Mumbai 3n5lt

Mumbai A Comprehensive Guide

PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 10 Nov 2012 21:24:50 UTC

Contents Articles Main article Mumbai

History History of Mumbai

Geography

1 1 34 34 55

Geography of Mumbai

55

Climate of Mumbai

58

Economy

61

Transport

62

Public transport in Mumbai

62

Mumbai Suburban Railway

70

Mumbai Metro

80

Mumbai Monorail

91

Utility services Mumbai's water sources

Demographics

96 96 97

Growth of Mumbai

97

Mumbai statistics

98

Culture Mumbai culture

Media

101 101 104

List of Mumbai radio stations

104

List of television stations based in Mumbai

105

Education List of colleges in Mumbai

109 109

References Article Sources and Contributors

118

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

121

Article Licenses License

125

1

Main article Mumbai Mumbai Bombay

—  Metropolitan City  —

Clockwise from top: Skyline at Cuffe Parade, the Rajabai Clock Tower, Taj Mahal Hotel, Nariman Point and the Gateway of India

Mumbai Coordinates: 18°58′30″N 72°49′33″E Country

India

State

Maharashtra

District

Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban

First settled

1507

Government  • Type

Mayor–Council

 • Body

BMC

Mumbai

2  • Mayor

Sunil Prabhu (SS)

 • Municipal commissioner

Sitaram Kunte

[1]

Area  • Metropolitan City

603 km2 (233 sq mi)

Elevation

14 m (46 ft) [2][3]

Population (2011)

 • Metropolitan City

12,478,447

• Rank

1st

• Density

20,694/km2 (53,600/sq mi)

[4]

• Metro

18,414,288

 • Metro rank

1st

 • Metropolitan

20,748,395 (2nd)

Demonym

Mumbaikar

Time zone

IST (UTC+5:30)

ZIP code(s)

400 xxx

Area code(s)

9122-XXXX XXXX

Vehicle registration

MH 01—03

Spoken languages

Marathi

Ethnicity

Marathi, Marwari, Bihari and others

Website

[www.mcgm.gov.in www.mcgm.gov.in]

[5]

Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay, is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world.[6] Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city.[7] It is also the wealthiest city in India,[8] and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project,[9] which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea.[10] Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996,[11] the name being derived from the Koli goddess—Mumbadevi. Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, it is also one of the world's top 10 centres of commerce in of global financial flow,[12] generating 5% of India's GDP,[13] and ing for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai Port Trust & JNPT),[14] and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.[15] The city houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian

Mumbai companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathi film and television industry. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living,[16] attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures.

Etymology The name Mumbai is derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba—the name of the Koli goddess Mumbadevi—and Aai, "mother" in the language of Marathi.[17] The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used.[18][19] Ali Muhammad Khan, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi (1507) referred to the city as Manbai.[20] In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India").[21][22] This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning "good little bay",[23] and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese.[24] In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the ading town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.[25] Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), and Boon Bay (1690).[24][26] After the British gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was officially anglicised as Bombay.[27] By the late 20th century, the city was known as Mumbai or Mambai to Marathi language, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi speakers and as Bambai in Hindi, Persian and Urdu. The English name was officially changed to Mumbai in November 1995.[28] This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party that had just won the Maharashtra state elections and mirrored similar name changes across the country. A theory was proposed suggesting that "Bombay" was a corrupted English version of "Mumbai" and an unwanted The temple of local Hindu goddess legacy of British colonial rule. The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger Mumbadevi, after whom the city of Mumbai derives its name movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. However, the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and Indians from other regions as well.[29] However, mentions of the city by the name other than Mumbai have been controversial, resulting in emotional outbursts sometimes of a violently political nature.[30][31] A widespread popular etymology of Bombay holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay". This is based on the facts that bom is Portuguese for "good" and baía (or the archaic spelling bahia) means "bay". However, this literal translation would have been incorrect in grammatical gender, as bom is masculine, while baia is feminine; a correct Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would be boa ba(h)ia. Having said this, baim is an archaic, masculine word for "little bay".[23] Portuguese scholar José Pedro Machado in his Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (1981; "Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology"), seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, suggesting that the presence of a bay was a coincidence (rather than a basis of the toponym) and led to a misconception, that the noun (bahia; "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese name.[32]

3

Mumbai

4

History Early history Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands: Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba).[33] It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai by archaeologist Todd in 1939 suggest that the islands were inhabited since the Stone Age.[34] Perhaps at the beginning of the Common era (2000 years ago), or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.[35] In the third century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[36] The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated in the mid-third century BCE,[37] and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.[38] The city then was known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE.[39]

Kanheri Caves served as a centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient times

Between the second century BCE and ninth century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: Satavahanas, Western Kshatrapas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas,[40] before being ruled by the Silhara dynasty from 810 to 1260.[41] Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are, Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 to 525),[42] Elephanta Caves (between the sixth to seventh century),[43] Walkeshwar Temple (10th century),[44] and Banganga Tank (12th century).[45] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century, and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim).[46] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.[47] The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347–48, and controlled it till 1407. During this time, the islands were istered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.[48][49] The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli, built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431.[50] From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahamani Sultanate of Deccan.[51][52] In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahamani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands, but was defeated.[53]

European rule

The Haji Ali Dargah was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the Gujarat Sultanate

The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century.[54] Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the seven islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.[55] The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay.[56]

Mumbai

5

Some of the oldest Catholic churches in the city such as the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534),[57] St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579),[58] St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580),[59] and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632),[60] date from the Portuguese era. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands in possession of the British Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.[61] However, Salsette, Bassein, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the British managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.[62] These islands were in turn leased to the British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum by the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668.[63] The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.[64] The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Siddi iral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672,[65] Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673,[66] and Siddi iral Sambal on 10 October 1673.[65] In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency.[67] Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.[68] Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689–90.[69] The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.[70]

A view of Mumbai, c. 1905

By the middle of the 18th century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.[71] Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War.[72] The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776),[73] and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.[74]

From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as Hornby Vellard, was completed by 1784.[9] In 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki.[75] Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan came under British suzerainty, and were incorporated in Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.[76]

Ships in Bombay Harbour (c. 1731). Bombay emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.

By 1845, the seven islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation.[10][77] On 16 April 1853, India's first enger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thane.[78] During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.[79] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea.[80] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.[81] About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected.[82] As the capital of the Bombay Presidency, it witnessed the Indian independence movement, with the Quit India Movement in 1942 and The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in 1946 being its most notable events.[83][84]

Mumbai

6

Independent India After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that ed the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.[85] On April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation.[86] The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.[87] The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status.[88] The Hutatma Chowk memorial, built

Following protests during the movement in which 105 people were killed by to honour the martyrs of the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[89] Samyukta Maharashtra movement. (Flora Fountain is on its left in the Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of background.) [90] Gujarat. Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[91] As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square), and a memorial was erected.[92] The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.[93] The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region.[94] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. Textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the massive 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.[95] Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which currently handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city.[96] The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Bombay City and Bombay Suburban, though they were istered by same Municipal istration.[97] The past two decades have seen an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city. Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.[98] In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city's commuter trains.[99] In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to a couple of heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.[100] The blasts that occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar on 13 July 2011 were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai.[101]

Mumbai

7

Today, Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.[102] For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.[103] From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.[104]

Geography Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.[105] The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai.[13] The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi).[106] Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi), together ing for 437.71 km2 (169 sq mi) under the istration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.[107] Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island, partially shared with the Thane district.[108] Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west.[109] Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft);[110] the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).[111] Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,[112] and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai–Kanheri ranges.[113] Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).[114] Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: Vihar, Lower Vaitarna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.[115] Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.[116] The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.[117] The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.[118]

Mumbai consists of two revenue districts

Mumbai metropolitan region, Landsat 5 satellite image, 2011-01-30

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.[119] The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras.[120] Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity.[121] The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region,[122] which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected.[123]

Mumbai

8

Climate Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July.[124] The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.[125] Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for [126] 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005.[127] The average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 mm (85 in) for the Island City, and 2,457 mm (97 in) for the suburbs.[126] Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai

The average annual temperature is 27.2 °C (81 °F), and the average annual precipitation is 2,167 mm (85 in).[128] In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C (88 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 23.7 °C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29.1 °C (84 °F) to 33.3 °C (92 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 °C (61 °F) to 26.2 °C (79 °F).[126] The record high is 40.2 °C (104 °F) on 28 March 1982,[129] and the record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on 27 January 1962.[130] Climate data for Mumbai Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

30.6 (87.1)

31.3 (88.3)

32.7 (90.9)

33.1 (91.6)

33.3 (91.9)

31.9 (89.4)

29.8 (85.6)

29.3 (84.7)

30.1 (86.2)

32.9 (91.2)

33.4 (92.1)

32.0 (89.6)

31.7 (89.1)

16.4 Average low °C (°F) (61.5)

17.3 (63.1)

20.6 (69.1)

23.7 (74.7)

26.1 (79)

25.8 (78.4)

24.8 (76.6)

24.5 (76.1)

24.0 (75.2)

23.1 (73.6)

20.5 (68.9)

18.2 (64.8)

22.1 (71.8)

Rainfall mm (inches)

0.6 1.5 0.1 0.6 13.2 574.1 868.3 553.0 306.4 62.9 14.9 5.6 2,401.2 (0.024) (0.059) (0.004) (0.024) (0.52) (22.602) (34.185) (21.772) (12.063) (2.476) (0.587) (0.22) (94.535)

Avg. rainy days

0.1

0.1

0

0.1

1.0

14.9

24.0

22.0

13.7

3.2

1.1

0.4

80.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours

269.7

259.9

272.8

285.0

297.6

150.0

74.4

74.4

165.0

238.7

246.0

254.2

2,587.7

Source #1: IMD - Period 1951-1980

[131]

Source #2: HKO (sun only, 1971–1990)

[132]

Mumbai

9

Economy Mumbai is India's largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.[13][102][133] It serves as an economic hub of India, contributing 10% of factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and 4,000 crore (US$756 million) in corporate taxes.[134] As of 2008, Mumbai's GDP is 919,600 crore (US$173.8 billion),[135] and its per-capita income in 2009 was 486,000 (US$9,185.4),[8][136] which is almost three times the national average.[77] Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen and Toubro, State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance),[102] and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai.[137] Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area,[102] with the World Trade Centre being the most prominent one.[138] Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.[139] As of 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of Global cities.[140] Mumbai is the 3rd most expensive office market in the world. Mumbai was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.[141]

Worli skyline

Mumbai is the Financial and Commercial capital of India, and the headquarters of many of India's premier financial institutions are located in the city. Seen here is the Bandra-Worli Sea Link with the skyline of Mumbai in background

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of Mumbai Skyline at Night the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.[142] In Dharavi, in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.[143] Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered in Mumbai. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood, is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world as well as centre of Marathi Film Industry.[144][145] Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in 2000s.[146] Mumbai has been ranked 48th on the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008.[147] In April 2008, Mumbai was ranked seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for Billionaires" by Forbes magazine,[148] and first in of those billionaires' average wealth.[149]

Mumbai

10

Civic istration Mumbai, extending from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east, is istered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC).[109] The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.[150] The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves for a term of two and half years. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian istrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government. Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee.[151]

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) Headquarters, the largest civic organisation in the country.

The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city. The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry.[152] The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones,[107] each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police.[153] The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The Mumbai Fire Brigade department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers.[107]

The Bombay High Court exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[154] Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.[155]

Mumbai

Politics Mumbai has been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party.[156] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885.[157] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.[158] The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with the formation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966, out of a feeling of First session of the Indian National Congress in resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathi Bombay (28–31 December 1885) people in Bombay.[159] The party headed a campaign to expel South Indian and North Indian migrants by force.[160] The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay municipal corporation elections.[161] In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, the Nationalist Congress Party (N) separated from the Congress, but later allied with the Congress, to form a t venture known as the Democratic Front.[162] Currently, other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.[163] In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: Mumbai North, Mumbai North West, Mumbai North East, Mumbai North Central, Mumbai South Central, and Mumbai South.[164] A Member of Parliament (MP) to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the 2009 national elections, out of the six parliamentary constituencies, five were won by the Congress, and one by the N.[165] In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.[166][167] A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the 2009 state assembly elections, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 17 were won by the Congress, 6 by the MNS, 5 by the BJP, 4 by the Shiv Sena, 3 by the N and 1 by SP.[168] Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the BMC.[169] The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the 24 municipal wards, five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal istration, and a Mayor whose role is mostly ceremonial.[170][171][172] In the 2007 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 111 seats, holding power in the BMC, while the Congress-N alliance bagged 85 seats.[173] The tenure of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and Municipal Commissioner is two and a half years.[174]

Transport

11

Mumbai

12

Mumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 6.99 million commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest enger densities of any urban railway system in the world.

A BESTStarbus. BEST buses carry a total of 4.5 million engers daily.

The black and yellow Premier Pi Taxis are iconic of Mumbai.

Tonga seen at night in the Marine Drive road

The Bandra-Worli Sea Link is a cable-stayed bridge that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus, is the headquarters of the Central Railway and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mumbai

13 [175]

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is currently India's busiest airport in of enger traffic.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust is the busiest port in India

Public transport Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter taxis, auto rickshaws and ferries. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together ed for about 88% of the enger traffic in 2008.[176] Rail The Mumbai Suburban Railway, popularly known as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.[177] It consists of three rail networks: Central, Western, and Harbour Line, running the length of the city, in the north-south direction.[178] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6.3 million engers every day in 2007,[179] which is more than half of the Indian Railways daily carrying capacity. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 engers, actually carrying around 4,500 engers at peak hours.[180] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (ratin-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.[181] The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro are under construction and expected to be partially operational in late 2012 or early 2013, relieving overcrowding on the existing network. Mumbai is the headquarters of two of Indian Railways' zones: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate.[182] Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali.[183] Bus Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million engers per day in 2008.[176] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[184] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses[185] with CCTV Camera installed, ferrying 4.5 million engers daily[176] over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and Compressed Natural Gas powered buses.[186] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maharashtra and India.[187][188] Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) also operates its Volvo buses in Mumbai, from Navi Mumbai to Bandra, Dindoshi and Borivali.[189] Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.[190] The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[191] Mumbai BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai, with buses running on seven routes

Mumbai as of March 2009.[192] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion.[193] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.[194]

Road Mumbai is served by National Highway 3, National Highway 4, National Highway 8, National Highway 17 and National Highway 222 of India's National Highways system.[195] The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India,[196] while the Mumbai Nashik Expressway, Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway,[197] Western Freeway and Eastern Freeway is under construction. The Bandra-Worli Sea Link bridge, along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs.[198] The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Borivali.[199] Taxis and rickshaws Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in South Mumbai.[200] Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas,[201] and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.[200] Mumbai had about 1.53 million vehicles in 2008,[202] 56,459 black and yellow taxis, and 102,224 auto rickshaws, as of 2005.[203]

Air The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in of enger traffic.[204] It handled 30.74 million engers and 656,369 tonnes of cargo during FY 2011-12.[205] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million engers annually. .[206] The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[207] The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.[208]

Sea Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai.[209] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.[210] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.[211] It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.[212] Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[213] The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.[109]

Utility services Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai. Many localities have been named after them. The BMC supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[214][215] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.[216] The water is filtered at Bhandup,[216] which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.[217] India's first underground water tunnel is being built in Mumbai.[218]

14

Mumbai About 700 million litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.[219] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste,[220] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east.[221] Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.11 mi) and 3.7 km (2.30 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.[222] Electricity is distributed by Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs.[223] Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity.[224] The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services.[225] Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, MTNL, Loop Mobile, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city.[226] Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. Mumbai has highest number of internet s in India with 14.3 million s.[227]

Architecture The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival, Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the Victoria Terminus and Bombay University, were built in Gothic Revival style.[228] Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.[229] There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the Gateway of India.[230] Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the Marine Drive and west Skyline of the city during day time. of the Oval Maidan. Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction as of 2009. The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves.[231] Popular tourist attractions in the city are Nariman Point, Girgaum Chowpatti, Juhu Beach, and Marine Drive. Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,[232] and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.[233] In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.[234] In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 31 buildings taller than 100m, compared with 200 in Shanghai, 500 in Hong Kong and 500 in New York.[234]

15

Mumbai

16

Demographics Population growth  Census

Pop.

%±

1971

5,970,575

—

1981

8,243,405

38.1%

1991

9,925,891

20.4%

2001

11,914,398

20.0%

2011

12,478,447

4.7% [235]

Source: MMRDA Data is based on Government of India Census.

According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5sq metre per person.[236] As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the istration of the BMC, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The sex ratio was 838 (females per 1,000 males) in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[237] Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite or Bombayite. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra state, of which Mumbai is the capital, is widely spoken and understood in the city. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English.[238] English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.[239] Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available land at a , Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.[240] Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum[241] is located in central Mumbai and houses 800,000 people.[242] With a literacy rate of 69%, the slums in Mumbai are the most literate in India.[243] The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.[244] The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh in 2008 to 66 lakh in 2020. However, the number of households with incomes of Rs 20lakh/year will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, ie, 6.6 lakh families. The number of households with incomes from Rs 10-20lakh/year is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.[245]

Mumbai

17

Religion in Mumbai Religion

[246]

Percent

Hinduism

67.39%

Islam

18.56%

Buddhism Christianity Others

5.22% 4.2% 4.63%

The religions represented in Mumbai include Hindus (67.39%), Muslims (18.56%), Buddhists (5.22%), Jains (3.99%), Christians (4.2%),[247] Sikhs (0.58%), with Parsis and Jews making up the rest of the population.[248] The linguistic/ethnic demographics are: Maharashtrians (42%), Gujaratis (19%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.[249] Native Christians include East Indians (ethnic group) Catholics who were converted by the Portuguese, during the 17th & 18th century.[250] The city also has a small native Bene Israeli Jewish community, who migrated from the Persian Gulf or Yemen, probably 1600 years ago.[251] Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world, with about 80,000 Parsis in Mumbai. Parsis migrated to India from Pars (Persia/Iran) following the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century AD.[252] The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, and Konkani Muslims.[253]

Culture Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music and theatres. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a variety of food, entertainment and night life, available in a form and abundance comparable to that in other world capitals. Mumbai's history as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions and cuisines coexisting in the city. This unique blend of cultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since the British period. Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema[254]—Dadasaheb Phalke Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi public libraries in the city. talkies—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.[255] Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai International Film Festival[256] and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.[257] Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regional languages.[258][259] Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern

Mumbai

18

Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city.[260] The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.[261] Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbours a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie, Aravind Adiga. Marathi literature has been modernised in the works of Mumbai based authors such as Mohan Apte, Anant Kanekar, and Gangadhar Gadgil, and is promoted through an annual Sahitya Akademi Award, a literary honour bestowed by India's National Academy of Letters.[262] Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival

Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, in Mumbai, involves worship of Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Ganesha. Featured here is the Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city. The Kala popular public Ganesh idol kept at Lalbaug, known as Lalbaugcha Raja. Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of [263] artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films. A week long annual fair known as Bandra Fair, starting on the following Sunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the Nativity of Mary, mother of Jesus, on 8 September.[264] The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai.[265] The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.[266] Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,[267][268] and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.

Media Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Navakaal, Lokmat, Loksatta, Mumbai Chaufer, Saamana and Sakaal.[270] Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha & Chitralekha.[271] Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include The Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA India, and The Indian Express. The Times of India's first office is opposite the Chhatrapati Shivaji Newspapers are also printed in other Indian [269] Terminus where it was founded. [272] languages. Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.[273] Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832. Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television

Mumbai broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.[274] The wide range of cable channels available includes Zee Marathi, Zee Talkies, ETV Marathi, Star Pravah, Mi Marathi, DD Sahyadri (All Marathi channels), news channels such as Star Majha, Lokmat IBN, Zee 24 Taas, sports channels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors, Sony Zee TV and STAR Plus. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. Zing a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai.Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.[275] Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky.[276] There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band.[277] Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as WorldSpace, Sirius and XM. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.[278] Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.[279] The name Bollywood is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood.[280] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.[281] Studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for most movie sets.[282] The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies.

Education Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.[283] The schools are d either with the Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE), The all-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) boards.[284] Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.[285] The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools.[286] Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[287] This is followed by either a general degree course in a Rajabai Clock Tower at the University of Mumbai chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering [288] and medicine. Most colleges in the city are d with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in of the number of graduates.[289] The Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay),[290] Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI),[291] University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT)[292] which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, and SNDT Women's University are the other autonomous universities in Mumbai.[293] Grant Medical College established in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes d with Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively. Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), S P Jain Institute of Management and Research and several other management schools.[294] Government Law College and Sydenham College, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.[295][296] The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art institution.[297]

19

Mumbai

20

Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).[298] The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.[299]

Sports

Brabourne Stadium, one of the oldest cricket stadiums in the country

Built in 1883, Mahalaxmi Racecourse was created out of a marshy land known as Mahalakshmi Flats.

Cricket is one of the most popular sport in the city. Due to a shortage of grounds, various modified versions (generally referred to as gully cricket) are played everywhere. Mumbai is also home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)[300] and Indian Premier League (IPL).[301] The Mumbai cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy and has won 39 titles, the most by any team.[302] The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League. The city has two international cricket grounds, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at Bombay Gymkhana.[303] The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the final of an ICC Champions Trophy which was played at the Brabourne Stadium in 2006.[304] Football is another popular sport in the city, with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League being followed widely.[305] In the I-League (matches in the city are played at the Cooperage Ground), the city is represented by three teams, Mumbai FC,[306] Mahindra United[307] and Air-India.[308] Mumbai is home to the Maratha Warriors, the only team from Maharashtra competing in the Premier Hockey League.[309] When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Named the Mumbai Gladiators, the team's first season will be played in Pune in late 2012,[310] and it will be Mumbai's first professional American football franchise.[311] Every February, Mumbai holds derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Mcdowell's Derby is also held in February at the Turf club in Mumbai.[312] In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the F1 powerboat world championship.[313] and the Force India F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.[314] The city is planning to build its own F1 track and various sites in the city were being chalked out, of which the authorities have planned to zero down on Marve-Malad or Panvel-Kalyan land. If approved, the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over 400 to 500 acres (202 ha).[315] In 2004, the annual Mumbai Marathon was established as a part of "The Greatest Race on Earth". Mumbai has also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP World Tour, in 2006 and 2007.[316]

Mumbai

21

Sister cities Mumbai has sister city agreements with the following cities:[150] City

Nation

Berlin

 

London

 United Kingdom

Los Angeles

 United States

Saint Petersburg

 Russia

Stuttgart

 

Yokohama

 Japan

Notes [1] "Sitaram Kunte new commissioner of Mumbai civic body" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_sitaram-kunte-new-commissioner-of-mumbai-civic-body_1682754). DNA India. Press Trust of India (Mumbai, India). 30 April 2012. . Retrieved 16 July 2012. [2] "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ India2/ Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf). censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 17 October 2011. [3] "Ranking of districts of Maharashtra by population size 2011" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ maharastra/ stmt-1. xls). CensusIndia.gov.in. . Retrieved 25 April 2011. [4] "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ India2/ Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf). Censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 17 October 2011. [5] "Only Marathi for official work, corporators tell devp body" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ only-marathi-for-official-work-corporators-tell-devp-body/ 584629/ ). The Indian Express. Express News Service (Mumbai, India): pp. 2. 26 February 2010. . Retrieved 16 July 2012. [6] "Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950–2025 (India)" (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unup/ index. asp?=2). Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN). . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [7] "GAWC World Cities Ranking List" (http:/ / www. diserio. com/ gawc-world-cities. html). Diserio.com. . Retrieved 5 May 2010. [8] "India needs cities network for easy rural-urban shift – Economy and Politics" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2009/ 08/ 03224002/ India-needs-cities-network-for. html). livemint.com. 3 August 2009. . Retrieved 5 May 2010. [9] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 28 [10] "Once Upon a Time in Bombay" (http:/ / www. foreignpolicy. com/ articles/ 2011/ 06/ 24/ once_upon_a_time_in_bombay). Foreign Policy. 24 June 2011. . Retrieved 22 February 2012. [11] "Bombay: History of a City" (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl:/ / d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c). British Library. . Retrieved 8 November 2008. [12] "Mumbai, a land of opportunities – Times Of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/ articleshow/ 9292526. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 20 July 2011. . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [13] "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project" (http:/ / replay. waybackmachine. org/ 20090226031015/ http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ projects_muip. htm). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). . Retrieved 18 July 2008. [14] "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business" (http:/ / business. rediff. com/ slide-show/ 2010/ aug/ 11/ slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world. htm). Business.rediff.com. . Retrieved 16 August 2010. [15] "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (http:/ / img214. imageshack. us/ img214/ 2299/ dscn7619ql4. jpg) (JPG). City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO). . Retrieved 18 July 2008. [16] Corporation, Marshall Cavendish (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC& pg=PA451). Marshall Cavendish. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3. . Retrieved 8 July 2012. [17] Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). Development projects and critical theory of environment. SAGE. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7619-3357-1. [18] Patel & Masselos 2003, p. 4 [19] Mehta 2004, p. 130 [20] Shirodkar 1998, p. 3 [21] Shirodkar 1998, pp. 4–5 [22] Yule & Burnell 1996, p.  102 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA102) [23] Shirodkar 1998, p. 7

Mumbai [24] Yule & Burnell 1996, p.  103 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA103) [25] Shirodkar 1998, p. 2 [26] Yule & Burnell 1996, p.  104 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=20pdFRekGvMC& pg=PA104) [27] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 6 [28] Hansen 2001, p. 1 [29] "Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra" (http:/ / www. fodors. com/ world/ asia/ india/ mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/ more. html). Fodor's. . Retrieved 24 August 2009. [30] "Mumbai vs Bombay" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ mumbai-vs-bombay/ 527660/ 0). Indian Express. 11 October 2009. . Retrieved 15 September 2011. [31] "Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing?" (http:/ / indiatoday. intoday. in/ site/ Story/ 65447/ Cinema/ Fruit+ And+ Nut:+ Another+ 'Bombay'+ controversy+ brewing?. html). Indiatoday.intoday.in. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [32] Machado 1984, pp. 265–266 [33] Farooqui 2006, p. 1 [34] Ghosh 1990, p. 25 [35] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 5 [36] David 1995, p. 5 [37] "Kanheri Caves" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_tktd_maha_kanhericaves. asp). Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). . Retrieved 17 October 2008. [38] Kumari 1990, p. 37 [39] David 1973, p. 8 [40] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, pp. 127–150 [41] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 79 [42] "The Slum and the Sacred Cave" (http:/ / www. ldeo. columbia. edu/ edu/ eesj/ gradpubs/ GeneralMags/ Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607. pdf). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University). p. 5. . Retrieved 12 October 2008. [43] "World Heritage Sites — Elephanta Caves" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_whs_elephanta. asp). Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 22 October 2008. [44] Dwivedi, Sharada (26 September 2007). "The Legends of Walkeshwar" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=101117). Mumbai Newsline. Express Group. . Retrieved 31 January 2009. [45] Agarwal, Lekha (2 June 2007). "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=239318). Mumbai Newsline. Express Group. . Retrieved 31 January 2009. [46] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 51 [47] Maharashtra 2004, p. 1703 [48] David 1973, p. 14 [49] David 1995, p. 12 [50] Khalidi 2006, p. 24 [51] Misra 1982, p. 193 [52] Misra 1982, p. 222 [53] David 1973, p. 16 [54] "Mughal Empire" (http:/ / www. sscnet. ucla. edu/ southasia/ History/ Mughals/ mughals. html). Department of Social Sciences (University of California). . Retrieved 22 May 2009. [55] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 166 [56] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 169 [57] David 1995, p. 19 [58] Shukla, Ashutosh (12 May 2008). "Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). . Retrieved 2 September 2009. [59] D'Mello, Ashley (9 June 2008). "New life for old church records" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Mumbai/ New_life_for_old_church_records/ articleshow/ 3112498. cms). The Times of India (India). . Retrieved 2 September 2009. [60] "Glorious past" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ glorious-past/ 233152/ ). Express India. 28 October 2008. . Retrieved 17 June 2009. [61] "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ dna/ h2g2/ A2998461). BBC. . Retrieved 5 November 2008. [62] The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island 1978, p. 54 [63] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 20 [64] David 1973, p. 410 [65] Yimene 2004, p. 94 [66] Ganley, Colin C. (2007). Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth (http:/ / www. isnie. org/ assets/ files/ papers2007/ ganley. pdf). International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE). p. 13. . Retrieved 6 November 2008. [67] Carsten 1961, p. 427

22

Mumbai [68] David 1973, p. 179 [69] Nandgaonkar, Satish (22 March 2003). "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=47106). Indian Express. . Retrieved 20 September 2008. [70] History of Midieval India, p. 126 [71] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 32 [72] Fortescue 2008, p. 145 [73] Naravane 2007, p. 56 [74] Naravane 2007, p. 63 [75] Naravane 2007, pp. 80–82 [76] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 233 [77] "Maharashtra — trivia" (http:/ / www. maharashtratourism. gov. in/ MTDC/ HTML/ MaharashtraTourism/ Default. aspx?strpage=. . / MaharashtraTourism/ Trivia. html). Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. . Retrieved 7 December 2007. [78] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 127 [79] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 343 [80] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 88 [81] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 74 [82] "Rat Trap" (http:/ / www. timeoutmumbai. net/ aroundtown/ aroundtown_preview_details. asp?code=45). Time out (Mumbai) (Time Out) (6). 14 November 2008. . Retrieved 19 November 2008. [83] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 345 [84] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 293 [85] Census of India 1961, p. 23 [86] "istration" (http:/ / mumbaisuburban. gov. in/ html/ istrative_setup. htm). Mumbai Suburban District. . Retrieved 6 November 2008. [87] Guha, Ramachandra (13 April 2003). "The battle for Bombay" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5oiM6UKR9). The Hindu. India. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ mag/ 2003/ 04/ 13/ stories/ 2003041300240300. htm) on 3 April 2010. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [88] Guha 2007, pp. 197–8 [89] "Sons of soil: born, reborn" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ sons-of-soil-born-reborn/ 269628/ ). The Indian Express. 6 February 2008. . Retrieved on 12 November 2008. [90] "Gujarat" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115083238/ http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_gujurat. php). Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_gujurat. php) on 15 January 2008. . Retrieved 16 January 2008. [91] "Maharashtra" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080105100324/ http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_maharashtra. php). Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_maharashtra. php) on 5 January 2008. . Retrieved 16 January 2008. [92] Desai, Geeta (13 May 2008). "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs" (http:/ / epaper. timesofindia. com/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=& Mode=HTML& Locale=english-skin-custom). Mumbai Mirror. . Retrieved 16 November 2008. [93] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 306 [94] "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)" (http:/ / replay. waybackmachine. org/ 20090307224202/ http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ index. htm). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [95] "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2007/ jan/ 18sld2. htm). Rediff.com India Limited. 18 January 2007. . Retrieved 20 November 2008. [96] "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)" (http:/ / www. jawaharcustoms. gov. in/ jnch/ others/ profile. htm). Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [97] "Profile" (http:/ / mumbaisuburban. gov. in/ html/ profile. htm). Mumbai Suburban District. . [98] "1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ march/ 12/ newsid_4272000/ 4272943. stm). BBC News. 12 March 1993. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [99] "Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ in_depth/ south_asia/ 2006/ mumbai_train_attacks/ default. stm). BBC News. 30 September 2006. . Retrieved 13 August 2008. [100] "HM announces measures to enhance security" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=45446) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. . Retrieved 14 December 2008. [101] "Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured" (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ article/ india/ three-blasts-in-mumbai-21-dead-close-to-130-injured-119083). . Retrieved 14 July 2011. [102] Thomas, T. (27 April 2007). "Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course!" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2007/ apr/ 27mumbai. htm). New Delhi: Rediff. . Retrieved 31 May 2009. [103] Shaw, Annapurna (1999). "Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India". Economic and Political Weekly 34 (16/17): 969–978. JSTOR 4407880. [104] Brunn, Williams & Zeigler 2003, pp. 353–354 [105] "Mumbai Suburban" (http:/ / www. maharashtra. nic. in/ htmldocs/ Activity/ mumbai_sub. pdf). National Informatics Centre (Mahrashtra State Centre). . Retrieved 2009-15-31.

23

Mumbai [106] "Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities" (http:/ / webcitation. org/ 5gOonTE). Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India). p. 33. Archived from the original (http:/ / urbanindia. nic. in/ moud/ theministry/ subordinateoff/ to/ AREA_POP/ CHAPTER-4. PDF) on 29 April 2009. . Retrieved 28 April 2008. [107] Mumbai Plan, 1.2 Area and Divisions [108] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 2 [109] Mumbai Plan, 1.1 Location [110] Krishnamoorthy 2008, p. 218 [111] "Mumbai, India" (http:/ / www. weatherbase. com/ weather/ weather. php3?s=030034& refer=). Weatherbase. . Retrieved 19 March 2008. [112] Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2.2 Salsette Island [113] Srinivasu, T.; Pardeshi, Satish. "Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashta State" (http:/ / iscmumbai. maharashtra. gov. in/ floristic survey. html). Government of Maharashtra. . Retrieved 26 August 2009. [114] Bapat 2005, pp. 111–112 [115] "Salient Features of Powai Lake" (http:/ / envis. maharashtra. gov. in/ envis_data/ pps/ pawai2. ppt) (PPT). Department of Environment (Government of Maharashtra). pp. 1–3. . Retrieved 29 April 2009. [116] Mumbai Plan, 1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation [117] Sen, Somit (13 December 2008). "Security web for city coastline" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Security_web_for_city_coastline/ articleshow/ 3830390. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 30 April 2009. [118] Patil 1957, pp. 45–49 [119] Mumbai Plan, 1.3.1 Soil [120] Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology [121] Kanth, S. T. G. Raghu; Iyenagar, R. N. (10 December 2006). "Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City" (http:/ / www. idoub. com/ doc/ 10026629/ Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City). Current Science (Current Science Association) 91 (11): 1486. . Retrieved 3 September 2009. "This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the twenty-three known faults that exist around the city." [122] India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (http:/ / www. imd. ernet. in/ section/ seismo/ static/ seismo-zone. htm) (Map). . Retrieved 20 July 2008. [123] "The Seismic Environment of Mumbai" (http:/ / theory. tifr. res. in/ bombay/ physical/ fault. html). Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). . Retrieved 6 December 2007. [124] Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 1999, p. 210 [125] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960, p. 84 [126] Mumbai Plan, 1.4 Climate and Rainfall [127] Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (3 July 2006). "Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1039257). Daily News and Analysis (DNA) (Mumbai). . Retrieved 15 June 2009. [128] Rohli & Vega 2007, p. 267 [129] WMO bulletin & 2000 °C on 28 March 1982, the highest since 1955.", p. 346, "Bombay recorded a maximum temperature of 40.2 [130] "Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 2770007. cms). The Times of India. 9 February 2008. . Retrieved 26 April 2009. [131] "Mumbai Climatological Table, Period: 1951-1980" (http:/ / www. imd. gov. in/ section/ climate/ mumbai2. htm). India Meteorological Department. . Retrieved 2012-04-15. [132] "Climatological Normals of Mumbai, India" (http:/ / www. weather. gov. hk/ wxinfo/ climat/ world/ eng/ asia/ india/ mumbai_e. htm). Hong Kong Observatory. . Retrieved 2010-09-14. [133] "GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/ 266636/ ). The Financial Express. 29 January 2008. . Retrieved 5 September 2009. [134] Swaminathan & Goyal 2006, p. 51 [135] "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025" (https:/ / www. ukmediacentre. pwc. com/ imagelibrary/ Media. ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562). Pricewaterhouse Coopers. . Retrieved 25 October 2010. [136] "Mumbai, the Financial Capital of India" (http:/ / www. ftkmc. com/ newsletter/ Vol2-6-april25-2011. pdf). ftkmc.com. . Retrieved 15 October 2011. [137] "Fortune Global 500" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ magazines/ fortune/ global500/ 2008/ countries/ India. html). CNN. 21 July 2008. . Retrieved 28 April 2009. [138] "Welcome To World Trade Centre, Mumbai" (http:/ / www. wtcmumbai. org/ ). WTC Mumbai. . Retrieved 14 February 2008. [139] Swaminathan & Goyal 2006, p. 52 [140] "The World According to GaWC 2008" (http:/ / www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc/ world2008t. html). Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Loughborough University. . Retrieved 7 May 2009. [141] "Doing Business in India 2009" (http:/ / www. doingbusiness. org/ subnational/ exploreeconomies/ India2009. aspx). World Bank. . Retrieved 8 June 2010. [142] "Indian Ports Association, Operational Details" (http:/ / www. ipa. nic. in/ oper. htm). Indian Ports Association. . Retrieved 16 April 2009. [143] McDougall, Dan (4 March 2007). "Waste not, want not in the £700m slum" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ environment/ 2007/ mar/ 04/ india. recycling). Guardian (UK). . Retrieved 29 April 2009.

24

Mumbai [144] Wasko 2003, p. 185 [145] Jha 2005, p. 1970 [146] Kelsey 2008, p. 208 [147] "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (http:/ / www. mastercard. com/ us/ company/ en/ insights/ pdfs/ 2008/ MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008. pdf) (PDF). MasterCard. p. 21. . Retrieved 28 April 2009. [148] Vorasarun, Chaniga. "In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 30/ billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5. html?thisSpeed=15000). Forbes. . Retrieved 28 April 2009. [149] Vorasarun, Chaniga (30 April 2008). "Cities Of The Billionaires" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 30/ billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities. html). Forbes. . Retrieved 28 April 2009. [150] "Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai" (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ ). Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. . Retrieved 18 July 2008. [151] "Commissioner System" (http:/ / www. citymayors. com/ government/ india_government. html). . [152] Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai, p. 2 [153] Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai, pp. 7–8 [154] "About Bombay High Court" (http:/ / bombayhighcourt. nic. in/ ). Bombay High Court. . Retrieved 27 January 2008. [155] Fuller & Bénéï 2001, p. 47 [156] 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event." [157] "Congress foundation day celebrated" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 12/ 29/ stories/ 2006122906471500. htm). The Hindu. 29 December 2006. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [158] David 1995, p. 215 [159] "Sena fate: From roar to meow" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-1311115,prtpage-1. cms). The Times of India. 29 November 2005. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [160] "Maharashtra government ‘soft’ on Raj Thackeray's outfit, says BJP" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 02/ 13/ stories/ 2008021354841200. htm). The Hindu. 13 February 2008. . Retrieved 4 April 2008. [161] Phadnis, pp. 86–87 [162] Rana 2006, pp. 315–316 [163] "Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra" (http:/ / news. outlookindia. com/ item. aspx?659150). Outlook. 29 April 2009. . Retrieved 6 July 2009. [164] "List Of Parliamentary Constituencies" (http:/ / eci. nic. in/ eci_main/ miscellaneous_statistics/ ListofPC. pdf). Election Commission of India. p. 7. . Retrieved 4 September 2009. [165] "Congress wins five seats in Mumbai, N wins the sixth seat" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ index. aspx?Page=article& sectname=News - City& sectid=2& contentid=200905162009051615521355720c4812d). Mumbai Mirror. 16 May 2009. . Retrieved 6 July 2009. [166] "List of ACs and PCs" (http:/ / ceo. maharashtra. gov. in/ acs. php). Chief Electoral Officer (Government of Maharashtra). . Retrieved 4 September 2009. [167] "Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009" (http:/ / 220. 225. 73. 214/ pdff/ results. pdf). . Retrieved 18 March 2010. [168] "Maharashtra 2004 poll outcome" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ election/ 2004/ oct/ 16kbkmaha. htm). Rediff. 16 October 2004. . Retrieved 4 September 2009. [169] The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 6 [170] "Corporation" (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous/ qlcorporation). Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). . Retrieved 15 June 2009. [171] "Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080314202555/ http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous/ qlmayoffice). Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous/ qlmayoffice) on 14 March 2008. . Retrieved 12 May 2009. "As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world" [172] The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 3 [173] "Sena's hat-trick in BMC; Congress suffers setback" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2007/ feb/ 02poll. htm). Rediff. 3 February 2007. . Retrieved 4 September 2009. [174] The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, p. 27 [175] "Mumbai airport's traffic control tower design bags award" (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ business/ mumbai-airports-traffic-control-tower-design-bags-award_100221024. html). Thaindian.com. 21 July 2009. . Retrieved 16 August 2010. [176] "Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5p2Ulomaf) (DOC). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ docs/ BRTS Note for web Page. doc) on 16 April 2010. . Retrieved 28 August 2009. [177] Outlook (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ). Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd. July 2008. . Retrieved 8 July 2012. [178] Kumar, Akshey. "Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ feature/ feyr2001/ fsep2001/ f240920011. html) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). . Retrieved 29 August 2009.

25

Mumbai [179] "Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080620033027/ http:/ / www. mrvc. indianrail. gov. in/ overview. htm). Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. mrvc. indianrail. gov. in/ overview. htm) on 20 June 2008. . Retrieved 7 July 2008. [180] Environment and urbanization 2002, p.  160 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC& pg=PA160) [181] http:/ / 203. 176. 113. 182/ MRVC/ intr. html [182] Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–14 [183] "Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities" (http:/ / 164. 100. 24. 208/ ls/ CommitteeR/ Railways/ 21streport. pdf). Ministry of Railways (India). p. 14. . Retrieved 28 August 2009. "The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 enger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal." [184] "Organisational Setup" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090604204123/ http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ trans_func. asp). Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Archived from the original (http:/ / bestundertaking. com/ trans_func. asp) on 4 June 2009. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [185] "Times of India Publications" (http:/ / lite. epaper. timesofindia. com/ mobile. aspx?article=yes& pageid=4& edlabel=TOIM& mydateHid=16-05-2011& pubname=& edname=& articleid=Ar00403& format=& publabel=TOI). Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com. 16 May 2011. . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [186] "Composition of Bus Fleet" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060718003152/ http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ trans_engg. asp). BEST. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ trans_engg. asp) on 18 July 2006. . Retrieved 12 October 2006. [187] Tembhekar, Chittaranjan (4 August 2008). "MSRTC to make long distance travel easier" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 3322572. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [188] "MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 32792301. cms). The Times of India. 29 December 2002. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [189] "NMMT Volvo bus route 123 extended till Borivali from Jan 1" (http:/ / www. mumbaipluses. com/ newbombayplus/ index. aspx?page=article& sectid=1& contentid=2010010320100104153958574e148ffd8& sectxslt=& comments=true). Mumbaipluses.com. . Retrieved 5 May 2010. [190] Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world 1993, p.  49 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C& pg=PA49) [191] Seth, Urvashi (31 March 2009). "Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2009/ mar/ 310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist. htm). MiD DAY. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [192] "Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System" (http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ TravelAsYouLike-Ticket. pdf). BEST. p. 5. . Retrieved 23 March 2009. [193] Khanna, Gaurav. "7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro" (http:/ / www. businessworld. in/ index. php/ 7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask. html). Businessworld. . Retrieved 28 August 2009. "Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport." [194] Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world." [195] "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (http:/ / www. nhai. org/ Doc/ project-offer/ Highways. pdf). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). . Retrieved 4 July 2008. [196] Dalal, Sucheta (1 April 2000). "India's first international-class expressway is just a month away" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ ie/ daily/ 20000401/ ina01059. html). The Indian Express. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [197] Kumar, K.P. Narayana; Chandran, Rahul (6 March 2008). "NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2008/ 03/ 06231146/ NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr. html). Mint. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [198] "MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090415171242/ http:/ / www. msrdc. org/ Projects/ Bandra_worli. aspx). Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. msrdc. org/ projects/ bandra_worli. aspx) on 15 April 2009. . Retrieved 2 July 2009. [199] Mumbai Plan, 1.10 Transport and Communication Network [200] Ghose, Anindita (24 August 2005). "What's Mumbai without the black beetles?" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ speakup/ report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). . Retrieved 29 August 2009. "In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same engers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai." [201] "Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 631726. cms). The Times of India. 22 April 2004. . Retrieved 29 August 2009. [202] Vaswani, Karishma (7 April 2008). "Mumbai attempts 'no honking' day" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 7334628. stm). BBC. . Retrieved 29 August 2009. [203] Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–9 [204] AAI traffic figures (http:/ / www. aai. aero/ traffic_news/ nov2k10annex3. pdf) [205] "ROUTES ASIA OFFICIALLY HANDED OVER TO MUMBAI FOR 2013" (http:/ / www. csia. in/ Routes Asia Officially Handed Over to Mumbai for 2013. pdf). Csia.in. . Retrieved 19 October 2012.

26

Mumbai [206] "Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan" (http:/ / www. csia. in/ knowyourairport/ aboutcsia. aspx). Csia.in. . Retrieved 19 January 2012. [207] "Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year" (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2006/ 12/ 19/ stories/ 2006121901370700. htm). The Hindu. 19 December 2006. . Retrieved 16 May 2009. [208] "MIAL eyes Juhu airport" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2007/ jun/ 194964. htm). MiD DAY. 7 June 2007. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [209] Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, pp. 2–12 [210] Chittar 1973, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city." [211] "Laudable Achievement of JNPT" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ archieve/ lreleng/ lyr2003/ rjan2003/ 07012003/ r070120037. html) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 7 January 2003. . Retrieved 29 August 2009. [212] "Our Mission" (http:/ / www. google. com/ search?hl=en& safe=off& q=site:jnport. com+ 55-60%& btnG=Search& meta=& aq=f& oq=). Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. . Retrieved 27 August 2009. [213] Sonawane, Rakshit (13 May 2007). "Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=236291). Daily News and Analysis. . Retrieved 27 August 2009. "While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports." [214] "BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ ie/ daily/ 19980521/ 14150784. html). The Indian Express. 21 May 1998. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [215] Sawant, Sanjay (23 March 2007). "It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [216] "Tansa water mains to be replaced" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-2247432,prtpage-1. cms). The Times of India. 1 August 2007. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [217] Wajihuddin, Mohammed (4 May 2003). "Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=50939). Mumbai Newsline (Indian Express Group). . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [218] "Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1151960). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 20 February 2008. . Retrieved 21 February 2008. [219] Express News Service (22 October 2009). "Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/ 531630/ ). Indian Express. . Retrieved 22 October 2009. [220] Nevin, John (27 August 2005). "Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2005/ aug/ 27plastic. htm). Rediff. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [221] "How BMC cleans up the city" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2002/ aug/ 29797. htm). MiD DAY. 26 August 2002. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [222] "Bombay Sewage Disposal" (http:/ / www. worldbank. org. in/ external/ default/ main?pagePK=64027221& piPK=64027220& theSitePK=295584& menuPK=295621& Projectid=P010480). The World Bank Group. . Retrieved 12 May 2009. [223] Dasgupta, Devraj (26 April 2007). "Stay in island city, do biz" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Mumbai/ Stay_in_island_city_do_biz/ articleshow/ 1956009. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [224] "NTPC to give Mumbai 350 mw; electricity tariff may go up" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ ntpc-to-give-mumbai-350-mw-electricity-tariff-may-go-up/ 181350/ ). The Financial Express (Indian Express Group). 21 October 2006. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [225] Campbell 2008, p. 143 [226] Somayaji, Chitra; Bhatnagar, Shailendra (13 June 2009). "Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/ news?pid=20601082& sid=a_3Aeo82P. Kg& refer=canada). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 13 June 2009. [227] "Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ business/ slide-show/ slide-show-1-internet-surfers-mumbai-scores-bengaluru-falls/ 20111027. htm). Rediff.com. 27 October 2011. . Retrieved 6 May 2012. [228] "Rainswept glory" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ mag/ 2004/ 07/ 25/ stories/ 2004072500330200. htm). The Hindu. 24 July 2004. . Retrieved 7 July 2009. [229] Morris & Winchester 2005, p. 212 [230] "Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 002200703041014. htm). The Hindu. 4 March 2007. . Retrieved 7 July 2009. [231] "India: World heritage sites centre" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ statesparties/ in). UNESCO. . Retrieved 9 August 2007. [232] "About Essel World" (http:/ / www. esselworld. com/ ). Essel World. . Retrieved 29 January 2008. [233] O'Brien 2003, p. 143 [234] "Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it?" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 21556584). The Economist. 9 June 2012. . Retrieved 6 July 2012. [235] Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, p. 6 [236] "The minimum city" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/ 21556584). economist.com. The Economist. . Retrieved 7 July 2012. [237] "Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 843036. cms). The Times of India. 8 September 2004. . Retrieved 2 July 2009. [238] Pai 2005, p. 1804 [239] O'Brien 2003, p. 141

27

Mumbai [240] Datta & Jones 1999, Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159 [241] Jacobson, Marc (May 2007). "Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City" (http:/ / ngm. nationalgeographic. com/ 2007/ 05/ dharavi-mumbai-slum/ jacobson-text). National Geographic Magazine. . Retrieved 28 April 2009. [242] Davis 2006, p. 31 [243] "Mumbai's slums are India's most literate – Mumbai – DNA" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mumbai-s-slums-are-india-s-most-literate_1015111). Dnaindia.com. 27 February 2006. . Retrieved 16 August 2010. [244] "Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080216012618/ http:/ / maccia. org. in/ ecoSmaha06. pdf). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department (Government of Maharashtra). p. 2. Archived from the original (http:/ / maccia. org. in/ ecoSmaha06. pdf) on 16 February 2008. . Retrieved 13 February 2008. [245] T Surendar (10 February 2010). "Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top" (http:/ / forbesindia. com/ article/ big-bet/ mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/ 10032/ 0). Forbes. . Retrieved 7 July 2012. [246] "Census of India – Socio-cultural aspects" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_Data_Online/ Social_and_cultural/ Religion. aspx). Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. . Retrieved 2 March 2011. [247] "Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India" (http:/ / www. 30-days. net/ muslims/ muslims-in/ asia-south-central/ india/ india-mumbai). The 30-Days Prayer Network. . Retrieved 1 September 2010. [248] "Census GIS Household" (http:/ / www. censusindiamaps. net/ page/ Religion_WhizMap1/ housemap. htm). Census of India. Office of the Registrar General. . Retrieved 9 December 2008. [249] Mehta 2004, p. 99 [250] Baptista 1967, p. 5 [251] Strizower 1971, p. 15 [252] " The world's successful diasporas (http:/ / www. managementtoday. co. uk/ news/ 648273/ )". Managementtoday.co.uk. [253] Bates 2003, p. 266 [254] "Beginners' Bollywood" (http:/ / www. theage. com. au/ news/ arts/ beginners-bollywood/ 2005/ 09/ 27/ 1127804471297. html). The Age (Sydney). 28 September 2005. . Retrieved 11 September 2008. [255] Vilanilam 2005, p.  130 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC& printsec=frontcover#PPA130,M1) [256] Nagarajan, Saraswathy (10 September 2006). "Matchbox journeys" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ mag/ 2006/ 09/ 10/ stories/ 2006091000210500. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 11 June 2009. [257] "Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor" (http:/ / movies. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-1367349,prtpage-1. cms). IndiaTimes Movies (The Times of India). 11 January 2006. . Retrieved 11 September 2008. [258] Chaudhuri 2005, pp. 4–6 [259] Gilder, Rosamond (October 1957). "The New Theatre in India: An Impression". Educational Theatre Journal (Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press) 9 (3): 201–204. ISSN 0192-2882. [260] David 1995, p. 232 [261] "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya" (http:/ / www. bombaymuseum. org/ ). Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai. . Retrieved 30 January 2007. [262] "Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080520022941/ http:/ / sahitya-akademi. gov. in/ old_version/ awa1. htm). Sahitya Akademi. 1999. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. sahitya-akademi. gov. in/ old_version/ awa1. htm) on 20 May 2008. . Retrieved 8 July 2009. [263] "Kala Ghoda Arts Festival" (http:/ / www. kalaghodaassociation. com/ ). Kala Ghoda Association. . Retrieved 6 February 2008. [264] Shah, Shika (17 September 2008). "Bandra's spirit captured in cakes, tattoos" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ whatson/ 2008/ sep/ 170908-Bandra-Fair-carnival-best-buys. htm). MiD DAY. . Retrieved 27 September 2008. [265] "The Banganga Festival" (http:/ / www. maharashtratourism. gov. in/ MTDC/ HTML/ MaharashtraTourism/ Default. aspx?strpage=. . / MaharashtraTourism/ MTDC_Festival/ Banganga_Festival. html). Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. . Retrieved 7 February 2008. [266] "The Elephanta Festival" (http:/ / www. maharashtratourism. gov. in/ MTDC/ HTML/ MaharashtraTourism/ Default. aspx?strpage=. . / MaharashtraTourism/ MTDC_Festival/ Elephanta_Festival. html). Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. . Retrieved 7 February 2008. [267] "Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/ articleshow/ 4471265. cms). The Times of India. 1 May 2009. . Retrieved 6 July 2009. [268] Krishnan, Ananth (24 March 2009). "‘Vote at Eight’ campaign" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2009/ 03/ 24/ stories/ 2009032450711300. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 6 July 2009. [269] "The Times of India turns the Times of Colour" (http:/ / www. televisionpoint. com/ news2006/ newsfullstory. php?id=1146042260). Televisionpoint.com. 26 April 2006. . Retrieved 16 October 2007. [270] "IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai" (http:/ / www. afaqs. com/ news/ story. html?sid=28137_IRS+ Q2+ 2010:+ Negligible+ decline+ of+ daily+ readers+ in+ Greater+ Mumbai). Afaqs.com. 1 September 2010. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [271] "IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light" (http:/ / www. exchange4media. com/ e4m/ news/ fullstory. asp?section_id=5& news_id=39218& tag=5630). Exchange4media.com. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [272] Bansal, Shuchi; Mathai, Palakunnathu G. (6 April 2005). "Mumbai's media Mahabharat" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ cms/ print. jsp?doath=/ / money/ 2005/ apr/ 06spec1. htm). Rediff. . Retrieved 14 May 2009.

28

Mumbai [273] Rao, Subha J. (16 October 2004). "Learn with newspapers" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ yw/ 2004/ 10/ 16/ stories/ 2004101600260300. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 14 May 2009. [274] "IN-fighting among cable operators" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ res/ web/ pIe/ ie/ daily/ 19990826/ ige26046. html). The Indian Express. 26 July 1999. . Retrieved 10 June 2009. [275] "What is CAS? What is DTH?" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2006/ sep/ 05iycu. htm). Rediff News. 5 September 2006. . Retrieved 10 June 2009. [276] "Tata Sky on Insat 4A" (http:/ / www. lyngsat. com/ packages/ tatasky. html). LyngSat. . Retrieved 10 August 2008. [277] "Radio stations in Maharashtra, India" (http:/ / www. asiawaves. net/ india/ maharashtra-radio. htm#mumbai-radio). Asiawaves. . Retrieved 18 January 2008. [278] "Few takers for CAS in Mumbai" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 856609. cms). The Times of India. 20 December 2006. . Retrieved 22 January 2008. [279] Ganti 2004, p. 3 [280] Lundgren, Kari (26 November 2008). "Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/ news?pid=20601085& sid=a6JQLLVfORXM& refer=europe). Bloomberg. . Retrieved 26 May 2009. [281] "Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 3373564. cms). The Times of India. 17 July 2008. . Retrieved 10 June 2009. [282] Deshpande, Haima (5 March 2001). "Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ ie/ daily/ 20010305/ ina05024. html). The Indian Express. . Retrieved 14 May 2009. [283] "City has 43 one-teacher schools" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2006/ sep/ 144108. htm). MiD DAY. 24 September 2006. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [284] Mukherji, Anahita (2 April 2009). "Education board tells schools to get state recognition" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 4346890. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [285] "Now, schools can teach in 2 languages" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1516877. cms). The Times of India. 5 May 2006. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [286] Kak, Subhash (13 July 2004). "Saving India through Its Schools" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2004/ jul/ 13kak. htm). Rediff News. . Retrieved 13 May 2009. [287] "Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce?" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ getahead/ 2008/ jun/ 19trans. htm). Rediff News. 19 June 2008. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [288] Sharma, Archana (4 June 2004). "When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 718303. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [289] "History" (http:/ / www. mu. ac. in/ History. html). University of Mumbai. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [290] "IIT flights return home" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1070723). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 22 December 2006. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [291] "About the Institute" (http:/ / www. vjti. ac. in/ home_about. asp). Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI),. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [292] "ission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ ission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/ 321286/ ). Indian Express Group. 11 June 2008. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [293] "About University" (http:/ / sndt. digitaluniversity. ac/ Content. aspx?ID=7& ParentMenuID=7). SNDT Women's University. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [294] Bansal, Rashmi (8 November 2004). "Is the 'IIM' brand invincible?" (http:/ / in. rediff. com/ getahead/ 2004/ nov/ 08rash. htm). Rediff News. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [295] "Sydenham College: Our Profile" (http:/ / www. sydenham. edu/ our_profile. html). Sydenham College. . Retrieved 26 April 2009. [296] "About The Government Law College" (http:/ / www. glc. edu/ incept. asp). Government Law College. . Retrieved 26 April 2009. [297] Martyris, Nina (6 October 2002). "JJ School seeks help from new friends" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 24305727. cms). The Times of India. . [298] "University ties up with renowned institutes" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1065998). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 24 November 2006. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [299] "CIRUS reactor" (http:/ / www. barc. ernet. in/ webpages/ reactors/ cirus. html). Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). . Retrieved 12 May 2009. [300] "About BCCI" (http:/ / bcci. tv/ bcci/ bccitv/ ). Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). . Retrieved 16 May 2009. [301] "I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV | InvestmentKit.com Articles" (http:/ / www. investmentkit. com/ latestnews/ 2010/ 04/ 15/ i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ ). Investmentkit.com. 15 April 2010. . Retrieved 5 May 2010. [302] Makarand, Waingankar (18 January 2009). "Attacking pattern of play has delivered" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2009/ 01/ 18/ stories/ 2009011856451500. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 8 June 2009. [303] Seth, Ramesh (1 December 2006). "Brabourne — the stadium with a difference" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ yw/ 2006/ 12/ 01/ stories/ 2006120100150200. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 8 June 2009. [304] "Aussies claim elusive trophy" (http:/ / www. smh. com. au/ news/ cricket/ aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/ 2006/ 11/ 06/ 1162661575823. html). The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 November 2006. . Retrieved 18 June 2009.

29

Mumbai [305] Bubna, Shriya (7 July 2006). "Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2006/ jul/ 07fifa. htm). Rediff News. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [306] "Mumbai Football Club launched" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ sports/ 2007/ jun/ 28foot. htm). Rediff News. 28 June 2007. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [307] Sharma, Amitabha Das (7 July 2003). "Mahindra United in summit clash" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ 2003/ 08/ 07/ stories/ 2003080705022100. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [308] "I-League: Mahindra United to face Mumbai FC" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 007200810101668. htm). The Hindu. 10 October 2008. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [309] "Stage set for Premier Hockey League" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ sports/ 2004/ nov/ 17hock. htm). Rediff News. 17 November 2004. . Retrieved 9 June 2009. [310] "Gridiron league launched in India" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2011-08-05/ top-stories/ 29854352_1_gridiron-sport-lukewarm-response). The Times of India. 5 August 2011. . Retrieved 17 July 2012. [311] "‘They Need TV Product’: Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed" (http:/ / newsfeed. time. com/ 2011/ 08/ 04/ they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ ). Newsfeed.time.com. 4 August 2011. . Retrieved 15 August 2011. [312] Pal, Abir (17 January 2007). "Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1233374. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 8 June 2009. [313] Jore, Dharmendra (14 November 2004). "Formula 1 powerboating swooshes into Mumbai, tourism hope for city" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=68125). Mumbai Newsline (The Indian Express). . Retrieved 14 May 2009. [314] Baldwin, Alan (25 January 2008). "Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai" (http:/ / uk. reuters. com/ article/ motorSportsNews/ idUKL2521523620080125). Reuters UK. . Retrieved 27 January 2008. [315] Ashley D'Mello (24 January 2011). "Formula track soon" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Formula-One-track-soon/ articleshow/ 7351368. cms). The Times Of India. . Retrieved 24 January 2011. [316] "Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit" (http:/ / www. sportsline. com/ tennis/ story/ 10834314). CBS Sports. 20 May 2008. . Retrieved 28 May 2009.

References • Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association. • Bates, Crispin (2003). Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2482-8. • Brunn, Stanley; Williams, Jack Francis; Zeigler, Donald (2003). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0-06-381225-8. • Campbell, Dennis (2008). International Telecommunications Law [2008]. II. ISBN 1-4357-1699-X. • Census of India, 1961. 5. Office of the Registrar General (India). 1962. • Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of 1648–88). V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5. • Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern Indian Drama" (http://books.google.com/ books?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&pg=PA10-IA6). Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction (http://books.google.com/ ?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&dq=Mahesh+Dattani++By+Asha+Kuthari+Chaudhuri). Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. ISBN 81-7596-260-7. Retrieved 26 April 2009. • Chittar, Shantaram D. (1973). The Port of Bombay: a brief history. Bombay Port Trust. • Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). Housing and finance in developing countries. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17242-4. • David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Mumbai. • David, M. D. (1995). Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House. • Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "]. Paris: La Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2. • Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs. ISBN 81-85028-80-X. • Environment and urbanization (http://books.google.com/?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&printsec=frontcover). v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 2002. ISBN 978-1-84369-223-2. Retrieved 29 August 2009.

30

Mumbai • "Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR" (http://www.webcitation.org/ 5p2WAlJQ2). MMRDA. Archived from the original (http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf) on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2009. • Farooqui, Amar (2006). Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88789-32-0. • Fortescue, J. W. (2008). A History of the British Army. III. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4437-7768-1. • Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-471-1. • Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction" (http://books.google.com/?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3). Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28854-1. • Greater Bombay District Gazetteer. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. v. 27, no. 1. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1960. • Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. Brill. ISBN 81-215-0088-5. • Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India after Gandhi. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019881-8. • Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay (http://books. google.com/?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&printsec=frontcover). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2. Retrieved 16 August 2009. • Huda, Anwar (2004). The Art and Science of Cinema (http://books.google.com/?id=JIwxhDGO-mUC& printsec=frontcover). Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0348-1. Retrieved 11 June 2008. • Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books. ISBN 81-7436-378-5. • Keillor, Bruce David (2007). Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing. 1. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99276-4. • Kelsey, Jane (2008). Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44821-5. • Khalidi, Omar (2006). Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey. Global Media Publications. ISBN 978-81-88869-13-8. • Kothari, Rajni (1970). Politics in India. Orient Longman. • Krishnamoorthy, Bala (2008). Environmental Management: Text And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. ISBN 978-81-203-3329-1. • Kumari, Asha (1990). Hinduism and Buddhism. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. ISBN 81-7124-060-7. • Lok Sabha debates. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998. • Machado, José Pedro (1984). "Bombaim" (in Portuguese). Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa. I. • Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40372-8. • Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. 1993. ISBN 978-92-1-131233-1. • Misra, Satish Chandra (1982). The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. • Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj (reissue, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280596-6. • "Mumbai Plan" (http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php). Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra). Retrieved 29 April 2009. • Naravane, M. S. (2007). Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3. • O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302947-2. • "Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai" (http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/ Right_of_Information.pdf) (PDF, 1.18 MB). Mumbai Police. Retrieved 15 June 2009.

31

Mumbai • Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi, India: The Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-567711-0. • Pai, Pushpa (2005). "Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City" (http:// www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF). In Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Cascadilla Press. pp. 1794–1806. Retrieved 5 September 2009. • Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest. • Phadnis, Aditi. Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard. • "Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region" (http://www.webcitation.org/ 5mLpSbYyu) (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Archived from the original (http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population and Employment profile of MMR.pdf) on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010. • Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 65. Indian National Science Academy. 1999. • Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6. • Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2007). Climatology (illustrated ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-3828-0. • Saini, A.K.; Chand; Hukam. History of Medieval India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-2313-1. • Singh, K. S.; B. V. Bhanu, B. R. Bhatnagar, Anthropological Survey of India, D. K. Bose, V. S. Kulkarni, J. Sreenath (2004). Maharashtra. XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0. • Shirodkar, Prakashchandra P. (1998). Researches in Indo-Portuguese history. 2. Publication Scheme. ISBN 978-81-86782-15-6. • Swaminathan, R.; Goyal, Jaya (2006). Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal. Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation. • Strizower, Schifra (1971). The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay. B. Blackwell. • The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. 2. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1978. • "The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888" (http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE MUMBAI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACT_1888.pdf) (PDF). State Election Commissioner (Government of Maharashtra). Retrieved 3 May 2009. • Vilanilam, John V. (2005). Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective (illustrated ed.). SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-3372-4. • Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-6814-8. • WMO bulletin. 49. World Meteorological Organization. 2000. • Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 3-86537-206-6. • Yule, A. C.; Burnell (1996) [1939]. A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0321-0. • Zakakria, Rafiq; Indian National Congress (1985). 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985. Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session.

32

Mumbai

External links • Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (http://www.mcgm.gov.in/) • Official City Report (http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php) • Mumbai travel guide (http://wikitravel.org/en/Mumbai) from Wikitravel

33

34

History History of Mumbai The history of Mumbai recounts the growth of a collection of seven islands on the west coast of India, becoming the commercial capital of the nation, and one of the most populous cities in the world. Although human habitation existed since the Stone Age, the Kolis, a marathi Mumbai#Etymology fishing community, were the earliest known settlers of the islands. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE, and transformed it into a centre of Hindu and Buddhist culture and religion. Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, before being ruled by the Silharas from 810 to 1260. King Bhimdev established his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century, and brought many settlers to the islands. The Muslim rulers of Gujarat captured the islands in 1348, and they were later governed by the Gujarat Sultanate from 1391 to 1534. The Treaty of Bassein between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. Charles II of England received possession of the islands in 1661 as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, and leased them to the English East India Company in 1668. The islands suffered incursions from Mughals towards the end of the 17th century. During the mid-18th century, the city emerged as an important trading town, with maritime trade s with Mecca and Basra. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century with the first-ever Indian railway line beginning operations between Mumbai and neighbouring Thane in 1853. The city became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century and was the epicentre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946.[1] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Mumbai Presidency retained by India was restructured into Mumbai State. The area of Mumbai State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that ed the Indian union were integrated into Mumbai State. In 1960, following protests from the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, the city was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created Maharashtra State from Mumbai State. The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the communal riots of 1992–93, while the bombings of 1993 caused extensive loss of life and property. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996. Mumbai has suffered several terrorist attacks from the beginning of the 21st century.

History of Mumbai

Early History Pre-historic period Geologists believe that coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80 mya after it broke away from Madagascar. Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of Réunion. An eruption here some 65 mya is thought to have laid down the Deccan Traps, a vast bed of basalt lava that covers parts of central India. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea.[2] Pleistocene sediments found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist Todd in 1939 indicate habitation since the Stone Age.[3] The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba).[4] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily The seven islands of Mumbai with involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia.[5] The Koli fishing their anglicised names community had long inhabited the islands.[6] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. In Mumbai, there were three or four of these tribes. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism.[7]

Age of indigenous empires The islands were incorporated into the Maurya Empire under Emperor Ashoka of Magadha in the third century BCE. The empire's patronage made the islands a centre of Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture.[5] Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the Kanheri Caves in the mid third century BCE[8] and Mahakali Caves.[9] After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satavahanas.[10] The port of Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,[11] with trade s with Rome.[12] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE.[13] After the end of the Satvahana rule in 250 CE, the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra and Vakatakas of Vidarbha held dominion over the islands. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 Kanheri Caves served as a centre of CE.[10] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth Buddhism during ancient times century,[14] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century.[10] The Mauryas were feudatories of Kalachuris,[10] and the Jogeshwari Caves were constructed during their regime between 520 to 525.[15] The Greek merchant Cosmas Indicopleustes visited Kalyan (near Mumbai) during 530–550.[16] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century.[17] Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the Nestorian Church made its presence in India.[18] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakesi II invaded the islands in 610.[19] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749–750.[10]

35

History of Mumbai

The Silhara dynasty of Konkan ruled the region between 810 and 1260.[20] The Walkeshwar Temple was constructed during the 10th century[21] and the Banganga Tank during the 12the century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers.[22] The Italian traveler Marco Polo's fleet of thirteen Chinese ships ed through Mumbai Harbour during May — September 1292.[16][23] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[24] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim).[25] He belonged to either the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Banganga Tank and Walkeshwar Temple Gujarat.[24] He built the first Babulnath temple in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands.[26] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest settlers of the city, were brought to Mahim from Patan and other parts of Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev during his reign.[27] He is also supposed to have brought Palshis,[28] Pachkalshis,[28] Bhandaris, Vadvals, Bhois, Agris and Brahmins to these islands. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khilji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands.[10]

Islamic period The islands were under Muslim rule from 1348 to 1391. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan.[29] For the istration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I (1411–1443), Malik-us-Sharq was appointed governor of Mahim, and in addition to instituting a proper survey of the islands, he improved the existing revenue system of the islands. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years.[30] It was reconquered by Rai The Haji Ali Dargah at Mahalaxmi built in 1431, Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate.[31] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim.[32] On Rai Qutb's death in 1429–1430, Ahmad Shah I Wali of the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan captured Salsette and Mahim.[33][34] Ahmad Shah I retaliated by sending his son Jafar Khan to recapture the lost territory. Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. In 1431, Mahim was recaptured by the Sultanate of Gujarat.[34] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431.[35] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali.[36] During 1491–1494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate.[37] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (1482–1518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan.[31][38][39] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom Bahia (Good Bay).[40] However, the

36

History of Mumbai

37

Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek.[4] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah.[31] In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein.[41] During 1528–29, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands.[42][43][44] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese.[45] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai.[44]

Portuguese period The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their religious orders in Bombay. The islands were leased to Mestre Diogo in 1534.[46] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540.[47] Parel, Wadala, Sion, and Worli were granted to Manuel Serrão between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of João de Castro. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547.[48] Salsette was granted for three years to João Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to João Pirez in 1548.[49] Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy Pedro Mascarenhas.[50]

Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640

The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly ed the Roman Catholic Church.[51] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein.[52] These Christians were referred to by the British as Portuguese Christians, though they were Nestorian Christians who had only recently established ties with the Roman Catholic Church.[53] During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir.[54] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family.[48] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575.[55]

Ruins of the St. John the Baptist Church in SEEPZ, one of the earliest churches built by the Portuguese in the city

The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British.[56] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul.[57] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by

History of Mumbai 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvação (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay.[44] Dorabji Nanabhoy, a trader, was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640.[58] Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim.[59] The growing power of the Dutch by the middle of the seventeenth century forced the Surat Council of the British Empire to acquire Bombay from King John IV of Portugal in 1659.[44] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.[60]

British period Struggle with native powers On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Ships in Bombay Harbour (c. 1731) Canara and died there in October 1664. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies.[61][62] However, Salsette, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English.[63] On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India Company for an annual rent of £10 (equivalent retail price index of £1,226 in 2007).[64] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses.[65] A customs house was also built.[66] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil istration.[65] George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668.[66] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay on July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670.[67] He offered various business incentives, which attracted Parsis, Goans, Jews, Dawoodi Bohras, Gujarati Banias from Surat and Diu, and Brahmins from Salsette.[68] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present day Lion Gate) in the south.[69] The harbour was also developed during his governorship, with space for the berthing of 20 ships.[54] In 1670, the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into Bombay.[70] Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in population from 10,000 to 60,000.[71] Yakut Khan, the Siddi iral of the Mughal Empire, landed at Bombay in October 1672 and ravaged the local inhabitants there.[72] On 20 February 1673, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier.[73] On 10 October 1673, the Siddi iral Sambal entered Bombay and destroyed the Pen and Nagothana rivers, which were very important for the English and the Maratha King Shivaji.[72] The Treaty of Westminster concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch.[66] In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the istrative centre of all the west coast settlements then.[74][75] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.[76]

38

History of Mumbai

39

Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[77] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690.[78] After a payment made by the British to Aurangzeb, the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690.[79] The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra.[54] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European Remains of Fort George, an extension built to the pirates and the Marathas.[80] By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone fortified walls of Bombay in 1769 assumed the Governorship of Bombay. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri [54] in the north to Mendham's point in the south. He established the Marine force,[54] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay.[81] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli.[54] The shipbuilding industry started in Bombay in 1735[82] and soon the Naval Dockyard was established in the same year.[83] In 1737, Salsette was captured from the Portuguese by Maratha Baji Rao I and the province of Bassein was ceded in 1739.[84] The Maratha victory forced the British to push settlements within the fort walls of the city. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land.[85] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[86] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia.[83] By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town and soon Bhandaris from Chaul in Maharashtra, Vanjaris from the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Maharashtra, Africans from Madagascar, Bhatias from Rajasthan, Vaishya Vanis, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Daivajnas from konkan, ironsmiths and weavers from Gujarat migrated to the islands.[87] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[88] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built.[89] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774.[90] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire.[91] Although Salsette was under the British, but the introduction of contraband goods from Salsette to other parts of Bombay was prevented. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette.[92] In 1782, William Hornby assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the Hornby Vellard engineering project of uniting the seven islands into a single landmass. The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide.[89] However, the project was rejected by the British East India Company in 1783.[93] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed.[94] The history of journalism in Bombay commenced with publication of the Bombay Herald in 1789 and the Bombay Courier in 1790.[95] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were

A view of Bombay from Malabar Point during the Fire of 1803

constructed by the Hornby Vellard. These workers where called Kamathis, and their enclave was called Kamathipura.[96] The construction of the Sion Causeway (Duncan Causeway) commenced in 1798.[97] The

History of Mumbai construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor Jonathan Duncan. It connected Bombay Island to Kurla in Salsette.[98] On 17 February 1803, a fire raged through the town, razing many localities around the Old Fort, subsequently the British had to plan a new town with wider roads.[99] On May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large scale emigration.[66] On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone[100] defeated Bajirao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, in the Battle of Kirkee which took place on the Deccan Plateau.[101] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.[66]

City development The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. The Wellington Pier (Apollo Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for enger traffic in 1819 and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822. Bombay was hit by a water famine in 1824. The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825.[66] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure.[102] By 1830, regular Bhor Ghat connected Bombay with the Deccan communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red [66] and Mediterranean Sea. In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[66][103] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835.[104] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established.[66] In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway.[102] In the same year, monthly communication was established between Bombay and London.[66] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[105] and the Bank of Western India in 1842.[106] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[97] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845.[107] Colaba Causeway construction using timber, view from Colaba (c. 1826) The Commercial Bank of India, established in 1845, issued exotic [106] notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs. On 3 November 1845, the Grant Medical College and hospital, the third in the country, was founded by Governor Robert Grant.[108] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. Riots broke out between Muslims and Parsis in October 1851, in consequence of an ill-advised article on Prophet Muhammad which appeared in the Chitra Gnyan Darpan newspaper.[109] The first political organization of the Bombay Presidency, the Bombay Association, was started on 26 August 1852, to vent public grievances to the British.[110] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring

40

History of Mumbai

41

Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853.[111] The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay.[112] The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.[113]

Map of Bombay in 1893

The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857.[114] The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population.[115] The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the West, and led to an enormous increase in cotton-trade.[116] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in Dwelling in Mazagaon 1862.[117] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English.[66] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[66] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay.[102] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly-growing city.[118] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and istration of the port.[119] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873.[120] The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), originally set up as a tramway company: Bombay Tramway Company Limited, was established in 1873.[121] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Prophet Muhammad published by a Parsi resident.[109] The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875.[122] The Bombay Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Asia, was established in 1875.[123] Electricity arrived in Bombay in 1882 and Crawford Market was the first establishment to be lit up by electricity.[124] The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in 1883.[125] Bombay Time, one of the two official time zones in British India, was established in 1884[126] during the International Meridian Conference held at Washington, D.C in the United States.[127] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian.[126] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour.

History of Mumbai

Indian freedom movement The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885.[128] The Bombay Millowners' Association was formed in February 1875 by Dinshaw Maneckji Petit in order to protect interests of workers threatened by possible factory and tariff legislation by the British.[129] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885.[130] The Bombay Municipal Act was enacted in 1888 which gave the British Government wide powers of First session of the Indian National Congress in interference in civic matters.[131] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Bombay(28–31 December 1885) Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888.[132] The concept of Dabbawalas (lunch box delivery man) originated in the 1890s when British people who came to Bombay did not like the local food. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home.[133] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured.[134] In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.[135] Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time.[136] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days.[137] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[138] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine.[139] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 1899–1900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics.[140] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague.[141] The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India.[142] On 22 July 1908, Lokmanya Tilak, the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper Kesari. The arrest led to huge scale protests across the city.[143] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in The Victoria Terminus in Bombay, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's 1888 Independence.[144] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. The conference was followed by huge rallies across the city. The worldwide influenza epidemic raged through Bombay from September to December 1918, causing hundreds of deaths per day. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. The first important strike in the textile industry in Bombay began in January 1919.[145] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February — April 1919. The movement was started as a result of the Rowlatt Act, which indefinitely extended emergency measures during World War I in order to control public unrest.[146]

42

History of Mumbai

Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922.[147] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city.[148] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925.[149] In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from Yazd to escape the drought in Iran.[150] In the early 1930s, the nationwide Civil The Gateway of India in Bombay, through which the last British disobedience movement against the British Salt tax troops left India on 28 February 1948 spread to Bombay. Vile Parle was the headquarters of the movement[151] in Bombay under Jamnalal Bajaj.[152] On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator J.R.D. Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay.[153] Bombay was affected by the Great Depression of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939.[154] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia.[155] The climatic Quit India rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at Gowalia Tank.[156] The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule.[157] On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, ed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[158] ending the 282 year long period of the British in Bombay .[159]

43

History of Mumbai

44

Independent India 20th century

The Hutatma Chowk memorial with the Flora Fountain, on its left in the background

The Sikh parade at the Gateway to India on the occasion of the departure of British Troops from India on 28 February 1948.

After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Bombay metropolitan region. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari.[160] In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. It spanned an area of 235.1 km2 (90.77 sq mi) and inhabited 23.39 lakhs of people in 1951. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway.[161] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, there was a demand from the Congress, that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.[162] But the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Bombay be declared the capital of Maharashtra.[163] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay.[164] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960.[165] Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtra movement.[166][167]

In the early 1960s, the Gujarati and Marwaris communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalising South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.[168] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.[169] During the 1970 Bombay-Bhiwandi riots, many Muslim places of worship were attacked by Shiv sena activists.[170] During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and south western coast of India, after introduction of ships by the London based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Goan and Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.[171]

History of Mumbai Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay.[172] The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region.[173] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay.[174] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population.[175] The Great Bombay Textile Strike was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader Dutta Samant, where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 textile mills in Bombay went on strike.[176] On 17 May 1984, riots broke out in Bombay, Thane, and Bhiwandi after a saffron flag was placed at the top of a mosque. 278 were killed and 1,118 were wounded.[177] The Jawaharlal Nehru Port Nehru Centre was established in 1972 in Bombay was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to [178] de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. In December 1992 – January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[179] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries.[180] The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.[181] In 1996, the newly-elected Shiv Sena-led government renamed the city of Bombay to the native name Mumbai, after the Koli Goddess Mumbadevi.[182][183] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[184] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji.[185]

21st century During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai. Around 2 people were killed and 28 were injured.[186] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[187] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. The blast occurred a day ahead of the visit of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India to the city.[188] On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the Mahim the Mulund station in Mumbai. 10 people were killed and 70 were station in Mumbai during the 11 July 2006 train injured. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the bombings 1993 Bombay bombings.[189] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. The bomb [190] killed 4 people and injured 32. On 25 August 2003, two blasts in South Mumbai – one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi occurred. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[191]

45

History of Mumbai

Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on 26–27 July 2005, during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. The city received 37 inches (940 millimeters) of rain in 24 hours — the most any Indian city has ever received in a single day. Around 83 people were killed.[192] On 11 July 2006, a series of seven bomb blasts took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai at Khar, Mahim, Matunga, Jogeshwari, Borivali, and one between Khar and Santa Cruz.[193] 209 people were killed[194] and over 700 were injured.[195] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried The damaged Oberoi Trident hotel during the out by Lashkar-e-Toiba and Students Islamic Movement of India November 2008 attacks (SIMI).[196] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai.[197] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles.[198] There were a series of ten coordinated terrorist attacks by 10 armed Pakistani men using automatic weapons and grenades which began on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings.[199] The city again saw a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST. The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[200] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured.[201][202] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup.

Notes [1] "Mumbai: History of a City" (http:/ / www. bl. uk/ learning/ histcitizen/ trading/ mumbai/ history. html). British Library. . Retrieved 8 November 2008. [2] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Geology (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_mumbai/ general. html#2) [3] Ghosh 1990, p.  25 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover#PPA25,M1) [4] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Geography (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_mumbai/ general. html#1) [5] Ring, Salkin & Boda 1994, p.  142 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC& printsec=frontcover#PPA142,M1) [6] Shubhangi Khapre (19 May 2008). "Of age-old beliefs and practices" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?newsid=1165194). Daily News & Analysis. . Retrieved 13 August 2008. [7] Da Cunha 1993, p.  40 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA40,M1) [8] "Kanheri Caves" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_tktd_maha_kanhericaves. asp). Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 17 October 2008. [9] Abhilash Gaur (24 January 2004). "Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai’s trash" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2004/ 20040125/ spectrum/ travel. htm). The Tribune (India). . Retrieved 17 October 2008. [10] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Ancient Period (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_mumbai/ history. html#1) [11] Thana — Places of Interest 2000, Sopara (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-III/ places_Sopara. html) [12] "Dock around the clock" (http:/ / www. timeoutmumbai. net/ aroundtown/ aroundtown_preview_details. asp?code=4). Time Out (Mumbai) (Time Out) (6). 14 November 2008. . Retrieved 18 November 2008. [13] Da Cunha 1993, p.  23 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA23,M1) [14] David 1973, p. 11 [15] "The Slum and the Sacred Cave" (http:/ / www. ldeo. columbia. edu/ edu/ eesj/ gradpubs/ GeneralMags/ Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607. pdf) (PDF). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University). pp. 5. . Retrieved 12 October 2008. [16] Da Cunha 1993, p.  184 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA184,M1) [17] "World Heritage Sites — Elephanta Caves" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_whs_elephanta. asp). Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 22 October 2008. [18] Lhendup Gyatso Bhutia (14 September 2008). "Message in a bottle" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?newsid=1189923& pageid=0). Daily News & Analysis. . Retrieved 14 November 2008. [19] David 1973, p. 12 [20] Nairne 1988, p.  15 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC& printsec=frontcover#PPA15,M1)

46

History of Mumbai [21] Dwivedi, Sharada (26 September 2007). "The Legends of Walkeshwar" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=101117). Mumbai Newsline. Express Group. . Retrieved 31 January 2009. [22] Agarwal, Lekha (2 June 2007). "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank?" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=239318). Mumbai Newsline. Express Group. . Retrieved 31 January 2009. [23] Thana District Gazetteer 1986, Early History (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-II/ histroy_early. html#1) [24] Da Cunha 1993, p.  34 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA34,M1) [25] Da Cunha 1993, p.  36 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA36,M1) [26] O'Brien 2003, p. 3 [27] Singh et al. Bose, p.  1703 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C& printsec=frontcover#PPA1703,M1) [28] Da Cunha 1993, p.  42 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA42,M1) [29] Prinsep, Thomas & Henry 1858, p.  315 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=2VlCAAAAIAAJ& pg=RA1-PA315& dq=& lr=#PRA1-PA315,M1) [30] Edwardes 1902, p. 54 [31] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Muhammedan Period (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Mumbai/ history. html#3) [32] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Mediaeval Period (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Mumbai/ history. html#2) [33] Misra 1982, p. 193 [34] Misra 1982, p. 222 [35] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 77 [36] Edwardes 1902, p. 55 [37] Edwardes 1902, p. 57 [38] Subrahmanyam 1997, p.  110 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC& pg=PA111& dq=& lr=& sig=ACfU3U2LMfRURug2UQ_AMLFnUdMtCut0Xw#PPA110,M1) [39] Subrahmanyam 1997, p.  111 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC& pg=PA111& dq=& lr=& sig=ACfU3U2LMfRURug2UQ_AMLFnUdMtCut0Xw#PPA111,M1) [40] "The West turns East" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ news/ specials/ Mumbai/ history2. shtml). Hindustan Times. India. . Retrieved 12 August 2008. [41] Maharashtra State Gazetteer 1977, p. 153 [42] Edwardes 1993, p. 65 [43] Da Cunha 1993, p.  74 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& pg=PA74& vq=& lr=& source=gbs_search_s& sig=ACfU3U05gaw9BxPmynGrtNybHdDTuVMJBg) [44] Greater Mumbai District Gazetteer 1986, Portuguese Period (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Mumbai/ history. html#4) [45] Da Cunha 1993, p.  88 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA88,M1) [46] Da Cunha 1993, p.  97 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA97,M1) [47] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Churches (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ places. html#8) [48] Burnell 2007, p.  15 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC& printsec=frontcover#PPA15,M1) [49] Da Cunha 1993, p.  96 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA96,M1) [50] Da Cunha 1993, p.  100 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA100,M1) [51] Da Cunha 1993, p.  283 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA283,M1) [52] Da Cunha 1993, p.  183 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA183,M1) [53] Baptista 1967, p. 25 [54] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 26 [55] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, St. Andrews Church (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ places. html#56) [56] Leonard 2006, p.  359 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC& printsec=frontcover#PPA359,M1) [57] "The First Englishmen in Bombay" (http:/ / theory. tifr. res. in/ Bombay/ history/ travelogue. html). Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). . Retrieved 8 November 2008. [58] Jahnavi Phalkey (DOC, 137 KB). The Tale of Two Cities: Technological profiles of Bangalore and Bombay as Growth Regions (http:/ / www. cherry. gatech. edu/ trp/ proceedings/ 2001/ 01Phalkey. doc). Georgia Institute of Technology. pp. 3. . Retrieved 9 November 2008. [59] Ball, Iain (19 March 2003). "Local ‘army’ offers to protect Bombay’s ‘Castella’" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=46848). Bombay Newsline. Express Group. . Retrieved 16 September 2008. [60] "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ dna/ h2g2/ A2998461). BBC. . Retrieved 5 November 2008. [61] Thana District Gazetteer 1986, Portuguese (1500–1670) (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-II/ histroy_portuguese. html#1) [62] Malabari 1910, p. 98 [63] Malabari 1910, p. 99 [64] Da Cunha 1993, p. 272

47

History of Mumbai [65] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 20 [66] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, British Period (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ history. html#5) [67] David 1973, p. 135 [68] Murray 2007, p.  79 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=YAWRD86pYvwC& printsec=frontcover#PPA79,M1) [69] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 17 [70] Shroff 2001, p. 169 [71] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 31 [72] Yimene 2004, p.  94 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C& printsec=frontcover& client=firefox-a#PPA94,M1) [73] Colin C.Ganley (2007) (PDF, 113 KB). Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth (http:/ / www. isnie. org/ assets/ files/ papers2007/ ganley. pdf). International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE). pp. 13. . Retrieved 6 November 2008. [74] R. K. Kochhar (25 June 1994). "Shipbuilding at Bombay" (http:/ / www. ias. ac. in/ jarch/ currsci/ 66/ 00000966. pdf) (PDF, 297 KB). Current Science. 12 (Indian Academy of Sciences) 66. . Retrieved 9 November 2008. [75] Carsten 1961, p.  427 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA426& lpg=PA426& dq=Surat+ Bombay& source=web& ots=4pdMGbtFEq& sig=TSqG0nuBkWoZb5KOwLE8V9ZDLY0& hl=en& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=8& ct=result#PPA427,M1) [76] Hughes 1863, p.  227 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ& printsec=toc#PPA227,M1) [77] Anderson 1854, p.  115 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=vXhCAAAAIAAJ& printsec=titlepage& client=firefox-a#PPA115,M1) [78] Nandgaonkar, Satish (22 March 2003). "Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces – 313 years ago" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=47106). The Indian Express (India: Express Group). . Retrieved 20 September 2008. [79] Anderson 1854, p.  116 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=vXhCAAAAIAAJ& printsec=titlepage& client=firefox-a#PPA116,M1) [80] "Bombay Castle" (http:/ / rajbhavan. maharashtra. gov. in/ history/ history_castle. htm). The Raj Bhavan, Maharashtra. . Retrieved 7 November 2008. [81] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, St. Thomas Cathedral (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ places. html#57) [82] Mehta 1940, p. 16 [83] "Historical Perspective" (http:/ / indiannavy. nic. in/ dock_Bombay/ history. htm). Indian Navy. . Retrieved 7 November 2008. [84] Thana District Gazetteer 1986, The Marathas (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-II/ histroy_marathas. html#1) [85] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 27 [86] "The Wadias of India: Then and Now" (http:/ / www. vohuman. org/ Article/ The Wadias of India. htm). Vohuman. . Retrieved 10 November 2008. [87] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 32 [88] "Fortifying colonial legacy" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ news/ ie/ daily/ 19970715/ 19650713. html). Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.. 15 June 1997. . Retrieved 10 November 2008. [89] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 28 [90] Calcutta Magazine and Monthly 1832, p.  596 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=kxwYAAAAYAAJ& printsec=toc#PRA2-PA596,M1) [91] Thana District Gazetteer 1986, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 1774–1817 (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-II/ land_acquisition. html#1) [92] Kippis et al. J. Robinson, p.  148 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=6ScOAAAAYAAJ& printsec=titlepage& client=firefox-a#PRA2-PA148,M1) [93] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 81 [94] Segesta 2006, p. 32 [95] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Journalism (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ publiclife. html#3) [96] Savant, Renu (4 July 2005). "From Lane 11 with love" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=137543). Bombay Newsline (Express Group). . Retrieved 2 February 2009. [97] Thana District Gazetteer 1984, Roads (Causeways) (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-I/ trade_roads. html#3) [98] Thana District Gazetteer 1986, English (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-II/ histroy_english. html#1) [99] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 54 [100] "Battle of Khadki" (http:/ / cms. unipune. ernet. in/ ~sukratu/ welcomekhadki. html). Centre for Modeling and Simulation (University of Pune). . Retrieved 10 November 2008. [101] Shona Adhikari (20 February 2000). "A mute testimony to a colourful age" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2000/ 20000220/ spectrum/ main3. htm). The Tribune (India). . Retrieved 10 November 2008. [102] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Growth of Bombay (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ economic. html#2)

48

History of Mumbai [103] "About Asiatic Society of Bombay" (http:/ / asiaticsociety. org/ ). Asiatic Society of Bombay. . Retrieved 26 January 2009. [104] "History" (http:/ / www. elphinstonecollege. ac. in/ aboutus. html#history). Elphinstone College. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [105] Kanakalatha Mukund (3 April 2007). "Insight into the progress of banking" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ br/ 2007/ 04/ 03/ stories/ 2007040300301600. htm). The Hindu. India. . Retrieved 10 November 2008. [106] "Early Issues" (http:/ / www. rbi. org. in/ scripts/ pm_earlyissues. aspx). Reserve Bank of India. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [107] "BMC allots Rs 14 cr to upgrade Mahim Causeway" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Bombay/ BMC_allots_Rs_14_cr_to_upgrade_Mahim_Causeway/ articleshow/ 3638311. cms). The Times of India (India). 25 October 2008. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [108] "History" (http:/ / www. grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital. org/ history. htm). Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Gr.of Hospitals. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [109] Palsetia 2001, p.  189 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC& printsec=frontcover#PPA189,M1) [110] Kidambi 2007, p.  163 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=N2O76-0buuUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA163,M1) [111] "The South's first station" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ mp/ 2003/ 02/ 26/ stories/ 2003022600240300. htm). The Hindu (India). 26 February 2003. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [112] "A City emerges" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ news/ specials/ Bombay/ history3. shtml). Hindustan Times. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [113] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 128 [114] "About University" (http:/ / www. mu. ac. in/ About University. html). University of Bombay. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [115] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Banking (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ economic. html#9) [116] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Stock Exchange (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ banking. html#13) [117] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Jijamata Udyan (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ places. html#12) [118] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 64 [119] "Bombay Port Trust is 125" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ res/ web/ pIe/ ie/ daily/ 19970626/ 17750073. html). Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.. 26 June 1997. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [120] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 131 [121] "Tram-Car arrives" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081022233706/ http:/ / bestundertaking. com/ his_chap02. asp). BrihanBombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Archived from the original (http:/ / bestundertaking. com/ his_chap02. asp) on 22 October 2008. . Retrieved 16 November 2008. [122] "History" (http:/ / www. Bombaygymkhana. com/ history. asp). Bombay Gymkhana. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [123] "Introduction" (http:/ / www. bseindia. com/ about/ introbse. asp). Bombay Stock Exchange. . Retrieved 16 November 2008. [124] "Electricity arrives in Bombay" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080917080729/ http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ his_chap04. asp). BrihanBombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com/ his_chap04. asp) on 17 September 2008. . Retrieved 15 November 2008. [125] "The Society" (http:/ / www. bnhs. org/ article. php?cid=MTU=& sid=MA==& t=Mg==& aid=MQ==). Bombay Natural History Society. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [126] "India Time Zones (IST)" (http:/ / wwp. greenwichmeantime. co. uk/ time-zone/ asia/ india/ time/ indian-time-zones. htm). Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). . Retrieved 19 November 2008. [127] Sutherland & Shiffer 1884, p. 141 [128] Banerjee 2006, p.  82 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=y01bQcwKPVAC& printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA82,M1) [129] "Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first Baronet, 1823–1901" (http:/ / www. vohuman. org/ Article/ Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit. htm). Vohuman. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [130] "Congress foundation day celebrated" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 12/ 29/ stories/ 2006122906471500. htm). The Hindu (India). 29 December 2006. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [131] "Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888" (http:/ / stateelection. maharashtra. gov. in/ pdf/ THE Bombay MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACT_1888. pdf) (PDF, 215 KB). Government of Maharashtra. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [132] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 109 [133] Dalal & Shah 2002, p. 30 [134] Dinesh Thite (PDF, 124 KB). From Distrust to Reconciliation (The Making of the Ganesh Utsav in Maharashtra) (http:/ / www. manushi-india. org/ pdfs_issues/ PDF 139/ Ganapati 19-25. pdf). 139. Manushi. p. 20. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [135] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 74 [136] "Rat Trap" (http:/ / www. timeoutBombay. net/ aroundtown/ aroundtown_preview_details. asp?code=45). Time out (Bombay) (Time Out) (6). 14 November 2008. . Retrieved 19 November 2008. [137] Kidambi 2007, p.  118 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=N2O76-0buuUC& printsec=frontcover#PPA118,M1) [138] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Municipal Corporation (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ local. html#1) [139] "History" (http:/ / www. haffkineinstitute. org/ history. htm). Haffkine Institute. . Retrieved 12 November 2008.

49

History of Mumbai [140] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, pp. 175–7 [141] Bagchi 2000, p.  233 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=UZZcTYzHBtgC& printsec=frontcover#PPA233,M1) [142] D.D. Pattanaik. "The Swadeshi Movement : Culmination of Cultural Nationalism" (http:/ / orissagov. nic. in/ e-magazine/ Orissareview/ aug2005/ engpdf/ the swadeshi movement. pdf) (PDF, 163 KB). Orissa Review (Government of Orissa) (August 2005). . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [143] Agrawal & Bhatnagar 2005, p.  124 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=MpP0a_9hTr0C& printsec=frontcover#PPA124,M1) [144] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 1995, p. 160 [145] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Home Rule Movement (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ history. html#20) [146] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Dawn of Gandhian Era (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ history. html#22) [147] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Non Co-operation Movement (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ history. html#23) [148] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Back Bay Scandal (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_Bombay/ history. html#24) [149] Lalitha Sridhar (21 April 2001). "On the right track" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ 2001/ 04/ 21/ stories/ 13211104. htm). The Hindu (India). . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [150] Taran N Khan (31 May 2008). "A slice of Persia in Dongri" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?newsid=1167800). Daily News & Analysis. . Retrieved 9 October 2008. [151] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Congress Session (of 1934) (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#30) [152] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Businessmen and Civil Disobedience (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#26) [153] Lala 1992, p. 98 [154] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Economic Conditions (1933–1939) (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#31) [155] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Outbreak of the War (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#35) [156] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Quit India Movement (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#36) [157] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Naval Mutiny (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#37) [158] "A New Bombay, A new India" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ news/ specials/ bombay/ history4. shtml). Hindustan Times. India. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [159] Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1986, Dawn of Independence (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ gazetteer/ greater_bombay/ history. html#38) [160] Alexander 1951, p. 65 [161] "istration" (http:/ / mumbaisuburban. gov. in/ html/ istrative_setup. htm). Mumbai Suburban District. . Retrieved 6 November 2008. [162] "The battle for Bombay" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ mag/ 2003/ 04/ 13/ stories/ 2003041300240300. htm). The Hindu. India. 13 April 2003. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [163] "Samyukta Maharashtra" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081006221033/ http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ community/ community_samyuktaShow. php). Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ community/ community_samyuktaShow. php) on 6 October 2008. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [164] "About IIT Bombay" (http:/ / www. iitb. ac. in/ about/ aboutiitb. html). Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [165] "Sons of soil: born, reborn" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ sons-of-soil-born-reborn/ 269628/ ). Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.. 6 February 2008. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [166] Gangadharan 1970, p. 123 [167] Geeta Desai (13 May 2008). "BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs" (http:/ / epaper. timesofindia. com/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=& Mode=HTML& Locale=english-skin-custom). Mumbai Mirror. . Retrieved 16 November 2008. [168] "Sena fate: From roar to meow" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-1311115,prtpage-1. cms). The Times of India (India). 29 November 2005. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [169] "To the Present" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ news/ specials/ bombay/ history5. shtml). Hindustan Times. India. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [170] Banerjee 2005, p.  101 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=F165bWv7goQC& printsec=frontcover#PPA101,M1) [171] Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983, p. 113 [172] "Nehru Centre, Mumbai" (http:/ / www. nehru-centre. org/ ). Nehru Science Centre. . Retrieved 16 November 2008.

50

History of Mumbai [173] "About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080919094208/ http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ index. htm). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ index. htm) on 19 September 2008. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [174] "General Information" (http:/ / www. nehrusciencecentre. org/ gen_info. htm). Nehru Science Centre. . Retrieved 16 November 2008. [175] "About Navi Mumbai (History)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080918095134/ http:/ / www. nmmconline. com/ english/ aboutUs/ about_history_Show. php). Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. nmmconline. com/ english/ aboutUs/ about_history_Show. php) on 18 September 2008. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [176] "The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2007/ jan/ 18sld2. htm). Rediff.com India Limited. 18 January 2007. . Retrieved 17 November 2008. [177] Hansen 2001, p.  77 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC& printsec=frontcover#PPA77,M1) [178] "Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva)" (http:/ / www. jawaharcustoms. gov. in/ jnch/ others/ profile. htm). Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [179] Naunidhi Kaur (5 – 18 July 2003). "Mumbai: A decade after riots" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl2014/ stories/ 20030718002704100. htm). The Hindu (India) 20 (14). . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [180] "1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ march/ 12/ newsid_4272000/ 4272943. stm). BBC. 12 March 1993. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [181] Monica Chadha (12 September 2006). "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4777323. stm). BBC. . Retrieved 12 November 2008. [182] "Mumbai Travel Guide" (http:/ / www. mcgm. gov. in/ irj/ portal/ anonymous/ qlmumbaitravelguide). Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. . Retrieved 15 November 2008. [183] Sheppard 1917, pp. 38, 104–105 [184] William Safire (6 July 2006). "Mumbai Not Bombay" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 08/ 06/ magazine/ 06wwln_safire. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 13 November 2008. [185] Verma, Kalpana (4 November 2005). "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus chugs towards a new heritage look" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=155514). Mumbai Newsline (Express Group). . Retrieved 6 February 2009. [186] "Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 2 killed" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2002/ dec/ 02mum. htm). rediff.com India Limited. 6 December 2002. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [187] "1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ december/ 6/ newsid_3712000/ 3712777. stm). BBC. 6 December 1992. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [188] "1 killed, 25 hurt in Vile Parle blast" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 35711165. cms). The Times of India (India). 28 January 2003. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [189] "Fear after Bombay train blast" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 2848123. stm). BBC. 14 March 2003. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [190] Vijay Singh, Syed Firdaus Ashra (29 July 2003). "Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2003/ jul/ 28blast. htm). rediff.com India Limited. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [191] "2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ august/ 25/ newsid_3921000/ 3921475. stm). BBC. 25 August 2003. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [192] "Maharashtra monsoon 'kills 200'" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4720343. stm). BBC. 25 July 2005. . Retrieved 17 August 2008. [193] "At least 174 killed in Indian train blasts" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2006/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 07/ 11/ mumbai. blasts/ ). CNN. 11 July 2006. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [194] "India: A major terror target" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ India_A_major_terror_target_/ articleshow/ 3654886. cms). The Times of India (India). 30 October 2008. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [195] "'Rs 50, 000 not enough for injured'" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ news/ fullstory. php?newsid=71404). Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.. 21 July 2006. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [196] "India police: Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2006/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 09/ 30/ india. bombs/ index. html?section=cnn_world#). CNN. 1 October 2006. . Retrieved 11 November 2008. [197] "Thackeray continues tirade against North Indians" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?newsid=1151247). Daily News & Analysis. 16 February 2008. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [198] "North Indian taxi drivers attacked in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ convergence/ ndtv/ story. aspx?id=NEWEN20080045337). NDTV. 29 March 2008. . Retrieved 19 August 2008. [199] "HM announces measures to enhance security" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=45446) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. . Retrieved 14 December 2008. [200] "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured" (http:/ / ibnlive. in. com/ news/ twin-blasts-in-mumbai-15-injured/ 167291-3. html). CNN-IBN. 13 July 2011. . Retrieved 20 February 2012. [201] "Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/ H1-Article1-727292. aspx). Hindustan Times. 13 July 2011. . Retrieved 20 February 2012. [202] "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19" (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ article/ india/ death-toll-in-mumbai-terror-blasts-rises-to-19-119692). NDTV. 15 July 2011. . Retrieved 20 February 2012.

51

History of Mumbai

References • Alexander, Horace Gundry (1951). New Citizens of India. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press • Anderson, Philip (1854). The English in Western India (http://books.google.com/?id=vXhCAAAAIAAJ& printsec=titlepage). Smith and Taylor. ISBN 978-0-7661-8695-8. Retrieved 18 August 2008 • Bagchi, Amiya Kumar (2000). Private Investment in India, 1900–1939: Evolution of International Business, 1800–1945 (http://books.google.com/?id=UZZcTYzHBtgC&printsec=frontcover). V. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-19012-1. Retrieved 12 November 2008 • Banerjee, Anil Chandra (2006). Indian Constitutional Documents −1757-1939 (http://books.google.com/ ?id=y01bQcwKPVAC&printsec=frontcover). Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-0792-2. Retrieved 12 November 2008 • Banerjee, Sikata (2005). Make Me A Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, And Nationalism In India (http://books. google.com/?id=F165bWv7goQC&printsec=frontcover). Suny Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6367-3. Retrieved 13 November 2008 • Burnell, John (2007). Bombay in the Days of Queen Anne – Being an of the Settlement Also: Being an of the Settlement (http://books.google.com/?id=1a-Apmn-K-gC&printsec=frontcover). Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-5547-3. Retrieved 2 February 2008 • Calcutta Magazine and Monthly (http://books.google.com/?id=kxwYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc). 33–36. S. Smith & Co.. 1832. Retrieved 7 November 2008 • Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (Volume V: The ascendancy of 1648–88) (http://books.google.com/?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover). V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5. Retrieved 7 January 2009 • Da Cunha, J.Gerson (1993). Origin of Bombay (http://books.google.com/?id=miD5YO05jpUC& printsec=frontcover). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0815-1. Retrieved 17 August 2008 • Dalal, Shilpa; Aparna Kaji Shah (2002). Bombay!. BPI (India). ISBN 978-81-7693-005-5 • David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Bombay • Dwivedi, Sharada; Rahul Mehrotra (1995). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs • Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth (1902). The Rise of Bombay: A Retrospect. Times of India Press • Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association • Gangadharan, K. K. (1970). Sociology of Revivalism: A Study of Indianization, Sanskritization, and Golwalkarism. Kalamkar Prakashan • Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology (http://books.google.com/ ?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09264-8. Retrieved 19 August 2008 • Greater Bombay District Gazetteer (http://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra. gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html). Maharashtra State Gazetteers. 27. Government of Maharashtra. 1960. Archived from the original (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/ greater_bombay/volume1.html) on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008 • Greater Bombay District Gazetteer (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/ volume3.html). Maharashtra State Gazetteers. III. Government of Maharashtra. 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2008 • Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (http://books. google.com/?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&printsec=frontcover). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2. Retrieved 13 November 2008 • Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1983). Indica. 20. St. Xavier's College (Bombay) • Hughes, William (1863). The geography of British history (http://books.google.com/ ?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ&printsec=toc). Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. Retrieved 15 January 2009

52

History of Mumbai • Sutherland, Joseph Myers; Richard J. Shiffer (1884). "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884 Protocols of the Proceedings" (http:// www.gutenberg.org/files/17759/17759-h/17759-h.htm). Retrieved 19 November 2008 • Kidambi, Prashant (2007). The Making of an Indian Metropolis: Colonial Governance and Public Culture in Bombay, 1890–1920 (http://books.google.com/?id=N2O76-0buuUC&printsec=frontcover). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5612-8. Retrieved 11 November 2008 • Kippis, Andrew; William Godwin, George Robinson, G. G. and J. Robinson (1813). The New Annual , Or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1813 (http://books.google.com/ ?id=6ScOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage). Pater-noster-Row. Retrieved 17 November 2008 • Lala, R. M (1992). Beyond the Last Blue Mountain: A Life of J.R.D. Tata. Viking • Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World (http://books.google.com/ ?id=eq_Wma6nNfgC&printsec=frontcover). 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6. Retrieved 2 February 2009 • Malabari, Phiroze B.M. (1910) (PDF, 73 MB). Bombay in the making : Being mainly a history of the origin and growth of judicial institutions in the Western Presidency, 1661–1726 (http://www.archive.org// bombayinmakingbe00malarich/bombayinmakingbe00malarich.pdf). London: T. Fisher Unwin. Retrieved 6 November 2008 • Mehta, Ashok (1940). "Indian Shipping: A Case Study of the Working of Imperialism" (http://www.archive. org//indianshipping032835mbp/indianshipping032835mbp.pdf) (PDF, 4.6 MB). N.t.Shroff Company Limited.. Retrieved 10 November 2008 • "Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast" (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/ Medieval/chapter_4.pdf) (PDF, 93 KB). Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Government of Maharashtra. 1977. Retrieved 8 August 2008 • Misra, Satish Chandra (1982). The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers • Murray, Sarah Elizabeth (2007). Moveable Feasts: From Ancient Rome to the 21st century, the Incredible Journeys of the Food We Eat (http://books.google.com/?id=YAWRD86pYvwC&printsec=frontcover). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-35535-7. Retrieved 2 February 2008 • Nairne, Alexander Kyd (1988). History of the Konkan (http://books.google.com/?id=nzPCcILP-XwC& printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0275-5. Retrieved 31 January 2009 • O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302947-2 • Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City (http://books.google. com/?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC&printsec=frontcover). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12114-0. Retrieved 11 November 2008 • Prinsep, James; Edward Thomas, Henry Thoby Prinsep (1858). Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, of the Late James Prinsep (http://books.google.com/?id=2VlCAAAAIAAJ& printsec=titlepage). 2. J. Murray. Retrieved 16 August 2008 • Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6 • Segesta, Editrice (2006). Abitare • Singh, K. S.; B. V. Bhanu, B. R. Bhatnagar, Anthropological Survey of India, D. K. Bose, V. S. Kulkarni, J. Sreenath (2004). Maharashtra (http://books.google.com/?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&printsec=frontcover). XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0. Retrieved 8 November 2008 • Sheppard, Samuel T (1917). Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City. Bombay, India: The Times Press. ASIN: B0006FF5YU • Shroff, Zenobia E. (2001). The Contribution of Parsis to Education in Bombay City, 1820–1920. Himalaya Publishing House

53

History of Mumbai • Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1997). The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama (http://books.google.com/ ?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC&printsec=frontcover). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64629-4. Retrieved 16 August 2008 • Thana District Gazetteer (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/home.html). Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. XIII. Government of Maharashtra. 1984 [1882]. Retrieved 10 November 2008 • Thana District Gazetteer (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/home.html). Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. XIII. Government of Maharashtra. 1986 [1882]. Retrieved 15 August 2008 • Thana — Places of Interest (http://web.archive.org/web/20080809021528/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/ pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/home.html). Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. XIV. Government of Maharashtra. 2000 [1882]. Archived from the original (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/ Thane-III/home.html) on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008 • Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change (http://books.google.com/?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&printsec=frontcover). Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 3-86537-206-6. Retrieved 17 August 2008

Further reading • • • • • • • •

Agarwal, Jagdish (1998). Bombay — Mumbai: A Picture Book. Wilco Publishing House. ISBN 81-87288-35-3 Chaudhari, K.K (1987). History of Bombay. Modern Period Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra Contractor, Behram (1998). From Bombay to Mumbai. Oriana Books Cox, Edmund Charles (1887). Short History of Bombay Presidency. Thacker & Company Katiyar, Arun; Namas Bhojani (1996). Bombay, A Contemporary . Harper Collins. ISBN 81-7223-216-0 MacLean, James Mackenzie (1876). A Guide to Bombay. Bombay Gazette Steam Press Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40372-9 Patel, Sujata; Alice Thorner (1995). Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563688-0 • Pinki, Virani (1999). Once was Bombay. Viking. ISBN 0-670-88869-9 • Tindall, Gillian (1992). City of Gold. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 0-14-009500-4

External links • Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul (http://www. colonialvoyage.com/bacaim.html) from Dutch Portuguese Colonial History • Century City Time Line – Bombay (http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/centurycity/ timeline_bombay.htm) from Tate • A collection of pages on Mumbai's History (http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_search. asp?strfirstsearchcrietia=&strsecondsearchcrietia=british) from Time Out (Mumbai) • The Mumbai Project (http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history_index.shtml) from Hindustan Times

54

55

Geography Geography of Mumbai Mumbai is India's most populous city. It is located on Salsette Island off the coast of Maharashtra. Originally seven islands, they were merged in the 18th century to form one large island.

Hills The original seven islands of Bombay consisted of 22 hills. Most of them were razed to fill in the shallows to connect the islands. The hills still standing today are: • Malabar Hill — the highest point in the city area • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cumbala Hill Antop Hill Sewri Hill Gilbert Hill Worli Hill Pali Hill Mazgaon Hill Sion Hill Mahakali Hill Golanji Hill Pulshachi Dongri Salamati Hill

Rivers and lakes of the city.

There are three hill ranges with the city limits. The Ghatkopar Hills are present near the station of Ghatkopar. The hill range runs parallel to the Central Railway track and is inhabited by slums. During the monsoon season, landslides are common. The Trombay Hills occupy a large portion of Trombay on the eastern part of the city. The highest hill is about 302 metres (991 ft) above sea level. The Powai Hills are present north of the city. The Borivali National Park occupies most of the region. The Vihar and Tulsi Lakes are present within the hills. The highest point of the metropolis, at 450 metres (1,480 ft), is located in this region.

Geography of Mumbai

Lakes There are three lakes in the city. The Vihar Lake and the Tulsi Lake are present within the National Park and supply part of the city's drinking water. The Powai Lake is immediately south of these two.

Bays Back Bay is the largest bay in the city. The coastline of Back Bay is an inverted C-shaped region 4 kilometres in length, and Marine Drive is located along this stretch. North of Marine Drive is Worli Bay. In the centre of the bay is the tomb of Haji Ali, a 13th century Muslim saint. The bay perimeter is about two kilometres in length. Mahim Bay is the second largest bay in the city. The Mithi River empties into the Mahim Creek which drains into the bay. The border between the city and its suburbs bisects the bay. To the north lies Bandra and to the south, Mahim.

Creeks Bombay has numerous creeks with close to 71 km2 of creeks Terrain of the city; dark areas are swampy, medium areas are and mangroves along its coastline.[1] The Vasai Creek to the elevated regions. north and Thane Creek to the east separates Salsette Island from the mainland. Within the city the Malad (or Marve) Creek and the Gorai (or Manori) Creek inundate the suburban region. The Mahim Creek forms the border between the two districts. On the eastern front, a large creek—the Thane Creek—is present. There are also the Mahul Creek and the Mahim Creek.

56

Geography of Mumbai

The islands of Bombay in an 1893 map, before Salsette, Trombay and Dharavi were merged with Bombay Island to form Greater Bombay

Mumbai skyline as seen from Marine Drive

57

Geography of Mumbai

58

Islands Although the islands were merged in the 18th century, islands still dot Thane Creek. Elephanta Island, Butcher Island, Oyster Rock, Cross Island and Middle Ground are present here. The latter three are uninhabited islets owned by the Indian Navy.

Rivers • • • • •

Dahisar River Mithi River Oshiwara River Poisar River Ulhas River

References [1] Tatke, Sukhada (7 April 2012). "Mumbai for Me: Mangrove makeovers could save greenery" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Mumbai-for-Me-Mangrove-makeovers-could-save-greenery/ articleshow/ 12565500. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 7 April 2012.

Bombay in 1909

Climate of Mumbai The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate. Mumbai's climate can be best described as moderate temperatures with high level of humidity. Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures moderate temperatures throughout the year, average of 27.2 °C and average precipitation of 242.2 cm (95.35 inches).[1] The temperatures in average about 30 °C in summer and 18 °C in winter. Mumbai's experiences 4 distinct seasons Winter: (December–Feb); Summer: (March–May); Monsoon (June–Sep) and Post Monsoon (Oct–Dec).

Monthly break up of climate The following is the monthly breakup of the weather in Mumbai city.

January January is the coolest month of the year for Mumbai with mean daily minimum being 16.4 °C and mean daily maximum being 30.6 °C.[2][3] The weather is generally mild and pleasant with daytime highs of around 27 °C and night-time lows of around 17 °C. The nightly lows may vary between 10 °C and 20 °C. Chilly northern winds during the day make the city seem cooler than it really is. Generally clear skies, with some smog – especially in the early morning – are the norm. The days are dry, the nights relatively humid. January is also associated with the deciduous trees in the city shedding their leaves. 26–27 January 2008 recorded a minimum temperature of 10.2 °C, which is the lowest recorded in 45 years. Mumbai's record breaking winter 2012 had the minimum temperature 8.2 °C.

Climate of Mumbai

59

February The fine January weather continues for the first fortnight of February. The mean daily minimum stays at 17.3 °C and mean daily maximum being 31.3 °C.[2] The day highs average 29 to 30 °C. The nights hover around 17 °C. By the second fortnight the humidity starts to increase and the day temperature might rise up to 32 °C. Smog increases. 6 February 2008 recorded a minimum temperature of 9.4 °C. Just two days later, on 8 February, the minimum temperature recorded was 7.8 °C, which was the lowest temperature Mumbai has seen since 1962.[4] This was the coldest day in February ever.

March The month of March sees a mean minimum temp of 20.6 °C and mean maximum temp of 32.7 °C.[2] The beginning of March sees night temperatures reach 15 °C. The days reach 30 to 33 °C. During the transition from the dry to humid weather in mid March, the temperature might hit 38 to 40 °C. This high however, is due to hot dry winds from Gujarat. By mid March the temperatures hit 37 °C, with the lows at 18 °C. Humidity is unbearable, and smog affects the city. New leaves sprout from deciduous trees.

April The temperatures and humidity are still high. However, the cooling effect of the sea breezes makes its presence felt. The cool winds compensate for the heat. Which means the days highest temperature stays around 33.1 °C and means daily lows are around 23.7 °C.[2] Plants are in full bloom in April.

May May is the hottest month of the year for Mumbai with the cool sea breezes providing some relief. This means daily maximum hovers around 33.3 °C and also means that the daily low is 29.1 °C.[2]

June June marks the beginning of the monsoon period in Mumbai. The beginning of the month is characterized by a continuation of the summer with increased humidity. The official date for the monsoon to hit the city is 10 June. This period is marked by thunderstorms and often windy conditions as the monsoon establishes itself over the city. Rainfall activity intensifies as the month goes on, leading into wettest month, July. The max and min mean daily temperatures are measured at 31.9 °C/25.8 °C.[2]

July In this month the city receives the maximum amount of rain. July and August are characterised by almost non stop rain and weeks of no sunshine. A continuous monsoon current covers the entire western coast of India during this period. Rainfall activity is less stormy and more constant with a relatively constant breeze from the West or South West. It is not uncommon for parts of the city to be waterlogged during periods of persistent heavy rain. This affects the city's public transport system often leading to long delays. During periods of severe precipitation, the city's commuter rail system is often suspended because of water logging and poor visibility.

Waterlogging due to showers

The average maximum temperature for the month is around 29.8 °C with the average minimum at 24.8 °C.[2] The highest rainfall in the history of Mumbai was recorded on 26 July 2005. On this day, a record 944 mm rainfall fell

Climate of Mumbai over the city, causing large scale flooding, claiming several lives and causing large scale property damage.[5]

August The weather in August is almost identical July. Towards the latter half of the month, rainfall activity tends to lessen. The coolest days of the monsoon season are often in August. The max temperature might drop to 29.3 °C and the night at 24.5 °C.[2]

September In September the intensity of rainfall decreases. The monsoons officially end in the 3rd week of September. September has unsettled weather. The rainfall is short and light and is not continuous. The end of the monsoon, much like the beginning can feature heavy thunderstorms associated with the withdrawal of the monsoon current from the city and surrounding areas. The mean maximum daily temperatures reach 30.1 °C while daily mean minimum daily temperature stays at 24.0 °C.[2]

October In the month of October the mean daily maximum stays at around 32.9 °C and mean daily minimum stays at 23.1 °C[2] making it hot during the days and cold during the nights.

November The temperature continues to drop slowly in the month of November with the mean daily minimum staying at 20.5 °C and the mean daily maximum staying around 33.4 °C.[2] There are a few unseasonal showers.

December The day highs hover around 32.0 °C. The nights in the beginning of December do not fall below 18 °C. By late December the day temperature ranges between 28–31 °C. The nights may dip to 12 °C in late December but average around 18.2 °C.[2] Humidity is low in December.

Weather monitoring stations in Mumbai Mumbai has two weather monitoring stations, one at Santacruz Airport and the other at Navy Nagar near Colaba towards the southern tip of Mumbai.

Record highest and lowest temperatures in Mumbai The highest ever recorded temperature in Mumbai's history is around 42 degrees while the lowest is less than 8.

References [1] [2] [3] [4]

Vega, Anthony J. climatology. p. 267. ISBN 076373828. "India Metrological Dept: Mumbai" (http:/ / www. imd. ernet. in/ section/ climate/ mumbai1. htm). . "Tata Institute of Fundamental Research- Mumbai:Climate" (http:/ / theory. tifr. res. in/ bombay/ physical/ climate/ ). . "Mumbai records lowest temperature in 46 years" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ Mumbai-records-lowest-temperature-in-46-years/ 270724/ ). . [5] Fairclough, Chris (2007). Mumbai. London: Evans. p. 28. ISBN 0-237-53125-9.

60

61

Economy

62

Transport Public transport in Mumbai Public transport in Mumbai involves the transport of millions of its citizens by train, road and water. Over 88%[1] of the commuters in Mumbai use public transport (suburban trains or buses). It is the most convenient, efficient and cheap form of transport to a population largely without sufficient income to afford cars. Mumbai has the largest organised bus transport network among major Indian cities. But the train network is constantly struggling to cope with the growing population. A train compartment is usually filled with over three times the engers it was meant for at peak hours. A traffic intersection in Mumbai.

History Further information: Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport See BEST Bus

Before 1920 The Bombay Tramway Company Limited was formally set up in 1873. After a contract was entered into between the Bombay Tramway Company and the municipality, the Bombay Presidency enacted the Bombay Tramways Act, 1874, under which the Company was licensed to run a tramway service in the city. The tram-cars were of two kinds—those drawn by one horse and those drawn by two. In 1905, a newly formed concern, The Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company Limited, bought the Bombay Tramway Company and the first electrically operated tram-car appeared on Bombay's roads in 1907. The ing years aggravated the problem of rush-hour traffic and to ease the situation, double decker trams were introduced in September, 1920.

Map, railway lines, ports and airports (Click to enlarge)

1920–1940 Bombay saw its first bus run on 15 July 1926 between Afghan Church and Crawford Market. The people of Bombay received the bus with enthusiasm, but it took quite some time before this means of conveyance really established itself. For several years, it was looked upon as transport for the upper middle class. Those were the days when the tram was the poor man's transport; it carried one all the way from Sassoon Dock to Dadar for a mere anna and a half, that was nine paise. The bus fare for the same journey was four annas, that is 25 paise.

Public transport in Mumbai

63

In response to the pleas made by the Government and the Bombay Municipal Corporation, the Company extended its services to the northern part of the city in 1934. Double deck buses were introduced in 1937 in order to cope better with the growing traffic. The first Limited Bus service in Bombay, and probably the first in the country as well, started running in 1940 between Colaba and Mahim.

Ferry between Versova and Madh Island

Post 1940 Pursuant to the option given to it under the Deed of Concession granted to the Bombay Electric Supply and Tramways Co. Ltd, the Bombay Municipal Corporation acquired on 7 August 1947, the assets of the combined Undertaking, namely the operation of tramways and distribution of electricity in the city of Bombay as a going concern. By mutual agreement, the Corporation also took over the operation of the bus services, which was run by the B.E.S. & T. Company Ltd.

BEST- double deckered bus

Thus, the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Company was municipalised and came to be known as Bombay Electric Supply & Transport Undertaking. When the corporation took over the Company in 1947, there were 242 buses in operation on 23 routes and these buses carried 238,000 engers per day. At present, there are 4,680 buses[2] carrying 450,000 engers daily on 400+ routes. With the change in the name of the city from Bombay to Mumbai, the organisation is now known as The Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport Undertaking [3]. Some interesting facts of present-day BEST Bus

BEST Bus in Mumbai

• BEST has introduced semi deluxe and Air-conditioned services on certain routes. • From 19 November 2004, Route Special 8 plying from Churchgate to World Trade Centre started accepting cashless smart cards for Automatic Fare Collection in BEST buses. • BEST currently has 1500+ environment friendly CNG (compressed natural gas) buses on its fleet and plans to increase the number of buses. • On August 18, 2005, BEST introduced the first lot of disabled-friendly buses(five buses with special wheel chair-accessible low floors) into its service. • Due to the 7/11 bombings, BEST installed an audio-visual surveillance system on each of its buses to monitor suspicious behaviour aboard its vehicles. • Almost all buses have two LCD TV's per bus. BEST Buses are most maintained buses. • The AC Buses - AS series are very popular with Office goers. AC Bus "AS4" from Oshiwara to Cuffe Parade, is the highest Income grosser for BEST. "AS4" is the most popular bus with morning office goers, as it covers a distance of abour 30 km from Andheri to Mantralaya in about 1.20 hrs only.

Public transport in Mumbai Pay scale In 2010, Mumbai city bus drivers typically earn $1.70 per hour.[4]

Primary Systems Mumbai's public transport primarily comprises the famed suburban railway lines, the bus services of the three municipalities making up the metropolitan area, public cabs/taxis and auto rickshaws, as well as ferry services: • Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport (BEST) It has a fleet of single and double decker buses and A.C. Kinglong buses as well. Along with this, the other two municipalities making the metropolitan area run their own public services: • Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) operates its A.C. Volvo buses from Navi Mumbai to Bandra, Dadar, Mantralaya & Borivali and non ac buses from Navi-Mumbai to Mulund (East & West). • Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) operates its buses from Thane to Mulund and Borivali. • Suburban electric trains: • Western Railway, running between Churchgate and Virar. There are plans to extend this service up to Dahanu in near future. • Central Railway, running between Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Karjat/Kasara. • Harbour Railway, running between Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Panvel / Andheri. A new line has extended the Harbour Line from Thane to Vashi/Panvel. • Public taxi/autorickshaw services: • • • •

Black and yellow metered taxis Radio Taxis: Silver Green run by Meru and Yellow Red by Gold cabs and Black by Mega cabs. Blue and silver airconditioned metered taxis known as Cool Cabs Black and yellow metered Autorickshaws which are not allowed in the Central area (between Colaba & Mahim in the West and Colaba and Sion in the East) of the city.

• Waterway services: • Ferry services connect Vashi (in Navi Mumbai) to the Gateway of India. • Ferry services are available to visit Elephanta Caves and to nearby places such as Alibaug, Rewas and Mandwa. • Ferry services is also available in northern Mumbai, across the Manori Creek. The barges operate at regular intervals across the shallow creek linking Manori to Malad • Ferry also connects Versova and Madh Island You can use various web sites like www.smartshehar.com and their web (www.smartshehar.com/busapp & www.smartshehar.com/trainapp) and android apps (https:/ / play. google. com/ store/ apps/ details?id=com. smartshehar.dashboard.app) to help your commute using public transport in Mumbai.

64

Public transport in Mumbai

65

Railway network The Mumbai Suburban Railway is the oldest in Asia, it was founded in 1867. It is owned by Indian Railways and is operated by Western Railways and Central Railways. With a length of 303 km, It has highest enger density in the world, 6.3 million people daily.[5] Which is more than half of Indian Railways daily carrying capacity utilized by Mumbai. It has three lines: the Western Line, the Central Line, and the Harbour Line. These suburban trains are popularly known as Locals and they run from 4 AM till 1 AM. Mumbai suburban services have various such designations (not all of them official, but in wide use). A 'fast' train or 'fast local' is essentially one that is fast (runs express, skipping stops) until a certain station, and from that station onwards runs like a local, e.g., the Virar Fast runs express to Borivli, and then from there on is a local. The Karjat Fast is an express until Kalyan. The Ambarnath Fast Local goes CST - Dadar - Thane and thereafter stops at all stations on its route. The Borivli Fast Local used to run (1980s) from Jogeshwari to Mumbai Central non-stop.

Mumbai Suburban Railway, the lifeline of Mumbai

The term 'superfast local' is sometimes used too, e.g., for trains that skip stations to reach Virar early in the down direction so they are available earlier to carry more engers in the up direction later. On Newly built Andheri Station East Side WR (Western Railway) lines, the term 'fast' train is often applied to one that runs as an express until Bandra or Andheri. A 'double-fast' is one that runs as an express for an even longer stretch compared to the 'fast' services. On CR (Central Railway) lines, the term 'fast' train is often applied to any train that runs as an express to Kalyan, or until its terminus. There used to be a Kalyan Fast that ran non-stop from Ghatkopar to Bombay VT (now CST). The term 'semi-fast' is sometimes applied to trains that run express until Thane. The term 'bada-fast' (Hindi 'bada'= big) was used for services running express between Borivli - Bandra - Marine Lines, and is sometimes synonymous with 'double-fast'. The term 'triple-fast' has been reported (from a long time back) for express services between Dahisar and Marine Lines. In 1992, Mumbai's WR and CR introduced 'Ladies Special' trains. A 'Complete Ladies Special' train has all its coaches reserved for women engers. A 'Semi-Ladies Special' is a train with a few (e.g., 3) coaches reserved for women. These designations can be combined with 'fast', 'slow', etc., so you have such as 'Slow Complete Ladies Special', 'Semi-Fast Semi-Ladies', etc.

Public transport in Mumbai

66

Metro Mumbai currently has an extensive commuter rail system (the Mumbai Suburban Railway). However, it is not built to rapid transit specifications. In May 2003, the original Mumbai rapid-transit plan was updated to include an elevated 10-km LRT system, to be built between Andheri and Ghatkopar via Asalpha, Marol, Chakala and Saki Naka. In January 2004, a master transit plan, including a 146 kilometer metro, was unveiled by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). The plan integrated a 146 kilometer-long metro system, of which 32 km is underground. In June 2004, government approval was given for a 13-station elevated light rail line between Ghatkopar and Versova. The foundation stone-laying ceremony was held on 21 June 2006. The line was initially expected to open in 2008. However, work on the 11-km Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor, which comes under Phase-I, has begun on February 8, 2008 itself. Construction of the route is expected to be completed in three years. Line 1 & 2 of the Mumbai Metro

Monorail The Mumbai Monorail is an under construction monorail system for the city of Mumbai. It is being contracted by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority and it will be the first monorail in India[6] There are four lines proposed. The first two are 25 kilometres (16 mi) long. Out of the two, construction on the first line has begun. • A line running from Malabar Hill to the Bandra-Kurla complex via the Haji Ali Dargah, Jacob Circle, Wadala Road, Sion Hospital and Dharavi. This is planned to open by 2011. • A line from Thane to Bhiwandi via Kalyan. Two lines 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long are to be constructed after the first two open. • Chembur to Jacob Circle via Mahul. This route is planned to open by Dec 2010.[7] (May get extended to Vashi, Navi Mumbai.) • Lokhandwala Complex to Kanjurmarg via Oshiwara. Additionally previously planned Mumbai Metro corridors are also being examined to be made as monorail corridors instead of Metro Rail by MMRDA due to dense and congested areas these corridors through, and monorail technology is thought to be more flexible to make its way in congested and dense areas. The corridors are: • Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar - 21.8 km • Ghatkopar – Mulund - 12.4 km

Public transport in Mumbai

67

Taxis The Taxis arrived in 1911 to complement horse wagons. The black and yellow Fiat taxis in Mumbai, are integral part of the city's heritage and have been depicted in numerous Bollywood movies. These metered taxis ply throughout Mumbai and have monopoly from Bandra to Churchgate on the Western line and Sion to Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus on the Central line. Beyond Sion and Bandra auto rickshaws are not allowed and one has to hire a taxi. However, between Sion to Thane and Bandra to Bhayandar, Taxis and autorickshaws ply. A mechanical meter decides the fare and is proportional to the distance traveled.

An iconic Premier Pi taxi in Mumbai

Number of taxis (cabs): About 58,000 In Greater Mumbai and 98,566 In Mumbai MMR.[8] Only 20,000 old black and yellow taxis on Greater Mumbai road[9] and 35,000 New taxis like Maruti Alto, WagonR, Omni, Tata Indica, Santro etc. Recently Radio cab services have been introduced by some private companies. These taxis are brand new air-conditioned cars fitted with GPS and electronic metres. Fare is same as that of Cool Cabs. Presently operated by the following companies: Meru (Green Silver), Gold cabs (Yellow Red), Easy Cabs, Star Taxis (White & Purple), Forsche Taxi and Mega cabs (Black). However these taxis need to be booked in advance by calling their call centre number. It is In recent years, Hyundai Santro and other convenient to call AC cabs in just 5–30 minutes depending on the hatchback taxis have started replacing Premier place & time. Recently the police revealed that the law requires the Pis driver of an unengaged taxi to take you to wherever you want to go, regardless of distance or time, in case the fare meter of the unengaged rickshaw/taxi is in a 'For Hire' mode. The modes were denoted by older mechanical meters in this manner: a) upright - for hire b) half mast - not doing business c) currently hired. If the driver does not comply, one simply needs to call the police on 1800-22-0110, a toll free number and mention the taxi's license number and the driver's name. The act of calling the police on your cell phone usually makes the driver comply with your request to be taken to your destination. Mumbai Transport commissioner Dilip Jadhav recently announced direct email id for complaints could be about anything: refusal to ply short distance, excess fare charged/tampered meters, fake tariff cards, misconduct by drivers or any other complaint.[10][11][12][13] Other methods of complaining against the auto rickshaws and taxis is available on the Mumbai RTO website, here [14]. Some taxis now use an electronic meter, and soon are taxis are expected to use new electronic meters, which directly display the actual fare, not requiring a conversion, as required in the current mechanical taxi meters. The conversion of the mechanical meter reading to the actual fare, payable in INR is published on the Mumbai RTO's website here [15] . The fare is applicable for yellow/black non air-conditioned taxis only. It is important to understand that the meter reading actually denotes the miles travelled, with the initial minimum set to 01.00. Thereafter the meter increases by 00.10 for each 1/10th mile travelled. The basis for the fare calculation is : • Minimum fare : Rs. 16.00 for the first 1.6 km (1 mile). • Fare for each subsequent kilometer : Rs. 10.00 The fare is payable at a multiple of 1.25 (i.e. Rs. 125 for every Rs. 100 calcuated for the meter reading) between midnight and 5 am.

Public transport in Mumbai

Auto rickshaws There are total 246,458 auto rickshaws in Mumbai MMR as of 2008,[8] Auto Rickshaws are three-wheeler scooters, having a wheel in the front and 2 wheels in the rear, which can accommodate three people in the rear section, apart from the driver in the front section. Apart from Buses, Trains and Taxis, Auto rickshaws play an important role of public transport in Mumbai. As per the ruling of the Bombay High Court [16] having 2002 as a deadline, all auto rickshaws use CNG as the fuel. Auto rickshaws are not permitted to enter Old Mumbai. The southmost points accessible to them are Bandra Fire Station in Western Mumbai and Sion Bus Depot in Central Mumbai. Auto rickshaws ed in Mumbai are not allowed travel beyond the municipal limits of Mumbai. They have been allowed to ply between Sion to Mulund in the Central Suburbs and up to Mankhurd on the Harbour line. People who wish to travel beyond Mumbai to suburbs like Vashi, Airoli have to board/flag down/catch another rickshaw. In the western suburbs they are allowed to ply between Bandra and Bhayandar only. Recently the police revealed that the law requires the driver of an unengaged taxi to take you to wherever you want to go, regardless of distance or time, in case the fare meter of the unengaged rickshaw/taxi is in a 'For Hire' mode. The modes were denoted by older mechanical meters in this manner: a) upright - for hire b) half mast - not doing business c) upturned mast - currently hired. If the driver does not comply, one simply needs to call the police on 1800-22-0110, a toll free number and mention the cab's license number and the driver's name. The act of calling the police on your cell phone usually makes the driver comply with your request to be taken to your destination. Other methods of complaining against the auto rickshaws and taxis is available on the Mumbai RTO website, here [14] . A mechanical meter decides the fare and is proportional to distance traveled. The fare is available on the Mumbai RTO's webpage here [17] in pdf format. In general, one can use freely available sites like http:/ / www. taxiautofare. com that's available on both computers and mobiles.

Mumbai Urban Transport Project The Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP) is a project formulated by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) to bring about improvement in traffic and transport situation in Mumbai metropolitan region. It envisages investment in suburban railway projects, local bus transport, new roads, bridges, pedestrian subways and traffic management activities.

Terror attacks There have been fourteen terror attacks on Mumbai's public transportation, including two serial blasts, in 2003 and 2006, that killed approximately 257 people, and the 2008 attacks, during which more than 50 were killed at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. • • • • • •

6 December 2002 - Bomb goes off in a bus in Ghatkopar killing 2 27 January 2003 - Bomb goes off on a bicycle in Vile Parle killing 1 14 March 2003 - Bomb goes off in a train in Mulund killing 10 28 July 2003 - Bomb goes off in a bus in Ghatkopar killing 4 25 August 2003 - Two bombs go off in cars near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar killing 50 11 July 2006 - Series of seven bombs go off in trains killing 207

• 26 November 2008- 2008 Mumbai attacks: Ten terrorists from Pakistan target the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and Nariman House, killing nearly 150 people in the deadliest terror attack of 2008 worldwide.

68

Public transport in Mumbai

69

References [1] "Mumbai Urban Transport Project" (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ projects_mutp. htm). Mmrdamumbai.org. 2010-07-23. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [2] "BEST at its worst in Mulund, Gorai - The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ BEST-at-its-worst-in-Mulund-Gorai/ articleshow/ 9486169. cms). The Times Of India. 2011-08-05. . [3] http:/ / www. bestundertaking. com [4] Mumbai city bus drivers earn typically about $1.70 per hour (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ world/ 2010/ 11/ 20/ india-rises-rat-catchers-toil-darkness) [5] "Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080620033027/ http:/ / www. mrvc. indianrail. gov. in/ overview. htm). Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. mrvc. indianrail. gov. in/ overview. htm) on 2008-06-20. . Retrieved 2008-07-07. [6] "Mumbai monorail to run in two years" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 2413046. cms). The Times of India. 2007-09-27. . Retrieved 2009-03-19. [7] Manthan K Mehta, TNN, Jan 13, 2010, 03.43am IST (2010-01-13). "Monorail test run on R-Day will be for only 500 metre - Mumbai - City The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Monorail-test-run-on-R-Day-will-be-for-only-500-metre/ articleshow/ 5438842. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [8] "Mumbai Traffic Stats" (http:/ / www. mesn. org/ mumbai traffic stats. html). Mesn.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [9] Somit Sen, TNN, Aug 2, 2010, 01.33am IST (2010-08-02). "0nly 20K black & yellow taxis left in Mumbai - Mumbai - City - The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ 0nly-20K-black-yellow-taxis-left-in-Mumbai/ articleshow/ 6245656. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [10] Somit Sen, TNN, May 11, 2010, 01.33am IST (2010-05-11). "Rude cabbies, auto drivers? Send an email - Mumbai - City - The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Rude-cabbies-auto-drivers-Send-an-email/ articleshow/ 5914948. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [11] CJ: Golden Reejsinghani. "Policing errant auto-rickshaw drivers in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. merinews. com/ article/ policing-errant-auto-rickshaw-drivers-in-mumbai/ 142017. shtml). Merinews.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [12] "Being taken for a ride in Mumbai? Complain online" (http:/ / www. whereincity. com/ news/ 4/ 13893). Whereincity.com. 2007-02-17. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [13] "You can complain against cabbies online - Mumbai - DNA" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_you-can-complain-against-cabbies-online_1080312). Dnaindia.com. 2007-02-16. . Retrieved 2010-08-31. [14] http:/ / www. traffiolicemumbai. org/ Complaint_Auto_taxi_form. htm [15] http:/ / www. traffiolicemumbai. org/ Taxi%20Tariff%20card. pdf [16] http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2002-04-11/ mumbai/ 27143092_1_taxi-unions-three-wheelers-cng [17] http:/ / www. traffiolicemumbai. org/ A%20U%20T%20O%20R%20I%20C%20K%20S%20H%20A%20W%20%20%20%20T%20A%20R%20I%20F%20F%20%20C%20%20A%20R%20D. pdf

External links • Indian Railway Article on Mumbai Local Trains (http://www.irfca.org/articles/mumbai-locals.html) • Indian Railway FAQ (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-ops.html) • BEST Undertaking Information (http://www.bestundertaking.com/org_info.asp)

Mumbai Suburban Railway

70

Mumbai Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल्वे

Background Locale

Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra

Transit type

Suburban Rail

Number of lines

5

Number of stations • • •

Western: 36 Central: 62 Harbour: 38

Daily ridership

7.24 Million

Annual ridership

2.64 Billion

Headquarters

Churchgate (WR) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CR)

Website

[1] Western Railway [2] Central Railway Operation

Began operation

16 April 1853

Operator(s)

Central Railways Western Railways (Western Line only)

Train length

9/12/15 coaches Technical

System length

427.5 kilometres (265.6 mi)

Track gauge

1676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Broad Gauge

Electrification

1500V DC/25,000V AC Overhead catenary

Average speed

50 km/h (31 mph)

Top speed

100 km/h (62 mph)

Mumbai Suburban Railway The Mumbai Suburban Railway (Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल्वे) is a suburban rail system serving the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is operated by Indian Railways' two zonal Western Railways (WR) and Central Railways (CR). The system carries more than 7.24 million commuters daily. It has the highest enger density of any urban railway system in the world. The trains plying on its routes are commonly referred to as local trains or simply as locals by Mumbaikars. Spread over 465 km, the suburban railway operates on 1500 V DC / 25000 V AC power supply from overhead catenary lines. The suburban services are run by electric multiple units (EMUs). 191 rakes (train sets) of 9-car, 12-car & 15-car composition are utilised to run 2342 train services, carrying 6.94 million engers per day. Due to the geographical spread of the population and location of business areas, the rail network is the principal mode of mass transport in Mumbai. As Mumbai's population swelled, frequent overcrowding has become a serious issue, and numerous safety concerns have been raised over the years. A metro system and a monorail system are under construction in Mumbai to ease the travelling conditions on the suburban network.

History The Mumbai Suburban Railway, as well as the Indian Railways, are an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, and is also the oldest railway system in Asia. The first train ran between Bori Bunder (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus) and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 3:35PM. The 14-coach train took 57 minutes to complete the 32km journey, with a halt at Sion for taking in water.[3] Since 1991, it has faced rapid expansion. The Bombay Railway History Group[4] has been striving to document railway heritage along this line.

Network Two zonal railways, the Western Railway (WR) and the Central Railway (CR), operate the Mumbai Suburban Railway system. At present, the fast corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared for long distance and freight trains. The Western Railway operates the Western Line and the Central Railway operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line.

Western Line Two corridors (one local and the other through) on Western Railway run northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast up to Dahanu Road (120 km). These crs are popularly referred to as 'Western Line' by the locals mainly because it is operated and owned by the Western Railways. Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) ply between Churchgate and Virar (64 km), while Mainline Electrical Multiple Units (MEMUs) service the section beyond Virar till Dahanu Road (60 km). MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a branch line from Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali. An EMU car shed is under construction between Nala Sopara and Virar which will be the largest car shed in Asia. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi. Widely used Western Railway's EMU fleet consists of EMUs running on AC (25 kV) power. EMUs are 9 car, 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow and fast locals. Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances.

Central Line The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns. Two corridors (one local and other through) on Central Railway run from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) to Kalyan (54 km), from where it bifurcates into two lines — one running up to Kasara (67 km) in the north-east and the other running up to Khopoli (61 km) in the south-east. These two corridors constitute the 'Main' Line. The Central main line shares two stations with the Western line at Parel and Dadar. They consist of a fleet of DC as well

71

Mumbai Suburban Railway as dual-powered EMUs. The major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service. Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run slow. The Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road, Diva and Panvel. There is also a line from Nerul/CBD Belapur to Uran currently under construction. It is expected to be operational in 2015.

Harbour Line The Harbour line is part of the Central Railway, and runs a train corridor from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) to Andheri, Thane and Panvel. All harbour line services operate as slow services. The line operates from two separate platforms at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), and the tracks cross over the main line at Sandhurst Road, to head towards stations along Mumbai's eastern dock area. A branch line from Wadala Road s the Western Railway Line at Mahim and continues towards Andheri. The harbour line shares a common station at Kurla with the main line, where it turns east towards Navi Mumbai. The Harbour line further bifurcates at Vashi into two lines — one res the main lines at Thane, while the other continues to Panvel. The shed of these trains is in Sanpada. A large section of the harbour line is elevated.

Trans-Harbour Line The Trans-Harbour Line connects Navi Mumbai to Thane. It runs from Thane to Vashi and Nerul. According to V Malgaonkar, Chief PRO of the Central Railway, "The objective of the trans harbour line project was to reduce the load at Kurla. The line caters to the chemical industrial belt in Navi Mumbai that goes up to Thane." Services from Panvel and Nerul have also reduced the load on Vashi. The line was started in 1993 to run goods trains between Turbhe and Kalwa. It was upgraded in 2004 to transport commuters till Thane. Services from Panvel to Thane and Nerul to Thane were started in 2010. There are currently 208 services operating on the trans-harbour line.[5]

Future Expansion Navi Mumbai is expected to get approximately 180 km of railway tracks in the near future.[6] Surveys by the MMRDA showed that enger density in the satellite city was growing at a faster rate than both Western Railway and Central Railway’s main line. Navi Mumbai is expected to have a population of 48 lakh by 2021 and about 80% of the population will travel by train. The State Government, Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation and World Bank officials estimate that railway projects in Navi Mumbai and neighbouring areas of Raigad district will cost around 14,000-crore. The routes proposed under the 14,000-crore project are: • CST Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project-II plans to extend the Harbour Line up to Goregaon. The work is expected to be completed by March 2014.[7] Under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project-III, the Harbour Line will be further extended up to Borivali.[8]

72

Mumbai Suburban Railway

73

Anatomy The suburban trains consists of 9, 12 and 15 coaches. To alleviate the problems of overcrowding, the 9 coach trains are being phased out and replaced with 12 coaches. 15 coach trains were introduced on November 21, 2009. However, these are few in number. Each train contains special coaches to cater to different needs. These coaches are commonly referred to as 'Compartments'. There are basically two classes of travel: first class and second class. The first class fare is approximately 10 times more expensive than second class, and therefore tends to be less crowded. First class compartments also have slightly better seats than second class. Broadly the train contains the general compartments, ladies compartments, general first class and ladies first class. Men are not allowed to travel in the ladies compartment except between 11:15pm – 6:30am.

The interior of new rakes

• The General compartment: Also commonly called "Gent's second clas"or simply "second class", as the majority population in these compartments is men. The compartment is open to women and children as well. • The General First Class compartment: Again commonly known as Brand new rakes will replace the ageing fleet of suburban trains 'Gent's first class' or simply 'first class', since majority population is men. Women and children can also board this compartment. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by coloring the platform walls with similar stripes. • The Ladies compartment: Commonly known as 'Ladies second class'. This compartment is reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel, and may face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to general public between 11:15pm – 6:30am. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by green and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by coloring the platform walls with similar stripes. • The Ladies First Class compartment: Commonly known as 'Ladies first class'. This compartment is reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel, and may face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to general public between 11:15pm – 6:30am. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by coloring the platform walls with similar stripes. This compartment is adjacent to the ladies compartment on the western line. • For Handicap and Cancer Patients: For the physically challenged and cancer patients, separate coaches are reserved in each train. On a platform, one can locate these by signs or by following a 'Beep- Beep- Beep' sound indicator for the visually impaired. These coaches are open to all the genders. One needs a valid certificate of disability(in case it is not apparent) to board the compartment. Failure to do so may result in a penalty. • For Senior Citizens: A special coach is reserved for engers above the age of 60. These coaches are open to all the genders. • Luggage Compartment: Heavy goods and luggage can be transported via the suburban trains using the compartments specially designed and reserved for this purpose. The luggage compartment at the south-end of Western Line services is reserved for dabbawalas between 10am and noon on all Virar-Churchgate services and between 2pm-4:30pm on all Churchgate-Virar services. On the Central Line, the compartment is reserved for dabbawalas 10am-12.30pm on all Kalyan-CST services and from 2pm-4.30pm on all CST-Kalyan services.[9]

Mumbai Suburban Railway

74

Stations usually lack clear signage indicating the positions of compartments. However, seasoned commuters usually know them by heart.

Ticketing Tickets for the suburban trains can be purchased at every train station. Travelling without a valid ticket is an offence and if caught can result into penalty. The penalty is steeper for engers travelling in first class without a valid ticket. Tickets can be bought for single journey (one way) or a return journey. A return ticket is valid till the next day on weekdays and till Monday if purchased on a Friday. The ticket counters usually have long queues. Tourists can avail the option of 'Tourist ticket'. Under the tourist ticket scheme, engers can travel unlimited times during its validity between any stations on all lines Mumbai Suburban Railway. Tickets are available for first and second class. Effective 1 August 2012, the fares for first class tickets are 210 (US$3.97) (1 day), 365 (US$6.9) (3 days) and 430 (US$8.13) (5 days). These tickets are issued maximum 3 days in advance, excluding the first day of validity. No refund is issible on unused/partially used tourist tickets. But tourist tickets booked in advance can be cancelled before the day of validity on which charges of Rs 10 for second class and Rs 20 for first class per enger will be deducted.

Automatic Ticket Vending Machine

CVMs and ATVMs To save time, a Coupon Booklet can be purchased and the coupons can be punched for the designated fare at the Coupon Validating Machines(CVMs) at every station. The ticket fares matrix is pasted above the CVM. As of October 2012, there are approximately 575 CVMs on Mumbai Suburban Railway stations. The Central Railway network has 350 and the Western Line has 225.[10] There are also Smart Cards available that can be topped up (recharged with some amount) and one can use it to print tickets for themselves from an Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVMs). A Season Ticket can be purchased if one is commuting regularly. One can choose the validity of these tickets from 1 month, 3 months to a year. Season Tickets are the most cost effective and time efficient option for regular commuters.

Mumbai Suburban Railway

Rakes A bulk of the current fleet of both the Western and Central railways features old rakes which are capable of a maximum speed of 85 km/h in regular service. Most of these rakes are built by Jessop (Kolkata) and ICF (Perambur). The recently introduced AC/DC rakes (more modern motors in the existing carriage designs) are capable of 100 km/h under low traffic conditions. The actual average speed of the rakes on the slow lines is about 35 km/h, while rakes on fast lines average about 45–50 km/h on a typical run. On November 12, 2007, 1st rake of 129 new 12-coach rakes with upgraded facilities was inducted into the Old EMU Rake fleet of the Western Railways under the MUTP project. The coaches are built of stainless steel, and have non-cushioned seats, emergency fluorescent lights, bigger windows with polycarbonate lookout glass, better suspension systems and a novel roof mounted forced ventilation system, station indicators in all coaches, GPS based Public information system in all coaches.The new rakes are much more cool and airy, than the old EMU. The engine of the new rakes also makes less amount of noise than the older ones. This is a great advantage for the people living near the railway,as the old rakes made much more noise. Since,2010 the front of the EMUs are painted yellow, New white and purple coloured rakes on the Western Line so that the maintenance workers on the tracks can see the train from far distances and act accordingly. These rakes have been procured under the project at a total cost of Rs 1,900 crore (Rs 19 billion) (USD 431.0 million). As on Sep 2010, 102 out of 129 new trains have been delivered to Mumbai Suburban Railway.[11] Total cost of this project is 5,300 crore (US$1 billion)[12] On 25 July 2012, Central Railway announced it was introducing trains with cushion seats in second class compartments. Cushion seats have been fixed on all the white and purple coloured EMU rakes by an in-house team of Matunga workshop. The difference between first and second class seats is that they have four-inch density and two-inch density respectively.[13] The cushion has been made of rubberized coir material which is fire retardant. The seat cover is made of artificial leather similar to ones used in the first class compartment. Coir is tough, durable and can spring back to shape even after constant use. Coir is cheaper compared to rubber foam or polyurethane material, which is being used for making cushion seats in first class compartments. A nine-car train has a seating capacity of 876 and 1,752 standees — a total of 2,628. A 12-car train can seat 1,168 and accommodate 2,336 standees that is a total of 3,504 engers and a 33% rise in carrying capacity compared to a nine-car train.[14]

75

Mumbai Suburban Railway

Air Conditioned Rakes In 2007, the railways had planned to run air conditioned trains as a pilot between Churchgate and Borivli on a public-private partnership, but scrapped it following opposition. In the 2008 rail budget, the then railway minister Lalu Prasad had stated the possibility of introducing AC suburban trains for the city in the 11th Five Year plan by 2012. In the 2012 Rail Budget, railway minister Dinesh Trivedi, stated that "work had begun in right earnest" to provide engers with AC local trains. He estimated a capital cost of 9 crore for a 12-coach AC local train. Though the cost of actually deg and running the AC EMU will be more than 27 crore (the cost of a regular rake)Trivedi announced a token contribution of 1 lakh in his budget.[15] The Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) in Lucknow is currently working on the design for AC trains for Mumbai. The Western Railway had also internally prepared one such coach at its Mahalaxmi workshop and taken trials a few years ago. The plan for Mumbai had been earlier rejected as air-conditioned trains required closed doors, which was not possible in the dense crush load that the city’s trains ferry. One of the ideas proposed comprised air-curtains to separate the cold air from the warm, but that too did not click. An air-curtain is a ventilation device used for separating two spaces from each other, a downward-facing fan with a powerful jet to help keep outside air out. As local trains could not be fitted with air-conditioners, it was then decided to install forced ventilation blowers in trains. The “forced ventilation’’ technique was to aid in decrease of carbon dioxide levels in packed trains.[16] In October 2012, Chief Electrical Engineer of WR Sunil Goyal, said, "Designs prepared by the RDSO have been sent to Integral Coach Factory (ICF) and the process of manufacturing is currently on. As soon we receive the train, it will be ready to run post trials". The Railway Board had placed an order for an air conditioned 12 coach rake with ICF in Chennai. On 23 January 2012, the Railway Board approved an air conditioned rake for Central Railway, but later decided to allot the rake to Western Railway. The board felt that it would be easier to operate the air conditioned rake on the Western Line because it is a comparatively straight line from and is completely powered by alternating current. The air conditioned rake will have longitudinal seating similar to metro trains.[17] WR plans to run the rake on the slow corridor between Churchgate and Borivali by April 2013. Currently there are no AC rakes in the Mumbai Suburban Railway. However, all coaches are fitted with fans.

Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC) To enable the Mumbai Suburban Railway to meet the demands of the ever-growing enger traffic, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Railways and the state Government of Maharashtra have tly envisioned the constitution of a separate corporate entity to operate the system. The Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd (MRVC), a public sector unit of the Government of India under the Ministry of Railways, was incorporated under the (Indian) Companies Act, 1956 on July 12, 1999, with an equity capital of 25 crore (US$4.7 million) to implement the rail component of an integrated rail-cum-road urban transport project, called Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The cost of the rail component of the project is to be shared equally by Ministry of Railways and Government of Maharashtra.

76

Mumbai Suburban Railway

Electrification The Indian Railways plans to build a 700 MW gas-based plant in Thakurli. Once functional, the plant will provide all the necessary power to run suburban trains on the Mumbai Suburban Railway, and the additional power in the grid can be given to other sources. The Thakurli power plant will be set up with the help of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). It will lie on an 85acre plot next to Thakurli railway station.[18] Indian Railways already runs two power plants, one at Nabinagar (1000MW) in Bihar and second at Adra (1,320MW) in West Bengal.

Safety Issues Overcrowding Due to its extensive reach across the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and its intensive use by the local urban population, the Mumbai Suburban Railway suffers from some of the most severe overcrowding in the world.[19] Over 4,500 engers are packed into a 9-car rake during peak hours, as against the rated carrying capacity of 1,700.[19] This has resulted in what is known as Super-Dense Crush Load of 14 to 16 standing engers per square metre of floor space. Trains on the suburban line are on average more than 4 minutes apart, contributing to the problem of overcrowding. The impending introduction of new higher speed rakes may help address the issue.

Tourists It has been advised for safety concerns for tourists to avoid the trains during weekdays, or at least during the morning and evening peak hours. Avoid travelling from north to south between 8 am and 11 am and from south to north between 6 pm and 9 pm. The best way to enjoy the trains is on Sundays when they are relatively empty. However, watch out for Sundays when work is done on the tracks, as it could mean that trains are still crowded on a Sunday. During the work day, beware of getting on the express trains or 'fast trains' as they are called denoted on stations by 'F', especially the trains to Virar.

Fatalities On an average, 3,700 people die annually on the Mumbai Suburban Rail network. A query filed by Chetan Kothari under the Right to Information (RTI) has revealed that over the past 10 years (2002-2012), more than 36,152 lives have been lost on tracks and 36,688 people have been injured.[20] This is believed to be the highest number of fatalities per year on any urban or suburban railway system. Most of the deaths are of engers crossing the tracks on foot, instead of using the footbridges provided for going from one platform to another, and are hit by ing trains. Some engers die when they sit on train roofs to avoid the crowds and are electrocuted by the overhead electric wires, or hang from doors and window bars. These figures are from past, however the rate has declined recently. To reduce the risk of such fatalities, automatic doors will be installed on all rakes by 2016 along with longer platforms and more frequent trains. According to The Times of UK, Mumbai's local railway network was one of the deadliest in the world: a record 17 people died every weekday on the city's suburban railway network in 2008.[21] However, recently Central Railways has resorted to some innovative methods to manage tresing. Central Railways, in association with Final Mile, a behaviour architecture firm deployed neuroscience based interventions at the Wadala station. For the last year or so, the death rates have reduced by about 75%. Boston Globe carried a news item on this.[22] Times of India carried a news item regarding the success of this experiment[23] The next biggest cause of death was of engers who fell (or were pushed) from carriages that travel at 64 km/h (40 mph), are often dangerously full. People have also perished after being bludgeoned by trackside poles while hanging out of overcrowded trains or electrocuted by power cables when they sit on the roof.

77

Mumbai Suburban Railway Western Railway has pledged that its trains will stop running if "even a single person" is seen travelling on the roof. “We know that halting a train during peak hours will result in a lot of chaos. However, we cannot let people travel this way as they will surely lose their lives,” a railway spokesman told The Times of India. The Western and Central Railways have been using the Auxiliary Warning System (AWS), an old version of Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS), since 1996.[24]

Terrorist attacks The Mumbai Suburban Railway has suffered 8 blasts and around 368 people are believed to have died as a result. • • • •

12 March 1993- bomb blast at Rey road station 13 March 2003 - A bomb went off in a train in Mulund killing 20 11 July 2006 - A series of seven bombs went off in trains killing 257 26 November 2008 - Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus was also attacked during the 2008 Mumbai Attacks killing at least 60 people.

Gallery

78

Mumbai Suburban Railway

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

http:/ / www. wr. indianrailways. gov. in/ http:/ / www. cr. indianrailways. gov. in/ http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_central-railway-puts-15-car-locals-on-track_1753241 and http:/ / brhg. 4t. com Bombay Railway History Group (http:/ / bombayrailway. blogspot. com) http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Trans-harbour-line-eases-rush-at-Kurla-and-Vashi/ Article1-708126. aspx http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ article/ 2/ 2011103120111031030748773e8967b9e/ It%E2%80%99s-raining-Rly-projects-in-Navi-Mumbai. html [7] "3 Stations Set For A 103-Crore Makeover" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ 3-stations-set-for-a-103-crore-makeover/ articleshow/ 10976979. cms). The Times Of India. 4 December 2011. . [8] "MUTP-III gets railway body's approval" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ MUTP-III-gets-railway-bodys-approval/ articleshow/ 11039759. cms). The Times Of India. 9 December 2011. . [9] http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Dabbawalas-to-get-reserved-compartment-on-Western-rly-trains/ Article1-929615. aspx [10] http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Coupons-with-bar-codes-for-train-travel/ Article1-939047. aspx [11] "MRVC rake details" (http:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ mrvcholdings/ datewiselist). . [12] "State wants AC local trains" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ rssfeed/ mumbai/ State-wants-AC-local-trains/ Article1-545563. aspx). Hindustan Times. 2010-05-19. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [13] "Cushioned seats in 2nd class local from today" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Cushioned-seats-in-2nd-class-local-from-today/ articleshow/ 15130875. cms). The Times Of India. 25 July 2012. . [14] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_railway-think-tank-rules-out-metro-like-seats-in-locals_1622391 [15] "Trivedi puts money on AC locals for city" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Trivedi-puts-money-on-AC-locals-for-city/ articleshow/ 12285681. cms). The Times Of India. 16 March 2012. . [16] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_fresh-blueprint-for-ac-locals-on-anvil_1631044 [17] http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ ac-rake-not-in-yet-western-railway-readies-timetable-for-new-train/ 1010545/ [18] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_power-plant-for-mumbai-railways-gets-a-fillip_1667411 [19] "Loan to relieve world's most overcrowded trains" (http:/ / www. railwaygazette. com/ / news/ single-view/ view/ / loan-to-relieve-worlds-most-overcrowded-trains. html). Railway Gazette. . Retrieved 2010-07-07. [20] "Mumbai's lifeline has claimed 36,000 lives in 10 years" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Mumbais-lifeline-has-claimed-36000-lives-in-10-years/ articleshow/ 12739124. cms). The Times Of India. 20 April 2012. . [21] Rhys Blakely (February 18, 2010). "India's rail authorities crack down on rooftop travel to stop deaths" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ asia/ article7031099. ece). London: The Times. . Retrieved May 20, 2010. [22] Subramanian, Samanth (8 May 2011). "Train!" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ bostonglobe/ ideas/ articles/ 2011/ 05/ 08/ train/ ?page=1). The Boston Globe. . [23] http:/ / epaper. timesofindia. com/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDEwLzA3LzI0I0FyMDA1MDA=& Mode=HTML& Locale=english-skin-custom [24] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_railways-move-to-ensure-zero-mishaps_1625548

External links • Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/) Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation • MumbaiLifeline (http://mumbailifeline.com/) Mumbai Local train timetable of all four routes (Central,Western,Thane-Vashi and Harbour Line route) • Go4Mumbai (http://www.go4mumbai.com/) Suburban Railway Local Train Timetable • m-Indicator (http://www.mobond.com/) Free java based mobile application for local train time table & mega block information (All routes)

79

Mumbai Metro

80

Mumbai Metro Mumbai Metro Background Locale

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Transit type

Rapid transit

Number of lines

3 (Phase 1)

Number of stations

11 (Line 1)

Daily ridership

1.5 million (Line 1 estimate)

Chief executive

Bharat Bhushan Modgil

Headquarters

Satellite Silver, Andheri-Kurla Road, Marol, Andheri (East), [2] Mumbai

Website

mumbaimetroone.com

[1]

[3]

Operation Operation will start March 2013[4] Operator(s)

Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL)

Train length

[1] 4-6 coaches Technical

System length

146.5 kilometres (91 mi)

Track gauge

1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Electrification

25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary

Average speed

33 km/h (21 mph)

Top speed

80 km/h (50 mph)

[1] [1]

System map

The Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system under construction in the Indian city of Mumbai. The system is designed to reduce traffic congestion in the city, and will be built in three phases over a 15-year period, with overall completion expected in 2021. When complete, the system will comprise three high-capacity metro railway lines, spanning a total of 63 kilometres (39 mi).[5] The Mumbai Metro's operator is Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a t venture company formed by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).

Mumbai Metro

81

In June 2006, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh inaugurated the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project. Construction work began in February 2008, and the system's first line is expected to be completed in March 2013,[6][4][7] although some aspects of the project have been afflicted by delays and cost issues.[8][9]

Background Mumbai is the financial and commercial capital of India. It is also among the largest cities in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of over 20 million as of 2011,[10] and a population growth rate of around 2% per annum.[11] Mumbai has the advantage of a high modal share of the public (88%) in favour of a public mass transport system. The existing Mumbai Suburban Railway carries over 7 million engers per day,[12] and is supplemented by the BEST bus system, which provides feeder services to station-going engers to allow them to complete their journeys. However, due to the city’s geographical constraints and rapid population growth, road and rail infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with growing demand over the past several decades.[13] Moreover, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications. In May 2003, the original Mumbai rapid-transit plan was updated to include an elevated 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) LRT system linking Andheri and Ghatkopar, via Asalpha, Marol, Chakala and Saki Naka. In January 2004, a master plan was unveiled by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). The plan encomed a total of 146 kilometres (91 mi) of track, of which 32 kilometres (20 mi) would be underground. In June 2004, government approval was given for a 13-station elevated light rail line between Ghatkopar and Versova. The foundation-stone-laying ceremony was held on 21 June 2006.

Plan Plan of Phase I and interchanges with Mumbai Suburban Railway

Charkop

WR Towards Virar / Dahanu

Malad

Kasturi Park

Bangur Nagar

Oshiwara

Samartha Nagar

Versova

DN Nagar

Shastri Nagar

Mumbai Metro

82

ESIC Nagar

JVPD

Juhu

Azad Nagar

CR-Harbour Line ext. to Goregaon

Andheri

Vile Parle

Nanavati Hospital

WEH

Aryasamaj Chowk

Chakala

Khar

National College

Bandra

Mahim

Shitla Devi

Shivaji Park

Dadar

Airport Road

Marol Naka

Saki Naka

Subhash Nagar

Asalpha

Ghatkopar

CR Towards Kalyan

Mumbai Metro

83

Siddhi Vinayak

MMRDA

Udyog Bhawan

Income Tax Office

Acharya A Chowk

Worli Hill

Mahalaxmi

Bharat Nagar

Complex Road

Kurla-LTT

Ghadge Chowk

Mumbai Central

Minerva

Girgaon

WR Towards Churchgate

Chandanwadi

SG Barve Marg

RC Marg

Shivaji Chowk

Phadke Chowk

BSNL

Mumbai CST

Mankhurd

Hutatma Chowk

Nariman Point

Colaba

Thane Creek

CR-Harbour LineTowards Panvel

Mumbai Metro

84

The main objective of the Mumbai Metro is to provide mass rapid transit services to people within an approach distance of between 1 and 2 kilometres, and to serve the areas not connected by the existing Suburban Rail network. The Mumbai Metro is to be built in three phases, at a total cost of 36,000 crore (US$6.8 billion).[14] The eight lines of the system are projected to have a total length of approximately 146 kilometres (91 mi).[15] In 2011, the MMRDA unveiled plans for an extended Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ metro line. According to its earlier plans, a 20-km Colaba-to-Bandra metro line was to be constructed, running underground for 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Colaba to Mahalaxmi, and then on an elevated track from Mahalaxmi to Bandra. However, the MMRDA decided that extending the line through Bandra to the Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport would increase the number of commuters. The 33.5-kilometre (20.8 mi) Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line will be built at a cost of 21,000 crore (US$3.97 billion),[16] and will be India's first fully underground metro line. It will connect business districts such as Nariman Point, BKC, MIDC and SEEPZ with the International Airport.[17] The line is planned to have a total of 27 stations.[18] On 27 February 2012, India's central government gave in-principle approval to the plan for Line 3. According to the plan, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will cover 50% of the project's debt, while the state government will have an equity stake of 16%, and central government taking 14% equity. The rest will be subordinate debt from other sources.[19] In April 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to grant the Mumbai Metro Rail Company increased management autonomy, in an effort to enhance the project's operational efficiency.[20]

Timeline Phase

Line

Terminals

Phase I Line 1 Versova (2006–2015) Line 2 Charkop Line 3 Colaba Phase II Line 4 Charkop (2011–2016) Line 5 Ghatkopar

Length (km) Opening date

Ghatkopar

11.07

March 2013

Mankhurd

39.2

2015

SEEPZ

33

2019

Dahisar

7.6

Mulund

12.4

Phase III Line 6 Andheri (E) Dahisar (E) 18 (2016–2021) Line 7 Hutatma Chowk Ghatkopar 21.8 Line 8 Sewri Total

8

Prabhadevi 3.5 140

2021

Mumbai Metro

Additional lines In July 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to add more metro lines to its existing plan. There are plans for a line parallel to the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Dahisar. This line is expected to reduce the enger load on the Western Line and vehicle traffic on the highway. MMRDA also intends to convert the proposed Lokhandwala–SEEPZ–Kanjurmarg monorail route into a metro line.[21]

Construction Phase I Phase I of the metro project will be implemented on a Build-Operate-Transfer basis for a 35-year period. This phase includes the construction of three metro lines. The 2,356 crore (US$445.28 million) contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was secured by a consortium led by Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group's Reliance A metro station under construction in Andheri in March 2012. Infrastructure Ltd, along with Veolia Transport Co. and the MMRDA. Simplex Infrastractures Ltd is the main technical contractor. Line 1 Work on the 11-km Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor, a part of Phase I, began on 8 February 2008. In September 2011, MMOPL officials claimed that trial runs on the first section of the corridor, the 3-kilometre Versova–DN Nagar–Azad Nagar stretch, would start by February 2012, with a view to opening the stretch to commuters by March or April 2012.[22] By October 2011, the majority of the corridor's track- pillars and girders had been laid, and the twelve individual stations were 70% complete, with most of the stations rising above platform level.[23] However, land acquisition and right-of-way issues, along with problems with the construction of a Metro-related viaduct, delayed the line's predicted completion to summer 2012.[23][24] In May 2012, Indian Bank restructured the Mumbai Metro's 108 crore (US$20.41 million) loan , citing the project's land use problems.[9] Line 1 operations are now expected to start in March 2013.[4] Line 2 The second corridor to be built in the first phase will be the 32-km Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd route, which will have 27 stations. The MMRDA had appointed Reliance Infrastructure to carry out this phase of the project, which was initially expected to cost 8,450 crore (US$1.6 billion), begin construction in August 2010 and be completed by mid-2013.[25] However, construction on the line has yet to begin, and the current deadline for completion is 2016. The line's construction was handicapped by the lack of available land for carsheds at Charkop and Mankhurd; coastal regulation zone (CRZ) laws forbade construction on the land that had been selected by the MMRDA. The Union environment ministry has refused to give clearance for the depots, although Reliance Infrastructure stated in 2009 that they were committed to the project, and that it would go ahead provided that the government resolve the pending critical issues.[26] MMRDA officials plan to solve the problem by shifting the location of the proposed rake depot to Malwani near Malad. The 19 hectares (0.19 km2) plot does not come under the purview of the CRZ laws, and therefore will not require environmental clearances.[27] Another problem is that the civil aviation authorities have objected to the height of the elevated section at the 1km Vile Parle–Nanavati hospital stretch in the western suburbs. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has

85

Mumbai Metro communicated to the MMRDA that the 9-metre (30 ft) elevated corridor is unacceptable, as it will obstruct the flight path of aircraft at Juhu Aerodrome. The state government subsequently asked Reliance Infrastructure to terminate plans for building the elevated line, requesting that Reliance either create an underground metro or consider constructing it along the road.[28] Other problems are related to land acquisition and rehabilitation. The elevated corridor would require the shifting of about 700 families, and the demolition of many structures, some of them residential buildings, which could further stall the project. About 20 buildings stand on land that needs to be either completely or partially acquired.[29] Residents of the Juhu Vile Parle Development Scheme have also been demanding an underground metro line, but the state had claimed that the two-fold cost escalation of 500 crore, from an initial 250 to 750 crore per kilometer, was infeasible.[30] However, the MMRDA has said that they have not ruled out an underground line, claiming that they had considered a combination of an elevated and underground alignment, but had deemed it impossible due to the large land requirement for ramps and slip roads.[31] On 6 September 2012, the MMRDA sent a letter to Reliance Infrastructure asking them to start work on the metro immediately or face legal action.[32][33] In response to the letter, MMPTL blamed the government and MMRDA for the delayed construction work. They said that the government had failed to fullfil its contractual obligation to provide the necessary land, right of way permits and clearances.[34][35][36][37] Line 3 The third line to be built will be the 27-station Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line. The cost of this corridor is estimated at 16,180 crore (US$3.06 billion). In early 2012, the MMRDA conducted talks with officials at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) to either construct or finance the construction of three of the line's stations, namely the Domestic Airport, Sahar Road and International Airport stations. CSIA authorities stated certain required conditions for the corridor – firstly, the metro line should run round-the-clock, and secondly, a provision should be made for a check-in facility at the metro stations. The MMRDA also conducted talks with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for funding,[16] reaching a final agreement in February 2012. Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL) has agreed to bear the cost of constructing the three stations, which is expected to total 777 crore. According to MIAL's CEO, R. K. Jain, MIAL is willing to contribute to the metro's construction because of the potential increase in enger convenience. MIAL will undertake the design and civil construction of the three stations, costing 600 crore, on its own, and will pay the estimated cost of electromechanical equipment (around 177 crore) in three equal installments over three years. MIAL has specified that the commercial rights of all the three stations it constructs will fully rest with the authority, and revenue from any commercial activity on the premises will go to MIAL.[38] The Urban Development Ministry rejected the Planning Commission's proposal to implement Line 3 in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode, having found the mode unsatisfactory for the Delhi Airport Metro Express. The Ministry instead proposed a funding pattern with a ratio of 20:80 between the Centre and the State. Of the State equity, 45% will be through a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[39] Construction on Line 3 is expected to start in 2013 and finish in 2019.[40]

86

Mumbai Metro Line 4 The fourth line to be built will be the 7.8-kilometre (4.8 mi) Charkop-Dahisar line. It is expected to cost approximately 1,700 crore (US$321.3 million).[41]

Infrastructure Rolling stock RIIL consulted a number of major international rolling stock builders to provide the train fleet for the Mumbai Metro. Bidders for the contract included established metro-vehicle manufacturers such as Kawasaki, Alstom, Siemens and Bombardier, but CSR Nanjing of China was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock.[42] In May 2008, CSR Nanjing constructed 16 trains of 4 cars each for a total fee of 6 crore (US$1.1 million).[43] The coaches will be air-conditioned and designed to reduce noise and vibration, and will feature both high seating capacity and ample space for standing engers. They will be outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, including LCD screens, 3D route maps, first-aid kits, wheelchair facilities, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver. Each coach will furthermore feature a black box to assist in accident investigations.[23] The trains will be capable of carrying over 1,100 engers in a four-car unit, with each carriage being approximately 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) wide.[44]

Power The Swiss-Swedish ABB Group was awarded the contract for supplying power systems to Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro. ABB will be responsible for the supply, installation, testing and commissioning of the traction electrification, power supply, power distribution and SCADA system for the first metro corridor.[45]

Signaling and communications The Mumbai Metro will feature an advanced signaling system, including an automatic train protection system (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements on the 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) Line 1. A four-minute service interval is anticipated on the route.[1] Siemens will supply the signaling systems required for the project, while Thales Group will supply the Metro's communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems will be based on LZB 700M technology.[45]

Wastewater treatment On 1 October 2012, Xylem, a water technology provider based in the United States, announced that it had been awarded a contract to develop wastewater treatment and recycling systems for the Mumbai Metro. The value of the contract was undisclosed. The system will incorporate a 1.2-million-litre-capacity sewage treatment plant with wastewater recycling capabilities; trials of the plant are expected to be commissioned by late November 2012. The plant will be equipped with Xylem’s Sanitaire wastewater treatment technology, which is expected to help the Mumbai Metro save up to 1.2 million litres of water a day.[46]

87

Mumbai Metro

Operations Capacity and frequency A 2012 traffic study, undertaken by Metro One and the Hong Kong-based traffic consultant MVA Systra, showed that in peak hours, 55,000 people were likely to travel per hour in one direction in up to sixteen trains, with four to six coaches each. The total daily enger count was estimated to be 1.5 million.[47] Travel time from Versova to Ghatkopar is expected to be approximately 21 minutes.[23]

Fares The Mumbai Metro is expected to have a three-tier fare structure based on journey distances: • • •

6 – up to 3 km 8 – between 3 km and 8 km 10 – beyond 8 km

Fares will be fixed by the Government of Maharashtra through a notification. 11% fare increases will reportedly take place every fourth year.[48]

References [1] [2] [3] [4]

"Mumbai Metro project" (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ ). MMRDA. 2008-01-01. . Retrieved 2010-01-01. Official details (http:/ / www. mumbaimetroone. com/ HTML/ us. html). Retrieved 16 June 2012. http:/ / www. mumbaimetroone. com/ HTML/ index. html/ "Mumbai's first metro may chug in 2013" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mumbais-first-metro-may-chug-in-march-2013_1685026). DNA India, 6 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-08. [5] "Mumbai Metro Details" (http:/ / www. railway-technology. com/ projects/ mumbai-metro/ ). Railway Technology. 2008-01-01. . Retrieved 2010-01-01. [6] "Mumbai monorail to be ready by Dec, Metro by March" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ mumbai-monorail-to-be-ready-by-dec-metro-by-march/ 174429/ on). 12 June 2012. . [7] "Metro, Monorail projects could miss deadline" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ metro-monorail-projects-could-miss-deadline/ 831682/ ). Indian Express. 2011-08-14. . Retrieved 2011-09-21. [8] "MMTPL to CM: Metro II will take more time, money" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2012/ jan/ 090112-MMTPL-to-CM-Metro-II-will-take-more-time-money. htm). Mid-Day.com, 9 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-12. [9] "Indian Bank rejigs Mumbai Metro loan " (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ indian-bank-rejigs-mumbai-metro-loan-/ 950689/ 1). The Financial Express. 18 May 2012. . Retrieved 23 May 2012. [10] United Nations Population Division - City Population. Retrieved 2011-10-05. (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unup/ p2k0data. asp) [11] United Nations Population Division - Average Annual Rate of Change. Retrieved 2011-10-05. (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unup/ p2k0data. asp) [12] Mumbai Suburban Railway Network (http:/ / www. wr. indianrailways. gov. in/ view_section. jsp?lang=0& id=0,1,283). Western Railway Indian Railways. Updated 9 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-26. [13] "Mmrda - Projects - Mumbai Metro Rail Project" (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ projects_metro_rail. htm). Mmrdamumbai.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [14] "Infra projects in MMR now cost Rs 38K cr more" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ news/ economy/ infrastructure/ Infra-projects-in-MMR-now-cost-Rs-38K-cr-more/ articleshow/ 5943238. cms). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2010-05-18. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [15] "Metro Rail-I to be operational in Mumbai in 2012" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ news/ news-by-industry/ transportation/ railways/ metro-rail-i-to-be-operational-in-mumbai-in-2012/ articleshow/ 9873315. cms). The Economic Times. 2011-09-05. . Retrieved 2011-10-24. [16] "Development body in talks with CSIA" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ development-body-in-talks-with-csia/ 899608/ 1). Indian Express, 14 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-16. [17] "Public hearing to be held for Colaba-SEEPZ Metro line" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Public-hearing-to-be-held-for-Colaba-SEEPZ-Metro-line/ Article1-779315. aspx). Hindustan Times. 8 December 2011. . Retrieved 9 December 2011. [18] "Views on Colaba-Seepz underground metro sought" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_views-on-colaba-seepz-underground-metro-sought_1625495). DNA India, 14 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-30. [19] "Centre paves way for 3rd Metro line" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Centre-paves-way-for-3rd-Metro-line/ articleshow/ 12062872. cms). Times of India. 28 February 2012. . Retrieved 28 March 2012.

88

Mumbai Metro [20] "Mumbai Metro likely to get autonomy status: MMRDA" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mumbai-metro-likely-to-get-autonomy-status-mmrda_1681205). DNA India, 27 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-03. [21] "MMRDA to add more lines to Mumbai Metro railway project" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mmrda-to-add-more-lines-to-mumbai-metro-railway-project_1712139). DNA India. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. [22] Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2011-09-22. (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ 3-km-of-Metro-Phase-I-to-be-ready-by-March-2012/ Article1-748670. aspx) [23] "Metro first line hinges on Andheri bridge" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2011-10-11/ mumbai/ 30266316_1_pillars-metro-rail-mmopl). Times of India, 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-18. [24] "Work on metro pillar between railway tracks begins at slow pace" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_work-on-metro-pillar-between-railway-tracks-begins-at-slow-pace_1600577). DNAIndia, 19 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-26. [25] Jadahv, Ranjeet (2012-01-09). "MMTPL to CM: Metro II will take more time, money" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2012/ jan/ 090112-MMTPL-to-CM-Metro-II-will-take-more-time-money. htm). Mumbai: Mid Day. . Retrieved 2012-03-13. [26] Siddhaye, Ninad (2009-12-05). "CRZ rules may stop Metro II in its tracks" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_crz-rules-may-stop-metro-ii-in-its-tracks_1320209). Mumbai: DNA. . Retrieved 13 March 2012. [27] "MMRDA finds land for Metro II rake depot in Malwani" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ article/ 2/ 20120922201209220438078208a83c966/ MMRDA-finds-land-for-Metro-II-rake-depot-in-Malwani. html). Mumbai Mirror. 22 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012. [28] Sheikh, Zeeshan (2012-03-04). "Airports authority grounds elevated metro line at Juhu" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Airports-authority-grounds-elevated-metro-line-at-Juhu/ Article1-820500. aspx). Hindustan Times (Mumbai). . Retrieved 13 March 2012. [29] Phadke, Manasi (212-03-12). "Land acquisition, rehab may slow down Metro line" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ land-acquisition-rehab-may-slow-down-metro-line/ 922591/ ). Express India. . Retrieved 13 March 2012. [30] "Thousands rally in suburbs against elevated Metro" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2010-09-20/ mumbai/ 28226902_1_underground-route-thousands-rally-anandini-thakur). Mumbai: TImes of India. 2010-11-20. . Retrieved 13 March 2012. [31] "Metro-II may still run underground in Mumbai - Mumbai - DNA" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_metro-ii-may-still-run-underground-in-mumbai_1662492). Daily News and Analysis. 15 March 2012. . Retrieved 28 March 2012. [32] "Metro II delay: Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority warns of action" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Metro-II-delay-Mumbai-Metropolitan-Region-Development-Authority-warns-of-action/ articleshow/ 16404025. cms). Times of India. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012. [33] "MMRDA warns RInfra over delay in second Metro line" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ MMRDA-warns-RInfra-over-delay-in-second-Metro-line/ Article1-930241. aspx). Hindustan Times. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012. [34] "Metro’s second line project may get derailed" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2012-09-17/ mumbai/ 33901972_1_metro-ii-rinfra-juhu-airport). Times of India. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012. [35] "Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, Reliance Infrastructure on clash course over second Metro rail" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Mumbai-Metropolitan-Region-Development-Authority-Reliance-Infrastructure-on-clash-course-over-second-Metro-rail/ articleshow/ 16663408. cms). Times of India. 4 October 2012. [36] "‘No work unless state follows contract’" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ -no-work-unless-state-follows-contract-/ 1011645/ 0). Indian Express. 4 October 2012. [37] "Developer sticks to his guns, won’t start work on Metro-II" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ Mumbai/ Developer-sticks-to-his-guns-won-t-start-work-on-Metro-II/ Article1-939561. aspx). Hindustan Times. 4 October 2012. [38] "MIAL to build three stations near airport" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ mial-to-build-three-stations-near-airport/ 920108/ 0). The Indian Express. 5 March 2012. . Retrieved 28 March 2012. [39] "Ministry rejects Plan for Mumbai Metro-3" (http:/ / dailypioneer. com/ nation/ 88044-ministry-rejects-plan-for-mumbai-metro-3-. html). Daily Pioneer, 17 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012. [40] "Work on Metro III may begin in August 2013" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_work-on-metro-iii-may-begin-in-august-2013_1674717). DNA India, 12 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-13. [41] "4th Metro line from Charkop to Dahisar in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_4th-metro-line-from-charkop-to-dahisar-in-mumbai_1679434). DNA India, 23 April 2012. [42] "Mumbai Metro One Project updates" (http:/ / www. mumbai-metro. com/ projec-update). mumbai-metro.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [43] "Mumbai's beautiful butterfly emerges" (http:/ / www. railwaygazette. com/ nc/ news/ single-view/ view/ mumbais-beautiful-butterfly-emerges. html). Railway Gazette, 25 March 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2011. [44] Katkurwar, Saurabh (26 February 2012). "CIDCO opts for wider metro coaches" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ news/ 2012/ feb/ 260212-CIDCO-opts-for-wider-metro-coaches. htm). MiD DAY. . Retrieved 28 March 2012. [45] "MMOPL awards contract to ABB, Siemens, SEW" (http:/ / www. projectstoday. com/ News/ NewsDetails. aspx?smid=16& nid=22722). Projects Today. 2008-01-08. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [46] "Xylem bags Mumbai metro rail contract for wastewater treatment" (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ news/ article3955565. ece). The Hindu Business Line. 1 October 2012.

89

Mumbai Metro [47] "Mumbai Metro may get 44 extra coaches from China" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Mumbai-Metro-may-get-44-extra-coaches-from-China/ articleshow/ 12475895. cms). The Times Of India. 31 March 2012. . [48] FAQ (http:/ / www. mumbai-metro. com/ faq). Mumbai-Metro.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28.

External links • • • • •

Mumbai Metro official site (http://www.mumbaimetroone.com/HTML/index.html) Mumbai Metro Rail Project (http://103.1.113.92/mmrda/showProject.jsp?srv=BSUreO4567NEVy) Mumbai Metro blog site (http://mumbaimetrorail.blogspot.com/) Mumbai Metro map with proposed lines (http://www.urbanrail.net/as/mumb/mumbai.htm) Mumbai Metro Google Mashup (http://www.informationmadness.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content& task=view&id=45&Itemid=60)

90

Mumbai Monorail

91

Mumbai Monorail Mumbai Monorail

Mumbai monorail on trial run Background Owner

MMRDA

Locale

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Transit type

Monorail

Number of lines

1

Number of stations

18

Daily ridership

125,000 (estimate)

Headquarters

Mumbai Operation

Operator(s)

Larsen and Toubro and Scomi Rail

Number of vehicles

15

Train length

4 coaches

Headway

3 minutes

[1]

Technical [2]

System length

19.54 km

Electrification

750 V DC

Average speed

32 km/h (20 mph)

Top speed

80 km/h (50 mph)

[3]

Mumbai Monorail

92

System map

Depot

Wadala

GTB Nagar

Antop Hill

Acharya Atre Nagar

Wadala Bridge

Dadar]

Naigaon

Ambedkar Nagar

Mint Colony

Lower Parel

Chinchpokli

Jacob Circle

Planned (Chembur—Wadala)

The Mumbai Monorail is a monorail system currently under construction for the city of Mumbai, India. The project is being implemented by Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority MMRDA, with Larsen & Toubro (L&T) and a consortium of Malaysian infrastructure Scomi Engineering. It will be the first monorail in India.[4][5] Construction began in January 2009. The first line is scheduled to be commissioned in December 2012.[6]

Mumbai Monorail

93

History Vilasrao Deshmukh, the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, cleared the notification for construction of the first monorail system in India on August 13, 2008. The system will traverse through Jacob Circle, Wadala, Mahul and Chembur, paving the way for a feeder service to the existing suburban railway network[7] The two shortlisted consortia to build the line were Bombardier Transportation, Reliance Energy in association with Hitachi Monorail, and Larsen and Toubro with Scomi Rail of Malaysia. On November 11, 2008, the winner was announced to be Larsen and Toubro along with Scomi, who received a 2,460 crore (US$464.94 million) contract to build and operate the monorail until 2029.[8] Construction of Mumbai Monorail started in January 2009 along the Chembur - Wadala - Jacob Circle route.[9] The first portion of the line, between Chembur and Wadala, is expected to be operational in December 2012. The second portion, from Jacob Circle to Wadala, is expected to be ready by December 2013.[10] A 108-meter test run was successfully conducted on January 26, 2010.[11] The monorail had its first test run on 18 February 2012 from its yard in Wadala to a station at Bhakti Park, a distance of around a kilometre. Scomi, the Malaysian company that supplied the rakes for the project, was in charge of the trial. The MMRDA will decide whether the Singapore-based SMRT or the Hong Kong-based Mass Transit Rail will be given the task of certifying the monorail system. This is because the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) had said it didn’t have the capacity to certify the monorail, as it was a different system from the railways. The electrical workings of the monorail will be certified by the Electrical Inspector General.[12]

Plan The Mumbai Monorail master plan propsed the construction of 8 lines at a cost of billion).[13]

20,296 crore (US$3.84

Phase 1 Route

Length (km)

Cost

Chembur - Wadala - Jacob Circle (Ghadge Maharaj Chowk) 19.54

2,716 crore (US$513.32 million)

Mulund – Goregaon - Borivali

30

4,170 crore (US$788.13 million)

Virar - Chikhaldongri

4.60

639.9 crore (US$120.94 million)

Lokhandwala - SEEPZ - Kanjurmarg

13.14

1,826.5 crore (US$345.21 million)

Thane - Mira-Bhayandar - Dahisar

24.25

3,370.8 crore (US$637.08 million)

Phase 2 Route

Length (km)

Kalyan - Ulhasnagar - Dombivli

Cost

26.40

3,669.6 crore (US$693.55 million)

Chembur - Ghatkopar - Kopar Khairane 16.72

3,686.3 crore (US$696.71 million)

Mahape - Shil Phata - Kalyan

21.10

2,932.9 crore (US$554.32 million)

30

3,750 crore (US$708.75 million)

[14]

Thane - Bhiwandi - Kalyan

Mumbai Monorail

94

Second Monorail Project In September 2011, the MMRDA, said that did not have an immediate plan to start the construction of a second monorail in the region.[15] They clarified that although it did not mean that they are not interested in carrying out the project, it may not follow the currently planned schedule. The MMRDA decided to put on hold all plans for the expansion of the monorail till the first route was commissioned. An MMRDA official stated, "There is no point in going for new routes. As long as the first route is not commissioned and the results are not out, we would not commission any new routes". MMRDA feels the need for a monorail would arise after all the proposed metro rail routes were commissioned with the monorail serving as a feeder service.[16]

A station under construction in Chembur

Cost The cost of setting up the monorail service is roughly 85 crore (US$16.07 million) per km. The complete network of about 135 km is recommended for development from year 2011 to 2031 in phases at the total cost of 20,000 crore.[17]

Infrastructure Rolling stock The rail cars are to be built in Malaysia by Scomi Engineering Bhd. Scomi Rail owns 42% of the contract to build the 19.5 km monorail line[18]

Operations Fares The tentative fare structure on Line 1, according to MMRDA, will range from 8 to 20.[19]

Speed The monorail will have a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), an average speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph)[5] and the overall speed including dwell time at stations would be around 31 kilometres per hour (19 mph).[17]

Capacity and frequency The capacity of the monorail will be more than 500 with a four coach consist, and more than 700 with six coaches. The ratio of sitting to standing engers is expected to be 4:1.

References [1] "MMRDA - Projects - Monorail" (http:/ / www. mmrdamumbai. org/ monorail. htm). Mmrdamumbai.org. 2010-01-26. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [2] "Water transport slips out of MMRDA’s hands" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ article/ 2/ 2010082720100827025821619672d864e/ Water-transport-slips-out-of-MMRDA’s-hands. html). Mumbai Mirror. . Retrieved 2010-08-27. [3] "Brace up for ride in a metro, News - City" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ article/ 2/ 20120214201202140307577922e477772/ Brace-up-for-ride-in-a-metro. html). Mumbai Mirror. . Retrieved 2012-02-17.

Mumbai Monorail [4] "Malaysian company says won bid to build India's first monorail" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ money/ economy/ 2008-11-10-3787940519_x. htm). USA Today. 10 November 2008. . Retrieved 17 February 2012. [5] "Mumbai monorail to run in two years" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 2413046. cms). The Times of India. 2007-09-27. . Retrieved 2009-03-19. [6] "Mumbai monorail to be ready by Dec, Metro by March" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ mumbai-monorail-to-be-ready-by-dec-metro-by-march/ 174429/ on). 12 June 2012. . [7] Devraj Dasgupta, TNN, Aug 14, 2008, 06.25am IST (2008-08-14). "Deshmukh makes way for 1st monorail project" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Mumbai/ Deshmukh_makes_way_for_1st_monorail_project/ articleshow/ 3362895. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [8] "Financial bids for Mumbai Monorail project open|date=2008-06-25" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ common/ storypage_c_online. php?leftnm=10& bKeyFlag=IN& autono=40796). Business-standard.com. 2008-06-25. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [9] "Scomi's Mumbai Monorail Project Takes Off" (http:/ / www. scomigroup. com. my/ media/ newsDetail. asp?intID=1127). Business Times. Tue, 10 Feb 09. . Retrieved 2009-03-20. [10] DNA Correspondent (22 March 2012). "Monorail-II only by Dec 2013" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_monorail-ii-only-by-dec-2013_1665651). DNA India (Mumbai). . Retrieved 15 July 2012. [11] "Trial run of monorail successful in Mumbai - Oneindia News" (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ 2010/ 01/ 26/ trialrun-of-monorail-successful-in-mumbai. html). News.oneindia.in. 2010-01-26. . Retrieved 2010-08-25. [12] "Monorail takes its first ride around town" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ article/ 2/ 2012021920120219020112507f1b5170/ Monorail-takes-its-first-ride-around-town. html). Mumbai Mirror. 19 February 2012. . Retrieved 26 March 2012. [13] "you and your city - Travel in city to get easier by 2021" (http:/ / epaper. hindustantimes. com/ PUBLICATIONS/ HT/ HM/ 2010/ 08/ 29/ ArticleHtmls/ you-and-your-city-Travel-in-city-to-29082010003001. shtml?Mode=1). Epaper.hindustantimes.com. . Retrieved 2012-02-17. [14] Vijay G Phade. "MMRDA expands Monorail landscape" (http:/ / www. accommodationtimes. com/ real-estate-news/ mmrda-expands-monorail-landscape/ ). Accommodation Times. . Retrieved 2012-02-17. [15] "MMRDA drops second monorail plan, for now" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mmrda-drops-second-monorail-plan-for-now_1590449). Daily News and Analysis. 23 September 2011. . Retrieved 26 March 2012. [16] http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_mumbai-monorail-dream-run-ends-before-take-off_1718446 [17] MariMari (2010-11-26). "Monorail integration with CR, WR and Harbour Line" (http:/ / www. accommodationtimes. com/ real-estate-news/ monorail-integration-with-cr-wr-and-harbour-line/ ). Accommodation Times. . Retrieved 2012-02-17. [18] "Mumbai debut for Scomi rail car" (http:/ / biz. thestar. com. my/ news/ story. asp?file=/ 2010/ 1/ 2/ business/ 5398248& sec=business). Biz.thestar.com.my. 2 January 2010. . Retrieved 25 August 2010. [19] Business Standard (19 February 2012). "India's first monorail tested in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ indias-first-monorail-tested-in-mumbai/ 465116/ ). Business Standard. . Retrieved 26 March 2012.

External links • MMRDA Monorail (http://202.71.136.179/mmrda/showProject.jsp?srv=68fqdr5o24muws) • Mumbai Monorail Project (http://202.54.119.40/monorail.htm) • L&T Webpage for Rail Projects (Including Monorail) (http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/ LnT_Offerings/Offering.aspx?res=P_ENC_COFF_FRLW&sbu=133)

95

96

Utility services Mumbai's water sources Mumbai has an abundance of lakes in its vicinity. The Western Ghats trap most of the moisture laden monsoon clouds which feed these lakes. However, with the burgeoning population, the current supply levels are still inadequate. Here are the lakes supplying the city its daily precious liquid.

Lakes near Mumbai Lake

Overflow level in metres

Modak Sagar

163.15

Tansa Lake

128.63

Vihar Lake

80.42

Tulsi Lake

139.17

Upper Vaitarana

603.51

Bhatsa

133.00

The water purifying factory in Bhandup is the largest and oldest in Asia. Tulsi, Vihar lakes supply the southern region of Mumbai, while the rest supply the suburbs. An underground tank in Malabar Hills is used to store the water.

97

Demographics Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: • • • • • • • • •

1661: 10,000 inhabitants[1] 1664: 15,000[1] 1673: 60,000[1] (Fryer) 1675: 60,000 1718: 16,000[1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70,000[1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) 1764: 140,000[1] (Niebuhr), According to Historical pg 6, pop was 60,000 1780: 100,000[1] Materials etc. Part III, pg 525 -- Mahim 13,726 1812: 235,000[1] (Hall) Fixed 165,000, migratory 50,000, famine increase 20,000

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1814: 180,000 (Warden) 1830: 229,000[1] Lagrange 1836: 236,000 "-do1864: 816,562 1872: 644,605[1] (census) 1881: 773,196[1] (census) 1891: 821,764[1] (census) 1901: 812,912 (Greater Bombay) 1911: 1,018,388 1921: 1,244,934 1931: 1,268,936 1941: 1,686,127 1951: 2,966,902 1961: 4,152,056 1971: 5,970,575 1981: 8,227,382 1991: 9,900,000 + 2,600,000 (Thané) = 12,500,000 (Greater Bombay) 2001: 16,368,084 (Greater Mumbai, incl. Thané) 2005: 18,366,088 (Greater Mumbai, incl. Thane)

References [1] D'Cunha, Jose Gerson (1900). "VI The Later British Period". The Origins of Bombay (3 ed.). Bombay: Asian Educational Services. pp. 348. ISBN 81-206-0815-1.

Mumbai statistics

Mumbai statistics Mumbai statistics: • Open Spaces in Mumbaiopenspace • Aarey Milk Colony: 4,000 acres (16 km²) • Godrej Mangroves, Vikhroli: 3,000 acres (12 km²) • Mahalaxmi Racecourse: 226 acres (0.9 km²) • mills 58l pvt. 32; NTC 25; state govt. 1; sick 4 June 3 • metropolitan courts 17; 49 judges strength • post offices 271;126;425 /jun 14 Colleges • Total degree: 422 • Engg: 40 • Medical: 12 2005-06-09 Blood Banks • total:62 • Run by public institutions: 22 • Others: 40 2005-05-20 Murders • Jan-June 2005: 122 • Solved: 64 • Previous year (same time): 135 2005-07-06 Nullah length • Major: 200 km • Minor: 129 km • Roadside open drains: 2,022 km July 4, 2005 Fire stations • • • •

Total: 27 Officials: 2,500 Calls received: 8,000 Vehicles owned: 120 June 4, 2004

Trees • Trees planted between Jan and July 2005: 9,800 • No of trees allowed to be cut: 17,283 • Police complaints against tree cutting: 150 July 2, 2005 Death on railway tracks in 2004

98

Mumbai statistics • killed while crossing: 2,741 • Fell from trains: 457 • Hit electric poles: 27 May 18, 2004 Crime 2004 • • • • •

Robberies: 301 Thefts: 7,134 Car thefts: 3,247 Burglaries: 2,969 Murders: 250 July 10, 2005

Hospital beds • Govt: 19,647 • Pvt: 20,730 • Total: 40,377 July 7, 2005 Fatal accidents • 2004: 534 • 2003: 394 June 20, 2005 Crematoria/cemeteries • • • •

wooden pyres: 36 Electric: 10 Gas/diesel: 1 private cemeteries: 132 May 27, 2005

Dilapidated buildings • Cessed buildings: 19,642 • Given to housing. board for redevelopment: 700 • buildings redeveloped: 300 7 July Medical waste • Hospital beds: 31455 • wastes per day by hospitals: 6419 kg • waste per bed: .2 kg June 2 Vehicles as of March 31, 2005 • Trucks/lorries: 14, 942 • taxis: 56, 459 • autorickshaws: 1,02,224 • motorcycles: 3,18,191 • cars:3,58,742

99

Mumbai statistics June 2 Road infrastructure • Total length of roads: 1889 km • Flyovers in last decade: 55 • Budget for concretising roads: Rs 342 crore June 28, 2005 Family courts • courts:1 • judges: 7 • judge vacancies:0 Mumbai Port Trust • Total land: 1,860 acres (7.5 km2) • Port activities: 195 acres (0.79 km2) • Railways and roads: 521 acres (2.11 km2)

References 1. CITYSTATS, Times of India, Bombay, pg 2, 2005-05-24

100

101

Culture Mumbai culture A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar. People prefer to stay close to a railway station for easy access to the metropolis. Many city-dwellers lead a fast-paced life with very little time for other activities owing to a significant amount of time spent on daily commuting.

Language The official language of the city, Marathi, is the mother-tongue of 42% of the population. However, due to a large number of immigrants coming to the city, Mumbai has become a melting pot of various parts of India. This has resulted in a local dialect, Bambaiya Hindi. It reflects a blending of the different people in the city. Bollywood movies have portrayed the language often. Ganesh festival

Food The metropolis has a roadside fast food consisting of Vada pavs, Dabeli, Panipuri, Bhelpuri, etc. South Indian and Chinese food is also popular in the city. Other cuisines in the city are Lebanese, Korean, Thai, Italian and Mexican. Other than Chinese and South Indian cuisines, Mughalai, Punjabi, Mālvani and Continental are also popular. Mumbai has some of the oldest restaurants in India. Delhi Darbar, Sindhudurg, Highway Gomantak, Samrat, Vitthal Bhelwala, Mahesh Lunch Home, Kailas Parbat, Adarsh are some of the oldest restaurants in the city. Mumbai is known for its roadside food stalls and its restaurants which can be explored at Zomato.com [1]

Vada pav

Mumbai being the financial capital has a large no of migrant population. Of the migrating families a large no of Husband and Wives are working with no other family , hence ordering food from close by restaurants or calling for pre-packaged meal (dabba as called locally) is an accepted thing. Owing to these recent trends there have been some online food ordering services that have cropped GoGobble.in [2] & Tastyplex.com [3] Tea is the most popular beverage followed by coffee. There are tea stalls in almost all roads and corners. Other drinks include fruit juices and coconut water. Irani cafés are a part of Mumbai's cosmopolitan heritage.

Mumbai culture

102

Music The Marathi koli songs, which was the original music of the city, are still heard in many coastal areas in its original form and even in repacked pop/party remix forms. The large number of migrants have also brought their own tastes in cuisine, music, films and literature, both Indian and international. Bollywood music is the most popular type heard in the city played by the city's shops, taxis and establishments. Indi-pop, Marathi, and Hindi music, Indian classical music, rock and international pop music have their fans in the city. Western Classical Music too has a following in Mumbai. The Bombay Chamber Orchestra [4] (BCO) was founded in 1962. It is the only Indian symphony orchestra that functions and performs on a regular basis with a concert standard of performance. The Symphony Orchestra of India, originated in 2006, and is based in Mumbai. It often performs at the National Centre for the Performing Arts. Mumbai has also produced renowned classical musicians, like Zubin Mehta, who considers Mumbai his hometown. English music has a following and the city's local English rock base has grown considerably having their own bands. International music from Beyoncé Knowles, Bryan Adams, Iron Maiden, Eminem and Enrique Iglesias are popular here and sometimes outsell the Bollywood albums. The rock/metal industry is active and is based in Mumbai and Pune. Independence Rock, popularly known as I-Rock in Mumbai and Pune Woodstock of Pune are two of the major rock festivals of the Mumbai-Poona rock circuit.

Festivals Mumbai residents celebrate Western and Indian celebrations and festivals. Festivals and celebrations are observed by residents of all communities and religions. Diwali, Holi, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Id, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the festivals in the city. Ganesh Chaturthi is one of the most major festivals, celebrated in the city with great fervour. This festival involves the placing of an idol of Lord Ganesha in the house for either 1½, 3,5,7 or 11 days after which it is immersed in the ocean after a colourful and noisy parade. This festival was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak as a means of unifying all the people. This is primarily celebrated by Maharashtrians but almost all Mumbaikars participate in one way or another. The city holds an annual gay pride parade on in the middle of Summer.[5]

Immersion of Ganesh idol on the occasion of Anant Chaturdashi in 1946

Architecture In 2004, Mumbai received two heritage conservation awards from the UNESCO. The Marine Drive is home to some of the finest buildings of the art deco style, which flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. During the British era, the Indo-Saracenic architecture was the official architecture of the city. Many Indo-Gothic monuments also line South Mumbai — Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus; BMC building, Gateway of India are some of this style. Mumbai has housing structures known as Chawl ('chaali' in Marathi). These are the remnants of the once booming cotton mills which provided job opportunities and led to migration of people to Mumbai. Chawls still occupy a large portion of the Mumbai residential area. Finials of BMC and CST.

Mumbai culture

Cinema Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema with the oldest film shot in the country in 1896 in the Kala Ghoda area. A large number of cinemas, including an IMAX dome theatre, catering to mainstream Marathi, Bollywood and Hollywood films dot the city. The city contains some old movie theatres like the Plaza, New Empire and New Excelsior. Due to taxation policies of the State Government, it has become more profitable to operate Multiplexes and so many movie theatres are making way for other developments or interior overhauls. An example of this is Sterling Theatre at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. The city is also home to film studios. These include Film City in Goregaon, and Raj Kapoor's R.K. Studios in Chembur, Filmistan, Shashadhar Mukherjee's Filmalaya and V Shantaram's Rajkamal Studio.

Theatres and art galleries Mumbai hosts plays and cultural performances. Some of the theatres are Prithvi Theatre at Juhu, Dinanath Natyagruha at Vile Parle, Shanmukhananda Hall at Matunga, Prabhodankar Thackeray Theatre at Rang Sharda at Bandra and the theatres at the National Centre for the Performing Arts (NA), Nariman Point. There are two public art galleries, The Jehangir Art Gallery and The National Gallery of Modern Art and a museum in South Mumbai. The Asiatic Society of Bombay is the oldest public library in the city, built in 1833. The commercial art galleries are mostly located in the Colaba and Fort area of downtown Mumbai. They include Chemould Prescott Road, Pundole, Guild, Sakshi, Mirchandani+Steinrucke, Chatterjee & Lal, and Project 88.

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

http:/ / www. zomato. com/ mumbai/ http:/ / www. gogobble. in http:/ / www. tastyplex. com http:/ / www. bcoindia. co. in/ Indian Cities See First Ever Gay Pride Parades (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story. php?storyId=92021547& ft=1& f=1004), The Bryant Park Project, National Public Radio (NPR), June 30, 2008, access date June 30, 2008

External links • Culture of Mumbai / People of Mumbai (http://www.magicalmumbai.com/3219/culture-of-mumbai/)

103

104

Media List of Mumbai radio stations There are sixteen radio stations in Mumbai, with twelve broadcasting on the FM band of which two are by AIR, three stations broadcasting on the AM mediumwave band (all AIR) and one on the AM shortwave band (also AIR). Navi Mumbai is also covered by these stations. There are also a few internet-based radio shows starting up in the city. These include Tiffin Talk, a show that describes itself as "a new radio project in Mumbai with the simple goal of delivering relevant discussion."[1] It is a weekly show focusing on political, business, and cultural issues that distributes as a podcast. There is also TD Radio, a show created by Teen Diaries LLC, that focuses on teen issues in the city. It airs live via webcast.[2]

AM Mediumwave Name Mumbai A

Frequency (kHz) 1044

Mumbai B (Asmita Vahini) 558 Mumbai C (Vividh Bharati) 1188

shortwave Time Between 5.25 A.M. and 9.30 A.M.

Frequency (kHz) Mumbai ( Marathi Programme as per following time-table) 4840 kHz

Between 11.00 A.M. and 4.05 P.M. 7240 kHz Between 6.00 P.M. and 11.00 P.M. 4840 kHz

Mumbai FM Station List:90.8 Jago Mumbai, 91.1 Radio City, 92.7 BIG FM, 93.5 Red FM, 94.3 Radio One, 98.3 Radio Mirchi, 100.7 AIR FM Gold, 104.0 Fever 104 FM, 104.8 Oye FM 107.1 AIR FM Rainbow

List of Mumbai radio stations

References [1] Tiffin Talk Website (http:/ / www. tiffintalk. org) [2] Youth-driven internet talk radio show 'TD Radio' rolls out, 12/06/09 (http:/ / www. radioandmusic. com/ content/ editorial/ news/ youth-driven-internet-talk-radio-show-td-radio-rolls-out)

List of television stations based in Mumbai This is a list of Television stations based in the city of Mumbai, India.

Media Channels • STAR News STAR News is the Hindi-language channel of STAR TV, a subsidiary of News Corporation [1] • Bloomberg UTV (formerly UTVi) is a 24-hour English language business and financial broadcast news outlet in India[2] • ET Now is a business news channel in India, owned and operated by the Times Group.[3] • IBN-7 (Indian Broadcast Network) is a Hindi news television channel run by Network 18 Ltd based in Mumbai. • www.pnewschannel.com • • • • • •

CNBC-TV18 CNBC-TV18 is a business news channel broadcast in India based in Mumbai. CNBC Awaaz is a business news channel in India. Hathway Hathway is a major cable television service operator in India based in Mumbai. IBN Lokmat is a Marathi-language news channel based in Mumbai. ABP Majha is a 24-hour free-to-air Marathi news channel broadcast in India based in Mumbai.[4] Times Now is a 24-hour English language news channel based in Mumbai and broadcast primarily in the South Asian region and sparingly across the USA through partner networks.[5] • Zee 24 Taas (झी २४ तास, zee chovis taas) is Marathi news channel owned by Zee Network. • Zee Business is one of the fastest growing Hindi business news channel in India. • Live India is one of the leading and fastest growing news channel in India.

Entertainment Channels • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Star Pravah A Marathi Language Entertainment TV channel from STAR TV. STAR Utsav is a free-to-air Hindi general entertainment channel based in Mumbai.[6] STAR One is an Indian television channel that primarily broadcasts Hindi entertainment based in Mumbai. STAR Gold is a Hindi movie channel that is part of the STAR TV network and is owned by News Corporation. STAR Plus is a Hindi language general entertainment based television channel. The channel is part of the STAR TV network's bouquet of channels Zoom is an Indian glamour and entertainment television channel primarily covering Bollywood. Zee Smile is India's first `24-hour comedy television channel. Zee Café is an Indian English-language television channel based in Mumbai. 9X is an Indian Hindi general entertainment channel based in Mumbai. Zee TV is an India-based satellite television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises based in Mumbai. Zee Cinema is a Hindi satellite movie channel in India based in Mumbai. Zee Talkies is a Marathi television channel broadcasting movies by Zee Entertainment. Zee Marathi (Marathi: झी मराठी) is India-based satellite television channel, which carries broadcasts in Marathi. Zee Trendz is a part of Zee Network which is an India's fashion and lifestyle channel.

• Zee Bangla is a Bengali-language cable television channel in India. • Zee Studio is an Indian English-language movie channel based in Mumbai.

105

List of television stations based in Mumbai • B4U Movies is a Bollywood movie digital TV channel based in Mumbai. • Bindass (also known as UTV Bindass), is a Hindi entertainment channel in India targeted at Indian youth. • Colors known as Aapka Colors in the US, is a Hindi language Indian general entertainment channel based in Mumbai. • Cartoon Network is a cable and satellite television channel created by Turner Broadcasting. • DD Sahyadri is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai. • Disney Channel India is an Indian television channel specializing in television programming for children through original series and movies. • Filmy is an Indian Hindi-language movie channel based in Mumbai. • Real is a Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner International India Pvt Ltd. • POGO is a cable and satellite television channel created by Turner Broadcasting, a unit of Time Warner for India. • WB Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel launched by Time Warner and Turner International India Pvt Ltd exclusively for India. • Firangi TV is the newest channel from Sahara One Media, one of India's media giants based in Mumbai. • Hungama TV is a TV channel for kids in India based in Mumbai. • UTV Action (formerly known as UTV Bindass Movies), is an Indian movie channel which features Hollywood action movies dubbed in Hindi and Bollywood action movies. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

UTV Movies is a Hindi movie channel in India based in Mumbai UTV World Movies is India's leading 360 degree international cinema brand based in Mumbai. Sahara One is an Indian Hindi general entertainment channel based in Mumbai. Imagine Showbiz is a 24-hour Bollywood Business and entertainment channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System based in Mumbai. Lumiere Movies is an Indian movie channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System based in Mumbai. SAB TV is an Indian general entertainment television channel that is owned by Multi Screen Media Pvt. Ltd and based in Mumbai SET Max is Sony's Entertainment Television Network's channel that provides its viewers a mix of Hindi Movies and cricket based in Mumbai. SET PIX is an Indian movie channel under the Sony Entertainment Network umbrella based in Mumbai. Sony Entertainment Television, commonly known as Sony TV or SET, is one of the India’s most popular Hindi-language based general entertainment channel. Nickelodeon India is a television channel devoted to children in India based in Mumbai. Viacom 18 Motion Pictures, a part of Viacom 18 (a Viacom and Network 18 t venture), is the first studio model based motion picture business in India. Toon Disney India was a cable channel that first aired in India in 2004 based in Mumbai. Mi Marathi is one of the leading Regional Marathi channel. Mee Marathi is an entertainment channel owned by Shri Adhikari Brothers in Marathi language. Sanskar TV is an Indian television channel that is primarily dedicated to broadcasting spiritual programmes. Animax is Japanese Anime Channel but now also broadcast US Live Action series and devoted to Indian youths and young adults, distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment.[7] Playhouse Disney is a preschool-programming block that launched in India in 2006. Disney XD Disney XD is a new television channel broadcasting in India, owned by The Walt Disney Company. Zee Premiere channel is a 24-hour movie channel featuring the latest movies from the world of Bollywood Zee Classic is the channel from the zee package of channels showing all black and white classic old movies from Bollywood.

• Whats On India is India's first and only Consumer TV Guidance channel. The 24X7 Satellite Channel has a nation-wide coverage across DTH and Cable platforms. The channel is designed to help millions of TV viewers in their day-to-day Television viewing amidst the Indian market reality of hundreds of TV channels and the resultant

106

List of television stations based in Mumbai viewer confusion of 'what-to-watch'.[8]

Sports Channels • Zee Sports is an Indian sports channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises which is part of Essel Group • NEO Cricket is a channel dedicated to cricket entertainment. It is a part of Nimbus Communications Ltd and is headquartered in Mumbai • ESPN India or ESPN HD is a sports channel for India by ESPN Star Sports network. • STAR Sports(was formerly known as Prime Sports) is a cable sports network owned by STAR TV and Fox International Channels in partnership with ESPN International through ESPN STAR Sports. • STAR Cricket Part of the ESPN-STAR network, STAR Cricket is a 24-hour cricket channel targeting Indian audiences owned by STAR TV and Fox International Channels. • DD Sports is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Delhi. • TEN Sports or Ten Sports HD / Taj Entertainment Network) is an Indian sports channel owned and operated by Zee Network. • TEN Cricket is a 24-hour sports channel dedicated to cricket. • NEO Prime (formally called NEO Cricket) is a channel dedicated to sports entertainment. • NEO Sports is an Indian pay television channel, which broadcasts sports entertainment programming of Nimbus Communications. • Sony SIX is an Indian sports channel owned and operated by MSM India, which also owns Sony Entertainment Television and SET Max. • TEN Action (formerly known as Zee Sports and then TEN Action+) is a 24-hour sports channel dedicated to Association Football. • TEN Golf is a 24 hours Golf channel by Taj Network. • ESPNews India ESPN News is a proposed 24 hours sports news channel by ESPN STAR Sports for India.

Music Channels • 9XM is an Indian Hindi music television channel, broadcast in India based in Mumbai. • MTV India (Music Television) India was launched in 1996 and is now part of the Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd based in Mumbai. • Vh1 is an English music channel in India. • B4U Music is a music-themed digital TV channel available on more than 8 different satellites.[9] • Channel V is an Indian music television channel, broadcast in India based in Mumbai.[10] • Music India Music India is a Hindi music television channel. It shows 24 hours Hindi music.[11]

References [1] "indya.com - STAR - STAR News" (http:/ / starnews. indya. com). Starnews.indya.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [2] www.bloombergutv.com [3] "Video News on Economic Times - Watch Latest News Videos" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ videolist/ 4413218. cms). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [4] "Star Majha" (http:/ / www. starmajha. com/ ). Star Majha. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [5] "Latest Breaking News, Online TV News, News Videos and Current Affairs at Times Now" (http:/ / www. timesnow. tv/ ). Timesnow.Tv. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [6] "indya.com - STAR - STAR Utsav" (http:/ / starutsav. indya. com). Starutsav.indya.com. 1981-06-12. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [7] " Us | India Animax" (http:/ / www. animaxindia. com/ -us). Animaxindia.com. 2010-04-21. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [8] "What's On India Channel" (http:/ / www. whatsonindia. com/ WhatsOnTV/ WhatsOnIndiaChannel. aspx). joel_joel72004. . [9] B4U Television. "B4U details for UK, USA, UAE and INDIA office" (http:/ / www. b4utv. com/ subs/ . shtml). B4Utv.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [10] "It's Bloody Cool" (http:/ / www. channelv. in/ . php). channelv.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-16.

107

List of television stations based in Mumbai [11] "Music India - India's most popular music channel- us" (http:/ / www. music-india. in/ s. asp). Music-india.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-16.

108

109

Education List of colleges in Mumbai This is a list of colleges in the city of Mumbai, India. Most of the colleges in Mumbai are d to the University of Mumbai and are spread throughout the city as well as the suburbs, where colleges have sparse facilities such as food, beverages etc. At the undergraduate level, BA, BSc, and BCom are popular courses in these colleges. Along with these conventional courses, many colleges also offer professional courses which concentrate on a specialized field. Almost all colleges also offer courses at Junior college level, which is equivalent to last 2 years of high schools in other countries. The Junior colleges are governed by the Maharashtra State Board for Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.

Colleges offering common Science, Arts and Commerce courses ==+=== Colleges With Greater Ranking & Certificate Recognition (Unless specified, the colleges are d to the University of Mumbai. The reader is requested to the same) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Atomic Energy Junior College - Anushaktinagar Akbar Peerbhoy College - Grant Road Anjuman-I-Islam JR. College - Victoria Terminus|VT Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's College - Andheri (West) Birla College Of Arts, Commerce & Science - Kalyan Burhani College of Arts and Commerce - Mazgaon B.J.P.C.I. College - Charni Road B N Bandodkar College of Science - Thane Chandrabhan Sharma College Of Arts, Science and Commerce - Powai Changu Kana Thakur College Of ACS - [New Panvel] Chandibai Himatlal Manshukhani (College of Arts, Commerce & Science) Ulhasnagar(Thane) Chetana's Hazarimal Somani College or Arts and Commerce (Bandra) Dahanukar College of Commerce - Vile Parle Dnyanasadhana College of Science, Commerce and Arts - Thane Dr. Antonio da Silva Tech. Jr. College-Dadar (w) Dr. Vinay Jadhav College Of Engineering ( Dombivli ) Dr B M N college of Home Science Matunga D.T.S.S. College of Commerce - Malad (E) Durgadevi Saraf Junior College - Malad (W) Elphinstone College [1] - Fort Eden Jr College Of Science and Commerce - [Sakinaka] Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts & Commerce - Malad (W) Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce [2] - Sion (East) / Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar H. R. College Churchgate Hazarimal Somani College of Commerce & Economic, Ksumtai Choudhary College of Arts [also known as Chetana College] - Bandra (East)

• Hinduja College of Commerce - Charni Road • Ideal Junior College of Arts, Commerce & Science. - Trombay

List of colleges in Mumbai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ICLE's Motilal Jhunjhunwala College Of Arts, Commerce & Science - Vashi Jai Hind College - Churchgate Kapol Institute Of Hotel Management And Catering Technology (Kandivali West) K.C. College - Churchgate K. D. Joseph Hope Academy Malad (E) Karmveer Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai Vinayak Ganesh Vaze College of Arts, Science & Commerce (Kelkar College), Mumbai Khar Education Society- Khar (West) Kirti M.Doongursee College - Dadar (West) K J Somaiya College of Arts and Commerce - Vidyavihar K J Somaiya College of Science and Commerce (Also known as Science college within the campus) - Vidyavihar K M Agrawal College Of Arts, Commerce & Science - Kalyan Khalsa College - Matunga Lala Lajpat Rai College of Commerce and Economics - Mahalaxmi L.S.Raheja College of Commerce & Arts - Santacruz (West) Mithibai College - Vile Parle Malini Kishore Sanghvi Junior college of Commerce- Juhu-Vile Parle

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

M.G.M. Academy's Junior College of Arts, Commerce & Science - Virar(West) M.M.K. College - Bandra MVLU College of Arts, Science and Commerce - Andheri Maharashtra College - Bombay Central Mulund College of Commerce [MCC] [Mulund - W] Mumbai College of Commerce Arts and Science Wadala (East) Mumbai College of Hotel Management and catering technology, Mira Road Mumbai college of Management, Technology and Research, Mira Road Malayalee Samajam's Model College of Commerce & Science, Dombivli (East) Maharshi Dayanand College of Arts, Sc & commerce - Parel N.G Acharya & D.K Marathe College of Arts Commerce & Science, Chembur (E) Nagindas Khandwal College of Commerce and Economics (N L College) - Malad Narsee Monji College of Commerce and Economics [3] - Vile Parle Niranjana Majjithia Degree College of Commerce Nirmala Memorial Foundation College of Science and Commerce, Kandivali (W)[http.//www.nirmala.edu.in] Pashree Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Arts, Science and Commerce Patkar-Varde College - Goregaon Parshvanath College of Polytechnic- Thane Patuck Polytechnic trust Junior College, Santacruz [East] Parshvanath college Of Engineering, Thane Pendharkar College - Dombivli (East) Pillai College of Arts, Science and Commerce [4] - New Panvel Pillai HOC College of Arts, Science and Commerce [5] - Rasayani Pragati College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Dombivali(E) www.pragaticollegedombivli.org Prahladrai Dalmia Lions College - Malad (W) Dr. T.J Shah Institute of Technology- Thane Dr. T.J Shah Institute of Hotel Management-Thane Kusum T Shah Institute of Pharmacy-Thane

• Ramanand Arya D.A.V. College - Bhandup (E) • R. D. National & W. A. Science College - Bandra

110

List of colleges in Mumbai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

R.K.Talreja College of Arts, Commerce & Science-Ulhasnagar Ramnarain Ruia College - Matunga Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce & Economics - Matunga Ramniranjan Jhunjhunwala College - Ghatkopar Rekhatai Pushpakant Mhatre Jr College of Science- Oshiwara Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce. (BMS and BMM) - Bandra Royal College of Science, Arts and Commerce[6] Official Site - Thane D. G. Ruparel College - Matunga sarthak arora public school shivneri vidya mandir Jr. collage [Sakinaka] Sheth L.U.J. and Sir M.V College of Arts, Science, and Commerce - Andheri Shri T. P. Bhatia Junior College of Science- Kandivali Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce - Fort Sinhgad College of Commerce - Chandivali SIES College of Arts, Science, and Commerce - Sion (West) SIWS College Of Science & Commerce - Wadala

• S K Somaiya College of Arts, Science and Commerce - (Also known as S K Somaiya Degree college within the campus) Vidyavihar • Smt. Chandibai Himathmal Mansukhani College - Ulhasnagar • Shri Shankar Shetty Jr. College of Commerce & Science, Charai, Thane(W) • SNDT College - Juhu (d to SNDT Women's University) • Sophia College for Women [7] - Pedder Road • S S & L S Patkar College of Arts and Science- Goregaon • St Andrew's College - Bandra • St Anne's High School and Junior College - Malad(West) • St Rock's College of Commerce and Science - Borivali(West) • St. Xavier's College - Dhobitalao • Swami Vivekananda Junior College, Mumbai -Chembur • Swami Vivekananda International School and Junior College - Kandivali • Sydenham College of Commerce & Economics - Churchgate • S. M. Shetty College of Science, Commerce and Management Studies - Powai • Thakur College of Science and Commerce - Kandivali (East) • Thomas Baptista Junior College of Arts, Science & Commerce - Vasai Road(West) • Tolani College of Commerce – Andheri (East) • Universal college hospitality studies, Mira Road • University Department of Information Technology, University of Mumbai – Kalina, Santacruz • V.M.P.H. College of Pharmacy, ThaneVani Vidhyalaya • V P Varde College of Commerce - GoregaonVani Vidhyalaya • Vidyavardhini college of Arts, Science and Commerce - VASAI ROAD. • Vani Vidhyalaya junior college, Mulund. • VIVA College of Arts, Science & Commerce - Virar • Vikas College of Arts & Commerce - Vikhroli • Vivek College of Commerce - Goregaon • Wilson College - Girgaum • Bandra Urdu Junior College of Science & Commerce, Bandra • S.N.College, Bhayandar Bhayandar

111

List of colleges in Mumbai • St. Paul English school & Junior College Of Art, Science & Commerce, Ashelepada, Near VTC Ground, Ulhasnagar-421004 Thane tell-0251-2582255 http://palshikshan.com • Sathaye College of Arts, Science & Commerce, [(Vile Parle)] • Shri M.D. Shah Mahila College of Arts and Commerce - Malad • Shri M.D. Shah Mahila College of Arts and Commerce [8], Malad, West (d to SNDT Women's University • Saket College of Arts Science and Commerce([9]),Kalyan (E) • KES Shroff college of commerce& arts.(www.kessconline.co.in)

Engineering colleges (Unless otherwise specified, the colleges are d with the University of Mumbai) • • • • • • •

A.C.Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai[10] Atharva College of Engineering, Malad (West) Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Belapur, Navi Mumbai Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Airoli, Navi Mumbai Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Kurla (West) Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Vikroli (East) Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Vile Parle (West)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering, Bandra Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai[11] KC College of Engineering, Thane (East) K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Vidyavihar K. J. Somaiya Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, Sion Konkan Gyaanpeeth's College of Engineering, Karjat Larsen & Toubro Institute of Technology (LTIT), Powai Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering - Kopar Khairane, Navi Mumbai M.C.T.'s Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology (RGIT), [12] Andheri (West) M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering - Byculla Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and Technology, Kalamboli Manjara Charitable Trust's Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Technology, Mumbai NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering (NMU), Juhu Parshvanath College of Engineering, Thane[13] Pabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering, Sion Pillai's Institute of Information Technology [14] New Panvel [15] Pillai's HOC College of Engineering and Technology [16] Rasayani Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, Nerul Rizvi College of Engineering, [[Bandra]] (West) [17]] Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Andheri (West) Shree L R Tiwari College Of Engineering, Mira Road (E) Mumbai, [18], Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar Saraswati Education Society's,Group of Institutions, Faculty of Engineering, Bhivpuri Sardar Patel College of Engineering - Andheri (West) Sardar Patel Institute of Technology - Andheri (West) [19] Shah and Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Chembur

• Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering, Dombivali • Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering, Asangaon • SIES Graduate School of Technology, Nerul

112

List of colleges in Mumbai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

St. Francis Institute of Technology, Borivali Smt. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering [20] Kopar Khairane, Navi Mumbai St John College of Engineering & Technology, [21] Palghar Terna Engineering College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Kandivali Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute Of Engineering & Technology [22], Bhivpuri Yadavrao Tasgaonkar College Of Engineering & Management [23], Bhivpuri Xavier Institute of Engineering Mahim (West) Thadomal Shahani Engineering College Mumbai, Bandra (W) [24] Watumull Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Computer Technology, Worli, Mumbai [25] Vidyalankar Institute of Technology(VIT [26]), Wadala (E),Mumbai Vidyavardhini's College of Engineering and Technology([27]),Vasai Road (W) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI [28]), Matunga, Mumbai Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology Mumbai, Kurla (E) College of Modern Technology & Engineering, Charai, Thane (W) Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's College of Engineering, Kankavli

Technical institutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Shah And Anchor Kutchhi Polytechnic. Industrial Training Institute (Bombay ITI ),Agripada,374,sane guruji marg, agripada Mumbai - 11 Bhabha Atomic Research Center Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai St. Xavier 's Technical Institute Government Polytechnic, Mumbai Bombay Institute of Technology Shri Bhagubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic Vile Parle (W) Grant Medical College and Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals L&T Institute of Technology (LTIT) Powai Institute of Chemical Technology (Deemed to be university under Section 3 of UGC ACT 1956) (formerly called UDCT) National Centre for Software Technology (NCST now C-DAC) Naval Institute Of Technology, Colaba Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - University of Mumbai Tata Memorial Hospital and Research Center - doctoral and postdoctoral research centre of the University of Mumbai Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (formerly called IGIDR) Zagdu Singh Charitable Trust's Thakur Polytechnic, Kandivli (E) M. H. Saboo Siddik Polytechnic, Byculla, Mumbai, India Vidyalankar School of Information Technology, Wadala (E), Mumbai, India.

113

List of colleges in Mumbai

Management institutes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Podar World College, Santacruz Late Narayan Meghaji Lokhande Maharashtra Institute of Labour Studies(Specialised in HR & IR), Parel Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute Of management Studies and Research (SVIMS), Wadala (W) Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute For Financial and Management Studies (I) (Department of Mumbai University) GNVS Institute of Management [29] - GTB Nagar, Sion East, Mumbai Lala Lajpatrai College, Mahalaxmi(BMS&MMS) Institute of Management and Computer Studies (IMCOST) - Thane (West). St. Francis Institute of Management and Research (SFIMAR)- Borivli IES Management College (IES) [30] - Bandra (West) Mumbai Educational Trust Institute of Management (MET) - Bandra (West) Mumbai Institute of Management & Physical Education [31] Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute Of Management & Research [32]- Bhivpuri A.C.P.C.E Management Studies & Research [IIM-karghar],Navi Mumbai Chetana's R.K. Institute of Management and Research - Bandra (East) College of Business Management, Dadar (W).

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

College of Modern Technology & Engineering, Charai, Thane (W) Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Management Studies [33](Fr. Agnels Business School), Vashi, Navi Mumbai. Business School (IBS) [34], Powai Indian Institute of Planning and Management Indo-German Training Centre (IGTC) - Churchgate, Mumbai Institute for Technology and Management (ITM) - Kharghar, Navi Mumbai JK Institute of learning - MBP, Kopar Khairane KES college, Khar Education Society College of Commerce and Economics - Khar (West) Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Management (LLIM) - Mahalaxmi Mumbai College of Hotel Management and catering Technology (Mira road) Mumbai College of Management, Technology and Research (Mira road) NCRD's Sterling Institute of Management Studies, Nerul Pillai's Institute of Management Studies and Research (PIMSR) - New Panvel St. Paul College of BMS, ashelepada Taluka- Ambernath near VTC Ground Ulhasnagar-421004 Thane http:// palshikshan.com

• • • • • • • • • • • •

T.J Shah Institute Of Management ( Parshvanath College Of Engineering ) - Thane, Mumbai Thakur Institute of Management Studies and Research (TIMSR) - Kandivali Viva College Institute of Management studies (Viva IMS) - Virar YMT College of Management (YMT) -Kharghar,Greater Mumbai Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS) K.J.Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research (SIMSR) - Vidyavihar N. L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research - Mira Road (East) Narsee Monjee Institute of Management and Higher Studies (NMIMS) - Vile Parle (West) National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) - Vihar Lake - Powai S.P. Jain Institute of Management and Research (SPJIMR) - Andheri (west) Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management - IIT Bombay (IITSOM) - Powai Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) - Deonar, Greater Mumbai

• Vivekanand Education Society Institute of Management Studies and Research (VESIMSR)- Chembur • SIES College of Management Studies (SIESCOMS) - [[Navi Mumbai [35]]] • Prin. L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research [36] (Welingkar) - Matunga Central

114

List of colleges in Mumbai • • • • • • •

Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Management Studies ( DYPIMS ) Indira Institute of Management Studies - Navi Mumbai Kohinoor business school [kurla] JNIESTRT Rajeev Gandhi College of Management Studies Ghansoli Navi Mumbai.http://www.rgcms.edu.in/ Yashwantrao Chavan Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's Sinhgad Institute of Business Management, Chandivali Government Technical Highschool & Jr. College Vileparle (w)( +2 Bi-focal,Mcvc,& Pre Vocational) Saket College of Management Kalyan (E) 421306

Law colleges • • • • • • • •

Government Law College - Churchgate KC Law College - Churchgate Jitendra Chahuan College of Law- [Vile-Parle] SVKM's Pravin Gandhi College of Law- Vile Parle http://5yrlaw.svkm.ac.in/about.htm Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai - Fort Children Welfare Centre Law College www.cwclc.com Lords Universal College www.lordsuniversal.edu.in www.lordscollege.ac.in New Law College - Matunga

• • • • • • • •

Dr Ambedkar College of Law - Wadala G J Advani Law College - Bandra Rizvi Law College-Carter road Bandra TMC-Thane law college, Thane Nalanda Law College, Borivali V.E.S. College of Law, Chembur] D.Y. Patil College of Law Navi Mumbai Asmita College Of Law -Vikhroli www.asmitacollege.com

Applied arts • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Pashree Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Arts, Mumbai Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai Sophia-Shree B.K.Somani Polytechnic (only for girls), Mumbai Raheja College of Applied Art, bandra, Mumbai Rachana Sansad - College of Applied Art, Mumbai L.S Raheja college of Art Worli SIES College (Sion) Asmita College of Architecture, Mira Road Sir J. J. College of Architecture Rizvi College of Architecture - Bandra West Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture Late Bhausaheb Hiray College of Architecture L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Bandra Bharati vidhyapeeth's college of architecture—belpada,kharghar,navi Mumbai.* Dr. D.Y Patil College of Architecture, Nerul, Navi Mumbai • Balwant Sheth School of Architecture, Vile Parle West, Mumbai • Nirmala Niketan, College of Home Science, 49, New Marine Lines, Mumbai- 400 020 . http://www. nirmalaniketan.com/home/default.asp • ST. Francis Institute of Art & Design, Borivli West, Mumbai

115

List of colleges in Mumbai • Pillai's college of Architecture. Navi Mumbai. • K.P.B. Hinduja college of law • ITM - Institute of Fashion Design and Technology - Oshiwara [Mumbai]

Dental • • • • • • • •

Pashree Dr D.Y.Patil Dental College & Hospital - Nerul Mahatma Gandhi Mission Dental College - Kalamboli Nair Dental College - Byculla, Mumbai Central Government Dental College and Hospital - Fort (Mumbai precinct) St. George Dental College & Hospital, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Terna Dental College and Hospital - nerul, Navi Mumbai Yerala Medical Trust Dental College & Hospital - Kharghar, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Dental Navi Mumbai,

Media • Social Communications Media - Sophia College for Women • School Of Broadcasting and Communication - Andheri • Masters In Communication and Journalism - University of Mumbai Journalism Mentor—India's only journalism mentorship programme

Vocational Institutes • Atharva College of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Mumbai. (d to Mumbai University) offers 3 year full-time degree in Hotel Management and Certificate Courses in Cookery, Bakery, Food & Beverage Service, Bartending • Dr. Antonio da Silva Tech. Jr. College-[Dadar (w)] • International Institute of Fashion Technology (IIFT), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. • JD Institute of Fashion Technology • Sophia Shree B K Somani Polytechnic (houses courses under several disciplines) • Institute of Retail & Fashion Studies • Mumbai College of Hotel Management and catering Technology (state vocational edu. board) (Mira road) • International Institute for Population Sciences (Deemed University), Deonar • Pragati College of Arts, Comm, Science, BBM and BMM - [Dombivali(w)] www.pragaticollegedombivli.org

References [1] http:/ / www. elphinstonecollege. ac. in [2] http:/ / www. gurunanakcollegeasc. in/ [3] http:/ / www. nmcollege. in [4] http:/ / www. pcacs. ac. in [5] http:/ / www. phcasc. ac. in [6] http:/ / www. royalcollegemiraroad. com/ [7] http:/ / sophiacollegemumbai. com [8] http:/ / www. mdshahmahilacollege. ac. in [9] http:/ / saketgyanpeeth. com [10] http:/ / www. ace. org [11] http:/ / www. iitb. ac. in [12] http:/ / mctrgit. ac. in/ [13] http:/ / www. pctce. com [14] http:/ / www. piit. ac. in

116

List of colleges in Mumbai [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

http:/ / www. piit. ac. in/ mu& aicte. htm http:/ / www. phcet. ac. in http:/ / eng. rizvi. edu. in/ http:/ / www. slrtce. in http:/ / www. spit. ac. in http:/ / www. sigce. edu. in/ http:/ / engineering. aldel. in/ http:/ / www. tasgaonkartech. com/ ytiet/ http:/ / www. tasgaonkartech. com/ nyt_ytcem/ http:/ / www. tsec. edu/ http:/ / www. watumull. edu/ http:/ / vit. edu. in http:/ / vcet. edu. in http:/ / vjti. ac. in/ http:/ / www. gnvsiom. org http:/ / www. ies. edu/ management2010/ http:/ / www. mimpe. org http:/ / www. tasgaonkartech. com/ nyt_mgt/ http:/ / www. fcrims. com/ http:/ / www. ibsindia. org/ Icfai http:/ / www. siescoms. edu/ http:/ / www. welingkar. org/ welingkar/ v1/ Home/ home_flash. asp

External links • "University of Mumbai, d Colleges" (http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html). University of Mumbai website. • Management Colleges in Mumbai (http://indiacollegeinfo.com/best/List_of_BBA_/ _MBA_Colleges_in_Mumbai_with_fees_strcuture_/_placements_/_issions_/_hostels_/__full_Details/) • Engineering Colleges in Mumbai (http://indiacollegeinfo.com/best/ List_of_Engineering_Colleges_in_Mumbai/) • List of Colleges d to Mumbai University and their details (http://education-india.in/Education/ Universities/University_Details.php?UniversityId=MU)

117

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=522334152  Contributors: 190319m9, 1excalibur, 1exec1, 200.191.188.xxx, 203.109.250.xxx, 205gti306gti, 21655, 25 Cents FC, 72Dino, A i s h2000, ABF, AI009, ASOTMKX, Aaftabj, Aakashshah123, Aakkshay, Aam422, Aarem, Aaroncrick, Abecedare, Abhayrk, Abhijit borude, Abhijitsathe, Abhinavdhere, Abhishek 619, Abhishek191288, Abhishekjparmar, Acalamari, Acegunther, Ackulkarni, Actuszeus, Adam.J.W.C., Adhishb, Adiyuva, Advait4, Advaitrocking, AgarwalSumeet, Agceltics, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Aiyer, Ajay259, Ajayr22, Ajayraote, AjitDongre, AjitPD, Akar2, Aksi great, AlainaUCSD, Alamandrax, Alansohn, Aleenf1, AlexNebraska, Alexandria, Alexius08, Algesh, Allmhurach, Alren, Alsandro, Alvord12, Amakuru, Amaltash, Amartyabag, Ambarish, Ambuj.Saxena, Amirki (usurped), Amit20081980, Amitdotchauhan, Amitrc7th, Amjad.c, Amol.Gaitonde, Amolkots, Amsterdam360, Anchitk, Andonic, Andre Engels, AndrewHowse, Andrewlp1991, Andrewman327, Angela, AnimalExtender, Anirbandas, Ankitbhatt, Anonymous12321, Anshuk, Anshuman.jrt, Antaeusrentacar, Antandrus, Antares784, Anthony Appleyard, Anuandraj, Anupam, Anupamenosh12345, Anuraagvaidya, Anurav a, ApolloCreed, Appraiser, Arch dude, Archan dave, Archanajnu, AreJay, Arfatazmi, Arjun024, Arnoldsty, Aronjr41, AroundTheGlobe, Art LaPella, Artaxerxes07, Artaxiad, Arun11, Arvind Iyengar, Asahai.248, Ascend, Asenine, Ashik5, Ashurockstarboy, Ashwatham, Athaenara, Augur, AustinJoseph, Avala, Avenue X at Cicero, Awnabbas, AxelBoldt, Azimuth1, BBird, BD2412, Baa, Backslash Forwardslash, Bala 207, Bala.pranab, Balthazarduju, Balvant Kerkar, Balwinderdeep, Bandishbhoir, Banes, Banzaicat, Barfooz, Bariajatin, Bart133, Batram, Bazonka, Bcorr, Beetstra, Behzadaltaf, Bekus, Beland, Belasd, Ben Ben, Bencherlite, Bentley4, Bergsten, BernardM, Bernardlabs, BethelRunner, Bharan cse, Bhargo, Bhaskarswaroop, Big Adamsky, BigJolly9, Bill37212, Billposer, Bilsonius, Biruitorul, Bkell, Black Kite, Blackjays, Blake-, Bleaney, Blehfu, Bloodshedder, Bluedenim, Bluezy, Bnewstead, Bnitin, Bobblewik, Bobet, Bobo192, Bobsheth, Bodybagger, Bogdan, Bogomolov.PL, Bollywoodbombay, Bombeye, Bomlove, Bongwarrior, Boothy443, BorgQueen, Boston, BostonPunekar, Boyfriendtogirlsaloud, Brandmeister (old), Bred, Brhaspati, Brighterorange, Brusegadi, Bryan Derksen, Bs4173, Bsadowski1, Buaidh, By78, McE, CRKingston, Caknuck, CalJW, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinux, Canaima, Canterbury Tail, Cantus, CapitalR, Capricorn42, CarTick, Cargoking, Carnildo, Carsos1992, Catalaalatac, Cdc, Cenarium, Cgs, Chameleon, Chanakyathegreat, Chance Harper, Chengiz, Cheraz, Chethankr wiki, Chewwy225, Chimanrao, Chinmay26r, Chirag, Chirags, Chris Roy, CieloEstrellado, Cirt, Cit helper, Ckatz, ClamDip, Clark89, Clawed, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Cntras, Colibri37, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Confuzion, Contentstalker, Conversion script, Coolazhar, Coollemonade, Cosmic Latte, baherwani, Crambane, CrashCart9, Crazysoul, Crazyvas, Cribananda, Criticalthinker, Cromwellt, Crusoe8181, Crystalmaze 230583, Cs-wolves, Cst17, Cukorka22, Curps, Cybercobra, Cyclopaedia, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBGrover, DDragonNk-Visual, DJ Clayworth, DMG413, DO'Neil, DRAGON BOOSTER, DaGizza, Dabomb87, Dalekrabe, Daniel, Danny-w, Dantadd, DaronDierkes, Darrendeng, David R. Ingham, David matthews, DavidWBrooks, Davidcannon, Davshul, Dbachmann, Dbgorde, Deavenger, Debresser, Deepak, Deepak D'Souza, Deflective, Degen Earthfast, Delirium, Delldot, Deltabeignet, DerHexer, DerechoReguerraz, Derek Ross, Derek.cashman, Deshmukhv, Desiphral, Devanjedi, Deville, Devx101, Dewan357, Dharmadhyaksha, Dhruv9876543210, Dhruvgupta97, Dhruvpat, Diberri, Dide14, Dilcsi, Dilli Billi, Discospinster, Dksidana, Dmrcjess, Dn9ahx, DocWatson42, Doczilla, Donarreiskoffer, Dontrustme, Doorvery far, Dorelal, Dr. Blofeld, Drkpp, Drmies, Dryman, Dsouzamarshall, Dubaiproperty, Dude7190, Dudecon, Dulciana, Duskrider, Dwaipayanc, Dxbmanu, ESkog, Easwarno1, Easydriveforum, Ed Poor, Edcolins, Effer, Eggman64, Ekabhishek, Ekotkie, El C, El duderino, Eladush, Elassint, Electromite, Electronz, Elinnea, Elockid, Emeraude, Enigma Blues, Enihar, Enthusiast10, ErkinBatu, Erode, Essell sons, Estel, Ettrig, Eubulides, Everyking, Everything counts, Evil Monkey, Ewlyahoocom, Extra999, Faisalzar 29, Fan-1967, Fanatix, Farkas János, Favonian, FayssalF, Fedayee, FindAWayOrMakeOne, Finetooth, Fjmustak, FlagSteward, Fooferoni101, Foulis, Fourfirefoxes, Fowler&fowler, Foxj, Frau Holle, Freakofnurture, Fredrik, FreplySpang, Fruge, Fudoreaper, Fundamental metric tensor, Fusion07, Futurebird, Fuzheado, Fæ, G. Capo, GDibyendu, GNRY09, Gabbe, Gabbhh, Gabi S., Gadget850, Gaius Cornelius, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Gajamukhu, Ganeshk, Garytown, Gaurav, Gautamj, Gdarin, Geeteshgadkari, Gelo71, Gene Nygaard, Generalboss3, Geni, GeorgeGill100, GetLinkPrimitiveParams, Ghushe, Gimmetrow, Giraffedata, Girgirya, GlassCobra, Gmaxwell, Gobbleswoggler, Goethean, Gogo Dodo, Gold heart, Gomathishankar1975, Gopalvsh, Gppande, GraemeL, Graham87, Grampion76, Grant65, Green Giant, GregorB, Grenavitar, Gscshoyru, Gsklee, Guesme, Gurudev123, Gyan, Gyoung345, Hadal, Hadi Payami, Haharsh, Hajor, Hamako, Hamiltonstone, Hammersoft, Hamtechperson, Handbook3, Handlins, Hans Dunkelberg, Happylobster, Happysiddhant, Harappa2, Hardik jadeja, Hardouin, Hari, Harsha363, Harshadkhandare, Harshits, Hello5678, Helloanand, Helloooooo, Heman, Hemanshu, Hemendra, Henry Flower, Hfastedge, Highvale, Himanshu hari, Hintha, Hinto, Hkelkar, Hmains, Holy Ganga, Hometech, Hongooi, Hoo man, Hu12, Huniebunie, Huseyx2, Hux, Hwbonkers, I dream of horses, IAF, Iamvolunteer, Icairns, Ifmanish, Imhunt, ImpuMozhi, India Rising, Indianboy1, Indianhilbilly, Indon, Indoresearch, Indscribe, Information-Line, Infrogmation, Interlingua, Ioeth, Ipigott, Irdepesca572, Iridescent, Irutavias, Ishan, Issacwilliamspaul, Istcol, Itz akshay, Itzsundar, J.delanoy, J04n, JForget, JNW, JPD, JaGa, Jackol, Jacksav, Jacoplane, Jaganath, Jagged 85, Jainmugdha, Jainrajat11, Jainuday, Jalimelys88, Jalovaalea, JamesBWatson, Jan van Male, Jan1nad, Jana337, Jane McCann, Janx Spirit, Jarry1250, Jasepl, Java13690, Jaxl, Jay, Jaymerchi, Jeandré du Toit, Jeepday, Jeet221990, Jeff G., JeffreyN, Jellogirl, Jeroen, Jeronimo, Jerryseinfeld, Jguk, Jguk 2, Jhbdel, Jhenderson777, Jhendin, Jim, Jitts 619, Jkeene, Jlin, Jnorton7558, Joao Xavier, Joaopais, Joe3600, Joedjemal, John, John of Reading, JohnInDC, Johnhardcastl, Johnian144, Johnvasai, Jojit fb, Jonathan.s.kt, Jondr12, Jonejaraunak99, Joowwww, Jose Ramos, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshua Issac, Jovianeye, Joyson Konkani, Joyson Prabhu, Julius Nayak, Justinitalia, Justmihir, Juzer, K. the Surveyor, KCM1029, KCinDC, KJS77, KMANOJ06, KNM, KRS, Kaal, Kafka Liz, Kairos, Kalkibhagwan, Kamalkantchourey, Kamielschwartz, Kandarp.desai82, Kanduparee, Kapitop, Karan1974, Karenjc, Karish, Karmosin, Karthik.coep, Karthikndr, Karyasuman, Kash1234, Kashifkhusro, Kate, Katimawan2005, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Kbir1, Kechi, KeithCHoffman, Kelisi, Kelly, Kelvinng90, Kensplanet, Kentem, Kesangh, Kevin, Khazar2, Khcf6971, Khivi, Khoenr, Khoikhoi, Khushwant singh best, King Zebu, King of Hearts, King747, Kingboyk, Kingfisherisgay, Kings uncle, Kinu, Kipala, Kittoo, Kkm010, Klemen Kocjancic, Knight 077, KnowledgeHegemony, KnowledgeHegemonyPart2, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kokarako Gumango, Kola1991, Koshurkott, Kparmar24, KrakatoaKatie, Kristenq, Krithix, KrunalBD, Kshitij85, Kukini, Kulasman, Kunalkariwala, Kungfuadam, KuwarOnline, Kvng, Kwamikagami, L.vivian.richard, LA2, LachlanA, Lagalag, Lalit Jagannath, Lambiam, Lankadhiraj, Lankiveil, Larry V, Last Emperor, Latitude0116, Le Canari, Leafyplant, Leandrod, Lear 21, Lear's Fool, LeaveSleaves, Lectonar, Leopart, Lesto101, Liam9232, Light48, LightAnkh, Lightmouse, Lihaas, LilHelpa, LittleOldMe old, Livajo, Llort, Local hero, Logan, Loganberry, firstname, Lohi8, LonelyMarble, Longhair, Lord Emsworth, Lord Voldemort, LordSimonofShropshire, LordSuryaofShropshire, Loren.wilton, Lostintherush, LouisSS13, Lova Falk, LoveLeeHeathen, Lucio Mas, Luk, Lukemendes, Lyght, Lyncs, Lzur, M m hawk, M3taphysical, MBorghese, MER-C, MJCdetroit, Maddie!, Maddyr, Madscientistjaidev, Magicalsaumy, Magioladitis, Mah exp, Maha Mantri, Maharashtraexpress, Mahawiki, Mailmustu, Major Bonkers, Makks2010, Malayali youth, Malleus Fatuorum, Mamboraj, ManasGupta85, ManasShaikh, Manaspunhani, Mangald, Mani534, Manish367, Manjulkumar, Manuel Anastácio, Marathipremi, Marek69, Mark0687, Markus Schmaus, MarmadukeP, Marshmir, Martandsinhparmar, Martin.Budden, Martin451, Marwek, Massimillio, Matdrodes, Materialscientist, Mathaiman, Matilda, Matt.T, Matthewhicks93, Mattisse, Matěj Grabovský, Mauls, Mav, Maxim, MaximvsDecimvs, Maxis ftw, Maya, Mayank Abhishek, Mayank.hc, Mayankbid, Mayankgates, Mayur.thakare, Mayuresh.kathe, Me-la-pelan, Meb53, Megaman24, Meghanand, Mendaliv, Mercunis, Metarhyme, Mh12, Michael Devore, Michael G. Davis, Michael Snow, MichaelTinkler, Michaelmas1957, MichiganCharms, Micke-sv, Mihir29, Mike Rosoft, MikeLynch, Mikey79au, Millosh, Mimic2, Minesweeper, Mjainit1, Mjolnir1984, Mkweise, Mltinus, Moe Epsilon, Mohanpn, Mohitkuk, Mokshjuneja, Moncrief, Mono, Monster eagle, Montrealais, Mouleesha, Mowgli, Mr.StateOfShock, MrChile, Mrdrift, Mrehere, Mrtag, Mrtpolice, Mspatnaik, Muchomank, Mudkid, Muktaone, Mumbai terrorist bomber, Mumbaicha, Mumbaikid, Murali83, Murdernacho, Muriel Gottrop, Murtasa, Mushroom, Mushroom9, Musivm, Mustaqbal, Mutiqb, Muzammil707, Myanw, Myheartinchile, Mzsatish, NCrane, NE2, Nachoman-au, Nakon, Naman297, Naveenbm, NawlinWiki, Nburden, Nchavhan, Ndenison, Neilf11, Neko-chan, Neoform, Neptomann, Net2008, Netzarp, Neutrality, Neverquick, Neviselevate, New Rock Star, NewEnglandYankee, Nhajaj, Nichalp, Nicke L, Nicsa, Nikhil Govalkar, Nikkul, Ninadhardikar, Ninadism, Ninney, Nirav.maurya, Nirbhaykanoria, Nirjosho, Nirvana888, Nishant12, Nishkid64, Nitajk, Niteowlneils, Niteshpradhans, Nitin.sjs, Nitincoolchamp, Nitinjamdar, Nitnaga, Njaelkies Lea, Njahnke, Nk, Nku, Nmpenguin, Noformation, Nomi887, Northamerica1000, Npcrazy98, Npindia, Nskamat, Nthakk01, Ntrust08, Nubiatech, NuclearWarfare, NupeWD1993, Nuttycoconut, Ny512, O1ive, Observ, Ocaasi, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, OlEnglish, Oldscientist, Oliver Pereira, OneHappyHusky, Onef9day, Op. Deo, Optakeover, OrangeINDIA, Orangewhitegreen, Ornithikos, Ortolan88, Ottava Rima, Ottre, OverlordQ, OwenX, OzWhiz, P.K.Niyogi, PDH, PL290, PS2pcGAMER, PZFUN, Paddu, Page Up, Paine Ellsworth, Palazzi 95, Papertree, Paragchitre, ParshJain, Parsi dude, Patrick, Paul-L, Paulinho28, Paxsimius, Peachey88, Pearle, Pediaindia, Pepsidrinka, Per Honor et Gloria, Personnne, Peter Horn, Peter I. Vardy, Peter Karlsen, Petronas, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phatmastafunk, PhilKnight, Philg88, Philip Trueman, Philycwalk, PhnomPencil, Pigsonthewing, Pikiwyn, Pinkadelica, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pkalein, Planemad, Plastictv, Plasticup, Plastikspork, Playethic, Pmsyyz, Poccil, Polaron, Poonampchavan, Popotão, Porqupine, Portress, Possum, Postglock, Poza2, Prachit, Pradeepbv, Pradeshhimachal, Pragvansh, Pranab.salian, PranksterTurtle, Prasadksap, Prasanaik, Pratheepps, Priyanath, Prodego, Proofreader77, Proteus, Pryoidain, Psresh, Psubhashish, Psurajit, Ptcamn, Pumelo, Pungimaster, Punitpankaj, Pwarrior, Pyromaniac131313, Quadell, Quebec99, Qwertzy, Qwyrxian, R saji kumar, R'n'B, RDSweet, RG104, RG2, RRSD, Radiant!, RafaAzevedo, Rafaelgr, Ragib, Raheelansari, Rahul Bobhate, Rahul meg, Rahulgo4love, Rait, Rajan Gidwani(coep), Rajasekaran Deepak, Rajeshroshan, Rakesh1234567890, Rakov, Rama's Arrow, Ramrao, RamunasM, Ran, Randomblue, Ranga27, Ranger1021994, Rantingraj, Rao Ravindra, Rao.anirudh, Ratzd'mishukribo, Rav.pat.2007, Raven in Orbit, Ravikiran r, Ravn, Raymond78, RayquazaDialgaWeird2210, Razaalizaidi, Razorflame, Razzing, Realjy01, Reaper Eternal, Rebelduder69, RedWolf, Redfarmer, Redrose64, Redsox24123, Redtigerxyz, RegentsPark, Reliancepowercoin, Renaissancee, Renzoy16, Restname, Retired2, Rettetast, Rgoogin, Rh fanin, Rhobite, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Woods, RickK, Ritchy, Rjanag, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Rlendog, Rmathur, Rmwikiedits, Robby, Robert1947, RobertG, Robertson-Glasgow, Robin klein, Rocket000, Rohan.kurani, Rohirok, Rohit Vaidya, Rohitbd, Rohittikmany, Romanwarrior, Rosh2610, Roshan baladhanvi, Rq88187, Rrjanbiah, Rror, Rsloch, Rsrikanth05, Rukateja, Rumpelstiltskin223, RupertMillard, RussBlau, Russavia, Rvbhatia, Rvd4life, Ryan Postlethwaite, RyanEberhart, Ryanduck35, S h i v a (Visnu), S3000, SBC-YPR, SI4, SMC, SNIyer12, SPUI, ST47, SUL, Sabretooth, Sachindole, Sachinvenga, Sag777, Saga City, Saheballah, Sailee5, Sakshat, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Sammysam, Samsoumi95, Samul, Sanfranman59, Sanfy, Sanilkeni, Sanjay ach, SanjayTilaiyan, Sanjeevlr, Sanket ar, Sannse, Sansonic, Sanya, Sapan J Gajjar, Sapan gajjar, Saravask, Sardanaphalus, Saros136, Sarvagnya, Sashidharg, Sasikumar10, Satishonline, Saturn star, Satyarthster, Saxin00, Sayalithebest, Sceptre, Sct72, Secret of success, Seivad, Send2parvez, Sevenland, Sfahey, Shadowjams, Shainath, Shalinparikh003, Shanes, Shantanuo, Shantanutandon, Shashidc, Shirt58, Shizhao, Shj95, Shoeofdeath, Shorerydr10, Shouriki, Shubham22, Shyam, Siddhant, Siddharth Prabhu, Signalhead, Signatius, Sikandarji, Silkyroad, SimonArlott, SimonP, Simplyj, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Siroxo, Skublic, Skg1000, SlaveToTheWage, Smagssb1, SmartGuy Old, Smartdashboard, Smartdust (usurped), Smartinfoteck3, Smettems, Smitavarma5, Snickster 02, Soilguy5, Solar20, Soman, Some jerk on the Internet, Somya123, Soulpatch, Soumyadipc, SpacemanSpiff, Speedevil, Spideraptor, Splurge, Sprashu, SqueakBox, Squiquifox, Srikeit, Srini81, Srinikasturi, Srinivara, Ssharma55, Stanleyfer, Stateofart, Stegop, Stephen, Stephen Turner, Stepheng3, Strike Eagle, Stupid Corn, Subcontinent, SuddenFrost, Suhanasoft, Sukh, Sumedh.hoskote, Sundar, Sunil N, Supasheep, Superdude99, Suthra, Suyogaerospace, SuzanneKn, Sverdrup, Svishwanathan, Swaminworld, Swatantrac, Switzpaw, SyedNaqvi90, Sylvain1972, TShilo12, TXiKi, Tabletop, Tal Celes, Tangerinehistry, Tanooj, Tanthalas39, Tanvirg, Tariqabjotu, Tatiraju.rishabh, Tawker, Tbhotch, Tbolar, Tehlulz54, Tejas81, TejasDiscipulus2, Tejassawant, Tempodivalse, Thaejas, The Evil Spartan, The Ogre, The Universe Is Cool, The Vivacious Vivienne VaVane, The free one, The undertow, The wub, TheCatalyst31, TheEgyptian, TheGeneral, TheSpecial, Thegroundsquirrel, Thehalfone, Thesmothete, Thewarriorrrr, Thingg, ThomasPhilip.jr, Thunderboltz, TigerShark, Timir2, Timsdad, Timwi, Tjmayerinsf, Tjrudebeck, Tkynerd, Tmopkisn, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi, Tom Radulovich, Tony Sidaway, Tony1, TonyTheTiger, Toprohan, Tpbradbury, Trafford09, Trakesht, Trek011, Tri400, Trinidade, Trovatore, Truebrother, Trusilver, TryCatchDenz, Tsrajesh, Tuncrypt, TutterMouse, Tvmpolice, Twistkhan, U.prasad, UW, Ubiquinoid, Uncle Dick, Universe inside, Urhixidur, Urnonav, Usyerramilli, Utcursch, UtherSRG, Utkarsh12345678, V das, Vadakkan, Vadapalani, Vancouverguy,

118

Article Sources and Contributors Vanished 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Vasaijohn, Vatech09, Vdeolali, Vedant, Vegaswikian, Velella, Velho, Vensatry, VeryVerily, Veryhuman, Vfitzpatrick, Vhankate, Victoria Eleanor, Vidveng, Villysap101, Vinay Pednekar, Violetriga, Vishal.nitc, Vivo78, Viyu5, Vkvora2001, Vr5106, Vrenator, Vssun, WISo, Walrabbit, Walter Görlitz, Ward3001, Warrennoronha, Warunshahc, Water Fish, Wavelength, Weissmann, Whbonney, WhisperToMe, Whitetararaj, Widders, Wik, Wikeditor22, Wiki Doc, Wikiality123, Wikidea, Wikideewana, Wikidemon, Wikipedia brown, Wikipelli, Wikiwalker, Wild Pansy, Will Beback, Wimt, Win.monroe, Wknight94, Wmahan, Woohookitty, Wooky70, World, World8115, Worldtraveller, Xavier449, Xchary, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, Xman, Xone4thekidsx93, YH1975, YUL89YYZ, Yahel Guhan, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yamla, Yashre, YellowMonkey, Yerpo, Yoddal, Yogb21, Yogesh Khandke, Yogeshtk, ZakuSage, Zangar, Zeno Gantner, Zidonuke, Ziyadon, Zoe, Zoicon5, ZooFari, Zoomzoom, Zora, Zuggernaut, Zulfikkur, Zundark, Zzuuzz, ~shuri, Губин Михаил, రవిచంద్ర, 每 日 飞 龙, 3010 anonymous edits History of Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=520078715  Contributors: AajT, Abecedare, Aebrahim, Ahanta, Ambuj.Saxena, AshLin, BD2412, Balarishi, Belasd, Bobblehead, Boing! said Zebedee, Bomlove, BountyHunterII, Brenont, Brianga, Cerejota, CesarB, Chirag, Chirags, Chris Edgemon, Chris the speller, Closedmouth, Colonies Chris, Decltype, Dineshkannambadi, Dmmaus, Doorvery far, Droll, Dsouzamarshall, Edward, Ekabhishek, Ekotkie, Euchiasmus, Fconaway, Folantin, GDibyendu, Gadget850, Gaius Cornelius, Ganeshk, Hajor, Hamiltonstone, Harryboyles, HenryLi, Hmains, Husond, IRP, IndianCow, Indopug, Ipigott, Ixfd64, JaGa, Jaganath, JanetteDoe, Jorge Stolfi, KHP2, Kaihsu, Karthikndr, Kbdank71, Kensplanet, Kierano, King747, KnowledgeHegemonyPart2, Koavf, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, LinguistAtLarge, Lovysinghal, Magioladitis, Males, Malletus, Manumanas, MarkVolundNYC, Materialscientist, Mav, Michael Devore, Mrtag, Nichalp, Nick Number, Nihiltres, Nijgoykar, NuclearWarfare, Ohconfucius, Ouzo, Peter Grey, Phunting, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pjoef, Planemad, Prezbo, Prshntsathe, Pyrotec, R'n'B, Rafsanfetus, Rama's Arrow, Ravikiran r, Reaverdrop, Redtigerxyz, Rhollenton, Ric5575, Rich Farmbrough, Rickyrab, Rjwilmsi, Rq88187, Rsloch, Rween, Sabretooth, Sachinvenga, Salvadorjo, SandyGeorgia, Sanfy, Sardanaphalus, Scriberius, Shell Kinney, Shoessss, Shyamsunder, Sidh77, Sikandarji, SimonP, Suyogaerospace, Sw258, Tabletop, Tabrezlb, Tassedethe, TexasDawg, Thingg, Utcursch, WhisperToMe, Wikwiki, Woohookitty, XPTO, Xavier449, Xenus, YellowMonkey, 64 anonymous edits Geography of Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=500658347  Contributors: Acsenray, Belasd, Celestechang, Diannaa, Favonian, Frietjes, Gobeirne, Hunnjazal, Iridescent, John254, Karthikndr, Mandarax, Materialscientist, NE2, Nichalp, Niteowlneils, Paris75000, Piano non troppo, Rhollenton, Sachinvenga, SqueakBox, Tri400, Worldfreak, Zaslav, ~shuri, 22 anonymous edits Climate of Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=521413145  Contributors: Adisababa, Advaitrocking, Alren, Avenged Eightfold, Azuris, Bahudhara, Belasd, Bombaybugger, Calvin 1998, Canuck85, Cmdrjameson, Cooldude041999, Deepika727, Dejo, Delhimumbai, Dips120, Fundamental metric tensor, Gaius Cornelius, Gene Nygaard, Grant Gussie, Guðsþegn, HunterZone, JoanneB, Kedar Borhade, Ktbm, Mar4d, Matramas, Maximus Rex, Nichalp, Ohconfucius, PM800, Peter Karlsen, Planemad, Pratinavanil, Pyrop, RJFJR, Rhollenton, Rjwilmsi, Rohitbd, Runningonbrains, Seaphoto, Shyamsunder, Smundra, SpacemanSpiff, Spanglej, Tapioca101, The Thing That Should Not Be, Triwbe, Tyrol5, Vanished 39948282, Vivekman, Waggers, Wikipelli, Worldfreak, X42bn6, Xx3nvyxx, Zocky, 89 anonymous edits Public transport in Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=512620397  Contributors: AI009, Acroterion, Adam.J.W.C., Adhishb, Agnyeya, Aksi great, Alren, AroundTheGlobe, Batram, Bgag, Bhadani, BigJolly9, Bolivian Unicyclist, AScott, Chris the speller, Coolguyche17, D6, Deathlasersonline, Deepjava, Dwijila, Effer, Ekren, Ericamick, Francs2000, Fuzheado, Gaius Cornelius, Ganeshk, GoingBatty, Hajor, Hemanshu, Hkelkar, Hu12, Hugo999, IndianCow, Info4all, Jaraalbe, Johnxxx9, Kate, Kbdank71, Khazar, KuwarOnline, Mandarax, Mellery, Mushroom9, Nakshatrasups, Nichalp, Nikkul, Nishant12, Npindia, Ntrust08, Patrick, Pawansrk, Pragvansh, Prashantkharat, Quadell, R'n'B, Ramrao, Reinhard Dietrich, Rjwilmsi, Rmky87, Rohittt, Roshan baladhanvi, Rsrikanth05, SNIyer12, Saxin00, Shalom Yechiel, ShelfSkewed, Shyamsunder, Skinsmoke, Skiposeidon, SlackerMom, Slambo, Smarthshehar, Smithag64, SquidSK, Stephenchou0722, Sun Creator, Suyogaerospace, Tabletop, Thewikiwolf, Tim1357, Vedant, Vedhas, Vishal890, Wikianon, Y not math, Zahid Abdassabur, 101 anonymous edits Mumbai Suburban Railway  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=521804557  Contributors: Aadil.Holy, Aam422, Abhi ris, Adhishb, Adityadipankar, AgarwalSumeet, Agordhandas12788, Alren, Ananth126, Andycjp, Aneeshwiki, Aqua abdul, Arnavwik, Arya Rajya Maharashtra, Atul83, Axeman89, Bhludzin, BigJolly9, Bigware, Binand, Bobblewik, Bolivian Unicyclist, Caek, Cardcapturs, Carlyleoliver, Chandan Guha, Charvoworld, Chris the speller, Colipon, Colourplay, CommonsDelinker, Coolguyche17, Coolninad, Coyets, Cribananda, D6, DanielRigal, Danielt998, Darklilac, Deepak D'Souza, Deepjava, Devnar 2000, , Droob, El C, Electronz, Flyhighplato, GRBerry, Gaganbansal123, Gdr, Geminiansailor, Gene Nygaard, Gurubrahma, Hat eater, Hbdragon88, Hemanshu, Hemantd, Hemendra, Himanshurp, Hthite, Hu12, Hugo999, Itsmekurt, JaGa, Jjhcap99, Joeblakesley, John, Karthikndr, Kbdank71, Kensplanet, Khazar, Knipptang, Kumar 2007, KuwarOnline, Ldemery, Leinsd, Lightmouse, Lihaas, LilHelpa, Magioladitis, Mailmustu, MapsMan, MaximvsDecimvs, Mb1996, Meghanand, Melaen, Mephistophelian, Metstotop333, Mittal.fdk, Monkeyman, Mumbailocaltraintimetable, Mushroom9, NE2, Nankai, Navonil, Nichalp, Nijusby, Nikkul, Ninadhardikar, Nishant12, Npindia, Nutana, Orangewhitegreen, Ousepe, PFHLai, Palrana, Paragrk, Patrick, Patrickcoelho2009, Pharos, Philssport, PhnomPencil, Pisharov, Pizzadeliveryboy, Planemad, Pranav011, Prasi90, Prathmesh01, Quintote, QuiteUnusual, R'n'B, Ramprasad.fm, Ravinderjain, Rjwilmsi, Rsrikanth05, SBC-YPR, SNIyer12, Sanket ar, Savedthat, SchuminWeb, Shakilsayed, Shivam Vahia, Shreyasmalavia, Shriram, Shwj, Shyamsunder, Siddharth ballal, Signalhead, Siv 887, Smarthshehar, Srinikasturi, Srinimax, Ssteke, Stephenchou0722, Sumeetindia, Super sayan, Swapnils2106, Swpb, Talkingbuddha, Tarunuee, TexasAndroid, TheKMan, Tim!, Tizio, TryCatchDenz, Utcursch, Vgautham 91, Vivek.shetty, Vivtho, Vkvora2001, Welsh, WhisperToMe, Wiggin15, Wild MaCkeR, WillaMissionary, Worldfreak, Zxg32, 386 anonymous edits Mumbai Metro  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516036774  Contributors: 2sharking, Acebulf, Amakuru, Aryasanyal, Balster neb, Bayberrylane, Beagel, Belasd, Bhludzin, Bhooshan, BigJolly9, Bijal d g, Bm1996, Bolivian Unicyclist, Brianhe, BrightStarSky, Chris the speller, Circeus, Coolguyche17, Dalenunes, Dan1972, Dewan357, Easwarno1, Effer, Eugene-elgato, Everyking, Fratrep, Frigotoni, Generalboss3, Gl03, Gocam, Gppande, Guy M, Hemanshu, Husond, Icairns, Igodspeed, Jaraalbe, Jim856796, Jjhcap99, Johnxxx9, Jonathan.s.kt, Justmihir, Karthikndr, Kbdank71, Kensplanet, Kildor, Kunaljhaveri, KuwarOnline, Kwamikagami, Levineps, LilHelpa, Lincolnite, Logicalthinker33, M-le-mot-dit, MER-C, Mackensen, Mb1996, Michaelmas1957, Misreevi, Mittal.fdk, Monkeyman, Mushroom9, Nagle, NatusRoma, Naveenpf, Nutmegger, Omkar1234, Pizzadeliveryboy, Plasma east, Pmahale, Ppntori, Pratheepps, Quadell, Rait, Rama's Arrow, RaviC, Rhollenton, Rjwilmsi, Roland zh, Rsrikanth05, Ruckerrane, Salasks, Salt Yeung, Sceptre, Sfu, Skachru, Skublic, Smooth123, Soilguy5, Solarra, Srini81, Srinikasturi, Stephenchou0722, Super sayan, Thiseye, Tri400, Trinidade, Vinayak7, Vinod rakte, Visweswar, Vivekman, Voxpolaris16, WikHead, Yellowdesk, 212 anonymous edits Mumbai Monorail  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=519573630  Contributors: 2sharking, Abhishek191288, Alb d91, Anbu121, Atambe, Batram, BeanZull, Beland, BigJolly9, BostonPunekar, BrightStarSky, Bwilkins, Colipon, CommonsDelinker, Coolguyche17, Coyets, Cysafan, Debarishidhar, Doloco, Edgar xavier493, Feydey, Generalboss3, Hypopotamus, Iste Praetor, Jaraalbe, Johnxxx9, Jpatokal, KTC, Kaltenmeyer, Karthikndr, KuwarOnline, MKar, Min2winit, MrFish, Mrt3366, Mushroom9, Naveenpf, Nirav shah 55, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pjoef, Pragvansh, Ramrao, Rsrikanth05, Saurin201, Singularity42, Sun Creator, Tabletop, Talkingbuddha, Vinod rakte, Wikiteck, Woohookitty, 林 泽 慧, 60 anonymous edits Mumbai's water sources  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=241145780  Contributors: Alan Liefting, Alren, Belasd, GourangaUK, Hessamnia, Mschiffler, Nichalp, Rhollenton, Rsrikanth05, SDC, 2 anonymous edits Growth of Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=284049933  Contributors: Alren, Belasd, Cometstyles, Dogru144, Dori, GregorB, Hemanshu, Lalit Jagannath, Mediumvulture, Nichalp, Nitnaga, Rhollenton, RockMFR, 7 anonymous edits Mumbai statistics  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=351888668  Contributors: Bobblewik, Cmdrjameson, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Mah exp, Malcolm Farmer, Nichalp, PGWG, Rama's Arrow, Rjwilmsi, S, SlaveToTheWage, Susvolans, Voyaging, 6 anonymous edits Mumbai culture  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516228980  Contributors: Acegunther, Andycjp, Anshuk, Anshuman.jrt, Arjayay, Arpingstone, Beland, Bobblehead, Byadengz, Chkx, Chowbok, Evanreyes, Favonian, FreplySpang, Gppande, Itemirus, Jethwarp, Jonathunder, Karthikndr, Kedar Borhade, M3taphysical, MER-C, Magioladitis, Mah exp, Manjulkumar, Mattisse, Mighty Antar, Mrtag, New Rock Star, Newyorknewyork1798, Nichalp, Ninadism, Papertree, Pumelo, R'n'B, Redtigerxyz, Rhollenton, Rohitbd, Sapan gajjar, Shell Kinney, Titanomega, Tom Radulovich, Wing, Worldfreak, ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﻦ ﻻﺩﻥ‬, 48 anonymous edits List of Mumbai radio stations  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=509726127  Contributors: Abdriver2000, Abhi3145, Adsk811, Avicennasis, Bearcat, Ckatz, Coyets, Danchest, GeorgePBatl, Gj talent, Malapati, MaximvsDecimvs, Mskadu, Nichalp, Primate Sapiens, Prpoojari, Psarna, Rait, Rohitbd, Roshan baladhanvi, Seaphoto, Shyamsunder, The undertow, Thecheesykid, Thriddas, Tim Q. Wells, VIRGOPTREX, Vulturo, 108 anonymous edits List of television stations based in Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516793566  Contributors: Anshuman.jrt, Chris the speller, Coyets, Ekabhishek, Hkansagra, Keith D, KuwarOnline, Kwiki, Nidhinmsg, Shyamsunder, Sun Creator, Tinyvibha, Woohookitty, 6 anonymous edits List of colleges in Mumbai  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=520553022  Contributors: 28bytes, Abedalvi, Academyenquiry, Aelfthrytha, Aishwarya227, Ajinx999, Akshay.9005, Alvord12, Amit jivani, Amitmankikar, Anishsane, Anispace, Anshuman.jrt, AroundTheGlobe, Ashar 2317, Asparagus, Auntof6, Avibad, Belasd, Bernardlabs, Bhavin2478s, Biscuittin, Blackhat master, Blubanana01, Camw, CapitalR, Chakravorty28, Chirags, Chris the speller, D6, DOC DS, DanMS, Davecrosby uk, Dhussey616, DireStraitsMumbai, Doc glasgow, Dogaroon, Dr.drathod, Drsmrizwan, Eastmain, Ekabhishek, Enishant, Esh ishq26, Evercat, Favonian, Fingerz, Fraggle81, FreplySpang, Gavin.perch, Gnvsinstitute, Gnvsiom, Gogo Dodo, Goodboy2009, Gopalbhala, Gr8white, Gryffindor1414, H.sanat, HaeB, Hamehta3, Hardikvasa, Hike395, IMaple, Imcost, Intelligentguy89, Jbboy143, Jeffrey Mall, Jithusbox, Jncraton, Jpais, JustAGal, KC Panchal, Karthikndr, Kedar Borhade, Kent.pawar, Kirill Lokshin, Koavf, Koregaonpark, KrizRocks, Kuldeeptcs, KuwarOnline, Lalchand.ydv, Lets.do.it.now91, Lgavali, Logan, LordSimonofShropshire, Lowercase Sigma, MER-C, Madhusudany2k, Magioladitis, Mahadikd, Mandarax, Materialscientist, Matthewmayer, Mayur314, Meena818, Mel Etitis, Mr.Kennedy1, MrigeshKalvani, Mrt3366, Natl1, Neilfc, Nichalp, Nikhilaj, Ninadhardikar, Nishalegend, Noah Salzman, Northamerica1000, Npindia, Orphan Wiki, PLAY GARCON2007, Papertree, Patelurology2, Penis-breath, PhilKnight, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pjoef, Pravinjangid, Pree04, Pt2000, Pumelo, R'n'B, RRSD, Rahulkg007, Rait, Rajasekaran Deepak, Rajesh.gosain, Redtigerxyz, Rhollenton, Rishabhpodar, Ritesh, Rmoorkcor, Roshan baladhanvi, Roshanshanbhag, Ruckerrane, Saapdya, Sam Hocevar, Sameer.karania, Sardanaphalus, ScottMHoward, Sdhomdaas, Shanes, Shyambhagat, Shyamsunder, Siddhartha Ghai, [email protected], Snickster 02, Ssmssmscm, Sudarshan.jaswal, Sumeetindia, Sun Creator, Superjith, Svims1, Syedabid44, Tabletop,

119

Article Sources and Contributors Tahil.ashwin, Thakur atul, Tintin1107, Tommy2010, Topest1, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Tthheeppaarrttyy, Ulric1313, Unnyvh, Utcursch, Vancemiller, Vedhas, Vidyalankar1960, Virendrahonda, Vkvora2001, Vujn, Vulture13, Water Fish, Welsh, Wikocity, Wild MaCkeR, Willy on Wheels WRX, Woohookitty, Xchary, Xsaurabhx, XtasyPredator, Yashketkar, 789 anonymous edits

120

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Mumbai_Montage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Montage.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Original er was Nikkul at en.wikipedia file:India Maharashtra location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Maharashtra_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Maximilian Dörrbecker (Chumwa) File:Locator_Dot.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Locator_Dot.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Petr Dlouhý File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbadevi_temple.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Magiceye File:Kanheri-stupa1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kanheri-stupa1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: :Nichalp File:Hajiali.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hajiali.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Humayunn Peerzaada AKA HumFur from Mumbai, India File:A view of Bombay from the Rajabai Tower.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_view_of_Bombay_from_the_Rajabai_Tower.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Roland zh, Tangerinehistry File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour,_1731.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Kensplanet, Roland zh, Sankalpdravid, 3 anonymous edits File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hutatma_Chowk.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Elroy Serrao File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Roland zh File:Mumbai, metropolitan region, satellite image, Landsat-5, 2011-01-30.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai,_metropolitan_region,_satellite_image,_Landsat-5,_2011-01-30.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NASA File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_mumbai_temperature_precipitation_averages_chart.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Own work File:Mumbai skyline022203.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_skyline022203.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Jeet221990 File:Mumbai skyline88907.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_skyline88907.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Jeet221990 File:Mumbai Skyline at Night.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Skyline_at_Night.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Cididity Hat Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Orionist File:Bombay Municipal Corporation.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay_Municipal_Corporation.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Vegpuff File:Highcourt.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Highcourt.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Michael Siegel AKA michaelj-siegel File:1st INC1885.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1st_INC1885.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :Fowler&fowler Image:Bombay4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay4.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aam422, Belasd, Knipptang Image:BEST-Mumbai-Brtsnewaug08.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BEST-Mumbai-Brtsnewaug08.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Another Indian Citizen Image:PremierPiTaxi DavidWilmot.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PremierPiTaxi_DavidWilmot.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: David Wilmot from Wimbledon, United Kingdom Image:Tonga Marine drive Mumbai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tonga_Marine_drive_Mumbai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Psubhashish Image:Worli skyline with BSWL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worli_skyline_with_BSWL.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Woodysworldtv Image:Mumbai Train Station.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Train_Station.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: FlickreviewR, Gryffindor, Indianhilbilly, Jovianeye Image:Mumbai Airport.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Airport.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Alex Graves from Lugano, Switzerland Image:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Jaxer (talk) Original er was Jaxer at en.wikipedia File:High Rise.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:High_Rise.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Rakeshpate File:Town-Hall,-Bombay.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Town-Hall,-Bombay.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: :Nichalp File:Lalbaughcha raja.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lalbaughcha_raja.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Megaeclipse File:Times of India Building.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Times_of_India_Building.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Ting Chen File:Mumbai Clock Towerr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Clock_Towerr.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nikkul (talk) Image:Brabourne.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brabourne.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: ojas c at flickr Image:Bombay18.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay18.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aam422, Belasd, Ekabhishek, Leoboudv File:Flag of .svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Good Olfactory, Mifter File:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370 File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie File:Seven Islands of Bombay en.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: TIFR, Nichalp File:Banganga Tank and Walkeshwar Temple, Bombay, c. 1855.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banganga_Tank_and_Walkeshwar_Temple,_Bombay,_c._1855.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Johnson and Henderson File:Haji-Ali-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Haji-Ali-1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Nichalp File:Castella de Aguada 7.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castella_de_Aguada_7.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp) File:SEEPZ church 4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SEEPZ_church_4.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp) File:Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_fort_remains_6.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp)

121

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:A View of Bombay from Malabar Point during the Fire of 1803.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_View_of_Bombay_from_Malabar_Point_during_the_Fire_of_1803.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aavindraa, Infrogmation, Kensplanet, Roland zh, Sankalpdravid File:Bhor Ghat (1870).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bhor_Ghat_(1870).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: William Lee Warner C.S. (d. 1914) File:Colaba Causeway construction, view from Colaba island, 1826.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Colaba_Causeway_construction,_view_from_Colaba_island,_1826.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jose M. Gonsalves (fl. 1826-c.1842) File:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: J.G. Bartholomew, Archibald Constable and Company File:19 century dwelling in Mazagaon, Bombay.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:19_century_dwelling_in_Mazagaon,_Bombay.jpg  License: anonymous-EU  Contributors: Various, Edited by John Foster Kirk File:Victoria station Mumbai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Victoria_station_Mumbai.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: William Eleroy Curtis File:Gateway of India.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gateway_of_India.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Rhaessner File:Departure of British Troops from India - 28 February 1948 - Gateway of India.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Departure_of_British_Troops_from_India_-_28_February_1948_-_Gateway_of_India.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Karthikndr, Roland zh File:Nehru Center.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nehru_Center.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Art Poskanzer File:Mahim train blast.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mahim_train_blast.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Manoj Nair File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Oberoi Restaurant.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Oberoi_Restaurant.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp) Image:Geographybombay.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Geographybombay.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Roland zh, Uncle G, 1 anonymous edits Image:Bombayhills.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombayhills.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Nichalp at en.wikipedia Image:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: J.G. Bartholomew, Archibald Constable and Company File:Bombay9.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay9.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original er was Aam422 at en.wikipedia Image:Bombay 1909.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay_1909.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: J.G. Bartholomew, The Edinburgh Geographical Institute File:Mumbai monsoon.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_monsoon.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Belasd, Mattes, Planemad, Ranveig, Roland zh Image:View from BMC towards VT.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:View_from_BMC_towards_VT.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: BOMBMAN Image:Mumbai area locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Planemad Image:Versova-Madh Ferry.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Versova-Madh_Ferry.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Suyogaerospace File:India.Mumbai.02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India.Mumbai.02.jpg  License: Agência Brasil  Contributors: Dharmadhyaksha, Herranderssvensson, Marek Banach, Ori~, Pryku, Ranveig, Roland zh, Thuresson, 1 anonymous edits Image:BEST-Mumbai-KingLong.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BEST-Mumbai-KingLong.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Another Indian Citizen Image:Mumbai Train.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_Train.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Original er was Nikkul at en.wikipedia File:New Andheri Station East.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_Andheri_Station_East.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Fuwad ca Image:Mumbai metro map2.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_metro_map2.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Johnxxx9 Image:Taxi in Mumbai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taxi_in_Mumbai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Bernard Gagnon Image:Santro taxi.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Santro_taxi.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :AroundTheGlobe File:Mumbai suburban rail map.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_rail_map.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Mushroom9 File:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Mifter Image:Mumbai train.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_train.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Nikkul Image:Mumbai India Train.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_India_Train.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Addihockey10, Materialscientist, Strike Eagle File:AutomaticTicketVendingMachine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AutomaticTicketVendingMachine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Ting Chen Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 5.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_5.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary File:LocalTrainMumbai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LocalTrainMumbai.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Satish Krishnamurthy Image:New Andheri Station Bldg East 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_Andheri_Station_Bldg_East_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Fuwad ca Image:Bombay3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay3.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aam422, Belasd, Knipptang, 2 anonymous edits Image:Train_leaving_Churchgate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Train_leaving_Churchgate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Image:A_western_railway_rake.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_western_railway_rake.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Pranav011 Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_2.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 3.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_3.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 4.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_4.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 6.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_6.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 7.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_7.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :WillaMissionary Image:Mumbai suburban railway emu 10.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_suburban_railway_emu_10.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :WillaMissionary File:Mumbai metro map2.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_metro_map2.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Johnxxx9

122

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:BSicon_.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Antonsusi (talk) File:BSicon_uhKBHFa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhKBHFa.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alison Wheeler File:BSicon_CONTg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_CONTg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_HUB84.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB84.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_uhHST.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhHST.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_hSTR.svg: de::axpde derivative work: Newfraferz17 (talk) File:BSicon_HUB82.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB82.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_SBHF.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_SBHF.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_STRlf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STRlf.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_STRq.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STRq.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_STRlg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STRlg.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_STR.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STR.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: de::Bernina & de::axpde File:BSicon_uhSTRlf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhSTRlf.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_STRlf-ELEV.svg: Seo75 derivative work: Newfraferz17 (talk) File:BSicon_HUB01.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB01.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: en:Peterwhy File:BSicon_uTHSTu.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uTHSTu.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_uhSTRq.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhSTRq.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_uhSTRlg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhSTRlg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_STRlg-ELEV.svg: Seo75 derivative work: Newfraferz17 (talk) File:BSicon_uhSTR.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhSTR.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_exCONTg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_exCONTg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_HUB25.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB25.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_KSBHFxa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_KSBHFxa.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_STRrg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STRrg.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_umhKRZ.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_umhKRZ.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_STRrf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_STRrf.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_FLUG.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_FLUG.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :DarkEvil File:BSicon_UKu.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_UKu.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mattbuck File:BSicon_KRZo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_KRZo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_ABZrf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_ABZrf.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Lantus 21:02, 1. Jan. 2007 (CET) File:BSicon_LDER.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_LDER.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_ABZ3rg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_ABZ3rg.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: :Bernina File:BSicon_HUB81.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB81.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_uhKBHFe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhKBHFe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alison Wheeler File:BSicon_HUB83.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB83.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_SBHFq.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_SBHFq.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_CONTl.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_CONTl.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_ABZlf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_ABZlf.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Lantus 21:02, 1. Jan. 2007 (CET) File:BSicon_uTUNNELa-ELEV.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uTUNNELa-ELEV.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: File:BSicon_utHST.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_utHST.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_HUB74.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB74.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_HUB26.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_HUB26.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_KRWrg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_KRWrg.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: File:BSicon_utSTR.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_utSTR.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_CONTf.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_CONTf.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_vSTR+l-KRZu.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_vSTR+l-KRZu.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Wiebevl File:BSicon_vSTR-ABZgl.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_vSTR-ABZgl.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Wiebevl File:BSicon_ARCH.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_ARCH.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sameboat File:BSicon_SBHF legende.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_SBHF_legende.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: de:Benutzer:axpde File:BSicon_vKBFe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_vKBFe.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: File:BSicon_eGRENZE+WBRÜCKE.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_eGRENZE+WBRÜCKE.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :axpde File:BSicon_utKBHFe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_utKBHFe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :Axpde File:Azad Nagar Station.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Azad_Nagar_Station.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Trinidade File:Mumbai_monorail_trial_run.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_monorail_trial_run.PNG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Mrt3366 File:BSicon_uhSTRrg.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhSTRrg.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_STRrg-ELEV.svg: Seo75 derivative work: Newfraferz17 (talk) File:BSicon_uhKDSTe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhKDSTe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original er was J.reed at en.wikipedia

123

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:BSicon_uhBHF.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhBHF.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_hSTR.svg: de::axpde derivative work: Newfraferz17 (talk) File:BSicon_uhKBHFxe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uhKBHFxe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BSicon_uxKBFa-ELEV.svg: *BSicon_uxKBFa.svg: T.h. BSicon_ELEV.svg: Seo75 derivative work: Tuvalkin (talk) derivative work: Tuvalkin (talk) File:BSicon_uexKBHFe.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSicon_uexKBHFe.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: :Axpde File:Mumbai monorail under construction in Chembur1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_monorail_under_construction_in_Chembur1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: :Karthikndr Image:Vada Pavs.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vada_Pavs.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Sankalpdravid, Xufanc File:Hindu Idol God Of Fortune Ganesh Parade Through Bombay in 1946.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hindu_Idol_God_Of_Fortune_Ganesh_Parade_Through_Bombay_in_1946.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Karthikndr File:BMC and CST.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BMC_and_CST.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Manjulkumar

124

License

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

125