P1 And The Rest.docx 3q1m5f

P1- Describe forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults. P2- Describe indicators that abuse may be happening to adults. Types of Abuse, the Definition of the Abuse, Example of the Abuse and Indicators Of The Abuse. Physical : Physical abuse is abuse involving intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Striking, punching, pushing, pulling, slapping, biting, whipping, striking with an object, kicking, tripping, kneeing, strangling, rape, placing in stress positions (tied or otherwise forced) and withholding food or medication. Injuries (bruises, lacerations, cuts, burns, bite marks, fractures, etc.), drug/alcohol misuse, depression, isolation, self-harming, suicidal, nightmares/flashbacks, low self-esteem, low confidence, fear, panic attacks, and mistrust. Domestic: Domestic abuse is the abuse of an individual within an intimate or family relationship. It is the repeated, random and habitual use of intimidation to control a person. This abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual. This can include hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects, threats, controlling or domineering behaviour, intimidation and stalking. Physical injuries, depression, anxiety, nightmares/flashbacks, fear, panic attacks, anger confusion, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, mistrust, suicidal, shame and difficulty to establish trust in new relationships. Discriminatory: Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different, for example it may be: age, clothing or appearance, ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language, gender, health (such as AIDS) or disability (i.e. mental disorders), lifestyle or occupation, race or skin colour, religion or political affiliation, sexuality and sexual orientation, social class, or weight and height. Discriminatory abuse may include: Racist comments, sexist comments, verbal abuse or harassment on the basis of a disability, comments or harassment on the basis of sexual preference, age discrimination, race discrimination and discrimination of a person’s beliefs or religion. A person is overly concerned about race, sexual preference, a person tries to be more like others, a person is overly critical/anxious about these areas, and a person is made to dress differently. Sexual: Sexual abuse is any sort of non-consensual sexual . Forcing someone into sexual activity without his or her consent, Sexualised language or conversation, inappropriate touching, kissing, fondling, exposure, Inflicting pornography on someone, rape and Penetrating someone's mouth/anus/vagina (with finger, penis or other object). Physical injuries, isolation, depression, self harm, sexual infections, nightmares, mistrust, anxiety, low self-esteem, avoidance of sexual intimacy and feeling suicidal. Financial: Financial abuse is a form of mistreatment in which an ab forcibly controls a victim’s economic means. It can involve stealing money, not allowing a victim to take part in any financial decisions, or preventing a victim from having a job. Financial abuse includes: taking money or property, forging a person's signature, getting someone to sign a deed, will, or power of attorney through deception, coercion, or undue influence, using a person's property or possessions without permission, confidence crimes (‘cons’) are the use of deception to gain victims' confidence, scams are fraudulent or deceptive acts, fraud is the use of

deception, trickery, false pretence, or dishonest acts or statements for financial gain, telemarketing scams and using a person’s credit cards without authorization. Stress, depression, unpaid bills, eviction notices, or notices to discontinue utilities, withdrawals from bank s or transfers between s that cannot be explained, unusual activity in a person's bank s including large, unexplained withdrawals, frequent transfers between s, or ATM withdrawal, belongings or property are missing, suspicious signatures on checks or other documents, and absence of documentation about financial arrangements. Bullying : Bullying is when someone keeps doing or saying things to have power over another person. This can include many different types of abuse. Physical assault, ridiculing, cyber bullying, name calling- psychological abuse, threatening, intimidating. Fear, reduced socialisation, isolation, depression, self harming, suicidal and avoidance of certain situations. Psychological: psychological abuse also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse includes a range of non-physical controlling behaviours that cause emotional damage and undermine a person’s sense of well-being. Telling someone they are worthless, telling them no one else wants them, forcing someone to do things at an exact time or in an exact way, undermining a person’s actions, thought and beliefs, making someone believe they are mad, telling someone that the domestic violence and abuse is their fault, not allowing someone to have visitors, controlling who a person is friends with, not allowing them to go out, and locking someone in a room or house. Isolation, depression, anxiety, fear of failure, overly high standards, fears consequences of actions -often leading to lying, extreme withdrawal or aggressiveness, mood swings, extreme attention-seeking behaviours, poor peer relationships, self- harming, suicidal, and runaway attempts. Self-harm: Self-harm is defined as the intentional, direct injuring of body tissue most often done without suicidal intentions. It can take a variety of forms, and be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It is most visible in young adults and adolescents, but it may affect people of any age. Self inflicted cuts on the forearms/wrists, burns, bruising. Unexplainable physical damage, isolation, depression, low self-esteem, lack of confidence, withdrawal from socialising, alcohol/drug abuse, suicidal and also some forms of self-harm have been related to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Neglect: Neglect is a ive form of abuse in which the perpetrator is responsible to provide care for a person who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet a person’s needs, thereby resulting in a person’s demise. Neglect can include: ignoring medical or physical care needs, failure to provide access to appropriate health, social care or educational services, the withholding of the necessities of life, such as medication, adequate nutrition and heating. Malnutrition, rid or continuous weight loss, not having access to necessary physical aides, inadequate or inappropriate clothing, untreated medical problems, dirty clothing/bedding, Lack of personal care. Institutional: Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following: discriminatory abuse, financial abuse, neglect, physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Unsatisfactory living conditions, ignoring medical or physical care needs poor care standards, dirty clothes, soiled bedding,

and physical injuries. Decline in social activity, withdrawn, poor appearance, mood swings, depression, lowered self-esteem, low confidence, inadequate staffing and an insufficient knowledge base within the service and rigid routines. P3 - Explain factors that may lead to abusive situations Abuse is hurtful mistreatment of other people. It may include physical, sexual, or emotional mistreatment of children or adults. There is no single cause for abusive behaviour, but there are many factors that seem to make it likelier that an adult will abuse others. Growing up in an abusive family is one contributing factor. Other factors include: • Alcohol or substance abuse that leads to loss of self-control • Unemployment, lack of education, discrimination, and other factors that cause financial difficulties • Marital problems • Undiagnosed mental illness • Antisocial personality disorder that leads the ab to disregard the rights of others Family violence may lead to "learned helplessness," a form of ivity and hopelessness that people experience when they believe that abuse is an inevitable and inescapable part of their lives. Shelters often offer counselling and therapy to help battered women learn how to overcome learned helplessness and escape from abusive situations. Stock Boston • Lack of coping skills to deal with anger and impulsive behaviour • Lack of coping skills to deal with stressful situations, such as the care of a disabled child or a dependent elder. Abs often want to deny the seriousness of the problem, evade responsibility for their own abusive behaviour, and shift blame to the other person. Abs may say that the person being abused was "asking for it," but abuse is not the fault of the child or adult who has been abused. No one "deserves" to be abused or neglected. Emotional Abuse Abuse does not always cause bruises that one can see. Emotional abuse targets the feelings and spirit of the person being abused, instead of the body. Forms of verbal and emotional abuse may include repeated name calling, hurtful ridicule (RI-di-kyool), harsh criticism, cruel and disrespectful words, bullying, and threats of violence or harm. Emotional abuse can have serious long-term consequences: 1. It may damage a developing child's sense of self-esteem. 2. It may make it difficult for a child to make friends. 3. It may make it difficult for a child to concentrate on schoolwork. 4. It may make a child cautious or fearful about his or her safety, even in safe surroundings and situations. 5. It may make a child seem too grown-up in behaviour. 6. It may be contribute to feelings of depression, hopelessness, and anger. When verbal abuse includes threats of violence, it may indicate that physical abuse and sexual abuse also are occurring. Learned Helplessness "Why doesn't she just leave him?" observers often wonder when they become aware of family violence. The answer most likely is what psychologist and

researcher Martin Seligman and his colleagues call "learned helplessness," a form of ivity and hopelessness that people experience when they come to believe that abuse and violence are inevitable and inescapable components of their lives. People who experience violence regularly may give up trying to avoid or escape that violence. They may become ive and unable to create safety for themselves or their families. In her work on battered wives, psychologist Lenore Walker discovered that these women often remain with battering husbands because of learned helplessness. She found that battered wives who had learned to be helpless and ive needed counselling and therapy before they could learn how to escape from the abusive situation. Even if abused partners want to leave their abs, leaving may not be an easy option. The abusing partner may increase the level of violence if the abused partner tries to leave the home. The abusing partner also may forbid with friends, neighbours, or in-laws; may withhold money or car keys; may stalk the abused partner; or may threaten children or pets. Physical Abuse: Physical abuse affects the body as well as the head, heart, and spirit. Physical abuse may include a pattern of hitting, kicking, pushing, shoving, shaking, spanking, and harsh physical punishment. It may cause bruising or more serious injury, and even if it is called "tough love," it is in fact a form of violence. Physical abuse, particularly family violence, often is kept secret by the ab, by the person being abused, and by other family who fear the consequences of confronting the ab. Signs that a child may be abused may include: • Unusual injuries that are not the result of normal play activities, for example, black eyes; injuries to cheeks and ears; injuries to stomach, back, thighs, and buttocks; human bite marks; and cigarette burns • Unusual tiredness or trouble sleeping or nightmares • Unusual sadness or crying • Unusual violence toward classmates or siblings or pets • Avoidance of parents or caregivers, such as reluctance to go home after school • The same behaviours that result from emotional abuse Family violence Family violence often is referred to as domestic abuse. It includes all forms of intimate partner violence (spouse abuse or wife battering), child abuse and neglect, elder abuse, and child sexual abuse. Intimate partner violence most often involves men who are abusive toward female partners. Female-to-male domestic abuse also occurs, as does male-to-male and female-to-female abuse in same-sex couples. Research shows that child abuse and spouse abuse often happen in the same families. But even if child abuse does not take place along with spouse abuse, the child who witnesses family violence experiences many problems. Family violence limits the child's ability to feel safe and protected at home, and it may force the child to favour one parent over the other. It also may cause emotional and behavioural problems for the child at school or among peers. It may also lead to a broken home or custody dispute if a wife leaves the home for a battered women's shelter or if a child is removed from the home by a government child protection agency. Elder abuse and neglect Elder abuse may occur in families or in institutions such as nursing homes. Abuse may include neglect, hitting, pushing, shaking, giving elders too much medication, and putting elders in restraints that prevent them from leaving a bed

or wheelchair. Elders who cannot take care of themselves, who are incontinent * , who need assistance with activities of daily living, or who wander away due to dementia * may be difficult and frustrating to caregivers, but it is never okay to hit or push an elderly person. Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse is unwanted, inappropriate, or forced sexual touching, , and behaviour. Abs may be male or female, and the person who is sexually abused may be adult or child, male or female, very young or very old, intimate partner or spouse, neighbour, student, or date. Incest is the term for sexual abuse by a member of one's own family. Sexual abs often believe that the activity is a form of love or intimacy. Abs may claim that the victim said "no" but that the ab knew the victim meant "yes." But people who have been abused experience the violation of their personal boundaries and privacy as assault and violence. Repressed memories If thinking about the abuse is particularly difficult, children may lock away all knowledge of the abuse in the deepest part of their memories, keeping the abuse secret even from themselves. This form of amnesia, or memory loss, can last for many years according to many experts. Adults who have been abused as children report sometimes discovering a key to the deepest parts of the memory many years after the abuse has stopped. Known as "repressed memory," adult recall of child sexual abuse is considered a controversial topic. Discrimination and Hate Crimes Sometimes people are abused because of race or ethnic background, disabilities, gender, sexual orientation, or religious beliefs. White supremacy, lynching, gay bashing, and ethnic cleansing are a few of the associated with these forms of abuse and violence. In many areas of the United States and the world, hate crimes are not yet specifically against the law. M1. Assess the likely immediate effects of two different forms of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults. Health Effects Abuse and neglect are a major source of stress and can have long-term effects on the health and well-being of older adults.The stress of abusemay trigger chest pain or angina, and may be a factor in other seriousheart problems. High blood pressure, breathing problems,stomach problems (ulcers), and panic attacks are common stress-relatedsymptoms among older people who experience abuse. Abuse has a significant impact on people at any age, but older adults can be especially vulnerable. In general, older adults have less physical strength and less physical resilience than younger persons. Some older adults may be very frail, or already have disabilities or impairments that leave them particularly vulnerable. Older bones break more easily and take longer to heal. An injury or accumulation of injuries over time canlead to serious harm or death. For example, physical abuse may result in a hip fracture. Many older adults experiencing abuse or neglect are isolated.Individuals who abuse or neglect older adults often threaten, harass, or intimidate them. For example, some abs threaten to not let older adults see their grandchildren. Others may prevent older adults from having visitors, or may threaten to leave them alone. As a result of abuse or neglect, older adults often experience worry, depression, or anxiety. These signs may be mistaken for memory loss or

illness, when really they are the effects of stress or worry. An older adult may also feel shame, guilt, or embarrassment that someone in the family or someone close has harmed them. Some abused older adults may start to eat less, use more medications or drink more alcohol to help cope with the emotional and physical hurt. They may have difficulty sleeping or sleep too much. Some abused or neglected older adults may lose interest in life or become withdrawn. Some may have suicidal thoughts. • Between 44% and 62% of abused older adults experience some level of depression. Up to 6% of abused older adults become severely depressed. • Living with abuse and neglect can also significantly increase the person's chances of becoming ill or may make other health problems worse. 4PREPARED BY PENNY BAIN AND CHARMAINE SPENCER FOR FEDERAL/PROVINCIAL/TERRITORIAL MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR SENIORS IN CANADA p3 factsheet 4 • Abused or neglected older adults have a 200% increased risk of early death.The stress of living in an abusive situation shortens older people’s lives by several years on average. Financial Effects Financial abuse can have a negative impact on older adults' health and wellbeing. Many older adults who experience financial abuse also face emotional abuse. Financial abuse can lead to ongoing distress and financial strain in the older person's life. Stolen or forged income cheques can leave a low-income senior without money for food, medications, or transportation. Financial abuse may involve loss of a home through deceit, loss of beloved personal assets through theft, or loss of money from improper use of a power of attorney. When abs steal or control older adults' money or other property, older adults may have fewer resources to take care of their own health, housing, good nutrition, and activities. Social Effects The effects of abuse and neglect can carry from generation to generation. For example, grandchildren who witness such abuse may come to view negative behaviours toward older adults as acceptable and perpetuate disrespect. Abuse and neglect of older adults is not a private matter. It affects individuals, families, communities and ultimately society at large. Though severe cases of elder abuse exist, more often the abuse is subtle, making it hard to distinguish interpersonal stress from external abuse and neglect, according to the American Psychological Association. Elderly persons most vulnerable to abuse and neglect are frail, terminally ill, and mentally and physically impaired. In addition, victims of elder abuse are usually abused by of their immediate families, other household and hired caregivers. Physical Markings The physical effects of elder abuse stem from the infliction of physical, emotional and/or psychological trauma. Most often, physical markings of elder abuse are

presented in forms of bruising or grip marks around the arms, legs or neck; sunken eyes; extreme weight loss; bed sores; and broken bones. Such physical marks generally come from the ab hitting, beating, pushing, neglecting to feed, burning, under medicating, excessive restraining or biting the abused. Elders who are sexually abused may also have vaginal or anal bleeding, bruised breasts and venereal diseases or vaginal infections. Language Elder abuse also impacts the language of the abused. The effects of this abuse are uncommunicative and unresponsive coping mechanisms, dismissive attitude or statements about injuries, and inability to verbalize or explain repeated injuries. When elders are abused, such signs as trembling, clinging and cowering are present. The repercussions of these effects present challenges for interventions. The abused are to afraid to speak up or have difficulty verbalizing what has happened. Significance Elder abuse can occur in the elderly person's home, the home of a relative or other caregiver, or a facility for elderly people, such as a nursing home. The issue does not receive as much attention as it should, in part because many cases of elder abuse go unreported, according to the National Center on Elder Abuse, or NCEA. The NCEA estimates that more than 10 percent of the elderly population in the United States may experience abuse, yet people report less than 20 percent of those cases. Consequently, most abused senior citizens who need help never receive it. Premier Duo Avios Cards Representative 21.9% APR variable. Get 30,000 bonus Avios. Apply today www.avios.com/PremierCard Sponsored Links Features Authorities receive more than 500,000 reports of elder abuse each year, and many of the guilty parties are the same people entrusted with caring for the elderly victims, notes Helpguide.org. Sometimes relatives of the abused senior may either commit the abuse or eventually discover or witness the abuse. It is common for family to be the ab since most caregivers for seniors are relatives, reports the NCEA. Abusive relatives often mistreat elderly family they care for because they are unable to cope with the stress of being a caregiver, which can produce anxiety, depression and exhaustion. Signs Abused seniors frequently do not say anything to anyone about the situation, according to the NCEA. As a result, relatives and other people in their life need to remain alert for signs of mistreatment in order to help them. Such signs commonly include a strained relationship with the abusive caregiver, unexplained weight loss or personality changes like withdrawal, bedsores, inadequate hygiene and physical injuries like abrasions and bruises, which may not have received treatment. Another major warning indicating elder abuse is an emotionally or verbally abusive caregiver who uses ridicule or threats to maintain control over the senior. Effects The effect that elder abuse has on the family of mistreated seniors depends on whether they are the abs or not. Relatives who learn an elderly family member has been abused often feel both anger and grief, especially if the senior is badly injured or dies, according to the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Barbara. The emotions typically occur because the relatives were unaware of the situation or were not able to prevent it. Family who abuse seniors related to them may feel anger and guilt also, sometimes

because they understand they are mistreating their relative but feel unable to stop. Prevention Both seniors and their family can help reduce the likelihood of elder abuse by performing certain actions. The NCEA recommends that seniors take good care of themselves to remain as healthy as possible, plan for their future care ahead of time to avoid family problems and participate in community and family activities to remain connected with other people and reduce social isolation. Relatives with an elderly family member who requires care should remain involved in the life of their elderly relative, research elder abuse to educate themselves and speak up or seek advice--from a trusted doctor or friend, for example--if they suspect an elderly relative is in danger.