Pigeon Pea 6w1x3p

Group : Zerah Tandoy Juicy Ameller Wendy Delim Misuari Labadia

Pigeon Pea Common Names: Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Red Gram, No-Eye Pea, Tropical Green Pea, Gungo Pea in Jamaica, Arhar in India, and Kadios in the Philippines. Botanical Name:Cajanus cajan syn. Cajanus indicus Family: Fabaceae

Origin The cultivation of the pigeon pea goes back at least 3,500 years. The centre of origin is probably peninsular India, where the closest wild relatives (Cajanus cajanifolia) occur in tropical deciduous woodlands. Archaeological finds of pigeon pea dating to about 3400 years ago (14th century BC) have been found at Neolithic sites in Karnataka and its border areas (Tuljapur Garhi in Maharashtra and Gopalpur in Orissa) and also the south Indian states such as Kerala, where it is called Tomara Payaru. From India it traveled to East Africa and West Africa. There, it was first encountered by Europeans, so it obtained the name Congo Pea. By means of the slave trade, it came to the American continent, probably in the 17th century.

Pigeon pea better known as “kadios” here in the Philippines, is a minor crop that is usually grown in backyards or some insignificant portion of the farm. Actually, however, it is one crop that has a big potential, both for small-scale and large-scale production. Pigeon pea is not only a vegetable crop but also for other agricultural purposes. It is a super crop for dryland agriculture because it is an excellent animal feed aside from being a protein-rich human food. It is also useful in increasing soil fertility, in preventing soil erosion, and in suppressing weeds in upland farms. Of course, the main reason why pigeon pea should be produced by more farmers is its importance as nutritious food. Young pods as well as mature fresh are cooked in dishes together with other vegetables.

Plant Description: • The plant is a short lived perennial shrub. It grows to two to four metres and lives for about five years. The flowers are yellow or yellow and red. The leaves consist of three leaflets and are a dark green above and silvery underneath.

Plant Description: • The fruits are pods, containing four to five seeds. The seeds can be a range of colours: light brown, but they can be cream, grey, purple or black, depending on the variety.

Varieties

It is fortunate that a Filipino, Dr. William Dar is the head of ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) that is based in India where research studies on pigeon pea and other crops for drylands are conducted. A new high-yielding varieties have been introduced in the Philippines. A local program has been started to promote the production of this crop.

NEW HYBRID AND VARIETIES OF PIGEONPEA • IH 2740 - The hybrid possess resistance to wilt and sterility mosaic diseases and is suitable for deep black soils of the state. With a yield potential of 3.5 tons per ha it ed a 40% yield increase over the local cultivars.

• IL 14003 (PRG 176) - The variety has yield potential of 2.5 tons per ha and matures in 130 days. It is resistant to terminal drought and is suitable for light chalka soils (light red soils with low water retention).

• IL 332 WR (TDRG 4) - This variety has a yield potential of 3 tons per ha and is suitable for sandy loam soils. It is resistant to wilt and tolerant to Helicoverpa.

• I 7035 -

A perennial plant, meaning it will stay productive for several years. It produces a lot of fruiting branches resulting in high yields. The fruits come in bunches.

• I 88039 - This bears fruits throughout the year as it is not sensitive to the length of daylight. It is very resistant to drought because it is very deep-rooted.

Extra-short-duration varieties of pigeon pea released in India Variety

Pedigree

UPAS-120

1976 (UP)

120-140

Pant A3

Selection from P 4758 -

1975n (UP)

120-130

Prabhat

TI X T 190

1975 (UP)

110-120

Determinate, dwarf (100-120 cm) , clustered fruiting, yield 1.2-1.5 t ha

1986 (Penin. India)

120-130

1990 (NW India)

120-130

Determinate, 10.5 g (100 seed) brown seeded, potential yield 2.5-3.0 t ha Determinate, 10.5 g (100 seed) cream color, potential yield 2.53.0 t ha

IL 87 T21x JA 277 (Pragati) IL 151 (Jagriti)

I 6997 x Prabhat

Year of release Time to maturity (State) (days)

Characteristics

Nondeterminate, yield 1.5-1.8 t ha Semierrect, determinate, dwarf 3-4 seeds pod

Short-duration varieties of pigeon pea released in India. Variety

Pedigree

Year of release (State)

Time to maturity (days)

Characteristics

150-160

Dwarf compact plant, determinate, bold seeded 9 g (100 seed) 4-5 seeds pod potential yield 2.5 t ha

150-170

Semi-spreading, loose plant and indeterminate branching. Small seeded, 7 g (100 seed)

140-150

Semi-errect tall, purple stem, white seed, bold, 11-12 g (100 seed) potential yield 2.5-2.7 t ha average 1.3-1.9 t ha

140-150

Medium tall, semi-spreading, 3-4 pod-1, 7.5 g (100 seed) brown seeded.

135-140

Photoinsensitive, brown seeded, 7 g (100 seed)- 1, average yield 1.5 t ha1.

Brazil 1-1 x T190 Pusa Ageti

1971

1961 (UP) T21

TI x T190 1978 (AP)

HY2

PI 4628

Pusa 84

Pusa Ageti x T21

C01

Local (Tamil Nadu)

1980 (N zone)

1970 (TN)

Medium-duration varieties of pigeon pea developed in India. Variety

Pedigree

Year of release (State)

Time to maturity (days)

HY 1

PI 3704

1975 (AP)

160-170

HY 3A

PI 2817-1A

1980 (AP)

160-170

HY 5

PI 3701

1980 (AP)

160-170

AS 71-37

Local selection

1981 (MP)

165-195

BDN 1

Local selection

1978 (Maharashtra)

160-179

S20

Kanke 1XB7

1976 (WB)

180-190

Characteristics

Spreading, purple stem, white seed, potential yield1.9-2 t ha average 1.2-1.5 t ha Erect tall plant (230-240 c m ) , green stem, white bold seeded, 18-20 g potential yield 3.0-4.0 t ha average yield 1.6-2.0 t ha Semi-erect, purple stem, medium height (170 cm ) , brown seeded, Medium tall (172-194 cm),potential yield 3.0 t ha, ave. 1.65 t ha Semi-spreading, wilt resistant height (200220 cm) Semi-compact, Potential yield 2.5 t ha average yield 1.7 t ha

Late-duration varieties of pigeon pea released in India. Variety

Pedigree

Year of release (State)

Time to maturity (days)

Characteristics

C11

Local selection

(AP)

200-220

Medium tall, profuse branching, spreading, brown seed,

220-240

Compact, semi-erect plant, brown round selection 4-5 seeds pod- yield potential 3 t ha average yield 2.25 t ha

Bahar

D1258 X Local

1973 (Bihar)

Laxmi (Kanke-3)

BR-183X Local

1974(WB)

180-220

Gwalior 3

Local selection

1960/ 1980 (MP)

270>

Perennial, semi-spreading, field tolerant to wilt, potential yield 2 t ha average yield 1.75 t ha Tall 250-300 cm, spreading, light brown seed, 7-8 g (100 seed)

Uses • Food; seeds are 25% protein, can be eaten fresh or as split dried peas, are used for dhal in India, contain 5 times more Vitamin A and C than green peas. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked, they are fibrous and have a strong spicy odor. • Animal Fodder; an excellent feed for cattle, pigs and poultry. • Green Manure; incorporate the plants as they flower.

• Mulch production; can be cut many times in a season. • Alley cropping; provides nitrogen, habitat and soil stabilization. • Windbreaks; suitable as a shelterbelt around vegetable gardens. • Considered an environmentally beneficial plant as it can enrich soil. • Fixes atmospheric nitrogen

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • Recommended Planting Time: Spring, or during the wet season, soil temperature should be at least 25°C for germination, a higher soil temperature will give a more even germination. • Ideal soil pH should be about 6.5 - 7 • Details: Soaking seeds overnight will improve germination. Protect young plants from all grazing animals.

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • Inoculant: A group of bacteria called Rhizobium live in a symbiotic relationship with many legumes. This is a big advantage to the plant, as it is able, once inoculated, to produce its own nitrogen, from the soil air. The bacteria are stored in peat, and as this is a living culture, it must be treated with care. It should be stored in the fridge and used within 3 months. Do not separate from the seed packet as the inoculant attached is specific to the individual legume. To use, moisten the seed with a small amount of milk or water and stir in the inoculant until seeds are coated. Do not inoculate the seed until you are ready to sow it and do not leave the inoculated seed in the sun.

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • The seeds take about two to three weeks to germinate. Germination is faster in warm soils and takes longer in cooler climates. • Initially the plant grows very slowly. For about three months it will look like nothing much is happening, but then they take off.

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • Fertilizer: On phosphorus-deficient soils, apply phosphate fertilizer such as Solphos. Zinc deficiency may occur on alkaline clay soils. Application of foliar zinc in this situation will result in a quick response. Soil applications can overcome zinc deficiency for 5 years and longer. Pigeon pea hosts VAM fungi, allowing the crop to gain access to phosphorus and zinc in the soil and fertilizer.

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • Weed Control:

As mentioned previously, pigeon pea grows slowly as a seedling, and as such is a poor competitor with weeds. There are a number of herbicides available for grass and broadleaf weed control. Inter-row cultivation can be used successfully when the crop is sown in wide rows.

Cultural Practices for Pigeon Pea Production • Flowering and Harvest: Plants can start flowering in as little as two months, and you could theoretically harvest the first seeds after three to four months. However, depending on the variety and the planting time can take a lot longer, up to eight months.

Pests

Aphids (Cowpea aphid, Pea aphid, etc.)

Aphis craccivora Acyrthosiphon pisum

Symptoms • Small soft bodied insects on underside of leaves and/or stems of plant; usually green or yellow in color, but may be pink, brown, red or black depending on species and host plant; if aphid infestation is heavy it may cause leaves to yellow and/or distorted, necrotic spots on leaves and/or stunted shoots; aphids secrete a sticky, sugary substance called honeydew which encourages the growth of sooty mold on the plants Cause • Insect Comments • Distinguishing features include the presence of cornicles (tubular structures) which project backwards from the body of the aphid; will generally not move very quickly when disturbed Management • If aphid population is limited to just a few leaves or shoots then the infestation can be pruned out to provide control; check transplants for aphids before planting; use tolerant varieties if available; reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants; sturdy plants can be sprayed with a strong jet of water to knock aphids from leaves; insecticides are generally only required to treat aphids if the infestation is very high - plants generally tolerate low and medium level infestation; insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem or canola oil are usually the best method of control; always check the labels of the products for specific usage guidelines prior to use

Armyworms (Beet armyworm, Western striped armyworm)

Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera praefica

Symptoms • Singular, or closely grouped circular to irregularly shaped holes in foliage; heavy feeding by young larvae leads to skeletonized leaves; shallow, dry wounds on fruit; egg clusters of 50-150 eggs may be present on the leaves; egg clusters are covered in a whitish scale which gives the cluster a cottony or fuzzy appearance; young larvae are pale green to yellow in color while older larvae are generally darker green with a dark and light line running along the side of their body and a pink or yellow underside Cause • Insect Comments • Insect can go through 3–5 generations a year Management • Organic methods of controlling armyworms include biological control by natural enemies which parasitize the larvae and the application of Bacillus thuringiensis; there are chemicals available for commercial control but many that are available for the home garden do not provide adequate control of the larvae

Earworm

Helicoverpa zea Symptoms • Larvae damage leaves, buds, flowers, pods and beans; young caterpillars are cream-white in color with a black head and black hairs; older larvae may be yellow-green to almost black in color with fine white lines along their body and black spots at the base of hairs; eggs are laid singly on both upper and lower leaf surfaces and are initially creamy white but develop a brown-red ring after 24 hours and darken prior to hatching Cause • Insect Comments • Adult insect is a pale green to tan, medium sized moth; insect is also very damaging pests of corn; insect overwinters as pupae in the soil Management • Monitor plants for eggs and young larvae and also natural enemies that could be damaged by chemicals; Bacillus thuringiensis or Entrust SC may be applied to control insects on organically grown plants; appropriate chemical treatment may be required for control in commercial plantations

Cutworms

Agrotis spp. Peridroma saucia Nephelodes minians Symptoms • Stems of young transplants or seedlings may be severed at soil line; if infection occurs later, irregular holes are eaten into the surface of fruits; larvae causing the damage are usually active at night and hide during the day in the soil at the base of the plants or in plant debris of toppled plant; larvae are 2.5–5.0 cm (1–2 in) in length; larvae may exhibit a variety of patterns and coloration but will usually curl up into a C-shape when disturbed Cause • Insect Comments • Cutworms have a wide host range and attack vegetables including asparagus, bean, cabbage and other crucifers, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce, pea, pepper, potato and tomato Management • Remove all plant residue from soil after harvest or at least two weeks before planting, this is especially important if the previous crop was another host such as alfalfa, beans or a leguminous cover crop; plastic or foil collars fitted around plant stems to cover the bottom 3 inches above the soil line and extending a couple of inches into the soil can prevent larvae severing plants; hand-pick larvae after dark; spread diatomaceous earth around the base of the plants (this creates a sharp barrier that will cut the insects if they try and crawl over it); apply appropriate insecticides to infested areas of garden or field if not growing organically

Leafminers

Lyriomyza spp Symptoms Thin, white, winding trails on leaves; heavy mining can result in white blotches on leaves and leaves dropping from the plant prematurely; early infestation can cause fruit yield to be reduced; adult leafminer is a small black and yellow fly which lays its eggs in the leaf; larvae hatch and feed on leaf interior Cause Insects Comments Mature larvae drop from leaves into soil to pupate; entire lifecycle can take as little as 2 weeks in warm weather; insect may go through 7 to 10 generations per year Management Check transplants for signs of leafminer damage prior to planting; remove plants from soil immediately after harvest; only use insecticides when leafminer damage has been identified as unnecessary spraying will also reduce populations of their natural enemies

Diseases

Alternaria blight

Alternaria alternata Symptoms • Small irregular brown lesions on leaves which expand and turn gray-brown or dark brown with concentric zones; older areas of lesions may dry out and drop from leaves causing shot hole; lesions coalesce to form large necrotic patches Cause • Fungus Comments

• Disease emergence favored by high humidity and warm temperatures; plants grown in nitrogen and potassium deficient soils are more susceptible Management • Plant beans in fertile soil; foliar fungicide application may be required in order to control the disease

Wilt

Fusarium udum Symptoms • Sudden yellowing of leaves; death of leaves; plant death; blackened tissue at base of stem; symptoms may be present on only one side of plant Cause • Fungus Comments • Fungus can survive in soil for several years Management • Practice long term crop rotation; avoid over or under watering plants

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum spp. Symptoms • Small, dark brown to black lesions on cotyledons; oval or eye-shaped lesions on stems which turn sunken and brown with purple to red margins; stems may break if cankers weaken stem; pods drying and shrinking above areas of visible symptoms; reddish brown spots on pods which become circular and sunken with rust colored margin Cause • Fungus

Comments • Disease transmitted through infected seed; fungus can survive in crop debris in soil and reinfect crop the following season Management

• Plant resistant varieties; use certified disease free seed; avoid sprinkler irrigation, water plants at base; plow bean crop debris into soil

White mold (Sclerotinia rot)

Sclerotinia sclerotum

Symptoms • Flowers covered in white, cottony fungal growth; small, circular, dark green, water-soaked lesions on pods leaves and branches which enlarge and become slimy; cottony white growth may be visible on lesions during periods of high humidity; death of branches and/or entire plant Cause • Fungus

Comments • Fungus can survive in soil for in excess of 5 years; disease can be spread by wind, contaminated irrigation water and by infected seeds Management

• Rotate crops with non-hosts like cereals and corn; plant rows parallel to direction of prevailing winds to prevent spread of disease from secondary hosts nearby; avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer; use a wide row spacing

Health Benefits of Pigeon Peas • • • • • • • • •

Regulate Blood Pressure Growth and Development Prevent Anemia Anti-inflammatory Properties Weight Loss Boost Energy Strengthen Immune System Heart Health Improve Digestion

References: • http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pigeon-pea.html • http://greenharvest.com.au/PoultrySupplies/Information/ PigeonPeaGrowingInformation.html • https://www.organicfacts.net/healthbenefits/other/pigeon-peas.html • http://eol.org/pages/643268/details • http://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/07/27/pigeonpea-or-kadios-production/ • http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/pigeon-pea • https://plantvillage.org/topics/pigeon-pea/infos