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Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ?

By Dr.Amany Mokhtar Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as follows: “The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and ing it off as one's own; literary theft.” (Oxford English Dictionary: http://dictionary.oed.com)

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Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? The heart of the problem of plagiarism is

MISREPRESENTATION which breaks all the rules for using other people’s work

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? Stealing a person’s words is similar to stealing somebody’s car and impressing your friends by pretending it’s yours. It’s theft, but more seriously, it’s misrepresentation.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? Any time I leave the impression that the words or ideas I‘ve written are mine, when actually they came from someone else, I am plagiarizing.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? Because ing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own is misrepresentation, it is viewed as academic fraud as well as academic theft.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? So what are the boundaries? How do I know when I’ve become a plagiarist?

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? Some boundaries are obvious:  If I copy material from a book or article, don’t use quotation marks and don’t provide a citation to the source, I am stealing someone else’s words and pretending they are mine. If I get someone else to write my paper or buy a paper from a commercial source or simply copy a whole paper off the Internet, I am clearly plagiarizing.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? I plagiarize if I take something off the Internet? But isn’t the Internet free for all? People post things there so other people can use them. Here you’re confusing access and plagiarism. Even if people give you permission to use their material, using it without indicating the source makes it look like it’s your material. That’s plagiarism.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? Other boundaries are not so clear: What if I use a chart or some other graphic off the Internet, something that isn’t really words? Is that plagiarism?

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? You still need a citation to acknowledge who produced the graphic. There is an additional problem in that many graphics require permission of the copyright holder before you can actually use them in your own work. Be sure you know what rights are given to use the graphic.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ?

It’s the idea of “Intellectual Property.” What comes out of my mind and is communicated to others remains my property. If you use my intellectual property as if it were your own, you are plagiarizing.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ?

What can I legitimately use as an information source without having to make a citation for it?

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? • What don’t I need to cite?  Your own ideas  Your own analysis/evaluation of other people’s ideas (once you have provided citations for the ideas themselves)  Common knowledge – knowledge that you find in several sources that are not themselves depending on a single earlier source.

Plagiarism what is it and how to avoid ? What is considered common knowledge? Common knowledge is normally considered information that most of your audience would be familiar with and/or information that can be found in a variety of sources. Common knowledge information does not need to be cited. Examples of common knowledge: Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. George Washington was the first president of the U.S. However, facts that would not be generally known by the public are not considered common knowledge.

What do I need to cite? You      

should always provide references for Direct quotations Summaries, paraphrases Statistics Charts, graphs, diagrams Controversial interpretations Results of others’ research

Types of Plagiarism

Types of Plagiarism: Copying The most well-known and, sadly, the most common type of plagiarism is the simplest: copying. If you copy someone else's work and put your name on it, you have plagiarized.

Copying: An Example "Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these . At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak." Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Copying: An Example This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer copies, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's book and does not acknowledge in any way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed plagiarism.

Types: Patchwork Plagiarism The second kind of plagiarism is similar to copying and is perhaps the second most common type of plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the "phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into his own writing" without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the author.

Patchwork: An Example With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the parents are in positions of control and authority in their own homes and may not necessarily show their shy side to their children. Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable by most children, it may be threatening for them to think of their parents in that light. During the formative years, the parent is idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.

Patchwork: An Example Now, had the "author" of this age put the colored phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.

Types: Paraphrasing Plagiarism The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing the source. Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source is still considered plagiarism.

Paraphrasing: An Example Children are completely insensitive to their parents' shyness and rarely label their parents as shy. Because the parents are the authority and controlling figures in the home, they may not feel shy and therefore not show their shy side. Moreover, during the formative years, parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be frightening for children to view their parents in of shyness.

Paraphrasing: An Example Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes or parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in the clear. However, since the "author" acts like these ideas are his or her own, and does not acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.

Types: Unintentional The fourth type of plagiarism is called unintentional plagiarism -- it occurs when the writer incorrectly quotes and/or incorrectly cites a source they are using.  How is this plagiarism, if the author didn't mean to do it?

Types :Unintentional Plagiarism • •

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Paraphrasing poorly: changing a few words without changing the sentence structure of the original, or changing the sentence structure but not the words.  Quoting poorly:  putting quotation marks around part of a quotation but not around all of it, or putting quotation marks around a age that is partly paraphrased and partly quoted. Citing poorly:  omitting an occasional citation or citing inaccurately.

MLA handbook for writers of research papers. (7th ed.). The Modern Language Association of America. New York: 2009. Print

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Types: Unintentional If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the Also: WE DON’T READ MINDS. writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the We don’t know what you *MEANT* incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's to do! intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.

Types: self-plagiarism? • The practice of an author using portions of their previous writings on the same topic in another of their publications, without specifically citing it formally in quotes. • This practice is widespread and at times unintentional • Violates the copyright that has been assigned to the publisher • No consensus whether this is scientific misconduct

Plagiarism is plagiarism…

irrespective of Intent, Source, Quantity and Copyright

Gitanjali 32 Writecon 2007

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

Use these three strategies, • Quoting • Summarizing • Paraphrasing To blend source materials in with your own, making sure your own voice is heard.

QUOTE •

When you quote you present another writer’s actual words to your own ideas.

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As an academic writer, you will use quotations for four major purposes:

1. to your ideas; 2. to preserve special or elegant language; 3. to comment on the quotation; or 4. to distance yourself from the quotation (Spatt).

From Lindsay Radcliffe, UTSA Tutor and NCB Instructor

Quoting Helpful Hints • Don’t string quotes together or put them back to back. • Example (don’t do this…) – John Smith said, “children can be very obstinate if you don’t give them what they want,” but then stated that “adults can be equally obstinate and act like children.” Rosy Campo refutes this, “Both children and adults have a tendency to be obstinate regardless of the situation.”

Quoting Helpful Hints • Save quotes for when you think it is crucial to present the source’s exact words. (i.e. statements of law, rules, or policy– or specific coined or jargon from that author.) • Learn how to add your own connections and comments. – Be engaged in the research.

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Proper Quotations In order to properly quote your sources, you should select the style that would be appropriate for the research. •

If you are directly quoting a source (i.e. quoting the age word for word) there are several types of citation that need to take place. The following example use MLA citation methods • John Smith makes the claim that, “deep fried candy bars are a delicious treat” (62).

Quote Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.

Your paper: ”The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.” (Smith 2006, p.42)

Summarizing • Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources. Summarize when: • • •

You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

Paraphrase • Unlike a summary, a paraphrase does not condense material; it includes both main points and ing details. – Thus, your paraphrase will be about the same length as the original age. – Therefore you would not paraphrase an entire 15 page article, but you could paraphrase an important sentence or paragraph.

From Lindsay Radcliffe, UTSA Tutor and NCB Instructor

How to Paraphrase • Select a single paragraph from your full-length article. • Then, paraphrase it by translating it into your own words. • When you paraphrase, you rework the source’s ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Cited page. • Change both the vocabulary and the sentence structure to free yourself from the author’s voice. From Lindsay Radcliffe, UTSA Tutor and NCB Instructor

Paraphrasing Paraphrase when: • You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing • You want to avoid overusing quotations • You want to use your own voice to present information

Paraphrasing example

Study both for a few seconds.

Study both for a few seconds

Paraphrasing The paraphrase you looked at is just a doctored version of the original, changed a bit so it looks like something different. But the word order, paragraph structure, and even some of the actual words are the same. That’s plagiarism. Even with the changes, the whole paraphrase is still 80% the intellectual property of the original author. • The author has included citations, but has misled the reader to believe that the original has been paraphrased, while in fact much of the text is copied word for word.

Paraphrasing

Another one: Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.

Your paper: The work needed to provide online information literacy teaching is intense.

Paraphrasing Plagiarism Your version is a paraphrase of the original with a lot of the original terminology still there as well as the same sentence structure.

Paraphrasing How do you avoid the paraphrasing trap? Simple. Don’t paraphrase – INTERPRET!!

Paraphrasing

Example: Your friend says to you, "I haven’t eaten for a long time, so why don’t we stop at a restaurant ?" Someone nearby says, "What does he want?" • Paraphrase: “He hasn’t had a meal for awhile and wants to go to a restaurant .” (Changes words but not basic structure. No attempt to interpret)

Interpretation: “He’s hungry and wants to get a burger." (Gets at underlying meaning)

Paraphrasing Good paraphrases… 1) Change the order & structure of sentences 2) Use synonyms/different forms of words 3) May change the voice or perspective

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/

Paraphrasing Good paraphrases… 1) change the order & structure of sentences ORIGINAL Instead of analyzing data with an exploratory factor analysis (where each item is free to load on each factor) and potentially facing a solution inconsistent with initial theory, a CFA can give the investigator valuable information regarding the fit of the data to the specific, theory-derived measurement model (where items load only on the factors they were designed to measure), and point to the potential weakness of specific items.

PARAPHRASE If the focus of the investigation is the connection between data and the theoretical model being used for measurement, a CFA is a better choice than an exploratory factor analysis, as the CFA is more likely to provide results that show the connection between data and theory (Mueller & Hancock, 2001). Source: Mueller RO and Hancock GR. (2001). Factor Analysis and Latent Structure: Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 5239-5244). Oxford, England:

Paraphrasing Good paraphrases… 2) use synonyms/different forms of words ORIGINAL

Optimizing peak bone mass during the early years is thought to be a key factor in preventing osteoporosis later in life.

PARAPHRASE

To prevent osteoporosis, experts believe it is important to build bone mass before adulthood (Johnson et al., 2008).

Johnson, C.S., MeLeod, W., Kennedy, L., and McLeod, K. (2008).Osteoporosis Health Beliefs Among Younger and Older Men and Women [Electronic version]. Health Education & Behavior 35(5)721-733.

Paraphrasing Good paraphrases… 3) change the voice (from ive to active) Earth-friendly products are being purchased more often by consumers.

Increasingly, shoppers are choosing to buy environmentally safe products.

HOW WE CAN USE THE ANTIPLAGIARISM TOOLS

How does Plagiarism Detector work?

Plagiarism Detector - Originality Report • Plagiarism Detector Originality Reports • Plagiarism Detector produces Originality reports. These reports show the Plagiarism Distribution (if any) detected within the checked document. • 1. The first thing to know about Originality Reports Color Markup: • Every color represents its own source

• Any Plagiarism Detector Originality Report has the following structure:    

 

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Originality Report GenerationTime and Date

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Checked Document Name (File Title)

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Checked Document Location

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Checked Document Words Coun

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Search Engines Queries Sent Count

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Document Author [if applicable]

A special Chart that shows the relations of different parts of the checked document. It shows the relative amount of Plagiarized part to the Original part of the document and Referenced part if any. Original Part is marked inGreen, Plagiarized part in Red, and Referenced Part is in Blue.

Wikipedia Detection flag - shows if Wikipedia was detected as one of the sources Google Books flag - shows if Google Books were detected as one of the sources Ghostwriting Services - shows if any of them detected Counter Anti-Cheating - is any tricks detected that were made in order to disguise plagiarism

Autoanalysis Section contains a short answer to the question "How much Plagiarism is there in the Document, if any?"

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This is the list of 3 sources that contain most of plagiarism, that is - sources that contain a substantial amounts of shared text and have not been referenced in the original document

This is a list of Top 3 references found. The complete list of all reference is accessible via the link below.

This section contains the Original Document Text body alongside with Color Markup and Sources detected, both Plagiarized and Referenced.

 

Originality    report details: Generation 20.10.2010 16:09 Time and Date: Document Name:

1_Essay.doc

Document Location:

C:\s\\Desktop\test docs\1_Essay.doc

Document Words Count:

547

Queries Sent Count:

27

Document Author [if applicable]:

[not available]

Plagiarism Detection Chart:

Referenced 0% / Linked 0% Original - 1% / 99% - Plagiarism

Referenced 69% / Linked 0% Original - 10% / 22% - Plagiarism

Referenced 99% / Linked 0% Original - 1% / 0% - Plagiarism

Auto analysis: · The degree of possible plagiarism is extremely high. · The text does not contain any references.  The textual material has no Linked Fragments.

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• A small part of the analyzed text either lacks reference or is plagiarized. • More than one half of the document is taken from referenced sources. • The textual material has no Linked Fragments =============================== • The text under analysis is absolutely original. Google reported no matches. • · Nearly the whole document is taken from the Internet with appropriate referencing. • · The textual material has no Linked Fragments

Source url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University http://www.answers.com/topic/university http://aduengg.com/ [ complete list]

Source url:

  [ complete list ]

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Source url:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_spelling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_English [ complete list ]

Detailed Document Analysis

Summing Up Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are all important skills to use when writing research papers. Using other people’s information provides and credibility to your research. – Use quotation marks if you are copying word for word. – Use paraphrasing to put the thoughts of the author into your own words. – Use a summary to describe the main points of an information source.

Anti-plagiarism Tools • Plagiarism.org (www.plagiarism.org) • Turnitin.com (www.turnitin.com) • Plagiarism Checker (http://www.plagiarismchecker.com/) • Plagiarism Detector (http://www.plagiarism-detector.com) • http://plagiarisma.net/ • https://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checker • http://plagiarisma.net/spinner.php •http://www.plagscan.com http://www.duplichecker.com/ http://www.plagtracker.com/ http://www.articlechecker.com/ http://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/ http://plagiarism-detect.com/ • ICTK • Academic plagiarism detector with CrossCheck (eTBlast software). • Http://etest.vbi.vt.edu/etblast • Plagiarism finder software • And many more software…….

Paraphrasing websites • http://antspinner.com •http://paraphrasing-tool.com/ • http://www.paraphrasingtool.biz/check-our-best-paraphrase-…/ • http://www.csgenerator.com/ • http://spinbot.com/

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