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First aid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the provision of immediate care. For the Transformers character, see First Aid (Transformers). Wikibooks has a book on the topic of First Aid
First Aid symbol First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured casualty until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and, in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment. While first aid can also be performed on animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients. Contents [hide]
• • •
1 History
•
4 Training
2 Aims 3 Key skills o 3.1 Preserving life o 3.2 Promoting recovery
o o o o o
4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 Ireland 4.4 The Netherlands 4.5 United Kingdom
• • • •
5 Specific disciplines
•
9 External links
6 Symbols 7 Conditions that often require first aid 8 References
[edit] History The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.[1] The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the High Middle Ages, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the Battle of Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".[1] This was followed by the formation of St. John Ambulance in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid, and numerous other organization ed them, with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of 'first treatment' and 'national aid'[1] in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid training began to spread through the empire through organisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.[2] Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as in the case of the American Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross.[3] Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.
[edit] Aims The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points:[4]
• • •
Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.
First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases. [edit] Key skills
In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway. Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly, the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients. Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway. [edit] Preserving life In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway - a clear age where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning. If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents. The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’. Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or R, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body. [edit] Promoting recovery The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or broken bones. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.
[edit] Training
First aid scenario training in progress Much of first aid is common sense. Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired ively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (R); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way. Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes. [edit] Australia In Australia, Nationally recognized First Aid certificates may only be issued by ed training organisations who are accredited on the National Training Information System (NTIS). Most First Aid certificates are issued at one of 3 levels:
• • •
Level 1 (or “Basic First Aid”, or “Basic Life ”): is a 1-day course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies: R, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies. Level 2 (“Senior First Aid”) is a 2 day course that covers all the aspects of training in Level 1, as well as specialized training for treatment of burns, bites, stings, electric shock and poisons. Level 2 reaccreditation is a 1 day course which must be taken every 3 years, but R reaccrediation may be required more frequently (typically yearly). Level 3 (“Occupational First Aid”) is a 4-day course covering advanced first aid, use of oxygen and Automated external defibrillators and documentation. It is suitable for workplace First Aiders and those who manage First Aid facilities.
Other courses outside these levels are commonly taught, including R-only courses, Advanced Resuscitation, Remote Area or Wilderness First Aid, istering Medications (such as salbutamol or the Epi-Pen) and specialized courses for parents, school teachers, community first responders or hazardous workplace first aiders. R Re-accredidation courses are sometimes required yearly, regardless of the length of the overall certification. [edit] Canada In Canada, first aid certificates are awarded by one of several organizations including the Red Cross, the Lifesaving Society, St. John Ambulance, the Heart and Stroke Foundation, and Ski Patrol. Workplace safety regulations vary depending on occupation. Many workplaces opt to have their employees trained in Standard First Aid (see below).
• • •
Emergency First Aid: is an 8-hour course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies: R, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies. Standard First Aid: is a 16-hour course that covers the same material as Emergency First Aid and will include training for some, but not all, of the following: breaks; burns; poisons, bites and stings; eye injuries; head and neck injuries; chest injuries; wound care; emergency child birth; and multiple casualty management. Medical First Responder (BTLS - known by different names among different Canadian organizations): is a 40 hour course. It requires Standard First Aid certification as a prerequisite. Candidates are trained in the use of oxygen, Automated external defibrillators, airway management, and the use of additional emergency equipment.
R certification in Canada is broken into several levels. Depending on the level, the lay person will learn R and choking procedures for adults, children, and infants. R H.C.P. (Health Care Professional) also provides training on artificial respiration, the use of bag valve masks, and suction. This level of qualification is usually not offered to the general public. [edit] Ireland In Ireland, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Health and Safety Authority issue the standards for first aid at work and hold a of qualified instructors, examiners and organisations that can provide the course. A FETAC Level 5 certificate is awarded after ing a three day course and is valid for two years from date of issue. Occupational First Aiders are more qualified than Cardiac First Responders (Cardiac First Response and training on the AED is now part of the OFA course) but less qualified than Emergency First Responders but strangely Occupational First Aid is the only one of the three not certified by PHECC. Organisations offering the certificate include, Ireland's largest first aid organisation, the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, the St John Ambulance Brigade, and the Irish Red Cross. The Irish Red Cross also provides a Practical First Aid Course aimed at the general public dealing primarily with family getting injured. Many other (purely commercially run) organisations offer training. [edit] The Netherlands In the The Netherlands first aid training and certification for lay persons are provided mostly by specialised (commercial) first aid training companies or voluteers of the "Dutch Red Cross" and the foundations "Het Oranje Kruis" and "LPEV". They offer a variety of levels in first aid training, from basic R to First Responder. Medical first aid must be provided by certified ambulance crews, physicians and in hospitals. [edit] United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An “Emergency Aid for Appointed Persons” course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions such as cardiac arrest and severe bleeding, and is usually not formally assessed. A “First Aid at Work” course is usually a four-day course (two days for a requalification) that covers the full spectrum of first aid, and is formally assessed by recognized Health and Safety Executive assessors. Certificates for the “First Aid at Work” course are issued by the training organization and are valid for a period of three years from the date the delegate es the course. Other courses offered by training organizations such as St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew’s Ambulance Association or the British Red Cross include Baby & Child Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life , such as defibrillation and istration of medical gases such as oxygen & entonox). [edit] Specific disciplines There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.
• • • • •
Aquatic/Marine first aid - Usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac. Battlefield first aid - This takes in to the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict. Hyperbaric first aid - Which may be practiced by SCUBA diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as the bends. Oxygen first aid - Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in hypoxia. Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
[edit] Symbols For more details on this topic, see Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems. Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the use of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution. The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown at the start of the page. Some organizations may make use of the Star of Life, although this is usually reserved for use by ambulance services, or may use symbols such as the Maltese Cross, like the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps and St John Ambulance. Other symbols may also be used.
ISO First Aid Symbol
Symbol of the Red Cross
Maltese or Amalfi CrossStar of life
[edit] Conditions that often require first aid Also see medical emergency.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.[5] Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine. Battlefield first aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast or other terrorist activity. Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint. Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site. Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver. Childbirth. Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt. Diving disorders, drowning or asphyxiation.[6] Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion. Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient. Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities. Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible. Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock). Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm. Insect and animal bites and stings. t dislocation. Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
•
• • • •
Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities). Muscle strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of a t that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage. Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis. Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions, Gastrointestinal bleeding, avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.
First aid kit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see First aid kit (disambiguation). This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)
First-aid kit of the French Army. A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid.[1] First aid kits may be made up of different contents dependant on who has assembled the kit and for what purpose. It may also vary by region due to varying advice or legislation between governments or organisations. Common contents include items to help control bleeding, such as bandages, breathing barriers for performing R (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and may contain some medicines. Contents [hide]
•
1 Format
• •
2 Appearance 3 Contents
o o o o o
3.1 Airway, Breathing and Circulation 3.2 Trauma injuries 3.3 Personal protective equipment 3.4 Instruments and equipment 3.5 Medication
• • • •
4 Improvised uses
•
8 External links
5 Trauma Bag/First Responder Bag 6 See also 7 References
[edit] Format First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and this will depend on whether they are commercialy produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized through to large rucksacks. It is recommended that all kits are in a clean,waterproof container to keep the contents safe and aseptic.[2] Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or out of date. [edit] Appearance The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets a standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in order to make them easily recognisable to anyone requiring first aid.
ISO First Aid Symbol
Alternate version of the first aid symbol
Symbol of the Red Cross
Star of life
Whilst the ISO recommend the use of the green background and white cross, some individuals or organisations use a red cross on white background, but use of this symbol by anyone but the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) or associated agency may be illegal under the of the Geneva convention, which designates the red cross as a protected symbol in all countries signatory to it. One of the few exceptions is in North America, where Johnson & Johnson has permission to use the red cross as a trademark on its products and ed the symbol for use in 1887. Some first aid kits may also feature the star of life, normally associated with emergency medical services, but which are also used to indicate that the service using it can offer an appropriate point of care. [edit] Contents
Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.
Plastic Tweezers
Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits. Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include adhesive bandages, regular strength pain medication, gauze and low grade disinfectant. Specialized first aid kits are available for various regions, vehicles or activities, which may focus on specific risks or concerns related to the activity. For example, first aid kits sold through marine supply stores for use in watercraft may contain seasickness remedies.
[edit] Airway, Breathing and Circulation First aid treats the ABCs as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a suitable infection barrier for performing artificial respiration as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, examples include:
• •
Pocket mask Face shield
Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:
• • • •
Oropharyngeal airway Nasopharyngeal airway Bag valve mask Manual aspirator or suction unit
[edit] Trauma injuries
Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast majority of all kits.
•
Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for particula body parts, such as knuckles o Moleskin— for blister treatment and prevention
•
Dressings (sterile, applied directly to wound) o Sterile eye pads o Sterile gauze pads o Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stick teflon layer o Petrolatum guaze pads, used a an occlusive(air-tight) dressing for sucking chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile) o Gauze roller bandages - absorbent, breathable, and often elastic o Elastic bandages - used for sprains, and pressure bandages o Adhesive, elastic roller bandages(commonly called 'Vet wrap') - very effective pressure bandages or durable, waterproof bandaging o Triangular bandages - used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many other uses
•
• • • • • • •
Butterfly closure strips - used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds. Saline for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds must still be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective. Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel Adhesive tape, hypoallergenic Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military or tactical kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.
[edit] Personal protective equipment The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:
• • • •
Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection Goggles or other eye protection Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve) Apron
[edit] Instruments and equipment
• • • • • • • • • • •
Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use Scissors are less useful but often included instead Tweezers Lighter, for sterilizing tweezers or pliers etc alcohol pads for sterilizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on Irrigation syringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris. Torch (also known as a flashlight) Instant-acting chemical cold packs Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes Thermometer Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
•
Penlight
[edit] Medication Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to contain certain medications. Dependant on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits. Life saving
• •
Aspirin[2] primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-coagulant Epinephrine auto-injector (brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.
Pain killers
• • •
Paracetamol (also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain killing medication, as either tablet or syrup Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating sprains and strains Codeine which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrhoeal
Symptomatic relief
• • • •
•
Anti diarrhea medication such as Loperamide - especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea as a leading killer of children Oral rehydration salts Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine Poison treatments o Absorption, such as activated charcoal o Emetics to induce vomiting, such as syrup of ipecac although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting. Smelling Salts (ammonium carbonate)
Topical Medications
• • • •
• •
Antiseptic ointment, fluid, moist wipe or spray, including benzalkonium chloride, Neomycin, Polymyxin B Sulfate or Bacitracin Zinc. o povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the from of liquid, swabstick, or towlette Aloe vera gel - used for a wide variety of skin problems, including burns, sunburns, itching, and dry skin; used as a substitute for triple-antibiotic gel to keep a wound moist and prevent bandages from sticking Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anesthetic such as lidocaine and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil Anti-itch ointment o Hydrocortisone cream o antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine o Calamine lotion Anti-fungal cream Tincture of benzoin - often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick, protects the the skin and aids the adhesion of butterfly strips or adhesive bandages.
[edit] Improvised uses
Besides its regular use in first aid, many first-aid items can also have improvised uses in a survival situation. For example, alcohol pads and petroleum jelly-based ointments can be used as a fire-starting aid in an emergency, and the latter can even be used as an improvised lubricant for certain mechanical devices, and adhesive tapes and bandages can be used for repairs. These alternate uses can be an important consideration when picking items for a kit that may be used in wilderness or survival situations. An alternative could however also be the use of additional kits with tools such as Survival kits and Mini survival kits. [edit] Trauma Bag/First Responder Bag Emergency responders use a more advanced medical kit called a trauma bag or a first responder bag containing greater quantities of material, of higher quality, than commercially available first aid kits.
Pocket Guide on First Aid for Disaster Management Project May 9th, 2009 Goto comments Leave a comment
Welcome Class X Students… iCBSE will help you to make your school project on “Pocket Guide on First Aid“ The First Aid pocket guide should contain aid that needs to be given for fractures, poisoning, cuts and burns, heat and cold wave and other threats that are prevalent in that area. The content shared in the guide should be ed with adequate pictures so as to give a clear and elaborate understanding about the topic. Choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizens or illiterate people and prepare a brief write-up. You need to first arrange it, first the cover page should have a red cross, then it should have an index ( it is necessary) the cover page can be of light blue colour with a red crosses box picture.You can use the red red cross pictures that we have posted in the end of this artcile. It should include “DRABCD” :
• • • • • •
Danger Response Airway Breathing Compressions/Circulation Dephibrilation
Below is the list of supplies you should have in your First Aid :
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Plastic bandages Transpore tape Alcohol preps Adhesive bandages Micropore tape Gauze Extra large plastic bandages Iodine prep pads Fingertip bandages Sterile pads Antiseptic towelettes Knuckle bandages Antiseptic ointment Ammonia inhalant Sponge packs Instant ice packs Sterile eye wash Elastic bandages Eye pads Safety pins First aid cream Bandage scissors Tweezers Butterfly bandages Water tight utility box for contents Burn gel to treat burns Burn bandages Adhesive spots Extra large strips Surgical tape Sponges Pain reliever
What is the aim of First Aid ? The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points Preserve life is the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives Prevent further harm also sometimes called preventing the condition worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from a cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound. First aid training often also incorporates the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, as well as the treatment phases.
When First Aid is Required ? Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs. Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine. Battlefield First aid – This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast or other terrorist activity. Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint. Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site. Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver. Childbirth. Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt. t dislocation. Diving disorders resulting from too much pressure. Near drowning or asphyxiation. Gastrointestinal bleeding. Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion. Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient. Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities. Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible. Hyperglycemia, or diabetic coma. Hypoglycemia, or insulin shock. Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm. Insect and animal bites and stings. Muscle strain.
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion. Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities). Sprain, a temporary dislocation of a t that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage. Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Sucking chest wound, a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in. Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis. Wounds and bleeding, including laceration, incision and abrasion, and avulsion.
click the image to zoom Pocket First Aid & R Guide Be prepared 24/7 for a medical emergency. Whether you’re at home, on the road, or in the woods, Jive Media’s Pocket First Aid & R Guide is at your fingertips with concise, clear instructions to care for you and your loved ones. Dozens of articles, including R, the Heimlich Maneuver, bites, bruises, burns, seizures, diabetic emergencies, and many more. All articles are stored on your iPhone, so you can provide first aid even when out of cell phone range. Enter your medical information on the My Info tab. Save your doctor’s information along with your hospital, emergency s, allergies, and medications. You can also save your insurance information for quick access.
First aid can and does save lives. Be as prepared as possible! Features: – Articles are grouped by category for quick access – First aid instructions are available even when out of cell-phone range. Perfect for wilderness outings. – Linked articles, for quick access – First aid kit information – Save you medical information for quick retrieval. Look up your doctor or emergency s with a single click. – Store your insurance information in an easy-to-access location. You surely got a paper guiding you to the other projects of which one of them was first aid guide no ? if not then here it is Prepare a pocket guide on First Aid for your school. The First Aid pocket guide should contain aid that needs to be given for fractures, poisoning, cuts and burns, heat and cold wave and other threats that are prevalent in that area. The content shared in the guide should be ed with adequate pictures so as to give a clear and elaborate understanding about the topic. Choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizens or illiterate people and prepare a brief write-up. (Note for the Teachers: The project can be carried out by a group of students in a class and work can be equally divided amongst the students so that the teachers are able to evaluate them easily. Doctors, local health practitioners, trained volunteers of Red Cross and professionals from other agencies/bodies/institutes, proficient in this field can be consulted to prepare the first-aid pocket guide. This guide can be printed by the school istration and shared with all the students, teachers and other staff of the school. It can be used as a ready reckoner for any First Aid related information. Use the below pictures in your project:
First Aid symbol First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured casualty until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It generally consists of a series of simple and, in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment. While first aid can also be performed on animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients. Contents [hide]
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1 History
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4 Training
2 Aims 3 Key skills o 3.1 Preserving life o 3.2 Promoting recovery
o o o o o
4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 Ireland 4.4 The Netherlands 4.5 United Kingdom
• • • •
5 Specific disciplines
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9 External links
6 Symbols 7 Conditions that often require first aid 8 References
[edit] History The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller, formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to treat common battlefield injuries.[1] The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the High Middle Ages, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help victims of the Battle of Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".[1] This was followed by the formation of St. John Ambulance in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid, and numerous other organization ed them, with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilian ambulance services spread as a combination of 'first treatment' and 'national aid'[1] in large railway centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid training began to spread through the empire through organisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways.[2] Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as in the case of the American Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross.[3] Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.
[edit] Aims The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points:[4]
• • •
Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.
First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment phases. [edit] Key skills
In case of tongue fallen backwards, blocking the airway, it is necessary to hyperextend the head and pull up the chin, so that the tongue lifts and clears the airway. Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly, the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients. Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation, while others consider this as part of the Circulation step. Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider. Once the ABCs are secured, first aiders can begin additional treatments, as required. Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones). While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed sequentially, certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps simultaneously. This includes the provision of both artificial respiration and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse, and the consideration of cervical spine injuries when ensuring an open airway. [edit] Preserving life In order to stay alive, all persons need to have an open airway - a clear age where air can move in through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down in to the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning. If the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach contents. The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of ‘back slaps’ and ‘abdominal thrusts’. Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing. If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as agonal breathing, the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or R, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body. [edit] Promoting recovery The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts, grazes or broken bones. They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.
[edit] Training
First aid scenario training in progress Much of first aid is common sense. Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often acquired ively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (R); these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on the way. Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes. [edit] Australia In Australia, Nationally recognized First Aid certificates may only be issued by ed training organisations who are accredited on the National Training Information System (NTIS). Most First Aid certificates are issued at one of 3 levels:
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Level 1 (or “Basic First Aid”, or “Basic Life ”): is a 1-day course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies: R, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies. Level 2 (“Senior First Aid”) is a 2 day course that covers all the aspects of training in Level 1, as well as specialized training for treatment of burns, bites, stings, electric shock and poisons. Level 2 reaccreditation is a 1 day course which must be taken every 3 years, but R reaccrediation may be required more frequently (typically yearly). Level 3 (“Occupational First Aid”) is a 4-day course covering advanced first aid, use of oxygen and Automated external defibrillators and documentation. It is suitable for workplace First Aiders and those who manage First Aid facilities.
Other courses outside these levels are commonly taught, including R-only courses, Advanced Resuscitation, Remote Area or Wilderness First Aid, istering Medications (such as salbutamol or the Epi-Pen) and specialized courses for parents, school teachers, community first responders or hazardous workplace first aiders. R Re-accredidation courses are sometimes required yearly, regardless of the length of the overall certification. [edit] Canada In Canada, first aid certificates are awarded by one of several organizations including the Red Cross, the Lifesaving Society, St. John Ambulance, the Heart and Stroke Foundation, and Ski Patrol. Workplace safety regulations vary depending on occupation. Many workplaces opt to have their employees trained in Standard First Aid (see below).
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Emergency First Aid: is an 8-hour course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies: R, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies. Standard First Aid: is a 16-hour course that covers the same material as Emergency First Aid and will include training for some, but not all, of the following: breaks; burns; poisons, bites and stings; eye injuries; head and neck injuries; chest injuries; wound care; emergency child birth; and multiple casualty management. Medical First Responder (BTLS - known by different names among different Canadian organizations): is a 40 hour course. It requires Standard First Aid certification as a prerequisite. Candidates are trained in the use of oxygen, Automated external defibrillators, airway management, and the use of additional emergency equipment.
R certification in Canada is broken into several levels. Depending on the level, the lay person will learn R and choking procedures for adults, children, and infants. R H.C.P. (Health Care Professional) also provides training on artificial respiration, the use of bag valve masks, and suction. This level of qualification is usually not offered to the general public. [edit] Ireland In Ireland, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Health and Safety Authority issue the standards for first aid at work and hold a of qualified instructors, examiners and organisations that can provide the course. A FETAC Level 5 certificate is awarded after ing a three day course and is valid for two years from date of issue. Occupational First Aiders are more qualified than Cardiac First Responders (Cardiac First Response and training on the AED is now part of the OFA course) but less qualified than Emergency First Responders but strangely Occupational First Aid is the only one of the three not certified by PHECC. Organisations offering the certificate include, Ireland's largest first aid organisation, the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, the St John Ambulance Brigade, and the Irish Red Cross. The Irish Red Cross also provides a Practical First Aid Course aimed at the general public dealing primarily with family getting injured. Many other (purely commercially run) organisations offer training. [edit] The Netherlands In the The Netherlands first aid training and certification for lay persons are provided mostly by specialised (commercial) first aid training companies or voluteers of the "Dutch Red Cross" and the foundations "Het Oranje Kruis" and "LPEV". They offer a variety of levels in first aid training, from basic R to First Responder. Medical first aid must be provided by certified ambulance crews, physicians and in hospitals. [edit] United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An “Emergency Aid for Appointed Persons” course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions such as cardiac arrest and severe bleeding, and is usually not formally assessed. A “First Aid at Work” course is usually a four-day course (two days for a requalification) that covers the full spectrum of first aid, and is formally assessed by recognized Health and Safety Executive assessors. Certificates for the “First Aid at Work” course are issued by the training organization and are valid for a period of three years from the date the delegate es the course. Other courses offered by training organizations such as St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew’s Ambulance Association or the British Red Cross include Baby & Child Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life , such as defibrillation and istration of medical gases such as oxygen & entonox). [edit] Specific disciplines There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.
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Aquatic/Marine first aid - Usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac. Battlefield first aid - This takes in to the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict. Hyperbaric first aid - Which may be practiced by SCUBA diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as the bends. Oxygen first aid - Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in hypoxia. Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
[edit] Symbols For more details on this topic, see Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems. Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventions and other international laws, the use of this and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution. The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown at the start of the page. Some organizations may make use of the Star of Life, although this is usually reserved for use by ambulance services, or may use symbols such as the Maltese Cross, like the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps and St John Ambulance. Other symbols may also be used.
ISO First Aid Symbol
Symbol of the Red Cross
Maltese or Amalfi CrossStar of life
[edit] Conditions that often require first aid Also see medical emergency.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.[5] Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine. Battlefield first aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast or other terrorist activity. Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint. Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site. Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver. Childbirth. Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt. Diving disorders, drowning or asphyxiation.[6] Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion. Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient. Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities. Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible. Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock). Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm. Insect and animal bites and stings. t dislocation. Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
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• • • •
Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities). Muscle strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of a t that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage. Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis. Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions, Gastrointestinal bleeding, avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.
First aid kit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see First aid kit (disambiguation). This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)
First-aid kit of the French Army. A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid.[1] First aid kits may be made up of different contents dependant on who has assembled the kit and for what purpose. It may also vary by region due to varying advice or legislation between governments or organisations. Common contents include items to help control bleeding, such as bandages, breathing barriers for performing R (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and may contain some medicines. Contents [hide]
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1 Format
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2 Appearance 3 Contents
o o o o o
3.1 Airway, Breathing and Circulation 3.2 Trauma injuries 3.3 Personal protective equipment 3.4 Instruments and equipment 3.5 Medication
• • • •
4 Improvised uses
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8 External links
5 Trauma Bag/First Responder Bag 6 See also 7 References
[edit] Format First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and this will depend on whether they are commercialy produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized through to large rucksacks. It is recommended that all kits are in a clean,waterproof container to keep the contents safe and aseptic.[2] Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or out of date. [edit] Appearance The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets a standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in order to make them easily recognisable to anyone requiring first aid.
ISO First Aid Symbol
Alternate version of the first aid symbol
Symbol of the Red Cross
Star of life
Whilst the ISO recommend the use of the green background and white cross, some individuals or organisations use a red cross on white background, but use of this symbol by anyone but the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) or associated agency may be illegal under the of the Geneva convention, which designates the red cross as a protected symbol in all countries signatory to it. One of the few exceptions is in North America, where Johnson & Johnson has permission to use the red cross as a trademark on its products and ed the symbol for use in 1887. Some first aid kits may also feature the star of life, normally associated with emergency medical services, but which are also used to indicate that the service using it can offer an appropriate point of care. [edit] Contents
Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.
Plastic Tweezers
Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits. Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include adhesive bandages, regular strength pain medication, gauze and low grade disinfectant. Specialized first aid kits are available for various regions, vehicles or activities, which may focus on specific risks or concerns related to the activity. For example, first aid kits sold through marine supply stores for use in watercraft may contain seasickness remedies.
[edit] Airway, Breathing and Circulation First aid treats the ABCs as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a suitable infection barrier for performing artificial respiration as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, examples include:
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Pocket mask Face shield
Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:
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Oropharyngeal airway Nasopharyngeal airway Bag valve mask Manual aspirator or suction unit
[edit] Trauma injuries
Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast majority of all kits.
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Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for particula body parts, such as knuckles o Moleskin— for blister treatment and prevention
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Dressings (sterile, applied directly to wound) o Sterile eye pads o Sterile gauze pads o Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stick teflon layer o Petrolatum guaze pads, used a an occlusive(air-tight) dressing for sucking chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile) o Gauze roller bandages - absorbent, breathable, and often elastic o Elastic bandages - used for sprains, and pressure bandages o Adhesive, elastic roller bandages(commonly called 'Vet wrap') - very effective pressure bandages or durable, waterproof bandaging o Triangular bandages - used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many other uses
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Butterfly closure strips - used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds. Saline for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds must still be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective. Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel Adhesive tape, hypoallergenic Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military or tactical kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.
[edit] Personal protective equipment The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:
• • • •
Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection Goggles or other eye protection Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve) Apron
[edit] Instruments and equipment
• • • • • • • • • • •
Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use Scissors are less useful but often included instead Tweezers Lighter, for sterilizing tweezers or pliers etc alcohol pads for sterilizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on Irrigation syringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris. Torch (also known as a flashlight) Instant-acting chemical cold packs Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes Thermometer Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
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Penlight
[edit] Medication Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to contain certain medications. Dependant on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits. Life saving
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Aspirin[2] primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-coagulant Epinephrine auto-injector (brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.
Pain killers
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Paracetamol (also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain killing medication, as either tablet or syrup Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating sprains and strains Codeine which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrhoeal
Symptomatic relief
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•
Anti diarrhea medication such as Loperamide - especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea as a leading killer of children Oral rehydration salts Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine Poison treatments o Absorption, such as activated charcoal o Emetics to induce vomiting, such as syrup of ipecac although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting. Smelling Salts (ammonium carbonate)
Topical Medications
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• •
Antiseptic ointment, fluid, moist wipe or spray, including benzalkonium chloride, Neomycin, Polymyxin B Sulfate or Bacitracin Zinc. o povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the from of liquid, swabstick, or towlette Aloe vera gel - used for a wide variety of skin problems, including burns, sunburns, itching, and dry skin; used as a substitute for triple-antibiotic gel to keep a wound moist and prevent bandages from sticking Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anesthetic such as lidocaine and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil Anti-itch ointment o Hydrocortisone cream o antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine o Calamine lotion Anti-fungal cream Tincture of benzoin - often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick, protects the the skin and aids the adhesion of butterfly strips or adhesive bandages.
[edit] Improvised uses
Besides its regular use in first aid, many first-aid items can also have improvised uses in a survival situation. For example, alcohol pads and petroleum jelly-based ointments can be used as a fire-starting aid in an emergency, and the latter can even be used as an improvised lubricant for certain mechanical devices, and adhesive tapes and bandages can be used for repairs. These alternate uses can be an important consideration when picking items for a kit that may be used in wilderness or survival situations. An alternative could however also be the use of additional kits with tools such as Survival kits and Mini survival kits. [edit] Trauma Bag/First Responder Bag Emergency responders use a more advanced medical kit called a trauma bag or a first responder bag containing greater quantities of material, of higher quality, than commercially available first aid kits.
Pocket Guide on First Aid for Disaster Management Project May 9th, 2009 Goto comments Leave a comment
Welcome Class X Students… iCBSE will help you to make your school project on “Pocket Guide on First Aid“ The First Aid pocket guide should contain aid that needs to be given for fractures, poisoning, cuts and burns, heat and cold wave and other threats that are prevalent in that area. The content shared in the guide should be ed with adequate pictures so as to give a clear and elaborate understanding about the topic. Choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizens or illiterate people and prepare a brief write-up. You need to first arrange it, first the cover page should have a red cross, then it should have an index ( it is necessary) the cover page can be of light blue colour with a red crosses box picture.You can use the red red cross pictures that we have posted in the end of this artcile. It should include “DRABCD” :
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Danger Response Airway Breathing Compressions/Circulation Dephibrilation
Below is the list of supplies you should have in your First Aid :
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Plastic bandages Transpore tape Alcohol preps Adhesive bandages Micropore tape Gauze Extra large plastic bandages Iodine prep pads Fingertip bandages Sterile pads Antiseptic towelettes Knuckle bandages Antiseptic ointment Ammonia inhalant Sponge packs Instant ice packs Sterile eye wash Elastic bandages Eye pads Safety pins First aid cream Bandage scissors Tweezers Butterfly bandages Water tight utility box for contents Burn gel to treat burns Burn bandages Adhesive spots Extra large strips Surgical tape Sponges Pain reliever
What is the aim of First Aid ? The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points Preserve life is the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives Prevent further harm also sometimes called preventing the condition worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from a cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound. First aid training often also incorporates the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, as well as the treatment phases.
When First Aid is Required ? Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs. Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of epinephrine. Battlefield First aid – This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage by large scale weaponry, such as a bomb blast or other terrorist activity. Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint. Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site. Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver. Childbirth. Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt. t dislocation. Diving disorders resulting from too much pressure. Near drowning or asphyxiation. Gastrointestinal bleeding. Gender-specific conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and testicular torsion. Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient. Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities. Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible. Hyperglycemia, or diabetic coma. Hypoglycemia, or insulin shock. Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm. Insect and animal bites and stings. Muscle strain.
Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion. Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities, change in skin complexion, etc) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking, and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities). Sprain, a temporary dislocation of a t that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage. Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Sucking chest wound, a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an occlusive dressing to let air out but not in. Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening, unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis. Wounds and bleeding, including laceration, incision and abrasion, and avulsion.
click the image to zoom Pocket First Aid & R Guide Be prepared 24/7 for a medical emergency. Whether you’re at home, on the road, or in the woods, Jive Media’s Pocket First Aid & R Guide is at your fingertips with concise, clear instructions to care for you and your loved ones. Dozens of articles, including R, the Heimlich Maneuver, bites, bruises, burns, seizures, diabetic emergencies, and many more. All articles are stored on your iPhone, so you can provide first aid even when out of cell phone range. Enter your medical information on the My Info tab. Save your doctor’s information along with your hospital, emergency s, allergies, and medications. You can also save your insurance information for quick access.
First aid can and does save lives. Be as prepared as possible! Features: – Articles are grouped by category for quick access – First aid instructions are available even when out of cell-phone range. Perfect for wilderness outings. – Linked articles, for quick access – First aid kit information – Save you medical information for quick retrieval. Look up your doctor or emergency s with a single click. – Store your insurance information in an easy-to-access location. You surely got a paper guiding you to the other projects of which one of them was first aid guide no ? if not then here it is Prepare a pocket guide on First Aid for your school. The First Aid pocket guide should contain aid that needs to be given for fractures, poisoning, cuts and burns, heat and cold wave and other threats that are prevalent in that area. The content shared in the guide should be ed with adequate pictures so as to give a clear and elaborate understanding about the topic. Choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizens or illiterate people and prepare a brief write-up. (Note for the Teachers: The project can be carried out by a group of students in a class and work can be equally divided amongst the students so that the teachers are able to evaluate them easily. Doctors, local health practitioners, trained volunteers of Red Cross and professionals from other agencies/bodies/institutes, proficient in this field can be consulted to prepare the first-aid pocket guide. This guide can be printed by the school istration and shared with all the students, teachers and other staff of the school. It can be used as a ready reckoner for any First Aid related information. Use the below pictures in your project:
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