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Plato’s Perspective of “ The Self ”
Who is Plato ? NAME: Plato BIRTH DATE: c. 428 BCE DEATH DATE: c. 348 BCE PLACE OF BIRTH: Athens, Greece PLACE OF DEATH: Athens, Greece AKA: Aristocles, Platon, son of Ariston
PLATO a student of Socrates a teacher of Aristotle He founded the Academy in Athen, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world.
PLATO most of his writings explored justice, beauty, and equality also contained discussions in aesthetics, political philosophy, theology, cosmology, epistemology and the philosophy of language.
BACKGROUND When Plato was still a student of Socrates, there were no established schools managed by competent s and registrars that existed yet.
BACKGROUND Fresh from his “graduation” from the Socratic endoctrination, Plato displayed his enthusiasm, courage, and above all, brilliance, to a so-called school of thought commonly ascribed to him as the founding father. This school of thought is called Idealism.
BACKGROUND Having been formed by an idealist mentor (Socrates) no doubt that Plato himself would pursue the direction of his master.
PHILOSOPHY Loaded with his views on Idealism, Plato fashions his thoughts on the kinds of world, namely the Ideal World (the noumenon) and the Phenomenal world (the phenomenon). It is in this two world-view or dualism of Plato where we can glean his insight on the human nature.
PHILOSOPHY Plato posits that the nature of man lies in the metaphysical dichotomy between body and soul.
PHILOSOPHY In pursuing Plato’s ideas of reality it is clear that he has assigned the human body to the Phenomenal world, while the human soul to the Ideal world. Like the contrary qualities of Plato’s worlds, these dualistic entities in man (the body and the soul) have distinctive qualities which are opposite to each other.
PHILOSOPHY
For Plato, the body is material; it cannot live and move apart from the soul; it is mutable and destructible.
PHILOSOPHY
On the contrary, the soul is immaterial; it can exist apart from the body; it is immutable and indestructible.
PHILOSOPHY Further, Plato contends that the soul is a substance because it exists and can exist independently of the body; nevertheless, it is temporarily incarcerated in the body.
PHILOSOPHY In Plato’s view, the soul has three parts, namely:
Rational Appetitive Spiritual
The Appetitive Part
In the abdomen. It is the appetitive part of the soul that drives man to experience thirst, hunger and other physical wants.
The Spiritual Part
In the chest. It is the spiritual part of the soul that makes man assert and experience abomination and anger.
The Rational Part Is located at the head, specifically in the brain. It is the rational part of the soul that enables man to think, to reflect, to draw conclusions, and to analyze.
In accentuating the superiority of the rational part of the soul, Plato declares that the appetitive and spiritual parts are subjected to death; they are mortals. Only the rational part of the soul is immortal.
This means further that when man dies, his soul will not go to hungry or angry, because the appetite and ion die with the body, yet, whatever the soul knows, it continues to know what it knows since an idea or knowledge is intrinsically incapable of death.
The Allegory of the Chariot
The Allegory of the Chariot In the Phaedrus, Plato (through his mouthpiece, Socrates) shares the allegory of the chariot to explain the tripartite nature of the human soul or psyche. The chariot is pulled by two winged horses, one mortal and the other immortal.
The Allegory of the Chariot The mortal horse is deformed and obstinate. Plato describes the horse as a “crooked lumbering animal, put together anyhow…of a dark color, with grey eyes and blood-red complexion; the mate of insolence and pride, shag-eared and deaf, hardly yielding to whip and spur.”
The Allegory of the Chariot The immortal horse, on the other hand, is noble and game, “upright and cleanly made…his color is white, and his eyes dark; he is a lover of honor and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and onition only.”
The Allegory of the Chariot In the driver’s seat is the charioteer, tasked with reining in these disparate steeds, guiding and harnessing them to propel the vehicle with strength and efficiency.
The Allegory of the Chariot The charioteer’s destination? The ridge of heaven, beyond which he may behold the Forms: essences of things like Beauty, Wisdom, Courage, Justice, Goodness — everlasting Truth and absolute Knowledge.
The Allegory of the Chariot Unlike human souls, the gods have two immortal horses to pull their chariots and are able to easily soar above. Mortals, on the other hand, have a much more turbulent ride. The white horse wishes to rise, but the dark horse attempts to pull the chariot back towards the earth.
“Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.” ― Plato
Who is Plato ? NAME: Plato BIRTH DATE: c. 428 BCE DEATH DATE: c. 348 BCE PLACE OF BIRTH: Athens, Greece PLACE OF DEATH: Athens, Greece AKA: Aristocles, Platon, son of Ariston
PLATO a student of Socrates a teacher of Aristotle He founded the Academy in Athen, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world.
PLATO most of his writings explored justice, beauty, and equality also contained discussions in aesthetics, political philosophy, theology, cosmology, epistemology and the philosophy of language.
BACKGROUND When Plato was still a student of Socrates, there were no established schools managed by competent s and registrars that existed yet.
BACKGROUND Fresh from his “graduation” from the Socratic endoctrination, Plato displayed his enthusiasm, courage, and above all, brilliance, to a so-called school of thought commonly ascribed to him as the founding father. This school of thought is called Idealism.
BACKGROUND Having been formed by an idealist mentor (Socrates) no doubt that Plato himself would pursue the direction of his master.
PHILOSOPHY Loaded with his views on Idealism, Plato fashions his thoughts on the kinds of world, namely the Ideal World (the noumenon) and the Phenomenal world (the phenomenon). It is in this two world-view or dualism of Plato where we can glean his insight on the human nature.
PHILOSOPHY Plato posits that the nature of man lies in the metaphysical dichotomy between body and soul.
PHILOSOPHY In pursuing Plato’s ideas of reality it is clear that he has assigned the human body to the Phenomenal world, while the human soul to the Ideal world. Like the contrary qualities of Plato’s worlds, these dualistic entities in man (the body and the soul) have distinctive qualities which are opposite to each other.
PHILOSOPHY
For Plato, the body is material; it cannot live and move apart from the soul; it is mutable and destructible.
PHILOSOPHY
On the contrary, the soul is immaterial; it can exist apart from the body; it is immutable and indestructible.
PHILOSOPHY Further, Plato contends that the soul is a substance because it exists and can exist independently of the body; nevertheless, it is temporarily incarcerated in the body.
PHILOSOPHY In Plato’s view, the soul has three parts, namely:
Rational Appetitive Spiritual
The Appetitive Part
In the abdomen. It is the appetitive part of the soul that drives man to experience thirst, hunger and other physical wants.
The Spiritual Part
In the chest. It is the spiritual part of the soul that makes man assert and experience abomination and anger.
The Rational Part Is located at the head, specifically in the brain. It is the rational part of the soul that enables man to think, to reflect, to draw conclusions, and to analyze.
In accentuating the superiority of the rational part of the soul, Plato declares that the appetitive and spiritual parts are subjected to death; they are mortals. Only the rational part of the soul is immortal.
This means further that when man dies, his soul will not go to hungry or angry, because the appetite and ion die with the body, yet, whatever the soul knows, it continues to know what it knows since an idea or knowledge is intrinsically incapable of death.
The Allegory of the Chariot
The Allegory of the Chariot In the Phaedrus, Plato (through his mouthpiece, Socrates) shares the allegory of the chariot to explain the tripartite nature of the human soul or psyche. The chariot is pulled by two winged horses, one mortal and the other immortal.
The Allegory of the Chariot The mortal horse is deformed and obstinate. Plato describes the horse as a “crooked lumbering animal, put together anyhow…of a dark color, with grey eyes and blood-red complexion; the mate of insolence and pride, shag-eared and deaf, hardly yielding to whip and spur.”
The Allegory of the Chariot The immortal horse, on the other hand, is noble and game, “upright and cleanly made…his color is white, and his eyes dark; he is a lover of honor and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and onition only.”
The Allegory of the Chariot In the driver’s seat is the charioteer, tasked with reining in these disparate steeds, guiding and harnessing them to propel the vehicle with strength and efficiency.
The Allegory of the Chariot The charioteer’s destination? The ridge of heaven, beyond which he may behold the Forms: essences of things like Beauty, Wisdom, Courage, Justice, Goodness — everlasting Truth and absolute Knowledge.
The Allegory of the Chariot Unlike human souls, the gods have two immortal horses to pull their chariots and are able to easily soar above. Mortals, on the other hand, have a much more turbulent ride. The white horse wishes to rise, but the dark horse attempts to pull the chariot back towards the earth.
“Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.” ― Plato
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