Pcd Lab Manual 3v1g6l

#include <math.h> void main( ) { float a,b,c; float d,x1,x2,r; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the three coefficients :\n"); scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c); if(a*b*c==0) printf("\nInvalid Input "); else

19

GECR

PCD LAB {

d=b*b4*a*c; r=sqrt(fabs(d)); if(d>0) { x1=(b+r)/(2.0*a); x2=(br)/(2.0*a); printf("\nThe roots are real and distinct\n"); printf("\nThe roots are \n 1) x1=%f\t\t \n 2) x2=%f",x1,x2); } else if(d==0) { x1=x2=b/(2.0*a); printf("\nThe roots are real and equal\n"); printf("\nThe roots are: \n 1) x1=x2=%f",x1); } else { x1=b/(2.0*a); x2=r/(2.0*a); printf("\nThe roots are real and imaginary\n"); printf("\nThe roots are:\n1)%f+i%f\t\t\n2)%fi %f",x1,x2,x1,x2); } } getch( ); }

Output Enter the three coefficient : 1 4 4 The roots are real and equal The roots are: X1=X2=2.0000 Enter the three coefficient : 1 5 6 The roots are real and distinct The roots are: X1=3.0000 X2=2.0000 Enter the three coefficient : 2 3 4 The roots are real and imaginary The roots are: 1) 0.750000 +i 1.198958 2) 0.750000 i 1.198958 Enter the three coefficient : 1 0 5 Invalid Input

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PCD LAB

2. Design and develop an algorithm to find the reverse of an integer number NUM and check whether it is PALINDROME or NOT. Implement a C program for the developed algorithm that takes an integer number as input and output the reverse of the same with suitable messages. Ex: Num: 2014, Reverse: 4102, Not a Palindrome Algorithm Step 1.[input the number] Read number Step 2.[make a copy of the number] m=number Step 3.[initialize the value of reverse] reverse=0 Step 4.[reverse the given number] while (m! =0) remain=m%10 m=m/10 reverse=reverse*10+remain; end while Step 5.[check if the given number is palindrome] if(number = reverse) output “given number is palindrome” else output “given number is not palindrome” endif Step 6.[finished] Stop Program #include <stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include void main() { int n,rev=0,rem,m; clrscr(); printf("Enter a number : "); scanf("%d",&n); m=n; if(n<=999 || n>9999) { printf("Not a 4 digit number\n"); exit(0); } while(n!=0) { rem=n%10; n=n/10; rev=rev*10+rem; } printf("Reverse of a number is %d\n",rev); if(m==rev) printf("The given number %d is Palindrome\n",m); else printf("The given number %d is not Palindrome\n",m);

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GECR

PCD LAB getch(); }

Output Enter a number : 1221 Reverse of a number is 1221 The given number 1221 is Palindrome Enter a number : 121 Not a 4 digit number Enter a number : 1234 Reverse of a number is 4321 ss The given number 1234 is not Palindrome

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3a. Design and develop a flowchart to find the square root of a given number N. Implement a C program for the same and execute for all possible inputs with appropriate messages. Note: Don’t use library function sqrt(n). Flowchart

Start

Read a number (N) asqrt=N/2 Temp=0

False

IS asqrt!=temp

True temp=asqrt; asqrt=(N/asqrt+asqrt)/2;

Print Area

22

Stop

GECR

PCD LAB Program #include<stdio.h> #include void main( ) { float N,temp,asqrt; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the value of N\n"); scanf("%f",&N); asqrt=N/2; temp=0; while(asqrt!=temp) { temp=asqrt; asqrt=(N/asqrt+asqrt)/2; } printf("The square root of %f is %f\n",N,asqrt); getch( ); }

Output Enter the value of N 25 The square root of 25.000000 is 5.000000 Enter the value of N 12.3 The square root of 12.300000 is 3.507136

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3b. Design and develop a C program to read a year as an input and find whether it is leap year or not. Also consider end of the centuries. Flowchart

Is year%400==0)|| (year%100! =0&&year%4==0

True

False

NOT Leap Year

Leap Year

Leap Year

NOT Leap Year

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GECR

PCD LAB Program #include<stdio.h> #include void main( ) { int year; clrscr( ); printf("Enter a year: "); scanf("%d",&year); if((year%400==0)||(year%100!=0&&year%4==0)) printf("%d is a leap year\n", year); else printf("%d is not a leap year\n", year); getch( ); } Output Enter a year: 2015 2015 is not a leap year Enter a year: 2016 2016 is a leap year

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Design and develop an algorithm for evaluating the polynomial f(x)=a4x4+a3x3+a2x2+a1x+a0, for a given value of x and its coefficients using Horner’s method. Implement a C program for the developed algorithm and execute for different sets of values of coefficients and x. Algorithm Step 1.[input n] Read n Step 2.[Input n coefficients,starting from nth coefficient to 0th coefficient] for i =n down to 0 in step 1 read a[i] end for Step 3.[input the value of x] read x Step 4. [initialize] sum=0 Step 5.[evaluate the polynomial using horner’s method] for i=n down to 0 in step 1 sum=(sum+a[i])*x end for sum=sum+a[0] Step 6.[output the value of the given polynomial expression] output result Step 7.[finished] Stop Program #include<stdio.h> #include void main( ) 24

GECR

PCD LAB { int n,i; float x,a[10],sum=0; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the The degree of polynomial: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the %d coefficient\n",n+1); for(i=n;i>=0;i) scanf("%f",&a[i]); printf("Enter the value of x: "); scanf("%f",&x); for(i=n;i>0;i) sum=(sum+a[i])*x; sum=sum+a[0]; printf("Sum of the polynomial=%f",sum); getch( ); }

Output Enter the The degree of polynomial: 2 Enter the 3 coefficient 2 4 6 Enter the value of x: 2 Sum of the polynomial=22.000000

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Write C Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation given by Sin(x) = x - (x3/3!) + (x5/5!) - (x7/7!) + ……. Compare the result with the built- in Library function and print both the results. Program #include<stdio.h> #include #include<math.h> int fact(int n) { int i,prod; prod=1; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) prod=prod*i; return prod; } float tsin(float x,int n) { int i; float sum; sum=0; for(i=1;i<=n;i+=2) { if((i1)%4==0)

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GECR

PCD LAB sum=sum+pow(x,i)/fact(i); else sum=sumpow(x,i)/fact(i); } return sum; } void main() { int n; float x,rad,res; clrscr(); printf("Enter the value of x and n\n"); scanf("%f%d",&x,&n); rad=(x*3.142)/180; res=tsin(rad,n); printf("sin(%f)=%f\n",x,res); printf("Using library function, sin(%f)=%f\n",x,sin(rad)); getch(); }

Output

Enter the degree and number of 90 3 sin(90)=0.925018 Using library function sin(90)=1.000000 Enter the degree and number of 30 2 sin(30)=0.523333 Using library function sin(30)=0.499770

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads N integer numbers and arrange them in ascending order using Bubble Sort technique. Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 :

[Initialize] Start [Input number of elements]    read n [Input unsorted elements in array] read elements in array a[ ] print elements of array a[ ]

Step 5 : [Iterate array a[ ] in two loops. Outer loop gives number of es. Inner loop does swap task. In each , compare each pair of adjacent items. If former element is greater than latter one, swap them.] [Iterate array a[ ] with

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GECR

PCD LAB

Step 6 :

for each value i in array a[i] to n do for each value j in array a[j] to n1 do [Compare each pair of adjacent elements] if (a[j] > a[j+1])then [Swap these elements using temp variable] temp ← a[j] a[j] ← a[j+1] a[j+1] ← temp endif endfor endfor Print array with sorted elements

Step 7 :

[Finished] End.

Program #include<stdio.h> #include void main( ) { int a[50],n,i,j,temp=0; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the numbers of elements: "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("Enter the %d elements:\n", n); for (i=0;i a[j+1]) { temp=a[j]; a[j]=a[j+1]; a[j+1]=temp; } } } printf("\nThe sorted array using Bubble sort is:\n"); for (i=0;i
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GECR

PCD LAB Output Enter the numbers of elements: 5 Enter the 5 elements: 5 4 3 2 1   The given array is: 5 4 3 2 1 The sorted array using Bubble sort is: 1 2 3 4 5

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads two matrices A(mxn ) and B(pxq) and Compute the product A and B. Read matrix A in row major order and matrix B in column major order. Print both the input matrices and resultant matrix with suitable headings and in matrix format. Program must check the compatibility of orders of the matrices for multiplication. Report appropriate message in case of incompatibility. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include void reatrix(int a[10][10], int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++)     for(j=0;j
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GECR

PCD LAB } } } void main() { int m,n,p,q,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10]; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the order of matrix A\n"); scanf("%d%d",&m,&n); printf("Enter the order of matrix B\n"); scanf("%d %d",&p,&q); if(n!=p) { printf("Matrix A and B are not multicable\n"); exit(0); } printf("Enter the elements of matrix A\n"); reatrix(a,m,n); printf("Enter the elements of matrix B\n"); reatrix(b,p,q); mulmatrix(a,b,c,m,n,p,q); printf("Matrix A is\n"); writematrix(a,m,n); printf("Matrix B is\n"); writematrix(b,p,q); printf("The resultant matrix is\n"); writematrix(c,m,q); getch( ); }

Output Enter the order of matrix A 2 2 Enter the order of matrix B 2 2 Enter the elements of matrix A 1 2 3 4 Enter the elements of matrix B 2 3 4 5 Matrix A is 1 2 3 4 Matrix B is 2 3 4 5 The resultant matrix is 10 13 22 29

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GECR

PCD LAB Enter the order of matrix A 2 3 Enter the order of matrix B 2 3 Matrix A and B are not multicable

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. Develop,implement and execute a C program to search a Name in a list of names using Binary Search. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> #include void main( ) { int i,n,low,high,mid; char a[50][50],key[20]; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the number of names: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the names in ascending order\n"); for(i=0;i 0) { high=high; low=mid+1; } else { low=low; high=mid1; } } printf("Name not found\n"); getch( ); }

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GECR

PCD LAB Output Enter the number of names: 5 Enter the names in ascending order Abhi Brinda Chethan Dheeraj Enrique Enter the name to be searched Enrique key found at the position 5 Enter the number of names: 5 Enter the names in ascending order Abhi Brinda Chethan Dheeraj Enrique Enter the name to be searched Raj Name not found

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9a.Write and execute a C program that implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to another string str2 without using library function. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include void STROY(char str1[100], char str2[100]) { int i; for(i=0;i<strlen(str1);i++) if(str1[i]!='\0') str2[i]=str1[i]; str2[i]='\0'; } void main( ) { char str1[100],str2[100]; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the source string\n"); scanf("%s",str1); STROY(str1,str2); printf("After Copying, Destination string=%s\n",str2); getch( ); }

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GECR

PCD LAB Output Enter the source string Programming After Copying, Destination string=Programming

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9b. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count of consonants. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include #include void main( ) {     char str[100],ch;     int j,ac=0,ec=0,ic=0,oc=0,uc=0,cc=0;     clrscr( );     printf("Enter the sentence\n");     gets(str);     for(j=0;j<strlen(str);j++)     { if(isalpha(str[j])) {     switch(ch=tolower(str[j]))     { case 'a' : ac++; break; case 'e' : ec++; break; case 'i' : ic++; break; case 'o' : oc++; break; case 'u' : uc++; break; default  : cc++;     } }     }     printf("\nFrequency of vowel a=%d",ac);     printf("\nFrequency of vowel e=%d ",ec);     printf("\nFrequency of vowel i=%d ",ic);     printf("\nFrequency of vowel o=%d ",oc);     printf("\nFrequency of vowel u=%d ",uc);     printf("\nNumber of Consonants= %d \n",cc);     getch( ); } Output Enter the sentence India is my country Frequency of vowel a=1 Frequency of vowel e=0 Frequency of vowel i=3 Frequency of vowel o=1 Frequency of vowel u=1 Number of Consonants= 10

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GECR

PCD LAB

10a. Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n as input and returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions. Assume the integers are unsigned. Write a C program that invokes this function with different values for x and n and tabulate the results with suitable headings. Program #include<stdio.h> #include unsigned int rightshift(unsigned int x,int n); void main( ) {     unsigned int x;     unsigned int res;     int n;     clrscr( );     printf("\n Enter an unsigned integer<=65535\n");     scanf("%u",&x);     printf("\n Rotate %u how many times: \n",x);     scanf("%d",&n);     res=rightshift(x,n);     printf("\n RightShift(%u,%d)=%u\n",x,n,res);     getch( ); } unsigned int rightshift(unsigned int x,int n) {     int i;     for(i=1;i<=n;i++)     {     if(x%2==0) x=x>>1;     else     { x=x>>1; x=x+32768;     }     }     return x; }

Output

Enter an unsigned integer<=65535 10 Rotate 10 how many times: 1 RightShift(10,1)=5

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 b. Design and develop a C function isprime(num) that accepts an integer argument and returns 1 if the argument is prime, a 0 otherwise. Write a C program that invokes this function to generate prime numbers between the given range. 33

GECR

PCD LAB Program #include<stdio.h> #include int isprime(int m); void main( ) {     int i,n1,n2;     clrscr( );     printf("Enter a Range\n");     scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2);     printf("The prime Numbers between %d and %d are\n",n1,n2);     for(i=n1;i<=n2;i++)       if(isprime(i))     printf("%d\t",i);     getch( ); } int isprime(int m) {     int i;     for(i=2;i<=m/2;i++) if(m%i==0)     return 0;     return 1; }

Output Enter a Range 5 30 The prime Numbers between 5 and 30 are 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Draw the flowchart and write a recursive C function to find the factorial of a number, n!, defined by fact(n)=1, if n=0. Otherwise fact(n)=n*fact(n-1). Using this function, write a C program to compute the binomial coefficient (nCr). Tabulate the results for different values of n and r with suitable messages. Flowchart

fact(a)

Start

Read the value of n and r

ncr=fact(n)/((fact(nr))*(fact(r)))

True

IS a==1 ?

False

Print ncr return 1

Stop 34

return a*fact(a1)

GECR

PCD LAB Program #include<stdio.h> #include long int fact(int a); void main( ) {     long int n,r,ncr;     clrscr( );     printf("Enter the values of n and r \n");     scanf("%ld%ld",&n,&r);     ncr=fact(n)/((fact(nr))*(fact(r)));     printf("ncr=%ld\n",ncr);     getch( ); } long int fact(int a) {     if(a==0)         return 1;     else         return a*fact(a1); }

Output Enter the values of n and r 5 2 ncr=10

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. Given two university information files “studentname.txt” and “usn.txt” that contains students Name and USN respectively. Write a C program to create a new file called “output.txt” and copy the content of files “studentname.txt” and “usn.txt” into output file in the sequence shown below. Display the contents of output file “output.txt” on to the screen. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include void main( ) { FILE *fp1,*fp2,*fp3; char ch1,ch2; clrscr( ); fp1=fopen("studentname.txt","r"); if(fp1==NULL) { printf("studentname.txt not found\n"); exit(0); } fp2=fopen("usn.txt","r"); if(fp2==NULL) { printf("usn.txt not found\n");

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GECR

PCD LAB exit(0); } fp3=fopen("output.txt","w"); do { while((ch1=fgetc(fp1))!='\n') { if(ch1==EOF) break; else fputc(ch1,fp3); } fputc('\t',fp3); while((ch2=fgetc(fp2))!='\n') { if(ch2==EOF) break; else fputc(ch2,fp3); } fputc('\n',fp3); }while(ch1!=EOF||ch2!=EOF); fclose(fp3); fp3=fopen("output.txt","r"); printf("\n"); printf("Name           USN\n"); printf("\n"); while((ch1=fgetc(fp3))!=EOF) printf("%c",ch1); fclose(fp1); fclose(fp2); fclose(fp3); getch( ); } studentname.txt

Arun Kumar Raj Shashi Tarun

usn.txt 1GG15CS001 1GG15CS011 1GG13CS027 1GG13CS031 1GG13CS032 36

GECR

PCD LAB Output Name            USN Arun       1GG15CS001 Kumar         1GG15CS011 Raj         1GG13CS027 Shashi    1GG13CS031 Tarun         1GG13CS032

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. Write a C program to maintain a record of “n” student details using an array of structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, Marks, and Grade). Each field is of an appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given student name as input. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include struct student { int rollno, marks; char name[20],grade[1]; }; void main( ) { int i,n,found=0; struct student s[10]; char sname[20]; clrscr( ); printf("Enter the number of students: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i
37

GECR

PCD LAB { if(strcmp(s[i].name, sname)==0) { printf("\nMarks of the student is:%d\n", s[i].marks); found=1; } }        if(found==0) printf("student name not found\n"); getch( ); }

Output Enter the number of students: 2 Enter student 1 details Enter the roll number: 1 Enter the student name: Mohith Enter the marks: 85 Enter the grade: A Enter student 2 details Enter the roll number: 2 Enter the student name: Rahul Enter the marks: 75 Enter the grade: B Student details are Rollno Name 1        Mohith 2        Rahul

Marks 85        75

Grade        A        B

Enter the student name to print the marks: Rahul Marks of the student is:75

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14. Write a C program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real numbers. Program #include<stdio.h> #include #include<math.h> void main( ) { float a[10],*ptr, mean, std, sum=0,sumstd=0; int n,i; clrscr( );

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GECR

PCD LAB printf("Enter the no of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the array elements\n"); for(i=0;i
Output Enter the no of elements 5 Enter the array elements 1 2 3 4 5 sum=15.000000 Mean=3.000000 standard deviation=1.414214

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PCD LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS 1) What is an algorithm? 2) What is high level language? 3) What is compiler? 4) What are tokens? 5) What are identifiers? 6) What are keywords? How many keywords is their in C programming language? 7) What is a variable? 8) What are the rules to be followed while declaring a variable? 9) What is a constant? 10) What is a datatype? What are the different dataypes? 11)  What are escape sequence characters? 12) List the size and range of basic datatypes. 13) What is the difference between a character and string? 14) What is implicit type conversion and explicit type conversion (type casting)? 15)  What is precedence of an operator means? 16) What is the difference between printf() and puts() functions. 17) What is function? What are the advantages of functions? 18) What are the different types of functions? 19) What is a library function? 20) What is calling function and called function? 21) What is the meaning of actual parameter and formal parameter? 22) What is the purpose of switch statement? Explain with syntax. 23) What is loop? List the differences between pretest and posttest loop. 24) What is the meaning of event controlled loop and counter controlled loop? 25)What are the advantages of loops? 26) What is control statement? What are the various types of control statements    available in C language? 27) Explain for loop with syntax. 28) What is the difference between while and dowhile loop? 29) What are unconditional control statements? 30) What is the use of break statement? 31) What is an array? What is the difference between an ordinary variable and an array variable? 32) What are the differences between recursion and iteration? 33) What is a pointer? 34) What is a NULL pointer? 35) What is a Structure? What are the differences between structures and arrays? 36) What is memory leak? Why it should be avoided. 37) Which header file should be included to use functions like malloc() and calloc()? 38) List string.h Library functions in C. 39) What is the purpose of main() function? 40) What is the difference between static and dynamic memory allocation in C?

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