.)

various

chair

spare

Claire

Sentences

'1,1

3. Where are the stairs? 4. Careful! Don't tear it on that chair.

3. THE SOUND f ohr f Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "o-r sound" lohr/, as in four. 1

four fourteen pour more

'f

I

2

door floor store pork

3

or for fork morning

4

horse war warm short

Sentences

5. This store has four floors. 6. George just bought a four-door Ford.

42

•

It

NOTE: Many speakers have the vowel l'Jhl in all the words in columns 1, 2, 3, and 4. Some other speakers have that vowel in the words in Col­ umns 1 and 2, and the "short 0 sound" I'J/, as in boss, in the words in Columns 3 and 4 and similar words. Such speakers have a contrast be­ tween horse and hoarse, morning and mourning, war and wore. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

"..r

sound"

There is considerable difference in pronunciation of these words in various parts of the United States. Some have lohl in Columns 1 and 2, and l'Jhl in Columns 3 and 4; other speakers may have lohl in all these words, or l'Jhl in all.

4. THE SOUND luhrl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words with the "long u-r sound" luhr/, as in sure. sure cure pure

poor you're your

Moore curious Jury

tour tourist insurance

Sentences 7. Tourists should be sure to drink pure water. 8. Be sure to check your life insurance.

- sound" lohr/, .vOTE: Many speakers pronounce your, poor, and other words spelled with 00 and u, with the same vowel sound which you practiced in the previous section on the sound lohr/. They are often the same speakers who use two different vowels in words like store and horse. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

5. THE SOUND la(h)rl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "a-r sound" lar, ahr/, as in are.

43

1

are

R March large car

far heart hard army par

4

3

2

yard bar barred parking farm

tomorrow sorry orange Florida Oregon

A speaker from the New York City area says larl or lahrl in all these words. Some speakers say farl or IJrf in the words in Column 4, like sorry. New England speech characteristically has fre(h)rl for la(h)rf, as in park the car. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation. Sentences

f' .....

,

9. Park the car in the back yard. 10. Florida and Oregon are pretty far apart.

6. THE SOUND la(h)rl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "ur sound" far, ahr/, as in were. were thirteen thirty Thursday her worry

learn person sir girl nervous burn

worse worst first early work world

skirt shirt hurry verb , ,thorough earth

Sentences 11. Were the little girls with her, sir? 12. Learn the first thirty verbs thoroughly.

44

-

7. VOWELS BEFORE Irl Words in Contrast

.... in all these

like sorry. . as in park

a'! ...

~

The vowel sounds before r which you have studied in 1-6 of Group VII are reviewed below. The contrasts are those made in one variety of standard Northeastern speech. that there are many correct ways of pronouncing American English, and that there are very many differences, from region to region, in the pronunciation of the simple and complex vowels before r. Listen, then repeat. First repeat each column (1, 2, etc.), then repeat each line (1, 2, etc.). 1 lihrl

L ear

2. peer 3. mere 4. sear ), tear (n.)

2 lehrl

3 lohrl

air pair mare Sarah tear (v.)

oar pour more sore tore

4 luhrl

poor moor tour

5

la(hjrl

are par mar Saar tar

6 Ia(hjrl

..J

err2 purr myrrh sir tum

Sentences

;,()UJldft/ar, ahr/,

: 3. The girls were wearing scarves and earmuffs and their

warmest coats.

:4. We're parking your car over there.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 14 '1. SOUNDS I ar, ihr I Words in Contrast you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: first word has the "ur sound" lar, ahr/, as in were; the second word the "long e-r sound" lihr/, as in ear.

" f'lW

_

-0

pronounced le(h)r/,

45

her, here worry, weary purr, peer were, we're

purse, pierce err, ear myrrh, mere

bird, beard sir, seer burr, beer shirr, sheer

fur, fear word, weird stir, steer

Sentences

'- .

..

,

15. We're always here on Thursday, sir. 16. Herbert's girl friend lives near here. 17. Is this your first year at Burlington University?

9.

SOUNDS Jar, ehr J

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "ur sound" far, ahrf, as in were; the second word has the "long a-r sound" lehr/, as in air. err, air were, wear hurry, hairy

stir, stair stirred, stared cur, care

her, hair purr, pair burr, bear

whir, where fur, fare

Sentences 18. We're wearing their shirts. 19. Is it thirty years since we were there? 20. Here's where we were working.

10. SOUNDS J a(h)r, a(h)r, o(h)rl Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ only in their vowel sound: the first word has the "ar sound" far, ahr/, as in are; the second word has the "ur sound" far, ahr/, as in were. are, err heart, hurt

46

far, fur bard, bird

star, stir carve, curve

hard, heard

\

eird

·er

Now you will hear some other pairs of words: the first word has the "or sound" lor, ohr/, as in pore; the second word has the "ur sound" lar, ahr/, as in were.

pour, purr hoard, heard born, burn

sport, spurt oar, err torn, turn

warm, worm for, fur war, were

store, stir coarse, curse

Sentences

() {} ,

21. "Are" and "were" are parts of the verb to be. 22. Are the girls learning any more German? 23. George and Charles were warmly dressed. ir \'owel sounds: ~ second word

J

11. VOWELS BEFORE Irl

,:

Review Sentences

t

where ;are

Review the sentences which you studied in PD 13 and 14.

•...

Sentences with I ihr I 1. Keep the earphones nearer, dear. 2. Shakespeare's King Lear showed here last year.

, ,

1,

Sentences with I ehr I 3. Where are the stairs? 4. Careful! Don't tear it on that chair. C. Sentences with I o(h)r I 5. This store has four floors. 6. George just bought a four-door Ford.

Illv in their vowel .' are; the second

~~

heard

Sentences with I uhr I 7. Tourists should be sure to drink pure water .

S. Be sure to check your life insurance. Sentences with I a(h)r I 9. Park the car in the back yard. 10. Florida and Oregon are pretty far apart. (

'.

47

F. Sentences with / a(h)r I 11. Were the little girls with her, sir? 12. Learn the first thirty verbs thoroughly. G. Sentences with vowels before I r I 13. The girls were wearing scarves and earmuffs and their warmest coats. 14. We're parking your car over there.

-. ' r

- .. "

-~.

--"'- .

.....,

,",

H. Sentences with I ar, ihr I 15. We're always here on Thursday, sir. 16. Herbert's girl friend lives near here. 17. Is this your first year at Burlington University? 1. Sentences with I ar, ihr, ehr I 18. We're wearing their shirts. 19. Is it thirty years since we were there? 20. Here's where we were working.

J. Sentences with I ar, o(h)r, a(h)r I 21. "Are" and "were" are parts of the verb to be. 22. Are the girls learning any more German? 23. George and Charles were warmly dressed .

,.~

48

.

GROUP VIII

:heir

Grammatical Endings, Stress, Intonation

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 15 I. GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS :. nglish has very few grammatical suffixes. Adverbs, conjunctions, ;Jrepositions, and exclamations do not have grammatical suffixes. Some idjectives, but not all adjectives, have suffixes for comparison: -er farl :')r the comparative degree, and -est listl for the superlative degree­ -:ch. richer, richest; poor, poorer, poorest. Nouns and verbs may have _-:ammatical endings, and pronouns have different forms and endings.

Pronouns \11 pronouns have a subject form, an object form, and two possessive :orms. Listen, then repeat.

49

I

,

Subject Form

,

I you he she it who we they

-,

Object Form

me you him her it who(m) us them

1st Possessive Form

2nd Possessive Form

my your his her its whose our their

mine yours his hers whose ours theirs

Here are sentences which use all four forms of the pronouns. 1. I put my money on the table, and John asked me if it was mine. '-

.

",

2. 3. 4. 5.

You put your money on the table, and John asked you if it was yours. She put her money on the table, and John asked her if it was hers. We put our money on the table, and John asked us if it was ours. They put their money on the table, and John asked them if it was theirs.

, III-

Nouns Most nouns have a singular form, a plural form, a singular possessive form, and a plural possessive form.

Singular

..

1i

, 'It

cat dog judge wife man

Plural

cats dogs judges wives men

Singular Possessive

Plural Possessive

cat's dog's judge's wife's man's

cats' dogs' judges' wives' men's

The plural ending s, and the possessive endings's and s' of the same noun are all pronounced alike. The noun suffixes -s, -'s, and os' are pro­ nounced in one of three different ways (Is, iz, z/) depending on the last sound of the noun. For example: the s in cats, eat's, eats'is pronounced lsi; the s in dogs, dog's, dogs' is pronounced Iz/; the s in judges, judge's, judges' is pronounced liz!.

50

Noun Suffixes

,uive

The pronunciation of the noun suffixes (-s, -'s, os, is determined by the

last sound of the noun. In Column 1 below, the sounds followed by lsi

are listed, together with key words; in Column 2 below, the sounds fol­

lowed by It:zl are listed, together with key words; in Column 3 below,

the sounds followed by Izi are listed, together with key words.

• Lms. : was mine. . t was yours. ; :t was hers. . :t was ours. .~m if it was

I.;·

.if

possessive

.,-! s' of the same and -s' are pro­ .:ing on the last

J

,

,:-," 1 '.~:."'.~": ·I·~"·. 'j":'

, "

:."'

•'.

\'

."

Column 2 litel

after p, pe, t, te, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, etc.

after s, se, ce, z, ze, x, (t)ch, (d)ge lsI IzI lsi Il.l leI Ijl

!pl maps, tapes, stamps It I seats, lights, satellites Ikl checks, headaches, snakes fl roofs, staffs, photographs, coughs, Ralph's 81 months, laths

..

.Yil

Column 1 lsi

;..

,.

uses (n.). places. taxes uses (v.), Liz's, quizzes ashes, wishes garages matches, Rich's, niches judges', edges

"

Column 3

ii:;~

Izl

after vowel spellings, and b. be, d, de, g. gue, ve, the, m, me, n, ne, ng, 1, Ie, r, re

NI Ibl Idl Igl Iv! 161

ties, Joe's clubs, Abe's Ed's, cathodes eggs, plagues wives', waves lathes, clothes

Iml names, claims Inl

fans, Anne's

IfJl songs, kings' III

smiles, walls

Irl car's, ears

;t

,w"

.

~bs

'I'te verb "to be" has these forms: be, am, is, are, being, been, was, were. other verbs have a maximum of five different forms. (Tenses and are really phrases of 2 to 4 words, one of which words is one of lilt five different forms below.) ~s

51

p'

1. Common form

.

walk sing beat lie wish knit

2. 3rd singular form

3. Present participle form

walks sings beats lies wishes knits

walking singing beating lying wishing knitting

4. Past form

walked sang beat lay wished knitted

5. Past participle

walked sung beaten lain wished knitted

...

-.

-.

".

r· : : -

,

Practice the pronunciation of the verb suffix for the 3rd singular form, used after he, she, it, and singular nouns and pronouns as in he says, she has, it does, who is, the man sings. The pronunciation of the verb suffix os, -es is identical with the pronunciation of the noun suffixes which you studied previously. It is pronounced one of three different ways (with Is, k, z/) depending on the last sound of the common form of the verb. For example: the s in walks, beats, knits is pronounced lsi; the s in sings, lies is pronounced Iz/; the es in wishes is pronounced Ik/. Verb Suffixes The pronunciation of the "third singular verb suffix," spelled -s or -es, is always Is, z, kl added to the common form of the verb. There are only four verbs in English which do not follow this rule. I am - he is

I do - he does I say - he says I have - he has All the other regular verbs are in three classes: Column 1 has verbs with final sounds followed by lsI; Column 2 has verbs with final sounds followed by Ik/, and Column 3 has verbs with final sounds followed by Iz/, all with key words. Repeat the key words.

52

Column 1 lsi

Column 2 lirz/

after p, pe, t, te, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, etc.

after s, se, ce z, ze, sh, x, (t)ch, , (d)ge

-iple

~ed

:g ·.:en , -hed :ted

P-l1ar form, -. he says, : the verb xes which ... ays (with : the verb.

...

Column 3

Iz/

Ibl Idl Igi

-s or -es,

•.j

after vowel spellings, and

b, be, d, de, g, gue,

ve, the, m, me, n, ne,

ng, 1, Ie, r, re

NI

~ed

lsI notices, increases, kisses IzI uses, oozes, buzzes lSI rushes, cashes IiI rouges ItI reaches, itches Ijl changes, obliges

Ip! helps, stops, wipes ItI wants, fits, rotates Ikl works, takes, checks IfI laughs, coughs, rebuffs leI froths

Ivl 161

ties, knows, sees grabs attends, decides drags, begs lives, arrives bathes, breathes

1m! InJ

IIJI III Ir!

I

seems, times means, learns longs for, sings smiles, calls hears, cares, re

.. this rule.

Verbs Ending in oed

I

.is verbs with

:ina! sounds - followed by

:\1any verbs called "regular verbs" have oed as their past ending, or-d if the verb already has an e as its last letter. This ending is pronounced ti or !dl in the same syllable with the verb, unless the last letters of the verb are t, d, te, or de . As in verb suffixes, the regular verbs fall into three classes: Column 1 has verbs with final sounds followed by lidI, Column 2 has verbs with final sounds followed by Itl, Column 3 has verbs with final sounds fol­ lowed by Id/. Say the key words.

I

•

53

Column 1

Column 2

/i:d/

It!

after t, te, d, de

..

after p, pe, t(ch}, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, s, se, x, sh

ItI wanted, fitted, seated, waited, expected, delighted, rested, rotated, completed Idl needed,attended, added, crowded, decided, faded

Ipl helped, stopped, wiped lei reached, itched Ikl checked, worked, asked, talked, smoked, baked IfI laughed, coughed, rebuffed 191 frothed lsi noticed, increased, kissed, dressed, taxed Is/. rushed, cashed

· ... •

·

"~j

.•

Column 3 Idl

after vowel spellings and all other voiced consonants:

b, be. (d}ge, g, gue,

v, the, m, me, n, ne,

ng, 1. Ie, r, re

"

i

NI Ibl

Ijl Igi Ivl 161

tied, allowed grabbed judged dragged, begged lived, arrived bathed, breathed

1m!

Inl IIJI 11/

Irl Iii

named. claimed learned, cleaned longed for smiled. called heard, cared, ed rouged I

'Some speakers pronounce this word with /j/, not IiI.

54

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 16 \:. ke, .... x, sh

2. STRESS

.,iped

Stress Patterns

•

•

~i,

Stress means "loudness." In English, there are four grades of stress. Often, a small difference in the stress pattern makes a large difference in the meaning. Here are the names of the four grades of stress, and two ways to repre­ sent them: Names of Stress

Accent Symbol

Dot Symbol

Weak (quiet) Tertiary (loud) Secondary (louder)

Primary (loudest)

•

,

••

,

•

,..

Here is a well-known example of two different stress patterns on the same phrase:

•

•

1. White House

The president lives in the White House.

• •

2. white house

The family lives in the white house.

••

White House

••

white house

Stress Patterns on Words lbered

Below are the five most frequent stress patterns. They consist of Primary Stresses and Weak Stresses. Notice the occurrence of the vowels lal and /tI in weak syllables.

•.

yes no

•after• city

•• before enough

•.

• •

company possible

•

••

another

together

55

1

"

man good fast

believe result above

little saying added

consider tomorrow believing

• usual happily gathering

Here are some other stress patterns consisting of one Primary Stress and one or more Weak Stresses:

•

•••

America American Republican

•••

•

•

, ':--­

~

experIence especially material

•••

•

•

immediately imaginative conditionally

• • •

ionately practicable amicable

Other Stress Patterns on Words Earlier in this Pronunciation Drill, you practiced stress patterns con­ sisting of Primary and Weak Stresses. Many words have one Primary Stess, one Tertiary Stress, and some Weak Stresses:

•

"'<11,

..-,

-

•

rSincoat also increase (n.) blackbird locate

•

• • ••

realize indicate satisfied holiday telephone

estimated operator territory qUalitative telephoning

apprecIate intensify intimidate infanticide

•••

•

afternoon understand represent guarantee disappoint

appreciated intensifying intimidated romanticizing

•

• ••

increase (v.) herself themselves humane cartoon

•

•••

•

however already whatever re-doing unfeeling

••• •

anthropologi'caI sociometrical

56

•

•••

possibility satisfactory

•

•

•

• ••

••••

••

information competition

b

.

• •••

Stress

.~ .elY Ible

education

operation Democratic

••••••

imthropologicitIly sociometrically

There are a few pairs of words in English which are alike except for the stress pattern. They have different meanings. Say the words below:

~

l

•

•

specifications mathematician semicoherent

•

•

unconditional

regimentational

. ier -row

ing

•• ••

•

•

•

•

•

•

••

Augiist - augUst import (v.)· import (n.) PE!rInlt (v.) - permit (n.)

con': Primary

"~erns

Stress Contrasts

•

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having one Primary Stress, or a Primary Stress and a Weak Stress.

••

pop, poppy Bob, Bobby leaf, leafy move, movie tang, tangy sit, city doll, dolly dot, Dotty droop, droopy

~te

.de

t

••• ,tOO

-:;ing

idated -' :cizing

might, mighty shade, shady pith, pithy rose, rosy Bill, Billy red, ready pat, patty boot, booty tab, tabby

itch, itchy edge, edgy sis, sissy room, roomy star, starry laid, lady part, party stone, stony Tom, Tommy

rock, rocky bag, baggy bush, bushy rain, rainy cough, coffee hill, hilly putt, putty wind, windy pen, penny

Sentences

,

1. Chicago is called the Windy City. 2. Billy, your coffee is ready.

Stress Patterns on Phrases Some of the stress patterns which appear with phrases consist of Primary Stresses, Tertiary Stresses, and Weak Stresses. Listen to the phrases below, classified by their stress patterns, then repeat:

III

III

57

-

.ilil

•

•

a day an egg the men

I

"'

-4.:

"

-

.- 1"" ~'

j .r

••

••

•

put on take off get on get off

•

1

~-

•

post Office phone call shaving cream White House

.•

at home in time to bed

••

do it tell'im say it

t..

•

•

'

•

to do to say to think

~

isn't couldn't didn't

•

•

•

how much quite fast has seen was done

a loaf of bread a lot of money ice cream old maid

•

••

•

coffee break swimming pool ball game fish net

•

•

call up bring up He's here. It is .

tie pin pie tin girl friend ice cream

Other Stress Patterns on Phrases Many stress patterns on phrases include the Secondary Stress. Every phrase includes only one Primary Stress and may have Secondary, Ter­ tiary, and Weak Stresses. Secondary+ Primary is the usual pattern for adj ective+ noun, verb+adverb, and, in short sentences, noun+verb. Adjective+ Noun

•

•

big boy beautiful woman white cap

58

Verb+Adverb

•

•

wiuk fast sing well come now

Noun+Verb

•

•

John's gone. Dick sings. Marian decided.

•

.

eat quickly jump off come to

four paws black car white dress

Cows moo. Dogs bark. Horses neigh.

Stress Patterns in Contrast The same phrase has one meaning if its stress pattern is Secondary + Primary ( /\ + , ), and a different meaning if its stress pat­ tern includes a Tertiary Stress. Listen to the following phrases in con­ trast, then repeat:

:J

•• can up

Secondary+Primary

• /\

bring up

He's here.

It is.

•,

Primary + Tertiary

•

,

•,

1. old maid

(former servant) 2. Paul Jones (a man's name) 3. red cap (hat which is red) 4. blue bird (a bird which is blue) 5. black board (a piece of wood that is black) 6. four-foot steps (steps which are 4 feet high) 7. four paws (all 4 feet of an animal) 8. long island (an island which is long)

t

;tress. Every lCondary, Ter­

~. + noun, ~tIve

• \'erb

•

;!one. gs. I decided.

3a. redcap (porter)

Tertiary +Primary

•,

•,

1a. old maid (spinster) 2a. Paul Jones (name of a dance)

4a. bluebird (certain species of bird) 5a. blackboard (writing surface in a classroom) 6a. four footsteps (sound or im­ pression of feet) 7a. forepaws (the 2 front feet of an animal) 8a. Long Island (name of an island off New York)

59

1

) I,.

",ii

9. white house (a house which is white) 10. iced cream (cream which is iced)

- I:

- (',

9a. White House (President's house) lOa. ice cream (dessert)

lOb. ice cream (dessert)

Sentences

I really a white house? Long island I really is a long island. A redcap I used to wear a red cap. A blilCkboard I is seldom a black board. A bluebird I is not the only blue bird.

1. Is the White House

2. 3. 4. 5.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 17 _

H

' ....

,... -,

3. INTONATION Intonation is the tune of what we say, or the way our voices go up and down as we speak. In English there are four significant levels of pitch. Pitch means the highness or lowness of the voice. We can represent the four pitches in English in this way: 4 3 2 1

The lowest pitch (represented on line 1) is usually used at the end of sentences. A higher pitch (represented on line 2) is usually used at the beginning of sentences: in a long sentence, most of the words will be spoken on this pitch. A still higher pitch (represented on line 3) is also used. The strongest stress usually occurs with the highest pitch in a sentence, but this is not always true. The highest pitch of all (represented on line 4) is not used as often as the other three. It has a special con­ notation, such as emphasis, surprise, or emotion. The most frequent intonation pattern in English is the 2-3-1 pattern. That is, the sentence begins on pitch two, goes up to pitch three, and

60

...

• goes down to pitch one at the end. This rise or fall, to or toward another pitch, may occur in one syllable. We call this a glide. Glides usually oc­ cur with the strongest stress. Below are some examples of sentences having the 2-3-1 intonation pattern.

.lm -:I

-... ..."""

•

L What's this?

...

... """I'

'\

•

...-

...

6. That's a piece of paper.

5. This is a piece of chalk .

-... ...-

....

.""'1'

'­

8. Where's the hotel?

""'I' '\

- ...

""'I' .'\

....

...

3. What's that?

...

...

a

•

-...

• 2. It's a book.

\

-....

.

9. Where is it?

....

• •- 4. It's a blackbo~d.

...

.... ""'I[

'\

7. That's a chair.

...

10. It's on the corner.

A variation of the 2-3-1 pattern is the 3-1 pattern. This is used in short sentences and phrases, usually when the strongest stress occurs on the first syllable. Below are some examples of phrases and sentences hav­ ing the 3-1 pattern. go up and

ds of pitch.

'present the

-<:

~

I

at the end of

,\' used at the It ~'ords will be '''. line 3) is also jo_:est pitch in a rall (represented as a special con­ 2-3-1 pattern. pitch three, and

~

Yes. Please. No. Thanks. Fine.

tf

i~.

:, ·tf

.

•

!

• II

Thank you. Close it. Tell me. Hi, there. Yes, sir.

•• •

Open it. Look at him. Give him some. Have a piece.

Wait a while.

Practice counting, using the 3-1 intonation.

....

-,.--

... ... ""'I[

'\

One.

Two.

Three.

Four.

...

~

'\

Five.

..... -... .....

! ... ""'I'

...

""'I'

'\

Six.

Seven.

Eight.

Nine.

Ten.

The 2-3-2 intonation pattern is also frequently used in English. Below are some sentences and phrases with the 2-3-2 pattern. 61

,

... -

l. Excuse me,

...

--

.....,

......

-.

A

2. I'm fine, thank you.

please.

A

-.

~

3. Good·bye.

4.

."' .

~~

...

...

6. Write it in your notebooks, please.

5. Open the window, please.

7.

--

•

7.t:~ h~.11

A variation of this pattern is the 3-2 pattern.

...

A

-.

A ""'l

-....

8. Fine, thanks.

-...

A

Dick.

ll. O. K.

The 2-3, or rising intonation, pattern is used in English, usually for a question that can be answered with yes or no. Below are some examples.

......

- .......,~

~

9. Hi,

... -....... 10. That's right.

....... ...

---­...

-- ­ ....... --

.....:"":......

A

4. Would you like anything else?

•

...

....,..

..-.:...:

No.

No, thank you.

-

......

•

2. Is this a pencil?

3. Can you tell me where it is?

Yes, it's a pencil.

...

A

- -

... •

-e-'­ tomato juice?

-­

...

Yes, it's a door.

l. Is that a door?



-

.... -

... Certainly.

5. Do you have

-

...---­

6. Do you sell cigarettes here, Miss?

... ""'I'

Yes.

A rising intonation turns a statement into a question.

If you say

, you are making a statement. He bought it yesterday.

62

If you say

••

•••

•

, you are asking a question .

He bought it yesterday?

Do NOT use the rising intonation with a statement construction unless you mean to ask a question. Uses of the Intonation Patterns

1-

Falling Intonation: 2·3-1, 3-1, 2-3-2

a. Statements: .ally for a

• examples.

-­ -.--;-.-­

2 31 Close the door. 2 3 1 What time is it?

l

: a statement.

2 2 3 Open the window, please.

3 1 Who's coming?

232 Who is it?

Rising Intonation: 2-3

a. Questions Which Can Be Answered by Yes or No:

,~

r

3 1 Tell me.

c. Questions Except Those To Be Answered by Yes or No:

ertainly.

Do you have

2

3 I'm fine, thanks.

b. Commands:

-~

~ ;>€;;cli?\1

2

1 3 John's here.

231 It's raining.

2

3

2

Is it time for dinner?

3

Can you speak English?

2 3 Do you have a pencil? ~.

Questions Constructed Like a Statement: 3 She went to school today? 2

3 You went to the movies? 2

2 3 This bus goes to town?

63

,

Review Below are some questions with the 2-3-1 intonation pattern.

• · • 'If •e...

~"

.....~ II -- -...

1. What do they cost? 2. Who are Sarah and Fred? 3. When do you want to move?

-

-

. . ..

-....

4. How does the machine work?

­

.. -

-

-

-

• • • 10. And what do you want to drink: e

e·

-

..

-

"""I"

7. Where is your wife now?

8. What time does the lecture start?

•

\

5. Well, what kind of cigarettes do you want?

..

6. How much do I owe you?

-

~

-

-

.. -

9. Where do you want us to meet you?

- ----

"""I" \

e

coffee. t ea, or milk?

Below are some statements with the 2-3-1 intonation pattern.

" 1

-- ..

1. I'm going to the movies this evening.

-.. -

3. Your living room is very attractive.

of the city.

....

-

drugstore over th~e.

64

~

-

..-­

-

-

..

'III{

..

4. Our home is on the other side

5. This is a single room with a private bath

~-. to the baseball g'i"me next Saturday.

-

-

2. The class begins at nine o'clock.

..-

6. I have two tickets

..- ...- -..

-..

7. I can use the telephone in that

....-

.­

..

8. There's a dance at the International Student H~use

I

-

-

.­ - ­9. I'd like some orange juice,

F"!'"d "'!"'ht. rl ay rug

I­

L-"II • --=!=

-- ­-

•

-­

--

-­ - -

-

••

-

'W{

two eggs. bacon, and toast.

--

-- .....

10. He wants to find an American roommate so he can practice his English.

. to move?

: . :u w~t~

,"

.1'

I

,tern.

~~:'cl~ !

...



::-;-

• the other side

• ••• ..... . ....-

-.-~~-

. e two tickets

~hone

in that

------

. "tudent .House

I

65

GROUP IX

Consonants I 9, 6, s, z, t, d I

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 18 1. CONSONANTS

i e, 61

Words Frequently Used In English, the letters th represent two different sounds: the "voiced th sound" as in they, and the "voiceless th sound," as in think. Both sounds are made by putting the tongue between the teeth, but the sound writ­ ten 191 is voiceless, like IfI, and the sound written 1'61 is voiced. like Iv/. The "voiced th sound" is the first sound in a very small number of English words (around twenty), but many of these words are used with very great frequency. The common words are given in the first three columns (1, 2, 3) below. Words in the fourth column (4) are archaic or rare. Practice the following common words with the "voiced th sound" 161, as in they.

69

1

the this that these those

t

. .,

2

they them their theirs there

3

4

then than thus though therefore

thou thee thy thine thither, thence

The voiced th sound is also found in the middle of words, and at the end of words where it is regularly spelled -the (exceptions: smooth and sometimes with).

~

~

~.

,-'

£..- 1..

mother father brother weather

another rather bother whether

northern southern smoother smooth (e)

either neither bather bathe

.'

i

... ... .

,

"

1

I]

Sentences 1. My brothers did that themselves.

2. Their car is better than this one. 3. Are they going there some other day, Mother? 4. Although these southern cities have better weather, I'd rather visit the northern ones.

2. THE CONSONANT 191 Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "voiceless th sound" lSI, as in think.

-

think thought thanks thorough thumb

thirteen thirty third thousand thing

month mouth south healthy wealthy

theater anything everything nothing mathematical

The voiceless th sound is the last sound in a number of nouns.

70

•

.....--------

.~-.~.~-.~-------

warm - warmth heal - health (n.) strong - strength deep - depth (n.)

(n.~

long - length (n.~ breathe - breath (n.~ wide - width (n.)

The suffix -th is used to make the adjective forms of the numbers, begin­ ning with 4. eend and

fourth fifth sixth seventh

I

eighth ninth tenth eleventh

twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth

twentieth fiftieth hundredth thousandth

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

Let's thank her for the theater tickets. "Thick" and "thin" mean opposite things. Does the month of June have thirty days or thirty-one? I thought I'd go south, not north.

3. CONSONANTS I 9, 6 I

er

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "voiceless th sound" 19/, as in think, or the "voiced th sound" 16/, as in they. The first word has 19/; the second word has 16/. thigh, thy wrath, rather mouth, mouthe sooth, soothe zither, dither

iOund"

teeth, teethe wreath, wreathe lath, lather ether, either sheath, sheathing

Sentences 9. This is the third toothbrush I've lost this month. 10. The baby's teething, so her mouth is rather sore. 11. Congratulations! You're the thousandth person to visit this theater.

71

•

12. Would you rather have gas or ether? 13. Neither gas nor ether-no anesthetics, thanks. 14. They have to think this thing through.

4. CONSONANTS /9, 6l Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 18.

c ...- ...

,-

,~

1"""

'-)

A. Sentences with I 6 I 1. My brothers did that themselves. 2. Their car is better than this one. 3. Are they going there some other day, Mother? 4. Although these southern cities have better weather, I'd rather visit the northern ones.

B. Sentences with I e I 5. Let's thank her for the theater tickets. 6. "Thick" and "thin" mean opposite things. 7. Does the month of June have thirty days or thirty-one? 8. I thought I'd go south, not north. C. Sentences with / e I and I 61 9. This is the third toothbrush I've lost this month. 10. The baby's teething, so her mouth is rather sore. 11. Congratulations! You're the thousandth person to visit this theater. 12. Would you rather have gas or ether? 13. Neither gas nor ether-no anesthetics, thanks. 14. They have to think this thing through.

•

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 19

I 5. CONSONANTS / s, z, t, d /

I

Words Frequently Used

•

In English, the "s sound" and the "z sound" are made by touching the

I

72

1

sides of the tongue to the tooth ridge, and letting a stream of air come out over the middle of the tongue. which is curved. The opening at the middle of the tongue is smalL The "s sound" is voiceless like IfI, and the "z sound" is voiced like Iv/. Practice the following common words containing the "s sound" lsI, as in say. say see C 6, 16, 60 7,17, 70

sister Mr. (Mister) professor person possible

S Miss nice place worse

this us listen use (n.) less

Sentences

d

1. 2. 3. .4.

"See" and "say" begin with s. Miss Ross said yes. Did your sister send this to us? Is Sunday the second of September?

6. THE CONSONANT I z I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "z sound" /z/, as in zero.

.it this

zero Z

zoo thousand

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday busy

crazy Missouri dessert his

was is has does

easy business as says

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

t:hing the

Please excuse me. He always goes to the zoo on Thursdays. Is his home in Arizona? A thousand has three zeros.

73

•

7. CONSONANTS I a, z I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "s sound" lsI, as in sink, or the "z sound" Izl, as in zinc. The first word has lsI; the second word has Iz/. sue, zoo bus, buzz cease, sees dice, dies sink, zinc

sip, zip niece, knees close, close I loose, lose

see, Z hiss, his decrease, decrees price, prize

ice, eyes piece. peas scion, Zion face, phase

E I.

Sentences

.....

9. 10. 11. 12.

I

She goes to the zoo to see the animals. Sara's your sister, isn't she? His suit is the same as this one. What size dress does Susie wear?

8. CONSONANTS It, d I

.

'Il

Words Frequently Used In English, the lit sound" and the "d sound" are made by the tip of the tongue touching the ridge just above and behind the upper teeth. The tongue does not touch the teeth. The "t sound" is voiceless like IfI, and the "d sound" is voiced like Iv/. Practice the following common words containing the "t sound" Itl, as in tell, little, button. 1

I ~

..

l1

tell T to, too. two

2

not get cigarette

3

little better butter

4

button mountain bitten

. ... . U

U

n

18 ladjective, verb

74

._._----------..,

12, 10 talk tall

e·ssound" !las lsI; the

t ,es peas , Zion phase

I t

IE! tip of the . teeth. The like IfI, and

wet sit let

later eating sitting

written satin gotten

In the middle of a word (see Column 3) t sounds like d in the speech of many Americans. Listen, then repeat. little butter better

put it away latter eating

eighty later bottom

Before Inl in a weak syllable (see Column 4), t has still another sound. Listen, then repeat. button mountain fountain

kitten bitten written

rotten satin

The suffix oed after certain sounds is pronounced like t. Listen, then repeat. helped stooped packed

laughed promised missed

und" Itl, as

Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Try to talk in English all the time. Can you tell me the time? You'd better put a little butter on it. Is a better bottle of wine pretty expensive? It was written by Mr. Sutton. Don't button the bottom button of your jacket.

75

9. THE CONSONANT I d I Words Frequently Used that in English, the "d sound" is made by the tip of the tongue touching the ridge just above and behind the upper teeth. The tongue does not touch the teeth. The "d sound" is voiced like Iv/.

. ,. , ,

-

•

1

""" . , ;

..

-'

. "1 .. )"

Practice the following common words in day. don't day good D dollar bad doing could do did didn't would done idea should had doctor anybody condition find December

containing the "d sound" Idl, as hold old hand mind need road hard

The suffix -ed after certain sounds is pronounced Id/. Listen, then repeat. lived agreed bathed

pulled

ed

Sentences 19. 20. 21. 22.

A good doctor wouldn't do that. What day in December did he come? I couldn't find the dollar I had. Ted had a good idea, didn't he?

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 20 10. CONSONANTS I t, d, s, z, 9, 0 I Words in Contrast

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "t sound"

76

It!, as in ten, or the"d sound" IdI, as in den. The first word has It/; the second word has Id/.

L.as

tin, din tip, dip tell, dell matter, madder bet, bed rot, rod

tie, die town, down wait, wade satin, sadden wrote, rode mate, maid

two, do tome, dome latter, ladder written, ridden bit, bid plate, played

tee, D time, dime bitter, bidder height, hide late, laid light, lied

Sentences 23. 24. 25. 26.

Tell Dotty to do it. Today is cold, isn't it? Ted said he couldn't stay for dessert. Don't you know the word "date"?

l

!p8t.

11. CONSONANTS I tt 9, s I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some groups of words which differ in having the "t sound" Itl, as in tin; the "th sound" 18/, as in thin; or the "s sound" lsI, as in sin. The first word has Itl, the second word has 18/, and the third word has lsI. tin, thin, sin tick, thick, sick taw, thaw, saw

taught, thought, sought tinker, thinker, sinker teem, theme, seem

tank, thank, sank true, threw, sue

Sentences 27. 28. 29. 30.

Thanks for the cigarettes, Miss Thorp. Sixteen times two equals thirty-two. The best theater tickets cost from three to six dollars. Thursday and Sunday were hot, but today is nice.

1OIlIlCi"

77

12. CONSONANTS 1 d, 6,

Z

1

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some groups of the words which differ in having the "d sound" Idl, as in den; the "voiced th sound" 161, as in then; and the "z sound" Izl, as in Zen. The first word has Idl, the second word has 161, and the third word has 1z1. den, then, Zen breeding, breathing, breezing teed, teethe, tease D, thee, Z seed, seethe, seize •

-

dine, thine, resign ladder, lather, lazar bayed, bathe, baize lied, lithe, lies

.' I

' ..,f

Ll'1

Sentences

.. - jS

-.. J

31. 32. 33. 34.

-

Their ideas are always good. They have Wednesday off, don't they? These old roads are in bad condition. Is his father a doctor?

13. CONSONANTS 1 s, z, t, d, 9, 61 Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 19 and 20. A. Sentences with / s I 1. "See" and "say" begin with s. 2. Miss Ross said yes. 3. Did your sister send this to us? 4. Is Sunday the second of September?

B. Sentences with I z / 5. Please excuse me. 6. He always goes to the zoo on Thursdays. 7. Is his home in Arizona? 8. A thousand has three zeros.

78

G

I l

:the the ; ~:.

t

C. Sentences with I s I and I z I 9. She goes to the zoo to see the animals. 10. Sara's your sister, isn't she? 11. His suit is the same as this one. 12. What size dress does Susie wear? D. Sentences with I t I 13. Try to talk in English all the time. 14. Can you tell me the time? 15. You'd better put a little butter on it. 16. Is a better bottle of wine pretty expensive? 17. It was written by Mr. Sutton. 18. Don't button the bottom button of your jacket. E. Sentences with I d I 19. A good doctor wouldn't do that. 20. What day in December did he come? 21. I couldn't find the dollar I had. 22. Ted had a good idea, didn't he? F. Sentences with It/ and / d ! 23. Tell Dotty to do it. 24. Today is cold, isn't it? 25. Ted s.aid he couldn't stay for dessert. 26. Don't you know the word "date"? G. Sentences with I t I, I 9 I, and I s I 27. Thanks for the cigarettes, Miss Thorp. 28. Sixteen times two equals thirty-two. 29. The best theater tickets cost from three to six dollars. 30. Thursday and Sunday were hot, but today is nice. H. Sentences with I d I, 16/, and I z I 31. Their ideas are always good. 32. They have Wednesday off, don't they? 33. These old roads are in bad condition. 34. Is his father a doctor?

79

s_ _. . ._ . ..."....., fi

GROUP X

Consonants I f, v, w, h, y, j,

c, sI

, PRONUNCIATION DRILL 21 1. CONSONANTS I f, v, wi Words Frequently Used In English, the "f sound" is made by touching the upper teeth to the lower lip, and letting the breath come out between them. The sounds "f sound" is voiceless, like It/.

IfI and Ivl are alike, except that the

Practice the following common words containing the "f sound" IfI, as in fine. fine for first find family

four five fourteen fifteen forty

coffee different awful information telephone

life

off

if

laugh

leaf

81

Sentences 1. They went to the cafeteria for some coffee. 2. California has a fine climate. 3. This room has comfortable furniture. 4. If you don't know the telephone number, call information.

2. THE CONSONANT I v I Words Frequently Used

The "v sound" is made by the upper teeth touching the lower lip.

Practice the following common words containing the "v sound" lvI, as in very. very V verb vowel vacant vacation value

.....

visit vegetable seven eleven seventeen seventy evening

November of over ever every never several

live five move

have

leave

believe

twelve

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

I live very near Avery Avenue. All English vowels are voiced. Have you ever visited Vicksburg? Five and seven make twelve. (5+7=12)

3. CONSONANTS I f, v I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ only in having the "f sound" IfI, as in fine, or the "v sound" lvI, as in vine. that the position of the lips and teeth is the same for these two sounds. The only difference is that IfI is voiceless, like Itl, and Ivl is voiced, like Id/. In the pairs below, the first word has IfI, and the second word has Iv/.

82

5P: ,....

11 b ~

a

•

fine, vine belief, believe feel, veal raffle, ravel

life, live file, vile fat, vat feign, vane

leaf, leave fee, V half, halve fear, veer

fan, van few, view shuffle, shovel foil, voile

Sentences 9. During the first fall days, the leaves turn lovely colors. 10. Do you find the English verbs very difficult? 11. I believe President Roosevelt died in 1945. 12. I'd like to move to the boarding house if there's a comfortable room vacant.

lip.

\'. as

, I J

4. THE CONSONANT I w I Words Frequently Used The "w sound" in English is made with the lips rounded, and the tongue high and back at the beginning of the sound. The sound is voiced, like Id/. Practice the following common words containing the "w sound" Iwl, as in week. week one well woman women want

wait work wish will with would

won't wonder welcome window anyway warm

were was willing weather weight world

NOTE: Several common English words spelled with wh are pronounced by some Americans with the Ihwl sound, and by others with the Iwl sound. Either is correct. Imitate your teacher and the other educated speakers around you. The most common words in this category are where, why, when, what, and which.

ring the ber that lds. The like IdJ. has Iv/.

83

•

Sentences 13. We always walk to work. 14. One day a week, we usually wash our clothes. 15. Why do you want to know? 16. The weather was warm this week, wasn't it?

5. CONSONANTS I w, (

:,:

....... j

.: : -

't

I ,:

)'

• !

1

..

,.,-

~

vI

Words in Contrast N ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "w sound" Iw/, as in wine, or the "v sound" lvI, as in vine. The first word has Iw/; the second word has Iv/. wet, vet wane, vane went, vent

wow, vow wiper, viper west, vest

we, V Willa, villa wick, Vic

wine, vine wail, veil

Sentences 17. 18. 19. 20.

Why can't Washingtonians ever vote? When our friends leave, we wave good-bye to them. Are Nevada and Wyoming western states? I believe Virginia and West Virginia are very near Washington.

6. CONSONANTS I f, v, w I Review Sentences

Review the sentences you practiced in PD 21.

A. Sentences with I f I 1. They went to the cafeteria for some coffee. 2. California has a fine climate. 3. This room has comfortable furniture. 4. If you don't know the telephone number, call information.

84

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 22 7. THE CONSONANT I h I Words Frequently Used The "h sound" in English is made by blowing the breath out. The lips and tongue are in the position for the following sound. Practice the following common words containing the "h sound" Ihl, as in here.

nation.

85

•

here hear how hello high who whose

hundred home ahead help hard hope hotel

house head heavy heard hot horse heart

hand habit half hair heat health human

Sentences l. Here's your hat. 2. He likes hot dogs and hamburgers. 3. Is that a boarding house or a hotel? 4. How hot it is in here!

-

,

8. THE CONSONANT I h I

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having or not hav­ ing the Uh sound" Ihl, as in here. The first word does not have Ih/; the second word has IhI. ill,hill eat, heat ear, hear add, had A, hay all, hall

am, ham it, hit is, his Ed, head ate, hate owl, howl

all,hall at, hat eye, hi art, heart odd, hod arm, harm

Sentences 5. Is it his hat? 6. We hear with our ears. 7. Hello, Ellen. 8. I hate ham, but I ate it..anyway.

86

air, hair E, he as, has and, hand old, hold ale, hale

a t 9. THE CONSONANT I y I Words Frequently Used At the beginning of the "y sound" the tongue is in a high position toward the front of the mouth. The middle of the tongue is near the hard palate. The tip of the tongue does not touch the ridge just behind the teeth. Practice the following common words containing the "y sound" Iyl, as myou. ... ~"'it~

you your January excuse United States

year usually use (v.) use (n.) few

yes yesterday yet yellow million

billion young beyond yard Yankee

Sentences 9. Do you practice your English in class? 10. Is your sister younger than you? 11. Yale is a famous university in the United States.

~

12. Last year, they used to play tennis every day.

r not hav,

re hi: the

10. THE CONSONANT I j I Words Frequently Used During the first part of the "j sound," the tip of the tongue touches the :-idge just behind the upper teeth. The lips are pushed out a little. The . sound" is voiced, like Id!. Practice the following common words containing the "j sound" Ijl, as in ;. job G. J January June July :ust

•

joke Jack James jazz germ general

vegetable subject religion engine soldier Georgia

large marriage George judge package language

87

Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16.

June, July, and J anuary begin with j. We have orange juice, grapefruit juice, and pineapple juice. Did Jack and Joe just come? George got a job selling vegetables.

11. CONSONANTS I y, j I Words in Contrast

., ·~l •

.

N ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "y sound" Iy/, as in yet, or the ''j sound" Ij/, as in jet. The first word has Iy/; the second word has Ij/.

yam, jam yell, jell year, jeer ye, G

yet, jet yoke, joke Yale, jail use, Jews

use, juice yak, Jack yard, jarred yea, Jay

yellow, jello you, Jew yacht, jot yon, John

Sentences 17. 18. 19. 20.

Lemon jello is yellow. Have you flown in a jet plane yet? Jack and George go to Yale University. I like yams with ham, but not jam with ham.

12. CONSONANTS I h, y, j I Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 22. A. Sentences with I h I 1. Here's your hat. 2. He likes hot dogs and hamburgers. 3. Is that a boarding house or a hotel? 4. How hot it is in here!

88

B. Sentences with I h I in contrast with initial vowel sound 5. Is it his hat? 6. We hear with our ears. 7. Hello, Ellen. 8. I hate ham, but I ate it anyway.

C. Sentences with I y I 9. 10. 11. 12. e"y

, bas

Do you practice your English in class? Is your sister younger than you? Yale is a famous university in the United States. Last year, they used to play tennis every day.

D. Sentences with I j I 13. June, July, and January begin with j. 14. We have orange juice, grapefruit juice, and pineapple juice. 15. Did Jack and Joe just come? 16. George got a job selling vegetables. E. Sentences with I y I and I j I 17. Lemon jello is yellow. 18. Have you flown in a jet plane yet? 19. Jack and George go to Yale University. 20. I like yams with ham, but not jam with ham.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 23 13. CONSONANTS I

c, s, j I

Words Frequently Used The "ch sound" in English is made with the tongue close to the palate, and the lips pushed out a little. The tip of the tongue touches the ridge just behind the upper teeth during the first part of the sound. The lei is voiceless like It/, but otherwise it is like Ij/. Practice the following common words containing the "ch sound" lei, as in child.

89

'LI 1l.m~.4 Ir.IIIIU.. dLJldlEU iHa . •at_r~~~

• .• JUJ!S.J... e~IJb. i••

child children chicken cheese change

check chair cheap chin choose

teacher lecture furniture actual luncheon

much

watch

teach

such

H

Sentences 1. The child was born in March. 2. Do you want a cheese sandwich or a chicken sandwich? 3. Which lecture did the teacher go to? 4. Don't choose a cheap watch.

14. THE CONSONANT I

sI

Words Frequently Used

. 1 ~

The "sh sound" in English is made with the tip of the tongue close to the ridge behind the upper teeth, but not touching it. The tongue is curved; that is, the sides are higher than the middle. The lips are pushed out a little. The /s/ is voiceless, like Itt . Practice the following common words containing the "sh sound" lsi, as in she. she shall should shoe sure sugar

short show shouldn't Chicago shower shop

direction instructions special examination nation national

wish wash cash cashier shave shine

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

She has some new dishes. The instructions should show you how to use the machine. Shall we wash our clothes or brush them? I wish my shoes were shined!

90

'T"

minI'

---'- ­

II~

-

15.

CONSONANTS Ie,

sI

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "sh sound" lsI, as in ship, or the "ch sound" lei as in chip. The first word has 1st; the second word has lei. ship, chip dish, ditch wish, witch share, chair

shoe, chew shop, chop cash, catch she's, cheese

mush, much sheep, cheap washing, watching shin, chin

marsh, march shoes, choose mash, match

Sentences

lISe

9. 10. 11. 12.

to

~eis

..

Are you sure she has two children? Where can I cash a check? He's going to shave and take a shower before lunch. We're watching conditions in Washington.

ushed ~

16.

CONSONANTS I

c, j I

Words in Contrast that the Ie/ and Ijl are alike, except that leI is voiceless like t/, and Ijl is voiced like Id/. ~ ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "ch sound" leI, as in chin, or the "j sound" /j/, as in gin.

r'i

~ .... .

chin gin larch, large match, Madge

cheep, jeep chew, Jew Chet, jet

etching, edging chest, jest batch, badge choke, joke

Sentences 13. The children had vegetables and fruit juice for lunch. 14. George bought that chair last July.

•

•

91

15. Which subject does Mr. Jackson teach? 16. Did Charles and Joe enjoy the lecture?

17. CONSONANTS I

c, s, j

I

Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 23.

.,

. - r :, : .. .

A. Sentences with I c I 1. The child was born in March. 2. Do you want a cheese sandwich or a chicken sandwich? 3. Which lecture did the teacher go to? 4. Don't choose a cheap watch.

B. Sentences with I s I 5. She has some new dishes. 6. The instructions should show you how to use the machine. 7. Shall we wash our clothes or brush them? 8. I wish my shoes were shined! C. Sentences with / s / or / C / 9. Are you sure she has two children? 10. Where can I cash a check? 11. He's going to shave and take a shower before lunch. 12. We're watching conditions in Washington. D. Sentences with I c / and / j I 13. The children had vegetables and fruit juice for lunch. 14. George bought that chair last July. 15. Which subject does Mr. Jackson teach? 16. Did Charles and Joe enjoy the lecture?

92

GROUP XI

Single Consonants

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 24 1. CONSONANTS I p, b, v I Words Frequently Used In English, the "p sound" and the "b sound" are both made by clos­ ing the lips and then opening them. The "p sound" is voiceless, like Itl, and the "b sound" is voiced, like Id!. Practice the following common words containing the "p sound" Ipl, as in person. person put P pay possibly

piece pie pound pack suppose

people couple happen simple open

keep hope up cup map

Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4.

Please pay the cashier. I'd like a piece of apple pie and a cup of coffee, please. Paul, did you put the paper on the desk? Don't push other people.

93

.-,..

"c-iIIII

. . . c.

..

•

2. CONSONANT I b I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "b sound" Ibl, as in be. be B big Boston about possible

I!

Bob job baby back but by

bus busy billion bad good-bye October

November December cab best believe probably

Sentences "Better" and "best" begin with B. Bob's from Boston, I believe. Will you be back by October? Isn't this new building beautiful?

5. 6. 7. 8.

3. CONSONANTS I p, b I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "p sound" /p/, as in pea, or the "6 sound" Ibl, as in be. The first word has Ip/; the second word has Ib/. pay, bay nip, nib pie, by Pete, beet

pin, bin mop, mob pound, bound pet, bet

maple, Mabel napped, nabbed pack, back

sopping, sobbing putt, but cup, cub

Sentences 9. 10. 11. 12.

The program will probably begin about eight o'clock. Pears and bananas are both fruits, but potatoes are vegetables. Paul, you'd better buy this paper. Which bus goes to the Capitol?

94

....

&

,,~

-

•

.,e­

~

ti

~\ f}·

4. CONSONANTS I h, v I Words in Contrast

fbi, as :v

that the "b sound" is made by closing the lips and then open­ ing them, and that the "v sound" is made by the upper teeth touching the lower lip. Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "b sound" Ibl, as in bat, or the "v sound" lvI, as in vat. The first word has Ib/; the second word has Iv/.

..l­

J'

bat, vat Lib, live boil, voile cabs, calves

Boyd, void bane, vane bend, vend lobes, loaves

by, vie boat, vote saber, saver berry, very

bet, vet

bale, veil

robe, rove

.',

t'

,t ~,

Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16.

Bill is very much better today. Every boy in school plays volley ball. Do these berries grow on vines or bushes? In English, B and V are both voiced.

..

~

~

,e "p

5. CONSONANTS I p, h, v I

has

Review Sentences

,.

Review the sentences you practiced in PD 24.

~:

r

..

A. Sentences with I p I 1. Please pay the cashier. 2. I'd like a piece of apple pie and a cup of coffee, please. 3. Paul, did you put the paper on the desk? 4. Don't push other people. B. Sentences with I b I 5. "Better" and "best" begin with B . 6. Bob's from Boston, I believe. 7. Will you be back by October? 8. Isn't this new building beautiful?

95

.....,.,..:

('

C. Sentences with I p I and I b I 9. The program will probably begin about eight o'clock. 10. Pears and bananas are both fruits, but potatoes are vegetables. 11. Paul, you'd better buy this paper. 12. Which bus goes to the Capitol? . D. Sentences with I b I and I v I 13. Bill is very much better today. 14. Every boy in school plays volley balL 15. Do these berries grow on vines or bushes? 16. In English, B and V are both voiced.

....,..

Ii

- -III!Ii

i: ~

i:

..

;;­

~

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 25 6. CONSONANTS I k, g, p, t,

1

c, b, d, j I

Words Frequently Used In English, the Uk sound" and the "g sound" are made by touching the back part of the tongue to the soft palate. The uk sound" is voiceless,

like It/. and the "g sound" is voiced, like Id!. Practice the following common words containing the "k sound" IkI, as in come.

come welcome talk call take make

back key instruction American buckle luck

car coffee look book like can

check

breakfast

came

cat

cake

steak

Sentences 1. Most Americans have coffee for breakfast. 2. Where can I cash a check? 3. Call me at six o'clock. 4. Is he looking for work in a factory?

96

.

[

}.

. I

...

"'411

-. ~

s

•

it

, .

"

~ J~

p:

7. THE CONSONANT I g I Words Frequently Used

t

Practice the following common words containing the "g sound" Ig/, as in get.

I

I.·.,

, ~J"

~

get give guess game guest

i

forget again begin egg big

girl go garden good August

sugar cigarette magazine dog dialogue

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

The girl got eggs, cigarettes, and sugar. Don't forget to study the dialogue. Are you going to begin your vacation in August? Is the weather good for your garden?

t, '1

•

t.i

t.·•.•.

~

I

" ~ ~.

~

8. CONSONANTS I k, g I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "k sound" IkI, as in come, or the "g sound" Igj, as in gum. The first word has IkI; the second word has Ig/. come, gum cull, gull call, gall cane, gain

Kay, gay Kate, gate could, good luck, lug

pick, pig plucked, plugged curl, girl lacking, lagging

t

muck, mug bicker, bigger duck, dug leak, league

Sentences 9. 10. 11. 12.

He always gets eggs and coffee for breakfast. Call me again some time. Did they get Lucky Strike cigarettes? I've got to go to the bank to cash a check.

97

•

";.',;;7

tg , 5"··

.«-#&5

J

LUI

•.

9. CONSONANTS I p, t,

c, k I

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the up sound" Ip/, as in possible; the "ch sound" lei, as in child; the "t sound" Itl, as in time; or the "k sound" IkJ, as in car.

l' 't

possible put open happy cup map

time table little button let not

child cheese teacher lecture much watch

car

call

because talking take mark

:~_

Te

It.

~

aAJ 11.

C

...

..,.;~

A-s.

Sentences 13. I'd like a cup of coffee and a piece of apple pie. 14. Can you tell me the time? 15. Which lecture did the teacher go to? 16. Where can I cash a check?

B. S

10. CONSONANTS I b, d, j, g I

c.

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "b sound" Ib/, as in big; the "d sound" IdI, as in do; the "j sound" Ij/, as in June; and the u g sound" Ig/, as in get. big believe about table job cab

do day ready reading good bad

June job vegetable subject large marriage

get give ago together bag leg

Sentences 17. Bob's from Boston, I believe.

98

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D.

E

t K..

~,

"

~:

18. Ted had a good idea, didn't he? 19. George got a job selling vegetables. 20. Are you going to begin your vacation in August?

, as

me;

11. CONSONANTS I k, g, p, t,

c, b, d, j I

Review Sentences

Review the sentences you practiced in PD 25.

., ~".,-

t~ f~ "

· ·.·:· ;:

t··

~.

is ,~

A. Sentences with / k / 1. Most Americans have coffee for breakfast. 2. Where can I cash a check?

3. Call me at six o'clock.

4. Is he looking for work in a factory?

B. Sentences with / g / 5. The girl got eggs, cigarettes, and sugar. 6. Don't forget to study the dialogue.

7. Are you going to begin your vacation in August?

8. Is the weather good for your garden?

C. Sentences with / k / and / g / 9. He always gets eggs and coffee for breakfast. 10. Call me again some time. 11. Did they get Lucky Strike cigarettes? 12. I've got to go to the bank to cash a check. D. Sentences with / p /, / t I, 1 c I, or 1 k 1 13. I'd like a cup of coffee and a piece of apple pie. 14. Can you tell me the time? 15. Which lecture did the teacher go to? 16. Where can I cash a check? E. Sentences with 1 b /, / d /, 1 j I, or / g 1 17. Bob's from Boston, I believe. 18. Ted had a good idea, didn't he? 19. George got a job selling vegetables. 20. Are you going to begin your vacation in August?

99

_II

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 26 12. THE CONSONANT I

zI

S. .l

Words Frequently Used The "zh sound" in English is made with the tip of the tongue close to the ridge just behind the upper teeth, but not touching it. The tongue is curved; that is, the sides are higher than the middle. The lips are often pushed out a little. The "zh sound" is voiced, like Id!. This sound occurs in the middle and at the end of English words, but not at the beginning.

;i!!

'1

.

S. 3. II ... C

Practice the following common words containing the "zh sound" IiI, as in measure.

1.5 1,(,

..

\\"0

Pn

dill

~

1)

measure vision pleasure

division confusion conclusion

collision decision leisure

f

garage! beige! rouge!

•

Sentences 1. I have to measure the garage. 2. The collision occurred because of the driver's poor vision.

13. CONSONANTS I

s

s, z I I

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "sh sound" lsI, as in Aleutian, or the "zh sound" IiI, as in allusion. that the mouth position is the same for these sounds, but lsI is voiceless, like Itl, and Ii.I is voiced, like Id/. ruche, rouge Aleutian, allusion mesher, measure glacier, glazier

Asher, azure

dilution, delusion

fission, vision

Confucian, confusion

lSome speakers pronounce these words with Ij/, not IiI.

100

~~

l ~

F

; .

Sentences 3. It's a pleasure to see you, Mr. Shaw. 4. Could you give me directions to the Treasury Building? 5. After making an examination, the doctor will give his decision. 6. She wore a beige suit and red shoes.

P­

I

.

14. CONSONANTS I f, 9, s,

I

Words Frequently Used

~

"

•

sI

t

Practice the following common words with the "f sound" IfI, as in face; the voiceless "th sound" 18/, as in thank; the "s sound" lsI, as in see; and the "sh sound" lsI, as in she. face five office before if life

thank thought nothing mathematical breath south

see say possibly listen nice place

she sure special direction cash wish

Sentences 7. 8. 9. 10.

They went to the cafeteria for some coffee. I thought I'd go south, not north. Did your sister send this to us? Shall we wash our clothes or brush them?

15. CONSONANTS I v, 6, z,

zI

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "v sound" lvI, as in very; the voiced "th sound" 161, as in this; the "z sound" IzI, as in zoo; or the "zh sound" IiI, as in measure. very visit

this that

zoo zero

measure vision

101

wi

every ever five have

. ",r:

another rather smooth bathe

thousand Tuesday was always

confusion division garage rouge

Sentences 11. I live very near Avery Avenue. 12. My brothers did that themselves. 13. He always goes to the zoo on Thursdays. 14. I have to measure the garage.

.."

~

·1

Vi'"

'r_... ....

n.e-,

,\';

~

16. CONSONANTS / f t

Vt

s,

Zt

9,6, St 7.1

.,

IDC· . .

t-.

•

Review the sentences you practiced in PD 26. A. Sentences with / i / 1. I have to measure the garage. 2. The collision occurred because of the driver's poor vision. B. Sentences with / s / and / i / 3. It's a pleasure to see you, Mr. Shaw. 4. Could you give me directions to the Treasury Building? 5. After making an examination, the doctor will give his decision. 6. She wore a beige suit and red shoes. C. Sentences with / f /, / 9 /, / s /, and / s / 7. They went to the cafeteria for some coffee. 8. I thought I'd go south, not north. 9. Did your sister send this to us? 10. Shall we wash our clothes or brush them?

'

n. (

:=---

Review Sentences

'i

l..

;:: ;:: :) r

D. Sentences with / v /, /6 /, / z /, and / z / 11. I live very near Avery Avenue. 12. My brothers did that themselves. 13. He always goes to the zoo on Thursdays. 14. I have to measure the garage. 102

-

UJIj

....

PI'8d ~ ret

ru rI

rei ~.

11-

s..

.....

. .

II

•

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 27 17. CONSONANTS I r, II Words Frequently Used The "r sound" in English may be made in several different ways. The "r sound" before a vowel may be made by turning the tip of the tongue up toward the palate. The tongue does not touch the palate, and it does not vibrate. The Irl is voiced, like Id/. The "I sound" before vowels, as in leap, is made with the front of the tongue touching the ridge just behind the teeth, and the middle of the tongue high. The "l sound" after vowels, as in call, is made with the tip of the tongue touching the ridge behind the teeth, and with the back of the tongue high. Some speakers have only one variety of l, the "back l," as in call, which they use everywhere. Practice the following common words containing the "r sound" before vowels, Ir/, as in right. right read ring railroad "room

run real rice radio rain

ready red rock wrote remind

wrap restaurant rich really rates

Sentences 1. It's raining rather hard today. 2. Are you ready to go, Robert? 3. Rachel's roommate is named Ruth. 4. Would you rather have a radio or a record player?

18. THE CONSONANT III Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "l sound" Ill, as in let and call. 103

let like last letter late

look low lie law lose

eleven million billion hello July

_). <X

well

all

feel

sell

call

".on:ls

Sow,.

., IJOI)DC

"rI.

rid. Ii ruse.

Sentences }!

5. 6. 7. 8.

I

1 ~

-

....... ..--.

We all like to get letters. Carolyn lives on Lowell Lane. Do you feel well today? Does he like to look at television?

rooa

Seatel

.1

L~

13. II H.Re

19. CONSONANTS I 1, r I "?

15..~ 16. a.

Words in Contrast N ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "I sound" Ill, as in lie, or the "r sound" Irl, as in rye. The first word has 11/; the sec' ond word has Ir/.

%1.

«

~it

IIeviI lie, rye dill, deer list, wrist loss, Ross nil, near

line, Rhine look, rook light, right lace. race

pole, pour low. row lock, rock lobe. robe sill. sear

mull, myrrh lake, rake lid, rid boll, bore

A.S!

8.5

Sentences 9. Louise writes long letters to her father every Saturday. 10. We had a very long trip to Lexington because we took the wrong road. 11. Does the bell ring regularly at four o'clock? 12. Robert Lane lives in a double room.

104

•

-;:,.....;

~

,

20. CONSONANTS J I, r J Words in Contrast

~. r

~..

r

Now you will hear some other pairs of words which differ in having the "l sound" IlJ, as in lie, or the "r sound" Irl, as in rye. Here the first word has Irl, and the second word has IlJ. rid, lid ruse, lose road, load rear, rill room, loom

raid, laid rip, lip rest, lest gore, goal rain, lane

royal, loyal wrap, lap root 2 , loot mire, mile

reach, leech rot, lot rag. lag tore, tall

Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16.

I like rare steak. Rose didn't feel well yesterday. Are you looking for a restaurant? to read Lesson Eleven.

21. CONSONANTS J I, r J Review Sentences

Review the sentences you practiced in PD 27.

A. Sentences with I r I 1. It's raining rather hard today. 2. Are you ready to go, Robert? 3. Rachel's roommate is named Ruth. 4. Would you rather have a radio or a record player?

•

B. Sentences with I I I 5. We all like to get letters. 6. Carolyn lives on Lowell Lane. 7. Do you feel well today? 8. Does he like to look at television? lSome speakers pronounce this word with lui, not luw/.

105

C. Sentences with I I / and I r / 9. Louise writes long letters to her father every Saturday. 10. We had a very long trip to Lexington because we took the wrong road. 11. Does the bell ring regularly at four o'clock? 12. Robert Lane lives in a double room. 13. I like rare steak. 14. Rose didn't feel well yesterday. 15. Are you looking for a restaurant? 16. to read Lesson Eleven. 'J ~'

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 28

-

...

-'idicI!

~

..

IIften

4Ift'Ill

$.101

.; Do ':'. On 6. Wll

22. CONSONANTS / m, n, IJ I Words Frequently Used

L

. .....

s-tet

·1

~

.....

TJ

The u m, n, and ng sounds" are nasals. That is, in making these sounds, the mouth age is closed at some point, and the nose age is open. All these sounds are voiced, like /d1. The "m sound" is made by closing the lips and then opening them. The un sound" is made by touching the tip of the tongue to the ridge just behind the upper teeth. The "ng sound" is made by touching the back of the tongue to the velum, or soft palate, behind the roof of the mouth. Practice the following common words containing the "m sound" Im/, as in much. much many maybe man morning

Miss Mrs. Mr. might minute

summer coming September November December

same some come seem time

''0. Tbel

..­.­

1) .II tL ­

......... ~"\.t

r.~.

~

c

....

~.

,""' Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4.

••. C

-f'..

My mother goes to Maine every summer. Maybe Mr. Manning lives on Maple Street. How many women make this much money? What time is it, Miss Hamilton?

106

'if'

t (~.

23. THE CONSONANT Inl

f

Words Frequently Used

Practice the following common words containing the "n sound" Inl, as in need. need nice afternoon evening one

seven men women know new

not Sunday Monday running nine

ten fourteen in can then

f

Sentences 5. 6. 7. 8.

! t

I need a new pen. Do you know her name? On Sunday evening, there's a concert at the National Gallery. When can Mr. Nelson come?

24. CONSONANTS I I), I)g, I)k I Words Frequently Used The letters ng are pronounced (fJ/, as in long and singer, and they are pronounced /rJg/. as in finger and longer. The letters ng are also pro­ nounced Inj/, as in stranger and ginger. Notice that -ng is pronounced II)! at the end of a noun (thing) or a verb (sing) or a word derived from such a word (singer); it is also pronounced /rjl at the end of adjectives (long). -ng is pronounced i"fJgl in words like longer, longest, stronger, and strongest, and in words ending in -ngle, etc. - single, bangle. -nge is pronounced Injl at the end of words-strange- and in words de­ rived from such words-stranger.

In English, the /fJl never occurs at the beginning of words. and in stan­ dard English, IIjgl never occurs at the end of words. Practice the following common words containing the "ng sound" IIj/, as in thing; the "ngg sound" IIjg/, as in younger; and the "nk sound" IIjk/, as in bank.

107

j

- - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 71

. "

-

",

fIJI

IIJI

IIJgl

IIJk!

thing young song wrong sing

bringing singing ringing hanging swinging

younger longer single finger stronger

bank think pink thanking drinking

..

. . CO~

,,-onIs I

Prac:tice I

as in lanl

9. 10. 11. 12.

..,.d: ­

How long can y ou sing without getting tired? Bill Browning always brings the morning paper. This thing is stronger, and it will last longer.

I'm thinking of bringing my check to the bank.

25. CONSONANTS, J m, n,

1). 1)g,

I)k I

Words in Contrast

•

Jell

Sentences

,

.1

16. Is

N ow you will hear some pairs or groups of words which differ in their nasal sound. Each word has one of the following: the jim sound" Iml, as in ram; the "n sound" Inl, as in ran; the "ng sound" IfJ/, as in rang; the "ngg sound" ITJg/, as in wrangle; or the "nk sound" IfJk/, as in rankle.

mice, nice sin, sing rang, ran, ram hang, hangar, anger ban, bang, bank

dime, dine thin, thing sinner, singer tan, tang, tank

kin, king rum, rung singer, finger hung, hunger thin, thing, think

Kim, kin, king rum, run, rung lawn, long, longer bang, banging, bangle

Sentences 13. Mr. Emerson s ings tenor. 14. I'm drinking ginger ale, not orange juice. 15. Kim is the name of a novel by Kipling. 108

lamp

sampII

damp CMIP

s-a­ 11- ~ IS. '.'

.t..

\\c

•. He

...

!i. C

" .

-~-

\

~u

....,. .,. "

!If't:

-.

c-.

III

•

··",~,"t1i

__

--.......

~_-·-

l

t t

"'-

r"'~

.

16. Is John going to New York next Sunday?

­

~

26. CONSONANTS I mp, nt, nd, nc I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "mp sounds" Impl, as in lamp; the "nt sounds" IntI, as in sent; the "nd sounds, Indl, as in send; and the "nch sounds" Incl, as in lunch. lamp sample damp campus

~~

t-~ ~~

.

:(: "

sent rent can't hunt

send rained spend planned

lunch inch bench branch

Sentences

"

'I

~

17. 18. 19. 20.

"

t i

~

This campus is damp in winter. Many students rent rooms near DuPont Circle. We planned to spend the day at the beach, but it rained. He went to an empty bench.

27. CONSONANTS Imp, mb, nd, nt, g, l)g, gk I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs and groups of words which differ in hav­ ing the "mp sounds" Impl, as in simple; the "mb sounds" Imbl, as in sym-,. bol; the "nd sounds" Indl, as in send; the "nt sounds" IntI, as in sent; the "ng sounds" IIJI, as in thing; the "ngg sounds" IIJg/, as in finger; or the "ngk sounds" 1'IjkJ, as in think.

i .'f ~

"~,

[~ ~

simple, symbol sent, send can't, canned rang, wrangle, rankle ample, amble lent, lend mound, mount

~

"~: ~.

f:

~

~,

r,

ramp, ramble pained, paint hang, angle, ankle sing, single, sink bend, bent faint, feigned

,~

".

109

,~



.. Sentences 21. 22. 23. 24.

The children in camp rambled through the woods. That letter can't be sent until it's signed. On her way to the bank, Mrs. Young hurt her ankle. The tree bent in the wind.

19

2()

F. SIll 21

zj

Z

28. CONSONANTS I m, n, I), mp, nt, nd, nc, mh, I)g, I)k I J

.

-,-. ,

~

, 1

Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 28.

"

A. Sentences with I m I 1. My mother goes to Maine every summer. 2. Maybe Mr. Manning lives on Maple Street. 3. How many women make this much money? 4. What time is it. Miss Hamilton? B. Sentences with I n I 5. I need a new pen. 6. Do you know her name? 7. On Sunday evening, there's a concert at the National Gallery. 8. When can Mr. Nelson come? C. Sentences with I I). I)g, I)k I 9. How long can you sing without getting tired? 10. Bill Browning always brings the morning paper. 11. This thing is stronger, and it will last longer. 12. I'm thinking of bringing my check to the bank. D. Sentences with I m, n, I). I)g, I)k I 13. Mr. Emerson sings tenor. 14. I'm drinking ginger ale, not orange juice. 15. Kim is the name of a novel by Kipling. 16. Is John going to New York next Sunday? E. Sentences with Imp, n t. nd, nc I 17. This campus is damp in winter.

110

'Jr"

2­

~

1;...

~,

•

J

it::

18. Many students rent rooms near DuPont Circle. 19. We planned to spend the day at the beach, but it rained. 20. He went to an empty bench. F. Sentences with Imp, mb, nt, nd, I), I)k /

21. The children in camp rambled through the woods. 22. That letter can't be sent until it's signed. 23. On her way to the bank, Mrs. Young hurt her ankle. 24. The tree bent in the wind.

I

,

J

rr

l··

~..

~ ~:

i ~

t ~"

~,

;

~-'

,,.

r-

111

I

J

GROUP XII

Clusters of I s I + Consonant

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 29 1. I s I CLUSTERS Words Frequently Used that lsi is voiceless. Be careful not to make it voiced when it is followed by a voiced consonant. Practice the following common words containing the "sl sounds" Is1/, as in slow, and the "sw sounds" Isw/, as in sweet. <

slow sleep· slip. slice

slot slang slippery Slavic

sweet swallow swim swear

swell swing Sweden sweetheart

Sentences 1. Swim to shore slowly. 2. Miss Sweeney is sleeping.

113

2. CONSONANTS 1st, sts I Words Frequently Used

Practice the following common words containing the "st sounds" Ist/,

as in steak, and the "sts sounds" Istsl, as in lasts.

rJ'

-:J., .. ..,-,

••

#

.-,

I.

:.t' ....

steak student star stand

Mister (Mr.) sister yesterday western

last lost least rest

lasts rests tastes tests

Sentences

3. My sister is a student at Western Reserve University. 4. Mr. Steel always rests after running fast.

~

I

3. CONSONANTS I sk, sks I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "sk sounds" Iskl, as in skin, and the "sks sounds" /sks/, as in desks. skin sky school

scold skate skip

escape ask desk

desks risks asks

Sentences 5. There are ten desks in the school room. 6. Ask Mr. Skinner if we can skate here. 4. CONSONANTS I sp, sps I Words Frequently Used

Practice the following common words containing the "sp sounds" Ispl,

as in speak, and the "sps sounds" Isps/, as in gasps.

114

speak space special

speed spend spelling

especially expensive hospital

'stl,

Sentences

,

7. We don't eat spinach with a spoon. 8. This hospital is especially good.

5. CONSONANTS I skr, str I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "skr sounds" Iskr/, as in scream, and the "str sounds" Istr/, as in street. scream scrambled scratch screen

I 'skJ,

B~

gasps

grasps

wasps

scrub Scranton describe description

street string stress straight

stranger strong destroy instructions

Sentences

9. I want scrambled eggs, please. 10. All the streets in this town are straight.

6. CONSONANTS I spr, spl, sr I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "spr sounds" Ispr/, as in spring; the "spl sounds" Ispl/, as in splendid; and the "shr sounds" /ar/, as in shrub.

ISp/,

spring sprang bed spread spray

splendid splash splinter splatter

shrub shrimp shrink shrine

115

. I ;

'

"

Sentences 11. Today is a splendid spring day. 12. Shrimp is my favorite seafood.

7. CONSONANTS Ism, sn I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "sm sounds" Ism/. as in smoke, or the "sn sounds" Isnl, as in snow.

. -.... ,.

I

•

smoke Smith smile small

smell smooth. smart smash

snow snake snap sneezing

sniff

snip

snack

snob.

Sentences 13. Do you smell smoke, Mr. Snow? 14. The Smiths are in the snack bar.

8. I s I CLUSTERS Review Review the sentences you have practiced in PD 29. A. Sentences with I sl I and I sw I 1. Swim to shore slowly. 2. Miss Sweeney is sleeping. B. Sentences with I st I and I sts I 3. My sister is a student at Western Reserve University. 4. Mr. Steel always rests after running fast. C. Sentences with I sk I and I sks I 5. There are ten desks in the school room. 6. Ask Mr. Skinner if we can skate here.

116

I.\!-

~

D. Sentences with I sp I and I sps / 7. We don't eat spinach with a spoon. 8. This hospital is especially good. E. Sentences with / skr / and / str I 9. I want scrambled eggs, please. 10. All the streets in this town are straight. F. Sentences with I spr /, / spl!, and / sr ! 11. Today is a splendid spring day. 12. Shrimp is my favorite seafood. G. Sentences with! sm ! and ! sn I 13. Do you smell smoke, Mr. Snow? 14. The Smiths are in the snack bar.

117

GROUP XIII

Clusters of Consonant + I I, r I

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 30

1. I pi, pr, kl, kr, bl, br I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "pi sounds" !pl!, as in please, or the "pr sounds" !pr!, as in probably. please place plan plenty

airplane employ unpleasant apply

probably price practice professor

previous April improve approve

Sentences 1. Please find out what time the plane leaves. 2. We'll probably see Professor White in April.

119

I

2. CONSONANTS I pI, pr I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "pi sounds" Ipl/, as in play, or the "pr sounds" Ipr/, as in pray. The first word has Ipl/; the second word has Ipr/. play, pray plank, prank plays, praise ply, pry

· .. . .

plate, prate plies, prize plowed, proud plod, prod

applies, apprise plied, pride plow, prow pleasant, present

Sentences 3. They plan to practice tonight.

4. What's the price of these pretty plates?

•

~)

·,

,

,.

I

3. CONSONANTS I kl, kr I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "kl sounds" Ikll, as in class, or the "kr sounds" Ikr/, as in cross. class clean club closet

close (v.) close (adj.) climate clothing

cross cream cracker criminal

crazy

across crowd cry

Sentences 5. In this climate, you need warm clothing. 6. He went across the street to buy some ice cream.

4. CONSONANTS I kl, kr I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "ki

120

w

1

sounds" /kl/, as in clown, or the "kr sounds" Ikr/, as in crown. The first word has /kl/; the second word has Ikr/. clown, crown clack, crack cloak, croak clank, crank climb, crime

Clyde, cried clabber, crabber clash, crash close, crows click, crick

clamp, cramp class, crass clue, crew clam, cram

Sentences 7. On a clear day, we can see across the valley. 8. Was the club house crowded last night?

5. CONSONANTS I hi, hr I

I dI._

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "bl sounds" /bl/, as in black, or the "br sounds" Ibr/, as in brown. black blue blow blank

blood blind blink blame

brown breakfast bring brave

bread brother break breath

Sentences 9. The Blanding School colors are blue and black. 10. Bring my brother's breakfast, please.

6. CONSONANTS I hi, hr I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "bl sounds" /bl/, as in blue, or the "br sounds" /br/, as in brew. The first word has /bl/; the second word has /br/.

121

t

.---------------------------------~ blue, brew Blake, break blain, brain blazon, brazen blight, bright blink, brink blaze, braise

blanch, branch bleach, breach bloom, broom bland, brand blackish, brackish blush, brush blest, breast

blouse, browse bled, bread blade, braid blandish, brandish bleed, breed blues, bruise

Sentences

..

11. My brother bought black shoes and a brown hat. 12. Today the wind is blowing and the sun is shining brightly.

"~

.

...•

7. CONSONANTS I pI, pr, kI, kr, hI, hr I

,

•

Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 30.

,

A. Sentences with I pI I and I pr I 1. Please find out what time the plane leaves. 2. We'll probably see Professor White in ApriL 3. They plan to practice tonight. 4. What's the price of these pretty plates?

B. Sentences with I kIf and f kr f

5. In this climate, you need warm clothing.

6. He went across the street to buy some ice cream. 7. On a clear day, we can see across the valley. 8. Was the club house crowded last night?

C. Sentences with f bl I and I br I 9. The Blanding School colors are blue and black. 10. Bring my brother's breakfast, please. 11. My brother bought black shoes and a brown hat. 12. Today the wind is blowing and the sun is shining brightly.

122

.

I

,

r

tly.

, PRONUNCIATION DRILL 31 8. CONSONANTS I gl, gr, fl, fr I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "gl sounds" Igl/, as in glad, or the "gr sounds" Igr/, as in great. glad glass glove

glorious globe glue

great green grass

grow ground group

Sentences 1. Was Gloria glad to see you? 2. The grass is very green now.

9. CONSONANTS I gl, gr I Words in Contrast N ow you will hear some words which differ in having the "gl sounds" /gl/, as in glue, or the "gr sounds" /gr/, as in grew. The first word has /gl/; the second word has /gr/.

glass, grass glade, grade gloom, groom glue, grew

gland, grand glad, grad glow. grow

glaze, graze glean, green glimmer, grimmer

Sentences 3. I'm glad the grass is growing. 4. That group of students is from Glasgow.

123

r

i

10. CONSONANTS I fl, fr I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the 14fl sounds" IflI, as in flag, or the "fr sounds" Ifrl, as in free.

"

flag flat fly

tJ

float floor flower

free fresh

from front fruit

Sentences 5. This seaplane flies and also floats on the water. 6. Do you prefer fresh fruit or frozen fruit?

~

.,-

:1 -.I

11. CONSONANTS I fl, fr I

<

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "fl sounds" IflI, as in flee, or the "fr sounds" Ifrl, as in free. The first word has IflI; the second word has Ifr/.

~ 1

1

flee, free flank, frank fleas, freeze flock, frock

flesh, fresh flail, frail flier, frier flog, frog

fly,fry flame, frame flight, fright

flute, fruit flay, fray flow, fro

Sentences 7. Which flag is flying in front of the embassy? 8. Fred and Florence are from Florida. 12. CONSONANTS I gl, gr, fi, fr I

!':k

Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 31.

~~

A. Sentences with I gl I and I gr I

124

..

1. Was Gloria glad to see you?

..

2. The grass is very green now. 3. I'm glad the grass is growing. 4. That group of students is from Glasgow. B. Sentences with I fl I and I fr I 5. This seaplane flies and also floats on the water. 6. Do you prefer fresh fruit or frozen fruit? 7. Which flag is flying in front of the embassy? 8. Fred and Florence are from Florida.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 32 13. CONSONANTS I tr, Or, dr I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words with the "tr sounds" Itrl, as in tree; the "voiceless th and r sounds" 181, as in three; and the "dr sounds" Idr/, as in drive. tree true try train

three through throw thread

drive drink dress drop

Sentences 1. It's a two-hour trip by train. 2. Did the boys throw the ball through the window? 3. Please drive me to the drugstore.

14. CONSONANTS I tr, 9r I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in having the "tr sounds" Itrl, as in tree, or the "voiceless th and r sounds" 18r/, as in three. The first word has Itr/; the second word has 18r/.

125

~~-------------------------------------------------------------------~~'

tree, three trice, thrice trip, thrip trill, thrill

trash, thrash

true, threw

tread, thread

trust, thrust

Sentences 4. He took a trip through three states. 5. Try to put the thread through the eye of the needle. 6. Mr. Truman's business is thriving.

15. OTHER CONSONANT CLUSTERS You have now studied the groups of consonants which appear frequent­ ly at the beginning and in the middle of words in English.

<

The following is a review of clusters resulting from "long u" after a con­ sonant, C + /yuw/, which you studied in PD 10, Section 5, and of clusters consisting of consonants Iw/.

)

Say these words with the "long u" sound:

,

-

1

Ipyl Ikyl Ibyl Igyl Ifyl Ivyl Imyl Ihyl

pure, pewter cute, curious beauty, beautiful gewgaw, argue few, furious view, revue music, mute human, humorous

N ow say these combinations with Iw/:

• 1

/tw/ /kwl Idw/ /gwl lawl Iswl

Iswl

126

twin, twenty quiet, quick dwarf, dwell guava, Gwen

thwart, thwack

swim, swarm

Schwartz, Schwinn

Now say these words containing groups of consonants with either the "long u" or the Iwl sound: Ispyl Isky! Iskwl

spew, dispute skewer, askew squeeze, squabble

N ow listen to these sentences containing the sounds you just reviewed. 1. Walt Disney invented a few cute dwarfs.

ent­

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Hugh thought the twins were beautiful. There is no quick cure for that dispute. The minor squabble became a feud. Isn't this a beautiful view? The music here is usually quiet and beautiful.

con­ lters

127

GROUP XIV

Clusters of I r I + Consonant

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 33 ·i

1. CONSONANTS / rp, rt, rc, rk / Words Frequently Used

The "r sound" followed by a consonant occurs in the middle and at the end of English words. If time permits, review Pronunciation Drills 13 and 14, where vowels before r are given. t Practice the following common words containing the "rp sounds" /rp/, as in sharp; the "rt sounds" Irt/, as in heart; the "rch sounds" Ire/, as in church; and the "rk sounds" Irk/, as in work. sharp purple Antwerp Harper

heart dirty porch part

church search March arch

work

fork

circle

parking

~.

Sentences 1. Please sharpen this purple pencil. 2. Bert spilled dessert on his shirt at the party. 3. Many churches have Gothic arches. 4. Does Mark work in New York?

129

-

s

2. CONSONANTS / rh, rd, rg, rj / Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "rb sounds" Irb/, as in barber; the "rd sounds" Ird/, as in word; the "rg sounds" Irg/, as in Pittsburgh; and the Urj sounds" Irj/, as in urge.

,

barber harbor suburb absorb

.) }

--..

"~. J ,

word heard third cured

Pittsburgh iceberg cargo target

Sentences 5. 6. 7. S.

Is there a barber shop in this suburb? I heard every word you said. The ship hit an iceberg and the cargo sank. Does the sergeant have a large car?

3. CONSONANTS / rf,

•

urge

large

charge

sergeant

re, rv, reI

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the urf sounds" Irf/, as in careful; the "r voiceless th sounds" Ire/, as in fourth; the "rv sounds" Irv/, as in curve; and the "r voiced th sounds" /r6l, as in further. careful orphan scarf perfect

fourth earth birth north

curve serve deserve nerve

further

farther

farthest

northern

Sentences 9. The scarf matches perfectly. 10. His birthplace was North Carolina. 11. Does it make you nervous when a car goes around a curve too fast? 12. Northern New York is farther from here than you think.

130

j

.,

18

19

4. CONSONANTS Irs, d, rz, rZ I

lrb1. in

85

,

~'rl', as

IOUnds" ~.

we too

Words Frequently Used

Practice the following common words containing the "rs sounds" Irsl,

as in person; the "rsh sounds" IrS!, as in harsh; the "rz sounds" Irz/, as

in stairs; and the "rzh sounds" Iri/, as in Persia.

person worse nurse horse

harsh marsh partial portion

stairs hers Thursday cars

t

Persia

Persian

version

aversion

I

Sentences 13. A person who writes verse is called a poet. 14. Have you heard of the Marshall Plan? 15. Are these cars both hers? 16. Does he speak Persian?

5. CONSONANTS I rl, rm, rn I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "ri sounds" Irll, as in girl; the "rm sounds" Irm!, as in arm; and the urn sounds" Im/, as in learn. girl curl early Arlington

arm permanent storm farm

learn

turn

modern

morning

Sentences 17. Does the girl have curly hair? 18. Will they live on the farm permanently? 19. What did you learn this morning?

131

~

,wr--------------------------------------------­ 6. I r I FOLLOWED BY A CONSONANT Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 33. A. Sentences with 1 rp I, / rt /, I rc /, and 1 rk I 1. Please sharpen this purple pencil. 2. Bert spilled dessert on his shirt at the party. 3. Many churches have Gothic arches. 4. Does Mark work in New York?

,)

B. Sentences with 1 rb /, I rd I, / rg /, and / rj / 5. Is there a barber shop in this suburb? 6. I heard every word you said. 7. The ship hit an iceberg and the cargo sank . 8. Does the sergeant have a large car? C. Sentences with / rf I, / ra /, / rv /, and / r61 9. The scarf matches perfectly. 10. His birthplace was North Carolina. 11. Does it make you nervous when a car goes around a curve too fast? 12. Northern New York is farther from here than you think.

... : ... ­ . .....

•

D. Sentences with / rs I, / ra I, / rz /, and 1 rz 1 13. A person who writes verse is called a poet. 14. Have you heard of the Marshall Plan? 15. Are these cars both hers? 16. Does he speak Persian? E. Sentences with 1 rl/, 1 rm I. and / rn 1 17. Does the girl have curly hair? 18. Will they live on the farm permanently? 19. What did you learn this morning?

132

..

~

GROUP XV

Final Clusters Ending in I s, z, t, d I

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 34 1. CONSONANTS Ips, ts, fs, 9s, pt, kt, ft, st, st, ct I Words Frequently Used NOTE: Review PD 15 before doing this lesson. Below are some nouns ending in Ipsl, Its/. Iksl, Ifs/. and 19s I, in their possessive and plural forms, made by adding the "s sound" to the singular form of the noun. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. caps maps cups shops

minutes streets coats dates

weeks thanks backs books

wife's handkerchiefs laughs coughs

berths Ruth's breaths deaths

Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

These shops don't sell maps. She's always at least ten minutes late for dates. Thanks for the books. Those are my wife's handkerchiefs. Ruth's job is recording the births and deaths in this city.

133

2. CONSONANTS Ips, ts, ks, fs I

•

Words Frequently Used Below are some verbs ending in Ipsl, Itsl, Iksl, and Ifsl, in the third per­ son singular present tense form, made by adding the "s sound" to the simple form of the verb. 1 Practice these words containing final conso­ nant clusters. stops keeps sleeps hopes

. :) J. :1,_,

writes sits lets gets

takes checks makes talks

laughs coughs stuffs telegraphs

Sentences

~

6. 7. 8. 9.

Mr. Brown usually stops work at noon and sleeps for an hour. She sits in the park every day and waits for her friend. He always walks and talks with me. She always laughs at us.

1 3. CONSONANTS I pt, kt, ft I Words Frequently Used Below are some verbs ending in Iptl, Ikt/, and Iftl in their past tense form. made in regular verbs by adding the "t sound" to the simple form of the verb. 2 that although regular verbs add the letters -ed to form the past tense, the pronunciation is ftl when the verb ends in Ipl, Ikl, or Iff. Practice the words below ending in final consonant clusters. stopped hoped kept slept

talked liked walked looked

laughed

coughed

left

telegraphed

IVerbs ending in 161, such as froth, also form the third person singular present tense form by adding lsi, but such verbs are rare.

2Verbs ending in 161, such as froth, also form the past tense by adding It!, but such verbs

are rare.

134

,

.

•t .

•

, j

t

..

Iii .

I

&.

Sentences 10. They stopped in Chicago and slept. 11. We checked our suitcases at the station and walked around the city. 12. I wonder why he laughed when he left.

4. CONSONANTS 1st, 8t, ct / Words Frequently Used Below are some verbs ending in Istl, Istl, and letl in their past tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. ed danced noticed missed

finished wished rushed cashed

watched reached touched scratched

Sentences 13. They danced until midnight. 14. I finished my homework at nine o'clock. 15. We watched television last night. ., ~

5. FINAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS

••

Review Sentences

Review the sentences you have practiced in PD 34.

-

:\. Sentences with I ps /, I ts I, I ks I, and / as I 1. These shops don't sell maps. 2. She's always at least ten minutes late for dates. 3. Thanks for the books. 4. Those are my wife's handkerchiefs. 5. Ruth's job is recording the births and deaths in this city. 6. Mr. Brown usually stops work at noon and sleeps for an hour.

135

•• 7. She sits in the park every day and waits for her friend. 8. He always walks and talks with me 9. She always laughs at us. .

i

1 E

B. Sentences with / pt /, / kt /, and / ft / 10. They stopped in Chicago and slept. 11. We checked our suitcases at the station and walked around the city. 12. I wonder why he laughed when he left.

p

It: eI

C. Sentences with / st /, / st /, and / ct / 13. They danced until midnight. 14. 1 finished my homework at nine o'clock. 15. We watched television last night.

j

-.

Sel

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 35

6. 7.

8.

6. CONSONANTS I bz, dz, gz, vz, 6z /

9. 10. :

Words Frequently Used

Below are some nouns ending in /hz!, Idz/, /gz!, /vz!, and !5z! in their

possessive and plural forms, regularly made by adding the "z sound" to

the singular form of the noun. Practice these words containing final con-

8. 4 Wor

sonant clusters. cabs' clubs jobs Bob's

Ed's beds heads roads

dogs eggs legs drugs

wives leaves knives

lives

Sentences 1. Bob's sister has two jobs. 2. These beds are more comfortable than Ed's. 3. Both the dog's legs are hurt. 4. Mr. I ves and Mr. Cleaves have been friends all their lives. 5. Does the new house have two baths?

136

Belo persl cons

paths baths

Sent 11. T

t

t

12. H

•

,

,

I

.

7. CONSONANTS lIz, mz, nz,

I)Z,

I

i

,III I .

rz I

Words Frequently Used Below are some nouns ending in IIz/, Imz/, Inz/, llJz/, and Irzl in their possessive and plural forms, made by adding the "z sound" to the singular form of the nouns. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. names Jim's times poems towns

nouns Jane's pens songs Iring's

things rings walls smiles schools

pencils cars ears letters chairs

I I

I I

Sentences 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

How many times have you played these games? These signs say there are telephones in this drugstore. What are the Iring's favorite songs? The walls of these schools are made of brick. Do you get many letters from your sisters and brothers?

I I

I I

I

8. CONSONANTS I hz, dz, gz, vz, 6z I Words Frequently Used Below are some verbs ending in Ibz/, Idz/,./gz/, Ivz/, and /6z/ in the third person singular, present tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. robs rubs describes grabs

leads reads decides rides

digs brags begs hugs

believes lives leaves arrives

breathes bathes smooths

Sentences 11. This book describes Washington, D.C. 12. He sometimes reads while he rides on the bus.

137

. 13. Every day John begs us to go with him. 14. The teacher always gives him a book when he arrives. 15. He usually bathes at nine o'clock.

pi CO

9. FINAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS Review Sentences Review the sentences you have practiced in PD 35. Sel

A. Sentences with / bz /, / dz /, / gz /, / vz I, and 16z I in nouns 1. Bob's sister has two jobs. 2. These beds are more comfortable than Ed's. 3. Both the dog's legs are hurt. 4. Mr. I ves and Mr. Cleaves have been friends all their lives. 5. Does the new house have two baths?

B. Sentences with liz I, I mz /, I nz I, I IJz I and I rz I in nouns 6. How many times have you played these games? 7. These signs say there are telephones in this drugstore. 8. What are the king's favorite songs? 9. The walls of these schools are made of brick. 10. Do you get many letters from your sisters and brothers? C. Sentences with I bz I, I dz I, I gz I, I vz I, and 16z I 11. This book describes Washington, D.C. 12. He sometimes reads while he rides on the bus. 13. Every day John begs us to go with him. 14. The teacher always gives him a book when he arrives. 15. He usually bathes at nine o'clock.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 36 10. CONSONANTS I mz, nz, gz, lz, rz I Words Frequently Used Below are some verbs ending in Imz/, Inz/, IIJZ/, /lz/, and Irzl in the third

138

1. 2.

I

3. '

4. , 5. l

11. Wo

Bel« tene

11

,

•• ~

,

rd

gI

&I

Sen1

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

,

]

~

,]

~

person singular, present tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. comes seemS dreams screams

runs begins cleans turns

falls feels pulls smiles

sings rings brings bangs

wears hears appears interferes

Sentences

•lives.

It seemS that he always comes to class late. The class begins at nine o'clock. The postman always rings the doorbell when he brings us letters. Ask him how he feels today. 5. She always hears the news on the radio.

1. 2. 3. 4.

ns

reo

/

11.

CONSONANTS I bd, jd, gd, vd, e>d /

Words Frequently Used

ners?

Below are some verbs ending in Ibd/, Ijd/, Igd/, /vd/, and J6d/ in the past tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters.

l

• ~.

I

robbed rubbed grabbed described

engaged judged urged obliged

lagged bragged begged hugged

believed lived received arrived

breathed bathed smoothed

Sentences 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This criminal robbed a bank. Dr. Black charged $5.00 for that treatment. We begged them to stay with us. He received the letter when he arrived. She stood beside the window and breathed the fresh air.

the third

139

ik.1 I til It LJdUIL; \ [311 I LlltU lIJlt;~

12. CONSONANTS' md, nd, IJd ,

.j ~~

Words Frequently Used

1 '>

Below are some verbs ending in 'md/, Imi/, and /fJdl in the past tense form. Practice these words ending in consonant clusters.

-1

1

seemed dreamed named warmed

learned cleaned turned rained

:"1i

longed (for) belonged clanged banged

~ ~

'il

-'"

":-~

..~

l,

Sentences

I

11. They seemed to enjoy the movie very much. 12. He learned English when he returned to the United States. 13. The little boy banged the door.

.:~

, ,

'¥

Q

13. CONSONANTS I zd, ld, rd I

"

.~:.i;

Words Frequently Used

'

Below are some verbs ending in Izdl, /ldl, and Irdl in their past tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters. ,.~

advised closed

amazed surprised

called palled killed smiled

heard appeared cleared lowered

"

~

{~

'rj

.~

i

i.,,''. it

Sentences 14. I closed the door because I supposed you had gone. 15. Robert called for Louise at eight o'clock. 16. I heard every word you said.

140

}<

-l

.1I

'~

3

:~

"-:.~

'~ 14. FINAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS Review Sentences

lense

eform.

Review the sentences you have practiced in PD 36. A. Sentences with / mz /. I nz /, I IJz /, I lz I, and I rz I 1. It seems that he always comes to class late. 2. The class begins at nine o'clock. 3. The postman always rings the doorbell when he brings us letters. 4. Ask him how he feels today. 5. She always hears the news on the radio. B. Sentences with / bd /, / jd /, I gd I. I vd I, and I 6d / 6. This criminal robbed a bank. 7. Dr. Black charged $5.00 for that treatment. 8. We begged them to stay with us. 9. He received the letter when he arrived. 10. She stood beside the window and breathed the fresh air.

C. Sentences with / md /. / nd /, and / IJd I 11. They seemed to enjoy the movie very much. 12. He learned English when he returned to the United States. 13. The little boy banged the door. D. Sentences with / zd I. lId /. and / rd I 14. I closed the door because I supposed you had gone. 15. Robert called for Louise at eight o'clock. 16. I heard every word you said.

141

GROUP XVI

I Letters and Sounds

•

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 37 THE ALPHABET Review the forms of the capital letters, small letters, and names of the letters of the English alphabet. Capital Letter

A B

C D E F G H I J K

142

Small Letter

a b c d e f g h 1

j k

L M N

1 m

0

0

n

Name of Letter

feyf fbiy! !siy! !diyl liy! lefl Ijiy! leycf layl fjeyl fkeyl lelJ feml len! fowl

I

•,

..

<'$

.",,"'~ ~

I

P

;

'S

P q

Q

r s t u v w

R S T U V

W X

x

y

Y Z

z

Ipiyl Ikyuwl larl lesl Itiyl lyuwl Iviyl IdabilyUwl leksl Iwayl Iziyl (British Ized!)

1. Repeat the capital letters.

2. Repeat the small letters. 3. Then say the alphabet backwards. 4. Listen to the alphabet song which American children sing. I

ABCDEFG HIJKLMNOP

of

Q and R and S and T UVWXYZ Now you've heard my ABC's Won't you say them for me please.

USES OF THE NAMES OF THE LETTERS There are various occasions when it is necessary to use the names of the letters and their plurals. The plural of a letter of the alphabet is usual­ ly written's (apostrophe "s" lapastrafiy es/). The plural s is pronounced Is, z, ¥i.1, according to the last sound of the singular. Say the following plurals: lsi

f-rs

11£1

h - h's, s - s's, x -x's a - a's, b's, c's, d's, e's, g's, i's, ps, k's, ['s, m's, n's, r's t's, u's, v's, w's, y's, z's

Izi

D'S,

p's, q's,

143

; . .lIS JUW

Sentences

,

1. My teacher gave me three A's and two B's for my work in class. 2. MISSISSIPPI is spelled with four s's and two p's. 3. His name is John Doe-capital j-o-h-n, capital d-o-e. 4. The vowel letters are a, e, i, 0, u, and sometimes y and w. 5. The following are the consonant letters: bcd, f g h, j kim n, p q r s t, v w x y z.

USE OF THE ALPHABET IN ABBREVIATIONS There are three common types of abbreviations in English: 1. The Mr. type of abbreviation (pronunciation of abbreviation - pronun­ ciation of complete form) Abbreviation

Pronunciation

Full Form

Mr. / Dr. Maj. Jr. Dept. Ave. Mrs. Ms. st. St. lb., lbs.

lmistarl Id8ktarl Imeyjarl Ijuwp.yarl ldipartmintl Imvin(y)uwl Imisw.1 lmizl Istriytl Iseyntl Ipawnd/, ,/pawndzl lawnts/, lawntsizl

Mister Doctor Major Junior Department Avenue (Mistress) . (see Note below) street saint pound pounds ounce, ounces

oz.

NOTE: Although Mrs., pronounced Imisw.l, is the abbreviation for mistress. mistress is never used as a title now. Ms. Imizl is now com­ monly used as a general title for all women. It does not imply any par­ ticular marital status, as do Miss and Mrs. The abbreviations lb. and oz. are really abbreviations of non-English words.

144

t

lillie LlLUUL tNU

2. The UNESCO type of abbreviation (abbreviation is pronounced like a word) Abbreviation

Pronunciation

UNESCO

lyuneskowl

WAC CARE

Iwmkl

OPEC

lowpekl

Ikehrl

Full Form

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization The Women's Army Corps The Co-operative for American Remittances to Europe Organization of Petroleum . Exporting Countries

3. The MD. type of abbreviation (pronunciation of abbreviation - names of letters in abbreviation) Abbreviation

Pronunciation

Full Form

M.D. B.A. B.S. M.A. Ph.D. YMCA

lem diyl Ibiyeyl Ibiyesl lem eyl

Medicinae Doctor Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science Master of Arts . Philosophiae Doctor Young Men's Christian Association Unidentified Flying Object Tennessee Valley Authority Trans-World Airlines American Broadcasting Company Columbia Broadcasting System National Broadcasting Company American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations National Association of Manufacturers

UFO

TVA

for

TWA ABC CBS NBC AFL C.I.O.

Ipir erc dfYI , Iway em siy eyl

lyUw ef owl Itly viy eyl ltiy dabtiyuw eyl ley biy siyl ISlY biyesl len biy slyl

ler e! e~

fsiy ayowl

1)111­

1*­ and

N.A.M.

fen

ey emf

145

p~,~:;;;;;,".,"~"~.--::-----:-;;;v;~;;i~<~:
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET AND ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION The twenty-six letters of the English alphabet are used to represent the twenty-four consonant sounds and a minimum of fourteen vowel sounds. The following are some important things to know about how English spelling corresponds to English pronunciation. 1. The short vowel sounds are regularly represented by VC(C).I

back

pet

tip

knot

us

To represent the short vowel sound when you add a suffix beginning with a vowel (for example, -ing, -er, -est), double the final consonant let­ ter if the word ends in one consonant. pat, patting

pet, petting

tip, tipping

knot, knotted

No spelling changes are made if the word ends in two consonants. back, backer knock, knocking

bend, bending rust, rusty

tick, ticking

2. The long vowels are regularly represented by VCe. bake

Pete

type

note

use

Such words regularly lose the final e before a suffix beginning with a vowel. bake, baking

type, typist

note, noted

use, using

NOTE: The long vowels are also represented by other spellings. See PD 38.

3. Words which end in Cy change the y to i before the ending -es.

baby, babies try, tries

city, cities fly, flies

IV=vowel; C=consonant

146

family, families

,

I

4. English spelling often uses two or more letters to represent one sound or no sound. (The letters in parentheses represent a single sound.)

t the ands. glish

(CH, TCH): (CK): (DG-E): (GH):

, nning , nt let­

liltS.

l

g with a

~. See PD

ng -es.

(GN):

.-----

(KN): (MB): (NG): (PH): (SH):

lSI, SUI: (SSI, TIl: (TH) /0/: (TH) /6/: (WR):

cheap, each, match pick, lack, lock bridge, judging cough, enough, through, bough, ought, thorough gnat, gnaw, sign knife, knock comb, lamb sing, singer phone, philosophy, graph ship, fish measure, vision mission, nation then, mother, bathe, smooth thin, mathematical, truth wrong, awry, write

THE ALPHABET AND THE VOWEL SOUNDS OF ENGLISH You have studied the twenty vowel sounds represented by the five vowel letters, alone and in combination, as in the words below. 1

Iii lei lrel lijl fal

pit pet pat putt pot 1;)1 dog lui put fol port

2

3

liy! Pete leyl pate

4

lihl peer leh! pare

layl pie

lawl bout

lahl purr lahl par

loyl boy

luwl boot lowl boat

luh! poor . lohl pour

All these vowel sounds are in loud stressed syllables. In quiet unstressed syllables, the two most common vowel sounds are "the short u sound" lal, as in butter; and "the barred-i sound" Iii, as in children, little. roses. and just a minute.

147

miLk 1...'.tlill!lJl"r

.1111.•.!IUII,J.4E.illiioIr",....,,...... . .

'~A

,

The "barred-i sound" (represented by the letter i and a bar superim­ posed) is extremely frequent: children roses just a minute

Icildrinl or Ictldrinl

Irowzizl

Ijist a minKI

THE ALPHABET AND THE CONSONANT SOUNDS OF ENGLISH The twenty-one consonant letters of the English alphabet are used alone and in the combinations you studied in the two previous sections to repre­ sent the twenty-four consonant sounds. These sounds are represented by different symbols in different books (6, th; El, &h, dh, 6; sh, zh, z; ch, c; f; j. g, dz; ng, I), etc.). The symbols are not important, if you can say and understand the sounds perfectly. In each key word below, the letters which represent one of the twenty" four English consonant sounds are underlined. The Consonant Sounds of English

Ipl Ibl IfI Ivl Iml Iwl

apple rubber teleEEone ever gr~ar a~ay

ItI Idl 161 161 In! 11I,lrl

little bo~y

ether mother banana - ea!:J.y

Icl Ijl lsi Izl Iyl

kitchen ajar classify ea~y

Malala

fkl Igl lsI If-I

pickle

bigger

nation

vision

/rJI si!!&er

fhl rehearse

PRONUNCIA1"ION DRILL 38 English spelling is irregular, especially the spelling of the vowel sounds. All spelling rules have exceptions, and these exceptions often occur in words which are frequently used. In the following lessons you will study the spelling of the short and long vowel sounds, of the vowel sounds before r, and of the consonants. 148

-.

1. THE SHORT AND LONG i SOUNDS The spelling of the "short i sound" IiI, as in pit, and the "long i sound" layl, as in bite.

The "short i sound" Iii is regularly spelled iC. bit

quit

fin

sit

did

tip ­

It is sometimes spelled y.

rhythm

myth

mystery

The "long i sound" layl is regularly spelled iCe, y, yCe, ie, or igh.

d

i­

f

'1­

iCe:

y: yCe: ie: igh:

bite, quite, fine by, cry

type

die, lie

high, night

This sound is often spelled y when it is final in words of one syllable. by

I

se

try

cry

dry

Notice the difference in spelling and pronunciation in the pairs of words below: Short i

Long i

bit sit quit fin did tip

bite site or sight quite fine died type

Dds.

um ~udy

ilIlds

2. THE SHORT AND LONG e SOUNDS The spelling of the "short e sound" leI, as inpet, and the "long e sound" fiy/, as in Pete.

149

.--= ~.

The "short e sound" is regularly spelled eC. met

led

fed

ferry

The "short e sound" is often spelled ea. bread dead dread

head weather heaven

heavy

measure

wealth

Common exceptions are says, said. The "long e sound" liyl is regularly spelled eCe, ee, or ea. Pete, concrete

meet, feet

meat, breathe

The letter y has the "long e sound" at the end of polysyllabic words like the following: happily

merry

healthy

easy

lovely

Notice the difference in spelling and pronunciation in the pairs of words below: Short e

Long ('

met fed set bet bread dead pet

meet or meat

feed

seat

beet or beat

breed

deed

Pete

3. THE SHORT AND LONG a SOUNDS The spelling of the "short a sound" lrel, as in pat, and the "long a sound" ley/, as in tape. The "short a sound" Ire! is regularly spelled aC.

150

tap lack bath

sad Sam

can pal cap

The "long a sound" leyl, is regularly spelled aCe, ay, ai, ey, or ei. aCe: ay: ai: ey: ei:

tape, lake, bathe, same, cane, pale pay, say, play, day sail, mail, pail they, convey veil, eight, neighbor, vein

Notice the difference in spelling and pronunciation in the pairs of words below: ~

like

.ords

sound"

Short a

Long a

tap cap lack bath pal at van

tape cape lake pace bathe pale ate or eight vain, vein, or vane

4. THE SHORT AND LONG

0

SOUNDS

The spelling of the "short 0 sounds" lai, as in pot, or lal, as in dog, and the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know. The "short 0 sounds" Ia! or 1;>1 are regularly spelled oC. not rob cop

smock fox cost

long cloth office often

The "long 0 sound" is regularly spelled oCe, oa, ow, and ou.

151

$i!IJ

note, robe, cope, smoke

boat, coat, throat, soap

bowl, sow, grow, know

soul, shoulder

oCe: oa:

ow: ou:

.1,11*

,~,

Notice the differences in spelling and pronunciation in the pairs of words below:

t~ ~

I' ~

,",

Short

0

not rob cop smock fox cost cloth

Longo

~

..

note robe cope smoke

folks

coast

clothe

,~

~

~

4

~

1

5. THE SHORT AND LONG u SOUNDS AND THE SHORT 00 SOUND

~

.'

4

The spelling of the "short u sound" la/, as in but; the "long u sounds" luwl or Iyuw/, as in who and cute; and the "short 00 sound" lui, as input.

•.-.

There is not really a regular spelling for the "short u sound." It is usual­ ly spelled uC, ou, or o.

,.,,!

uC: ou: 0:

~

cut, us, tub, run, rush, rub, mud, much, luck country, double, enough, trouble, rough, tough come, some, govern, nothing, other, brother, mother, love, glove, done, does, month, son, front, money

. :~

•

'1:

-~ ~~

,~

There are also several spellings for the "long u sounds." They are spelled uCe (or another vowel), ew, ui, or o. uCe: ew: ui: 0:

152

June, July, use, usually, music, human news, knew, few

fruit, juice, suit who, move, prove

"

"

~"~

~uc

t

•

_ "_ _ _~~"W"'"K~

•

-==____

"~.

__ ..__ . ._ .~

~

. ._ ___

Other spellings are used in Tuesday, beauty, beautiful. The luI sound, as in took, is spelled with ooC or uC. ooC: uC:

took, cook, book, shook, look, good, stood, hood, wood, foot put, pull, bull, full, bush, push, cushion, butcher

6. SPELLING OF VOWEL SOUNDS FOLLOWED BY r Spelling of lihr/, as in here; lehr/, as in air; lohrl or lohr/, as in four; luhr/, as in tour; lahr/, as in part; and lahrl as in girl. lihrl is spelled ear, eer, or ere. ear: eer: ere:

ear, clear, dear, fear cheer, beer, queer, career merely, here, adhere, interfere

lehrl is spelled air, are, ear, ere, or eir. air: are: ear: ere: eir:

air, pair, chair, fair, stairs fare, care, share, rare wear, bear, pear, tear there, where their, heir

lohrl and lohrl are spelled or, oor, our, or ar: or: oor: our: ar:

d

1

• 1t

I

J

or, for floor, door four, pour war, warm

luhrl is spelled ure, oor, our. ure is usually pronounced Iyuhr/.

9D-

ure: oor: our:

sure, cure, pure poor, boor your, tour

153

'14"01ll:'I1_L ~

lIlt,

-

'Ji.lUIULl UUlLULI L

Ii.

LI•.

lahrl is regularly spelled ar(C); sometimes ear.

are, March, large. car, park, farm heart

ar(C):

ear:

lahrl is spelled ur, ir, er, (w)or, or earC.

burn, turn, hurry, hurt thirteen, thirty, girl, sir, first her, were, person, verb work, word, worry, world, worth heard, earth, learn, earn

ur: ir: er: (w)or: earC:

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 39 1. SPELLING OF CONSONANT SOUNDS The spelling of the consonant sounds in which one sound is regularly represented by one letter. Ibl Idl Igl

IhJ

III Im/ Ipl ItI Ivl Iwl

B D G H L M P T V W

boy, big; able, horrible; job date, dime; ready, older; bad, good game, go; bigger, cigarette; rug, dig hat, health; behind, anyhow live, leave; finally, lately; will, fill might, may; important, grammar; home, same pay, picture; happy, apply; up, cap time, terrible; little, butter; ate, at very, vegetable; every, flavor; give, have will, world; away, anyway

2. SPELLING OF CONSONANT SOUNDS Spelling of the consonant sounds which are regularly represented by one of several letters, or a combination of letters.

154

•

•

•

find, found; awful, careful; if, off;

philosophy; telephone; graph

nice, near; many, money; man, men; knife, know, knowledge; gnat, gnu t

IfI F or

PH Inl N or

I

KN or GN Irl R or WR

read, room; Mary, wearing; car, are; write, wrote

Ikl C

K :

~-' ¥

CK

t

larly

lsI S or

C

:Jy one

' ','I:

The letter c regularly represents Ikl before a, 0, and u, and before l and r. cat, cop, cute; class, clear; cream, critical The letter k has only one sound, IkJ! and is regularly used before e and i; after ~ n, and r; with "long" vowels; and 00. ck represents the IkJ in the middle or at the end of

words.

Ken, kettle; kiss, kill; milk, silk; dark, work; thank,

ink; cheek, leak, soak, break, cake, like, coke, Luke,

look, took; black, deck, block, tick

The letter s represents two sounds, lsI and Izl (see below). The letter c also represents two sounds, IkJ (see above) and lsI. The letter c regularly represents the lsI sound when it is used before e and i. say, see; sister, missing; bus, yes; cell, circle; recess, placing; peace, ice

Izl Z or S

The letter z has only one sound, Iz/. The letter s has two sounds, lsI at the beginning of words, and lsi or Izi in the middle or at the end of words: zoo, zero; fuzzy, lazy; size, prize; easy, busy; lose, these

Ijl J or G

The letter j has only one sound and is used at the beginning of words. g has two, Ijl and Ig/. g regularly represents Ijl before e and i (common ex­ ceptions: get, give, girl, and their derivatives). jelly, jam; George, genius; raging, ginger; cage, large

155

I

I

lsI SH

The letters sh regularly represent the lsI sound, but in the middle of words, the letters ti often represent this sound: shoe, share; wishing, cushion; dish, fish, nation, condition, action, fiction

leI CH

The letters ch regularly represent the leI sound, but in the middle of words, the letter t often occurs in­ stead: church, child; kitchen, itching; each, such; nature, culture, actual, ritual

181 TH

think, thanks; nothing, something; breath, birth this, that; mother, father; bathe, clothe

101 TH Iyl Y or U

you, your; beyond, unyielding (See Section 5 of this PD for u spelling.)

lfJl NG

This sound never occurs at the beginning of English words: singer, ringing; thing, long

11.1 S or G

This sound never occurs at the beginning of English words. In the middle of words, it is usually represented by sV, and at the end of words by gV. measure, vision; rouge, garage

Note the following combinations of consonant sounds: Ikwl is regularly represented by the letters qu; quick, quiet, quite. In the middle and at the end of words, Iksl is sometimes represented by the letter x: Mexico, excellent; tax, box.

156