Pronouns 585y9

PRONOUNS I

He We We

Us

Sh e

Definition "Pronoun" is the sentence element used to replace a noun, or a noun equivalent construction. The replaced noun is named the "."antecedent

CATEGORIE S OF PRONOUNS

Syntactically, pronouns have the same functions as nouns do; morphologically, pronouns are used to avoid repetition, and to set/clarify nouns' categories of number, . person, and gender

There are eight categories of pronouns, The :categories of pronouns are .Personal Pronouns. 1 Possessive Pronouns .. 2 3. Demonstrative Pronouns. 4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns. 5. Interrogative Pronouns. 6. Relative Pronouns. 7. Reciprocal Pronouns. .8. Indefinite Pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUN

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending :on . number: singular (I) or plural ( we) person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you) . or 3rd person(he) gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter . (it) .case: subject (we) or object (us)

We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are .talking about

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example :sentences

personal pronouns number

person

gender

subject

object

1st

male/fema le

I

me

2nd

male/fema le

you

you

male

he

him

female

she

her

neuter

it

it

1st

male/fema le

we

us

2nd

male/fema le

you

you

singular 3rd

plural

Examples (in each 3rd case, themale/fema first example shows a subject they them le/neuter :pronoun, the second an object pronoun)

. I like coffee .John helped me ? Do you like coffee.John loves you . He runs fast?Did Ram beat him . She is clever?Does Mary know her . We went home.Anthony drove us . It doesn't work?Can the engineer repair it ? Do you need a table for three?Did John and Mary beat you at doubles. They played doublesJohn and Mary beat them -

:We often use it to introduce a remark It is nice to have a holiday. sometimes . It is important to dress well.

We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time :and distance . It's rainingIt will probably be hot. tomorrow ? Is it nine o'clock yetIt's 50 kilometers from here. to Cambridge

Possessiv e Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an .animal/animals or thing/things) You will never find apossessive pronoun near a noun, despite the fact it is the genitive of personal :pronoun We use possessive pronouns depending onnumber: singular (mine) or plural (ours)person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person(yours) or 3rd person (his) . gender: male (his), female (hers)-

Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Each possessive :pronoun can . be subject or object.refer to a singular or plural antecedentnumber

singular

person

gender (of "owner")

possessive pronouns

1st

male/female

mine

2nd

male/female

yours

male

his

female

hers

1st

male/female

ours

2nd

male/female

yours

3rd

male/female/ne uter

theirs

3rd

plural

:Examples Look at these pictures. Mine is the bigone. (subject = My picture) I like your flowers. Do you like mine?(object = my flowers)

All the essays were good but his was thebest. (subject = his essay) John found his port but Mary couldn'tfind hers. (object = her port)

Singular

Plural

my Used your before nouns his, her, its mine Used yours alone

our your their ours yours theirs

his, hers, its

REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUN

Definitio ns

Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voiceverb in order to reflect the action of the verb back on the subject--the antecedent. -Emphatic pronoun accompanies its antecedent in order to accentuate its action/state. -Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take . different positions within the sentence structure

We use a reflexive pronoun** when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" . (plural) There are eight reflexive reflexive pronoun : pronouns singular

myself yourself himself, herself, itself

plural

ourselves yourselves themselves

the underlined words are the SAME person/thing

. I saw myself in the mirror ?Why do you blame yourself . John sent himself a copy -

I made it myself. OR I myself made. it Have you yourself seen it? OR Have? you seen it yourself She spoke to me herself. OR She. herself spoke to me

DEMONSTRATI VE PRONOUN

Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives have exactly the same forms. The way to differentiate them depends on their position relative to the Demonstrative pronouns antecedent/determined .THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE .nouns THE FORMER, THE LATER THE FIRST, THE LAST THE OTHER,THE OTHERS SAME SUCH SO

A demonstrative pronoun represents :a thing or things near in distance or time (this,* these) far in distance or time (that,* near far those) singular

this

that

plural

these

those

. This tastes good* . These are bad times* . That is beautiful* ! Those were the days*

ATTENTION The word "that" has four main functions: 1. demonstrative pronoun or adjective: That book is good. 2. relative pronoun: Anything that you could help a lot. 3. conjunction: He said that he had been there before. 4. adverb:

Do not confuse demonstrative pronounswith demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a demonstrative pronoun , stands alone while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a .noun That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)That book is good. (demonstrativeNormally we use demonstrative pronouns adjective + noun) for things only. But we can use them for people when the person is identified. Look : at these examples ? This is Josef speaking. Is that MaryThat sounds like John-

INTERROGATIV E PRONOUN

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what . we are asking the question about) There are four main interrogative pronouns: . who, whom, what, which The possessive pronounwhose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive .pronoun)

person

subject

object

 

who

whom

 

thing

what

 

person/thin g

which

 

person

whose

possessi) (ve

Examples : question

answer

 

Who told ? you

John told . me

subject

Whom did ? you tell

. I told Mary

object

What's ? happened

An accident's . happened

subject

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronounthat introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word .that it modifies There are five relative pronouns: who, .whom, whose, which, that Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people, and things and as subject and object in .defining relative clauses

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between . male and female

:Examples The person who phoned me last.night is my teacher

The car which hit me was yellowThe person whom I phoned.last night is my teacher The car, whose driver jumpedout just before the accident, was completely destroyed

Reciproc al Pronouns

We use reciprocalpronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way .towards the other There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two :words each otherone another-

:When we use these reciprocal pronounsthere must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and they must be doing the same thing

Examples John and Mary love each:

. other The ten prisoners were all. blaming one another Why don't you believe each?other

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns

Some Indefinite Pronouns Singular

Plura l

another everybody no one both anybody everyone few nothing many anyone everything one others anything much severa somebody l each neither All, any, most, none and some someone can be singular or plural, either nobody depending on the phrase that something

Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following :sentences He has one job in the day and anotherat night. (pronoun) I'd like another drink, please.(adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural .in another

Notice that : A singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number gender)All.and is forgiven. .- All have arrived We can start the meeting because.everybody has arrived John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are.good

Reference . :www.englishclub.com -1 s -2 .www.corollarytheorems.com

Taghreed Ahmed Basabrain 3091116