Noun Clause 4f2v2x

NOUN CLAUSE her man to

Keep in your mind! Noun: is used as a subject or object. Example: His story is interesting. I know her house. Noun clause: is used as a subject or object. In other words, a non clause is used in the same ways as a noun. Example: What he said is interesting. I know where she lives.

Words to introduce NC • Question words: - who - whom - what - which - when - where - why - how - whose • Whether/If • That

Noun Clause with ‘Question Words’

Where does she live? What did he say? lives Who

I don’t know where she lives. I couldn’t hear what he said. No body knows who lives

there? Who is at the

there. I wonder who is at the

door? Who is she?

door. I don’t know who she

Who are those

is. I don’t know who those girls

girls? Whose house is

are. I wonder whose house that

that? What did he

is. What he said

say?

surprised me.

Question Words followed by Infinitive • I don’t know what I should do. = I don’t know what to do. • She can’t decide whether she should go or stay home. = She can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. • Please tell me how I can get the information. =Please tell me how to get the information. • A boy told us where we could find the address. =A boy told us where to find the address.

Noun Clause with ‘whether’ or ‘if’

Yes – No Question Will she come?

Does he need help?

Noun Clause

I don’t know whether she will come. I don’t know if she will come.

I wonder whether he needs help. I wonder if he needs help. I wonder whether or not he needs help. I wonder whether he needs help or not. I wonder if he needs help or not. Whether he needs help or not is not obvious to me.

Noun clause with ‘that’ Stateme nt He is an excellent student The earth is round Computer is basic need for modern life

English is world language

Noun clause Everybody thinks that he is an excellent student. I think he is an excellent student. We know (that) the earth is round. That computer is basic need for modern life is obvious. It is obvious (that) computer is basic need for modern life.

That English is world language is fact. It is a fact that English is world language.

Reported /Indirect Speech Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said.

Reporting Verb • If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. • This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. • For example: – He said, “The test is difficult.” He said the test was difficult. – She said, “She watches TV every day.” She said she watched TV every day. -- Jack said, “I come to school every day. Jack said he came to school every day.”

Reporting Verb • If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. • For example: – He says the test is difficult. – She has said that she watches TV every day. – Jack will say that he comes to school every day.

General truth • If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. • For example: - The teacher said, “Phrasal verbs are very important.  The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers • When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence. • For example: - She said, "I want to present my report.“ She said that she wanted to present her report. - Jack said, "My friend went to the class with me.“ Jack said his friend had gone to the class with him.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers • It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking. • For example: - She said, "I want to submit my report tomorrow.“ She said that she wanted to submit her report the next day.

- Jack said, " My friend went to the class with me yesterday.“  Jack said that his friend had gone to the class with him the day before.

Indirect Questions

• When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. • When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. • When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word + S+ V. Example: She asked, "Do you want to come with me?“  She asked me if I wanted to come with her. Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?“  Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend. He asked, "Why are you studying English?“  She asked me why I was studying English.

Indirect command • When reporting command, change the infinitive verb to ‘to infinitive verb’. Example: • He said, “Close the door.” He said to close the door. • She ordered him, “Don’t come to my house.”  She ordered him not to come to her house.