Multisim Elvis..guide 431a5l

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NI Mu ultisim and ELV VIS II – An Intrroductory Guidde

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E Example 2.2.1: Arrangin ng a resistor C Consider rottating resisto or R1 clockw wise by 90 in a schemaatic being coonstructed inn the circuit window, w which is the workspace in i the Multisim environm ment to be ddescribed latter. The desiired operatioon can be ccompleted by y performing g the followiing selection n-click sequeence: >> Resistor R1 >> rright‐click >>> 90 Clockw wise T The right‐click causes a command c bo ox to appearr immediatelly; and 90 Cllockwise is oone of the coommands llisted in the pop-up p box. N Note: The eq quivalent com mpound key stroke for th he commandd 90 Clockwiise is Ctrl + R R. E Example 2.2.2: Placing a transformeer C Consider co onstructing the t schemattic of a pow wer transmiission systeem in the ccircuit winddow. The sselection of an a iron-core transformerr from the ellectro-mechaanical compponent groupp to be insertted into a ppower transm mission line section is acchieved by performing thhe followingg selection-cllick sequencce: >>> Electro_M Mechanical > >> LINE_TRA ANSFORMER R >> IRON_CCORE_XFORM MER >> OK >>> click >> cclose A Again it shou uld be mentiioned that drrop-down menus m and coommand winndows appeaar sequentially during ssuch a component selectiion and placcement proceess. 22.3 Starting Multisim T There are gen nerally two approaches to t launching g Multisim: Approach 1: As a stan ndard Wind dows applicaation, Multissim can be started usinng the selecttion-click sequence as a follows: Start >> > All Program ms >> Natio onal Instruments >> Circcuit Design SSuite 11.0 >>> Multisim 1 11.0 Approach 2: Given th he Multisim icon ( ) has been crreated and pplaced on thhe Windows desktop, double‐clicck on the ico on will start Multisim. M

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22.4 Multisim m Interface 22.4.1 Multisiim Window O Once launch hed, the Mulltisim windo ow pops up showcasing s a -interrface environnment with the basic eelements sho own in Figurre 2.4.1.

Toolbar Groups

Design   Toolbox Circuitt Window

Spreadsh heet View

F Figure 2.4.1 1: The Multtisim -in nterface envvironment cconsists of tthe circuit w window, thee toolbar ggroups, the design d toolbo ox, and the spreadsheet s view. S Specifically, the four window w regiions in the Multisim e nvironment are designaated for thee toolbar ggroups, the design d toolb box, the circcuit window,, and the sprreadsheet viiew. They coollectively cconstitute tthe Multisim m workspacee. To better suit the maanagement oor simulationn of variouss circuit dessigns, the w window regiions of the design d toolb box, the circcuit window w, and the sppreadsheet vview can be adjusted uusing the staandard Windows resizing g technique. The toolbarr groups regiion cannot bbe changed m manually; bbut it is autom matically ex xpanded, if necessary, n wh hen additionnal toolbar grroups are maade visible.

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F Furthermore, the design n toolbox an nd the spreaadsheet view w can be seelectively sw witched on oor off as eexplained latter in Sectio on 2.4.5. Haaving the dessign toolboxx and the sppreadsheet viiew closed w while the ccircuit windo ow expanded d, the Multissim environm ment feature s a differentt look as deppicted in Figuure 2.4.2.

F Figure 2.4.2 2: The Multissim environment with th he circuit w window expannded but thee design tooolbox and sspreadsheet view closed..

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22.4.2 Window w Circuit T The schemattic of a circu uit design is placed p and captured c in th the circuit window. The steps for plaacing and ccapturing scchematics arre described d in a later section. Foor the time being, Figuure 2.4.3 shhows the sschematic off a voltage divider d baseed on the usse of a PNP transistor. In this illusttration, the circuit is lloaded onto the t circuit window w via opening o a Multisim M file (voltage_divvider_PNP__transistor.m ms11) that sstores the sch hematic.

F Figure 2.4.3 3: The Multissim workspa ace with the schematic oof an electroonic circuit pplaced and ccaptured. N Notice the ciircuit window w has been resized r and the t spreadshheet view exppanded.

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N Note: There is a quick access to a set of com mmands ofteen used durring the connstruction prrocess of sschematics. Placing the cursor anyw where insid de the circuiit window ffollowed by a right‐clicck on the m mouse will cause c the dissplay of a drrop-down menu m showcaasing commaands that aree relevant too drawing tthe schematic of a circuitt design.

p-down men nu initiated by b a right cliick on the moouse anywheere in the cirrcuit window w Drop

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22.4.3 Design n Toolbox T The s caan use the deesign toolbo ox to manag ge the elemennts on the sschematic off a circuit deesign. As sshown in Fig gure 2.4.4, th he managem ment tools aree grouped intto three sepaarate tabs:  Hierarch hy tab contaiins a tree thaat shows the structure of the files in tthe circuit deesign.  Visibilityy tab is used to customizze how the atttributes of tthe componeents in a schhematic are ddisplayed and the circuit c annotaations are placed.  Project view v tab con ntains featurres that can be used to manage thee various filles associateed with a project. Typically, T a project is a collection of files thaat includes aall the circuuit files makking up a design allong with ex xternal desig gn documenttation (such as Microsofft Word filess), simulatioon output, reports, and a PCB lay youts.

Figure 2.4.4: The hierarch tap, the visibilityy tap, and thhe project vieew tap of thee design toollbox

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22.4.4 Spread dsheet View T The spreadsh heet view iss used for faast viewing and editing of parametters includinng componennt details ssuch as footp prints, refereence designaators, attributtes, and desiign constrainnts. The fivee taps availabble in the sspreadsheet view v are brieefly describeed as followss:  Results ta ab displays the t output, errors, e and warnings w perttaining to a ccircuit desiggn.  Nets tab is typically used to speccify the routiing and physsical propertties of wiress that connecct various componeents in a circcuit design. Notice that the term neet may be vviewed as a set of wiress that are connected to a comm mon node.  Componeents tab can n be used to o specify vaarious attribbutes (such as values, pproperties, llocations, display, etc.) e of the circuit c compo onents on th he schematicss.  Copper layers l tab co onsists of fo our columnss, namely th e layer nam me, routing, trace bias, aand type. Their desscriptions arre found in the Multisim m online helpp file. The usse of the hellp file is disccussed in Section 2.4.5. 2  Simulatio on tab can bee used to speecify the sim mulation settiings for trannsient analysis or DC anaalysis. F For instance, Figure 2.4..5 tabulates the pertinen nt attributes associated w with each coomponent off the PNP ttransistor baased voltage divider (seee Figure 2.4 4.3). They are revealedd via the coomponents taap of the sspreadsheet view. v

Figure 2.4.5: 2 The sp preadsheet view v compon nents tap lissts all the ccomponent aattributes of the PNP transistor based volta age divider.

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22.4.5 Toolba ar Groups F Figure 2.4.6 shows the visible v elemeents of the to oolbar groupss. The menuu bar is always visible annd cannot bbe switched off. The oth her toolbars available in n Multisim iinclude the standard tooolbar, mainn toolbar, ssimulation to oolbar, view w toolbar, co omponents to oolbar, virtuual toolbar, graphic annnotation toollbar, and iinstruments toolbar. t Any y one of thesse toolbars can be made visible or hiidden as expplained later.

Figure 2.4.6: The menu bar b along wiith the visiblee toolbars ((a) Menu Ba ar T The menu baar is comprissed of twelv ve buttons with w appropriiate labels suuggestive off their functionalities, nnamely File, Edit, View, Place, MCU U, Simulate, Transfer, TTools, Reporrts, Options,, Window, aand Help. T The arrangem ment of thesee buttons appears as folllows:

The twelvee menu bar bbuttons M Menu Bar Bu uttons A An initial click on a meenu button will w cause a drop-downn menu to aappear with a list of coommands rrelevant to th he button lab bel. A subseequent click on a commaand on the liist will resullt in the execution of tthe command d. It is not unusual that some s commands may leead to subsetts of commannds. A few eexamples in the follow wing may hellp illustrate the t use of vaarious menu buttons. IIllustrations E Example 2.4.1: Help men nu T To have acccess to the information i or descriptiions about tthe numerouus elements of Multisim m is very uuseful, and often o necessary. Click on n the Help button b will ccause a dropp-down menuu containingg a list of ccommands to o appear as follows: f

List off commands available a in the Help meenu 2‐9

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IIt may be noted that therre are two sh hort cuts to acccess the Muultisim onlinne help file aas indicated below. Approach 1: Press the function key y F1. 2 Click on th he button . Approach 2: S Suppose onee is interested d in learning g more abou ut the Multisiim help file.. The follow wing steps wiill lead to a description n of the Multtisim help fille as display yed in Figuree 2.4.7. Step 1: Ap pply the click sequence, >> Help me enu >> Multiisim Help >>> Search tap   Step 2: Ty ype in search h keywords, help file Step 3: Cllick on the Liist Topics bu utton, >> List Topics Step 4: Sccroll down th he list to locaate the topic Multisim Heelp and thenn apply the click sequencce, >> > Multisim H Help >> Displlay

Figure F 2.4.7 7: Using the Help H menu to t obtain desscription of tthe Multisim m help file

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E Example 2.4.2: File, Edit, and View menus C Clicking on th he File butto on, Edit butto on, and View w button willl result in thhe immediatee display of the dropddown menuss as shown below, respecctively. One should take note of the correspondinng sets of coommands aavailable on these three menus. m The descriptionss of the comm mands are sttored in the Multisim onnline help ffile, which caan again be accessed viaa the Help menu m as demoonstrated preeviously in E Example 2.44.1.

nu command ds File men

Edit men nu commandss

View mennu commandds

U Upon examin ning the com mmands listeed on the Viiew menu shhown above, one may reecognize thatt four ffeatures are switched on n to be visiible in the circuit c winddow, namelyy the grid ppoints, the circuit bborder, the design d toolbox, and the spreadsheett view. Thes e features caan be hiddenn by togglinng off tthe correspon nding comm mands on the menu.

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E Example 2.4.3: Place and Simulate menus m S Similarly, cliicking on the Place buttton and the Simulate S buutton will ressult in the im mmediate diisplay oof the drop-d down menuss as shown below, b respeectively. Onne should takke note of thhe corresponnding ssets of comm mands available on these two menus::

Place P menu

Simulate menu

T The comman nds on the Place P menu highly h relevaant to the ellectric and eelectronic cirrcuit experim ments aare noted bellow:  Componeent (Ctrl + W W) is used to place compo onents on a sschematic inn the circuit w window.  Junction (Ctrl + J) is used u to disco onnect a wirre and move it to anotherr location onn a schematic.  Wire (Ctrrl + Shift + J)) is used to place p a wire to connect tw wo componeents or creatte a new net. S Similarly, th he commands on the Sim mulate menu u highly relevvant to the eelectric and electronic ccircuit eexperiments are noted beelow: n of the activve circuit.  Run ( ) is used to staart or resume simulation  Pause ( ) is used to pause simullation.  Stop ( ) is used to sttop simulatio on.  Instrumeents is used to o place a speecific instrum ment on the circuit winddow. 2‐12

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((b) Other Avvailable Toollbars T The toolbarss visible in Figures F 2.4.1 through 2.4 4.3 are the sttandard toollbar, view tooolbar, mainn toolbar, ccomponents toolbar, sim mulation too olbar, graphic annotatioon toolbar, virtual toolbbar, and insstruments ttoolbar. The buttons of these t toolbarrs are more clearly c depiccted in the foollowing figuures, respecttively:

Standard to oolbar

View tooolbar

Ma ain toolbar

Compo onents toolbbar

Simulation toolbar

Graphiic Annotationn toolbar

Virttual toolbar

Instru uments toolbaar

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K Key Points  Recall th hat detailed descriptions of the speccific elementts of the tooolbars are foound in the Multisim online do ocument, which can bee accessed via v the Helpp menu usinng the folloowing selecttion-click sequencee: >> Help >> > Multisim H Help >> Searrch tap >> Tyype in keywo ord >> List To opics >> Toolb bars >> Display >> Toolba ar name  Recall th hat toolbar can c be madee visible via the View m menu buttonn by applyinng the selecttion-click sequencee: >> View >> > Toolbars > >> Toolbar name  A right‐cclick anywheere within th he toolbars area a reveals the followinng drop-dow wn menu shoowcasing command ds for quick access to toolbars, comp ponents, insttruments, annd view com mmands.

Drop-d down menu for f quick acccess to toolbars, componnents, instrum ments, and vview commannds 2‐14

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NI Multisim and ELVIS II – An Introductory Guide

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2.5 Schematic Capture Schematic capture is the first stage in developing a circuit design. In this stage, circuit components are placed on the circuit window at the desired locations with proper properties, orientations, and labels. These components are subsequently wired together before simulation is performed. Furthermore, the component properties or attributes can be modified to provide flexibility in simulation. This guide covers several basic but important aspects of schematic capture, which include placing components, wiring components, net naming, copying and pasting schematics, and capturing screen area. To help the s learning schematic capture more effectively, relevant illustrations are used in a timely manner alongside the discussion of these key aspects. Note: The s are encouraged to consult the Multisim online help file for more detailed descriptions of various elements involved in schematic capture. 2.5.1 Placing Components The first step in schematic capture is to place the appropriate components on the circuit window. In Multisim, the components are organized by database, group, and family. Furthermore, the components are stored in three different database levels: master database, corporate database, and database. Note: The default database is set in the master database level. In fact, the EEL3003L and EEL3112L labs always utilize the components stored in the master database. (a) Component Browser The placement of most components can be accomplished via the component browser. Its dialog box, as shown in Figure 2.5.1, appears immediately upon the execution of the selection-click sequence below: >> Place >> Component >> Master Database Another way to open the dialog box is to apply the following click sequence: Right‐click (anywhere on circuit window) >> Place Component >> Master Database The shortcut approach is the key stroke Ctrl‐W.

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F Figure 2.5.1: Componen nt browser dialog d box seet in the masster databasee level with tthe Select alll groups, tthe power so ources, and ground g seleccted O One may nottice that the database is automatically set in the master dataabase level bby default. A click on tthe down-arrrow ( ) adjaacent to the Select all gro S oups button reveals a drrop-down meenu displayinng all the ccomponent groups g as sh hown in Figu ure 2.5.2 Sp pecifically, thhe groups liisted includee the Sourcees, Basic, D Diodes, Tra ansistors, Analog, A TTL L, CMOS, MCU (miccrocontrollerr unit), Advvanced Perripherals, M Miscellaneou us Digital, Mixed, Ind dicators, Po ower, Misceellaneous, R RF (radio ffrequency), Electrom mechanical, Ladder Diag grams, and National N Insstruments Coomponents. N Note: The Function F arrea shows any a available informatiion about tthe componnent selected in the ccomponent list. l One maay select thee desired sim mulation moodel and moodel manufaacturer in thhe Model m manufacturerr/ID area.

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Fig gure 2.5.2: List L of compo onent groupps available iin Multisim

R Real and Virrtual Components T There are tw wo broad cateegories of co omponents defined d in M Multisim: reaal and virtual componentts. A real ccomponent has h a modell and footprrint with speecific but unnchangeablee value. A vvirtual compponent is ssimulation-based and does d not have a footprrint. Its chaaracteristics are definedd by s,, thereby pproviding sim mulation fleexibility. Virrtual compo onent familiees are colorr coded greeen in the coomponent bbrowser dialo og box. Onee may also usse the virtuaal toolbar deppicted below w to place virrtual componnents.

Virtual toolbar butttons T There are ten n virtual com mponent fam milies availab ble in the Virrtual toolbarr, namely 3D D componentts, aanalog comp ponents, basiic componen nts, diode com mponents, trransistor com mponents, m measurementt ccomponents, miscellaneo ous componeents, power source s compponents, rateed componennts, and signal ssource comp ponents. A click on the deesired button n or the correesponding ddown-arrow ( ) in the V Virtual ttoolbar reveaals a list of pertinent p com mponents bellonging to thhat family.

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E Examples off real and virrtual components that caan be placedd on the circcuit window are shown iin Figure 22.5.3 below.

F Figure 2.5.3 3: Real comp ponents inclu ude microcon ntroller U1, NAND gatee U2A, and ttransistor Q11. Virtual ccomponents include 7-seegment displa ay U5, digita al power suppply VCC, vooltage sourcce V1, and ddiode D1.

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((b) Placing Resistors, R In nductors, or Capacitors C T The procedu ure used to place resisstors (R), in nductors (L)), or capacittors (C) is quite similaar to the pprocedure ussed to placee other typees of compo onents. Therre are somee differencess nonethelesss. When pplacing an R, R L, or C, one may choose c any combinationn of the com mponent vaalue, type, ttolerance, ffootprint, and d manufactu urer. O Once the com mponent bro owser is disp played in the master dattabase level, one can pllace an R, L,, or C on tthe circuit window by ex xecuting the procedure described d bellow: Step 1: Select the Basicc group. Step 2: Select the RESISSTOR, CAPA ACITOR, or IN NDUCTOR faamily. ponent (R, C,, or L) value. Step 3: Entter the comp Step 4: Clicck OK and th he componen nt dialog box x temporarilly closes. A ghostly imaage of the coomponent app pears immed diately and atttaches to thee mouse currsor. Step 5: Mo ove the mou use cursor to o the desired d location onn the circuit window annd click to pplace the com mponent. The dialog box x reappears immediately . Step 6: Rep peat Steps 2 through 5 to o place addittional compoonents. Step 7: To terminate th he proceduree, click Close or press thee Esc key to cclose the com mponent diaalog box. E Example 2.5.1: Placing RLC R compon nents C Consider thee simulation n of a series RLC resonance circuuit depicted below. In tthis instancee, one is rrequired to place p an ind ductor, a caapacitor, and d a resistor on the circcuit window w with the ffollowing sspecific valu ues, respectiv vely: L  1000 mH, C  0. 0 25 F, and R  1 k.

A seriees RLC circuuit O One may reccall the com mponent brow wser dialog box b can be opened by aany one of tthe approachhes listed bbelow: Approach 1: Apply thee click-comm mand sequen nce >> Place >> Compon nent. Approach 2: 2 Apply thee sequence Right‐click >> R > Place Com ponent. Approach 3: 3 Apply thee shortcut keey is Ctrl‐W. F Further, the component c browser b is in nitially set in n the master database levvel by defaullt.

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T To place thee inductor of o 100 mH, one selects th he Basic grroup and theen the INDU UCTOR fam mily. The inductance value v is entered in the component fiield. More ssuccinctly, thhe selection-click sequeence is as ffollows: Basic >> INDUCTOR >> EEnter 100mH H >> B T The dialog box b at this point is sho own in Figu ure 2.5.4. It closes temp mporarily whhen the OK bbutton is cclicked. An image of th he inductor appears and d attaches too the mousee cursor. Thhe inductor iis placed immediately with a clicck at the deesired locatiion. Figure 2.5.4 show ws the inducctor is autom matically ddisplayed wiith value 10 00mH and label l L1. Th he display oof these attriibutes can bbe modifiedd or even hhidden. One may notice that the diallog box reap ppears imme diately to alllow additionnal componeents to be pplaced.

F Figure 2.5.4 4: After the 100 uctor is placced on the ccircuit windoow, the diallog box reapppears to 1 mH indu aallow additio onal compon nents to be placed.

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IIn an identical manner, th he 0.25-F capacitor c is pllaced next. Th he procedurre is expresseed succinctlyy below: >> Basic > >> CAPACITO OR >> Enter 250nF >> O OK >> Click att desired loccation T The resistor of 1 k is fiinally placed d using similar click-com mmand sequeence as folloows: >> Basic >> RESISTOR >> Enter 1k  >> OK >> CClick at desireed location >>> Close T The last clicck on the Close C button n closes thee componentt browser, tthus compleeting the coomponent pplacement prrocess. The labels, l valuees, and locations of the pplaced R, L, and C compponents are ddisplayed in Figure 2.5 5.5.

Fiigure 2.5.5: A display off the R, L, an nd C componnents placedd on the circuuit window

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R Rotating Com mponents O One may no otice that ressistor R1 in Figure 2.5.5 is not prooperly orientted to be wiired to form m a series ccircuit with L1 and C1. It is more desirable to o rotate R1 bby 90 clockkwise or couunter-clockw wise. The rrotation of R1 R by 90 clo ockwise is acccomplished by the clickk-command ssequence: >> Right‐click on R1 >> 90  Clockwise F Figure 2.5.6 shows the orientation o of o R1 with reespect to L1 and C1 afteer 90  rotatiion clockwisse. These ccomponents are now in the t more natu ural orientattion to form a series circcuit.

Figure 2.5..6: Resistor R1 is rotateed by 90 cloockwise. N Note: Other components c can be similarly rotated d using the saame click-coommand seqquence.

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((c) Placing Signal S Volta age Source, Power P Sourcce, and Grouund T The behaviorr of a circuitt depends on n how it is drriven. The pllacement off sources, succh as a signaal voltage ssource, a dig gital clock, and a an AC power sourcee, is essentiaal. In particuular, the grouund must be included in a schemattic in order to t run circuitt simulation using Multiisim. The puurpose of havving the groound is to ccorrectly pro ovide referen nce voltages and currentss in a circuitt. S Signal Voltage Sources S Suppose the component browser is opened in the t master ddatabase level. One can apply the ffollowing sselection-clicck sequence to place a siignal voltagee source on tthe circuit w window: >>> Sources > >> SIGNAL_V VOLTAGE_SO OURCES >> SSelect comp ponent >> O OK >> Click at desired loccation >> C Close F Figure 2.5.7 shows the list of available components in thee signal-volttage-sources family. It iis readily rrecognized th hat a signal current sou urce, a contro olled voltagge source, orr a digital soource is placced using tthe same pro ocedure.

Figure 2.5.7: 2 Compo onents availa able in the ssignal-voltagge-sources fa family A signal currrent source, a controlled d voltage sou urce is placeed using the ssame proceddure.

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P Power Sourcces S Similarly, su uppose the component c browser b is opened o in thhe master daatabase levell. One can aapply the ffollowing sellection-click k sequence to o place a pow wer source oon the circuitt window: >>> Sources > >> POWER_SSOURCES >> > Select component >> O OK >> Click aat desired location >> Close F Figure 2.5.8 shows the liist of components availab ble the fami ly of power sources.

Figurre 2.5.8: Com mponents avvailable in thhe family of ppower sourcces G Ground IIt is evidentt from Figurre 2.5.8 thatt one can place an anaalog ground ( aapplying the following seelection-clicck sequence:

) on thee circuit window by

ources >> PO OWER_SOUR RCES >> GRO OUND >> OK K >> Click at desired locaation >> Closse >> So E Example 2.5.2: Placing AC A voltage source s and ground g C Consider plaacing an AC C voltage source and thee ground in addition too the RLC coomponents pplaced in E Example 2.5.1. The desirred voltage source s has peak p voltage of 5 V and ffrequency 2 kHz.

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T The first step p is to launcch the comp ponent brow wser. The nexxt step is too place an A AC voltage ssource by aapplying the following seelection-clicck sequence: >>> Sources >> SIGNAL_ _VOLTAGE_SSOURCES >> > AC_VOLTA AGE >> OK >> Click at desired loccation >> C Close A As shown in n Figure 2.5 5.9, the voltage source initially plaaced has a ddefault peak voltage of 1 V and ffrequency att 1 kHz. Thee properties of such a vo oltage sourcce can be changed by do ouble‐clickin ng on the ssource to op pen the dialo og box. Thee Value tab available inn the dialog box is usedd to change the peak vvoltage to 5 V and frequeency to 2 kH Hz. The chan nges will takke effect imm mediately aftter clicking O OK.

F Figure 2.5.9 9: The AC vo oltage sourcce initially placed p havinng default peeak voltage 1 V and frequency 1 kkHz can be changed c to a source with h peak voltag ge 5 V at 2 kkHz. S Shown in Fig gure 2.5.10 are the RLC C components, the modiffied AC volttage source, and the new wly added gground. This completess the placem ment of com mponents foor the seriees resonancee RLC circuuit under cconsideration n. 2‐25

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Grou und

F Figure 2.5.10: Placemen nt of the RLC C components together w with the AC vvoltage sourrce and grouund N Notes: ((i) The display of the AC A voltage source s is mo odified as itss reference ddesignator (R RefDes) V1 has been o a new posittion from the default possition using the standardd click‐hold‐d drag techniqque. moved to ((ii) The AC voltage sourrce may be replaced r by the functionn generator, which is selected by cliicking on the Funcction Generrator button on the In nstruments ttoolbar. A subsequent click resultts in the placemen nt of the icon n XFG1 at a desired locaation on the circuit winddow. Doublee‐clicking onn the icon XFG1 op pens the instrument pan nel as illusttrated in Figgure 2.5.11.. One can sselect the w waveform (sinusoid dal, triangulaar, or squaree) and specify its characcteristics (frrequency, am mplitude, duuty cycle, and DC offset). In this examplle, the sinu usoidal waveeform with peak voltagge 5 V at 2 kHz is specified d.

5.11: The fun nction generrator can be used as an A AC voltage ssource. Figure 2.5

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((d) Placing Multi-section M n Componen nts O One may fin nd that somee real comp ponents do not n have a oone-to-one ccorrespondennce with a ffootprint. S Several of su uch compon nents are insstead physically packageed in a singgle IC chip w with one foootprint to fform a multii-section com mponent. An n example iss the Texas IInstruments 74LS00D cchip, which is a quad 22-input NAN ND gate con ntaining fourr NAND gattes. This meeans up to foour 74LS00D D NAND gates on a sschematic diagram may correspond to t a single multi-section m n componentt for the purpposes of PCB B layout. T The figure sh hown below depicts a sin ngle-footprin nt 74LS00D D IC containiing four NAN ND gates.

F Four 74LS00D NAND gates g packag ged in a 74LS S00D IC mu lti-section coomponent w with a single ffootprint

N Note: Some TTL and CM MOS compo onents are av vailable as inndividual seections or in a single-foootprint IC cchip containiing multiple sections. Th he IC chip families fa of thhese componnents are fouund in the coomponent bbrowser and appended with w “_IC”, as a in the casee of the 74LS S_IC familyy which incluudes the 74L LS00D IC cchip. P Placing Multti-section Co omponents T The procedure for placin ng a multi-seection compo onent with a single footpprint includees the following ssteps: Step 1: To launch the component c browser, b apply click-com mmands >> P Place >> Com mponent   Step 2: App ply click-com mmands >> Select desired group >>> Select desirred family >> Select com mponent Step 3: Clicck OK and th hen place thee IC at a desiired locationn on the circuuit window. Step 4: Wh hen the dialo og box reappears, repeat Step 2 and S Step 3 to conntinue placinng additionall IC. Step 5: Clicck Close or press p the Esc key to terminate the proocedure.

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P Placing Sing gle Sections T The procedure for placin ng one sectio on of a multi-section com mponent inclludes the following stepss: Step 1: To launch the component c browser, b apply click-com mmands >> P Place >> Com mponent   Step 2: App ply click-com mmands >> Select desired group >>> Select desirred family >> Select com mponent Step 3: Clicck OK to placce one sectio on on the circuit window w. Step 4: Clicck on an avaailable sectiion to place the componnent at a deesired location after thee sectionseleection dialog g box appearrs as shown in i the figuree below:

If there t are alrready other multi-sectio on componennts placed, the section--selection diialog box will appear in a form similaar to the follo owing figuree:

ote that the darker d text indicates i avvailable sectiions for plaacement, whereas the Onee should no dim mmed text in ndicates that section has already beeen placed. Inn the illustrattion above, ssection A of multi-section m n componen nt U1 has beeen placed. N Nevertheless,, one can plaace section B, C or D of U1. U The altternative is to place a new n componnent with aall the sectioons (A, B, C and D) avaailable. Step 5: Rep peat Step 4 to t continue placing p moree sections as the section--selection diaalog box reaappears. Step 6: Wh hen finished,, click Cance el or press th he Esc key tto return to the componnent browserr to place other componen nts. Step 7: Clicck Close to teerminate thee component placement pprocess.

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(e) Placed Component Properties Each component available in Multisim is characterized by a set of properties that control certain aspects of the component beyond those inherently stored in the database. These properties affect only the placed component, but not other instances of the same component in another circuit or in another location of the same circuit. Depending on the type of component, these properties may determine some or all of the following aspects:  The identifying information and labels about the placed component displayed on the circuit window  The model of the placed component  If applicable, how the placed component is used in analysis.  The faults used for the placed component  The component value or model and footprint  The fields Modifying Component Labels and Attributes It is not unusual that one may want to modify the default component labels and attributes. The procedure for asg a label or changing the reference designator (RefDes) of a placed component is described below.

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Step 1: Dou uble‐click on n the compo onent. The properties diaalog box perrtinent to thee componennt appears as shown s below w.

The pro operties diallog box of th he capacitor C1 shown inn Figure 2.55.11 Step 2: Clicck the Labell tab. Enter or modify the t labels inn the Label and/or RefD Des filed. (N Note: The labeels must be composed of o letters, nu umbers, andd underscorees only. No special charracters or spaaces are perm mitted.) Step 3: Entter or modify y the attributtes. These caan be any naame or valuee chosen by the . (No Note: Both the Name field and Value field f accept letters, l numbbers, and chaaracters “+”,, “-” and “_””. d clickk in the Show w column too reveal the ddrop-down m menu and Step 4: To select the atttributes to display, e, or None. The selected d attributes aare displayedd with the coomponent. seleect All, Value Step 5: Clicck OK to closse the dialog g box.

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22.5.2 Wiring g Componentts W Wiring comp ponents refers to the pro ocess of placcing a wire tto either creeate a new net or ann existing oone. The terrm net is used to describ be the connection betweeen pins on a schematicc. It represennts either w wires or tracces on a prin nted circuit. The practicce of naminng nets servees to make the schemattics more rreadable as well w as help finding f signals during an nalysis. ((a) Wiring Components C Manually M T The procedure for wiring g two compo onents togeth her manuallyy involves thhe followingg steps: Step 1: Mo ove the mousse cursor toward a piin of the firsst componennt. The cursoor immediattely turns into o a crosshairr as it toucches the targeted pin. Clicck. Step 2: Mo ove the curso or toward the second component. A wire apppears attaching to the cuursor as it moves. The flow of the wirre is controllled by the fiixed handle ppoints. Eachh handle poiint on the wirring path is created c by a click on the mouse. Thee wire will auutomaticallyy skip over aand avoid the intermediate componen nts not targetted for conneection. c tto complete and hence ffinish the connnection. Step 3: Clicck on the dessired pin of the second component Thee new wire can c be conn nected to an existing wirre if it is terrminated a cclick. Furtheermore, a dou uble click on n any point before reacching the tarrgeted pin oor an existinng wire resuults in an opeen-ended term minal. ((b) Wiring Components C Automatical A lly W Wiring two components together au utomatically is quite sim milar to manuual wiring ddiscussed abbove. The pprocedure involves the fo ollowing steeps: Step 1: Clicck on a pin from the firrst componeent to start tthe connectiion. Again tthe mouse ccursor turn ns into a crosshair as it i makes con ntact with thee pin. Step 2: Mo ove the curso or toward the desired pin of the seecond compponent. The w wire is autom matically placced as it snaaps to an app propriate con nfiguration. Step 3: Clicck on the tarrgeted pin of o the second componennt to compleete and finissh the conneection. A dou uble click on n any point before reacching the tarrgeted pin oor an existinng wire resuults in an opeen-ended term minal. ((c) Combineed Automaticc and Manua al Wiring O One can com mbine the preevious two methods m of wiring w when placing a sinngle wire. Inn essence, thhe fixed hhandle pointss are created d manually and a automatiic wiring is pperformed beetween two handle pointts. The cconnection always a starts from a pin of o the first co omponent annd is compleeted with a cclick on the ttargeted ppin of second d component. and is IIn all cases, after a a wire is i connected d between tw wo pins the ccursor retuurns to its noormal mode tthen ready for f the nextt command. The completed wire cconnections are automaatically assigned net nnumbers in sequential s order. Some additional points p about wiring com mponents woorthy of attention are nnoted as follo ows:  Press thee Esc key to stop s the wiriing process at a any time.  To deletee a wire, click on it and th hen press the Delete keyy.  To place a free wire with w open teerminals, folllow the stepps below: A the clicck sequence >> Place >> > Wire. The ccursor Step 1: Apply 2‐31

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Step 2: Click on an arrbitrary locattion and starrt wiring wheen the cross  turns intoo a crosshairr . Step 3: Move M to a desired locatio on and doublle‐click to coomplete the w wire. N Note: It is im mportant to recognize that t Multisim m is a moddeless wiringg environmeent. This meeans that M Multisim dettermines the functionalitty of the mouse cursor bby its positioon. It is not nnecessary to return to tthe menu to select s betweeen placemen nt, wiring, an nd editing toools. ((d) Virtual Wiring W A wire is no ormally draw wn to electrrically conneect two wiree segments (nets). This direct apprroach can ooften lead to visually com mplex schem matics for larrge circuits. Virtual wiriing is a proccedure that ccreates an invisible net section to serve s as the connection between tw wo nets. The objective iss to reduce the visual ccomplexity of o circuits. T Two nets, Wire1 W and Wire2 W , shown n in Figure 2.5.12a maay serve to demonstratee the task oof virtual w wiring. Speccifically, it iss desired to electrically e connect c term minal a1 of W Wire1 with tterminal b2 o of Wire2. O One may reccognize therre is no simp ple direct paath to place a wire betw ween a1 andd b2. This ppresents a ssituation thatt fully justifiies the use of virtual wiring. O One complettes the follow wing steps to t make a viirtual connecction betweeen the wiress by manuallly adding oon-page conn nectors ( ): Step 1: App ply click seq quence >> Place >> Conn nectors >> O On‐Page Con nnector ( ) >> Click on aa1 Thee On-page Connection C dialog d box diisplays as shhown below.

Step 2: Entter Con1 for the connecto or in the Con nnector nam me field. Clickk OK to closee the dialog bbox. (No otice the con nnector Con1 1 is attached d to a1 as shoown in Figurre 2.5.12b) Step 3: App ply click seq quence >> Place >> Conn nectors >> O On‐Page Con nnector ( ) >> Click on b b2 (Ag gain the On-page Connection dialog box displayys similarly aas shown aboove.) Step 4: Entter Con1 for the connecttor in the Connector nam me field. Click OK to close the dialog box. 2‐32

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Step 5: Thee Resolve Net Name Co onflict dialog g box appearrs as shown below, serviing to advisee that the two o wires are merging m netss with differeent names. S Select the deesired net nam me for both from the Select name drrop-down lisst. Wire1 is selected in tthis illustratiion. Click OK to close thhe dialog box x.

B Both wires now n have the same net name n Wire1 and on-pag ge connectorr name Con1 1 as shown iin Figure 22.5.12b below w.

N Wire1 iss electricallyy isolated froom net Wire22. Figurre 2.5.12a: Net

Figu ure 2.5.12b: Terminal a1 1 of Wire1 and terminal b2 of Wire22 are virtuallly connectedd. 2‐33

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22.5.3 Net Naming W When a wiree is placed, it i is automattically assign ned a numbeer as net nam me. This num mber is uniqque if the w wire creates a new net. Otherwise, O th he wire is asssigned the nnet name of the existing net that it jooins. The nnumbers are assigned to o the nets seq quentially in n the order tthe nets are created. Thee net name sequence sstarts from 1. The analog g ground ( ) is always named 0 byy default, whhich cannot bbe edited. E Example 2.5.3: Wiring co omponents of o the series RLC resonaance circuit T To form a seeries RLC resonance circcuit, the com mponents plaaced in Figurre 2.3.10 cann be wired aaccording tto the proced dure describeed as follows: Step 1: Place a wire connecting L1 and C1 to form fo net 1. Step 2: Place a wire connecting C1 and R1 to form f net 2. Step 3: Place a wire connecting L1 and the positive pin () of the voltaage source V1 to form neet 3. Step 4: Place a wire fro om the negattive pin () of o the voltagge source V1 to ground ( ) to form m net 0. Step 5: Place a wire to connect R1 with net 0. The T resultingg net becom mes a part of tthe existing net 0. T The completely wired seeries resonan nce circuit is depicted in Figure 2.5.113.

Figure 2.5.13: Wires are placeed to connectt the RLC coomponents off a series ressonance circcuit.

((a) Net Prop perties T The propertiies of a plaaced net can n be changeed via the N Net Settingss dialog boxx. Either onne of the ffollowing tw wo approachees can be useed to display y the dialog bbox depictedd in Figure 22.5.14. Approach 1: Double‐cllick on the wire w associateed with the ddesired net. Approach 2: 2 Select thee desired nett in the Netss tab of the Spreadsheett View, thenn click on thhe icon in the Net name n column n to display the Net Setttings dialogg box. More succinctly, the click sequence is >> Spread dsheet View w >> Nets >>> Desired nett name >> Click on icon.

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Figurre 2.5.14: Net N Settings dialog d box w with Net namee tab selecteed T There are fo our taps avaailable in th he Net Settin ngs dialog bbox for the s to chhange net prroperties. S Specifically, these taps are Net nam me, PCB setttings, Simu lation settinngs, and Advvanced nam ming. It is eevident from m Figure 2.5.14 that the Net N name tap p allows the name changge from 10 too 3.

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((b) Virtual Connection C N Naming two wires with the same neet name is effectively e cconnecting thhem by meaans of virtuaal wiring. O One may com mplete the fo ollowing step ps to make a virtual connnection by aasg ann existing nett name to a wire: Step 1: Dou uble‐click on n the wire taargeted for virtual v conneection. The N Net Settingss dialog boxx displays as depicted d in Figure F 2.5.14 4. Step 2: Sellect the Net name n tab. In n the Preferreed net namee field, enter the name off the net to w which the targ geted wire iss virtually co onnected. Click OK to cloose the dialogg box. Step 3: Wh hen the Reso olve Duplicaate Net Nam me dialog boox displays as shown beelow, select Connect the two nets usiing On-Pagee connectors and click OK K.

A As a result, both wires now n have th he same net and on-pag e connectorr names. Thee connectorss ( ) are pplaced autom matically. 22.5.4 Copyin ng and Pastin ng Schematiics A schematic, completely y or partially y drawn, can n be copied aand then ted in a diffferent locatioon on the ccircuit windo ow. The scheematic is cop pied to the clipboard forr temporary sstorage. ((a) Copying Schematics T To copy a scchematic is a two-step prrocedure: Step 1: Select the desirred schemattic. The selection can innclude any ccombination of componeents, nets d connectors. and Step 2: App ply the click k sequence >> Edit >> Co opy. ((b) Pasting Schematics S T To paste a scchematic storred on the cllipboard, app ply the clickk sequence >> Edit >> Paaste. T The compon nents, nets, and a connecto ors of the pasted schem matic are auttomatically aassigned witth names ddifferent from m those in th he original scchematic.

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22.5.5 Capturring Screen Area A A capture-sccreen-area fu unction is av vailable in Multisim M to enable one copy a scheematic placeed on the ccircuit windo ow to the clipboard. Thee captured im mage can theen be used foor the purposses of docum mentation oor writing reeports. The steps s involv ved in copyin ng a sectionn of the circcuit window to the clipbboard are eexplained beelow alongsid de the graph hical featuress depicted inn Figure 2.5.15. Step 1: App ply the click k sequence >> Tools >> C Capture Screeen Area or simply click on the buttoon . Step 2: Oncce the selecction frame appears a on the circuit w window, onee applies the standard W Windows tech hniques to move as well w as resizze the fram me to capturre the desired schematic. More speecifically, cliick on the frrame borderr, hold, and drag it to a desired loccation. One needs to clicck on the siziing handles ( ) on the frame bordeer to adjust thhe selection area. Step 3: Aftter the selecttion frame iss properly po ositioned annd resized ass shown in thhe illustratioon below, clicck on the co opy-to-clipbo oard button at the top left corrner of the sselection fraame. The imaage inside th he selection frame f is copiied to the cliipboard. Step 4: Clicck on the bu utton at th he top right corner of thee selection fr frame to end the proceduure.

F Figure 2.5.1 15: The exten nt of a schem matic copied d to the clipbboard depennds on how tthe selectionn frame is ppositioned an nd resized. 22.5.6 Other Relevant R Top pics T This guide covers just a few essentiaal aspects off schematic ccapture so thhat the ss become sufficiently aaware of thee tools availlable in Mulltisim to wo ork on relatiively simplee electric, ellectronic, annd digital ccircuits. In order o to stud dy more adv vanced desig gns, the rs need to bbe acquaintedd with the ffollowing rrelevant topics: w larger an nd complicaated designs,, such as addding subcirccuits and hieerarchical  Tools forr working with blocks king  Electricaal rules check 2‐37

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 Circuit wizards w  Breadboaarding  More feaatures about placed comp ponent propeerties and sppreadsheet viiew  Labeling g

22.5.7 Illustra ations T Two examplles are preseented to illu ustrate the ceentral steps typically takken to captuure a schem matic. The ffirst illustratiion focuses on o building the schematic of an ampplifier circuitt. It involvess the placem ment of an ooperational amplifier a (o op-amp), wh hich is an analog a devicce. The second illustrattion shows how the sschematic off a logic circuit is created d. The proceedure resultss in a gate-leevel digital ccircuit. It invvolves the pplacement off digital logic AND gates and OR gaates. ((a) Operatio onal Amplifieer Circuit T The amplifieer circuit sho own in Figurre 2.5.16 con nsists of one non-invertinng op-amp oof the AD712 type and ttwo 1-k ressistors R1 an nd R2. The resistors r are used to com mplete the pathh to provide a voltage ggain given by y 1  R1  R2 R . Clearly, for f R1  R2, the gain is eequal to 2. T This predictioon can be veerified by rrunning an in nteractive sim mulation in Multisim. M

Figure 2.5.16: A no on-invertingg op-amp cirrcuit

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The first task of utmost importance is to capture the schematic of this non-inverting op-amp circuit design. The step-by-step schematic-capture procedure is described below. Step 1: Start Multisim (if necessary) Apply the click sequence Start » All Programs » National Instruments » Circuit Design Suite 11.0 » Multisim 11.0   Step 2: Place components in the op-amp circuit design First launch the component browser to display the dialog box using the shortcut key Ctrl‐W. Next apply the following command sequences in succession to place each and every component:   First ground: >> Sources >> POWER_SOURCES >> GROUND >> OK >> Click to place at desired location   Second ground: Copy the first ground and then paste.  First DC power supply: >> Sources >> POWER_SOURCES >> DC_POWER >> OK >> Click to place at desired location  Second DC power supply: Copy the first DC power supply and then paste  First resistor: >> Basic >> RESISTOR >> 1k >> OK >> Click to place at desired location  Second resistor: Copy the first resistor and then paste  AD712 op-amp: >> Analog >> OPAMP >> AD712JR >> OK >> A >> Click >> Cancel >> Close Note: Referring to the component browser shown below, one may notice component AD712JR is selected even though any op-amp of the AD712 type may be used. Further, the Click operation in each command sequence described above is best interpreted as clicking at a desired location on the circuit window to place the pertinent component.

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At this point, having g the compon nents suitablly located, thhe schematicc before the wires are pllaced has the appeaarance as dep picted in Fig gure 2.5.17 below. b

Figure F 2.5.1 17: Placed components oof the op-amp mp circuit

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Note: Th he display atttributes for the circuit schematic aare specifiedd via the Sheeet Propertiees dialog box as sh hown in Fig gure 2.5.18. This dialog box is openned using thhe click sequuence >> Op ptions >> Sheet Prroperties. Th here are fivee tabs availaable for moddifying the pproperties off a sheet, naamely the Circuit taab, the Workkspace tab, th he Wiring taab, the Font ttab, the PCB B tab, and thee Visibility ttab.

Fig gure 2.5.18:: The dialog box for moddifying sheett properties

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Step 3: Wire the components in the amplifier circuit design Connecting the components smoothly is assured by the wiring techniques discussed in section 2.5.2. The exercise is further simplified by the fact that Multisim is a modeless wiring environment. This means Multisim determines the functionality of the mouse cursor by its position. In this illustration, the wiring process is segmented into three phases as described in the following. Wiring op-amp AD712JR  Place an open-ended wire connected to the positive input Pin 3 to form net 1.  Place a wire connecting resistor R2 and the negative input Pin 2 to form net 2.  Place an open-ended wire connected to output Pin 1 to form net 3.  Place a wire connecting resistor R1 and net 3. This wire now becomes a part of net 3.  Place a wire connecting resistor R1 and net 2. This wire now becomes a part of net 2.  Place a wire connecting resistor R2 and the ground. This wire becomes net 0 by default.  Place an open-ended wire connected to Pin 4 to form net 4.  Place an open-ended wire connected to Pin 8 to form net 5. Wiring DC power supplies  Place an open-ended wire connected to the positive terminal of V1 to form net 6.  Place an open-ended wire connected to the negative terminal of V2 to form net 7.  Place a wire connecting the negative terminal of the 12-V DC voltage source V1 and the positive terminal of the 12-V DC voltage source V2. This wire is then connected to the ground, forming a part of net 0.

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The scheematic thus far f takes the form shown n in Figure 22.5.19 insoffar as the wirre connectioons to the op-amp and a the DC power supplies are mad de. The last kkey step is tto connect thhe DC poweer supply terminalss (net 6 and net 7) with the t positive and negativve power raills of the op--amp. For thhe sake of reducing visual com mplexity of the t circuit design, d one can easily jjustify the ttimely use oof virtual wiring.

Fig gure 2.5.19:: Schematic of the non-in nverting ampplifier circuiit before virttual wiring Virtual wiring w On-page connectors ( ) are used d to implem ment virtual w wiring. Recaall that an onn-page connector can be placed d at any poin nt on the circcuit window using a twoo-step proceddure as follow ws: Step 1: Apply A >> Placce >> Conne ectors >> On n‐Page Conn nector >> Clicck at desired d location. Step 2: Enter E the con nnector namee once the On n-page Connnector dialogg box is dispplayed. Clickk OK. Referring g to Figure 2.5.19, 2 virtuaal connection ns need to bee placed betw ween the DC C power suppplies and the poweer rails of the op-amp p. These virrtual connecctions are im mplementedd by compleeting the following g steps in su uccession.  Place an a on-page connection c anywhere on o net 6 connnected to thhe positive teerminal of D DC power supply V1. Enter co onnector nam me V_POS.  Place an a on-page connection anywhere on o net 5 connnected to op-amp Pin 8, which is thee positive power rail r of the op p-amp. Selecct the connecctor name V_ V_POS.  Place an a on-page connection c anywhere on o net 7 connnected to thee negative teerminal of D DC power supply V2. Enter co onnector nam me V_NEG.  Place an a on-page connection anywheree on net 4 connected to op-amp Pin 4, whicch is the negativ ve power raill of the op-am mp. Select the t connectoor name V_N NEG. 2‐44

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N Now the wirring is comp plete and thee fully conneected non-innverting ampplifier circuiit is shown iin Figure 22.5.20 below w. One can now proceed to analyze th he circuit byy means of ssimulation onnce a signal source is pplaced at the input. This subject is diiscussed in section s 2.6.

Figure F 2.5.20 0: A fully wiired non-inveerting op-am mp circuit N Note: One may m recognize that all thee net names in i Figure 2.55.20 are hiddden. This is ddone by seleecting the H Hide all opttion availablle in the Cirrcuit tap of the Sheet P Properties ddialog box aas depicted iin Figure 22.5.18. Furth hermore, th he input terrminal and output term minal of thee op-amp ccircuit are eexplicitly aannotated. The T text labeels, Input and d Output, arre added via the textboxx which is oppened by cliicking on tthe Place Tex xt button ( ) of the Graaphic Annottation toolbaar. Alternativvely, the grap aphic annotattion tools aare revealed by the click sequence Riight‐click >> > Place Graphic.

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((b) Digital Circuit C T This illustrattion focuses on building the schemattic of the AN ND-OR com mbinational loogic circuit shown in F Figure 2.5.15 5. The desiign consists of two AND gates whoose outputs drive the O OR gate to pproduce a bbinary signall at high or low l voltage, correspondiing to logic 1 or 0. The input network has three identical pparallel path hs connecting g the inputss of the AND D gates andd a DC pow wer source. E Each path iss a series ccombination of a resistorr and a singlle-pole double-throw (SP PDT) switchh capable of transmittingg a binary vvoltage signaal. In essencce, this inpu ut network can supply thhree indepenndent binaryy voltage siggnals that aamount to eight distinct patterns of high-low h volltages. Oncee the schemaatic is built, oone can deteermine or v the tru uth table of the logic circcuit by runniing an interaactive simulaation in Multtisim. T To be specifi fic, the follow wing compon nents are useed to implem ment the logiic circuit dessign:  One 5-vo olt DC poweer source: VC CC  Three 1-k k resistors: R1, R2, R3 3  Three SP PDT switches: J1, J2, J3 3  Two 780 04N AND gaates  One 7832 2N OR gatess  The analo og ground ( ) T The step-by--step schemaatic-capture procedure p iss described bbelow. Step 1: Start Multisim (if necessary y) Apply th he click-com mmand sequ uence Start >> All Proggrams >> N National Instruments >> Circuit Design Suite 11.0 >> > Multisim 11.0   Step 2: Place components in the dig gital circuit design First laun nch the comp ponent brow wser to displaay the dialogg box using tthe shortcut key Ctrl‐W. Next app ply the follow wing click-co ommand seq quences in suuccession too place the peertinent com mponents:  OR gate: g >> TTLL >> Select all a families >> Select 74432N >> OK K >> Select ssection A >>> Click to place e componentt >> Cancel tto return to componentt browser   Two AND gatess: >> TTL >> > Select all families f >> SSelect 7408N >> OK >>> Select secttion A >> Click to place firsst AND gate >> Select U2 2 section B >>> Click to p place second d AND gate >>> Cancel to retturn to component brow wser  First SPDT switcch J1: >> Se elect all grou ups >> Selecct SWITCH >>> Select SPD DT >> OK >>> Click to place e componentt Note:: The attribu utes of the in nitially placeed SPDT swiitch need to be modifiedd in order to properly build d the schemaatic of the lo ogic circuit suited s for sim mulation. Sppecifically, aas depicted iin Figure 2.5.21, the switch h is oriented d through a horizontal h fliip and the tooggle key is changed from Space to A. The latter change is brought b abo out via the Switch dialog box by executing thhe clickcomm mand sequen nce: Right‐cliick on J1 >> Properties >>> Select Vaalue tap >> SSelect A >> O OK  

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F Figure 2.5.2 21: The attrib butes of the first f SPDT switch s beforre and after ttwo modificaations, whichh include a horizontal flip f and the key for togg gle being cha anged from SSpace to A vvia the Switchh dialog boxx  Secon nd SPDT sw witch J2: Cop py J1 >> Pastte at desiredd location >>> Set toggle key to B  Third d SPDT swittch J3: Copyy J1 >> Paste e at desired l ocation >> SSet toggle keey to C  First resistor R1: >> Basic >> RESISTOR > >> Select 1k >> OK >> Cliick to place component nd resistor R2 R : Copy R1 >> Paste at desired locaation >> Rottate 90 Clock kwise  Secon  Third d resistor R3 3: Copy R2 >> > Paste at de esired locatiion  DC power p supply: >> Sources >> POW WER_SOURCCES >> Selecct VCC >> O OK >> Click to place comp ponent >> Ro otate 90 Cou unterclockw wise    Analo og ground: >> Select GR > ROUND >> O OK >> Click too place comp ponent

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A At the curren nt stage, hav ving the com mponents su uitably locateed as well aas oriented, tthe schemattic digital ccircuit beforee wiring has the appearaance as depiccted in Figurre 2.5.22 shoown below.

Figure 2.5.2 22: Placed components c of the digitaal circuit

Step 3: Wirre the compo onents in thee digital circuit design Wiring th he components in the diigital circuit can be carriied out systeematically inn three phasees. Phase 1 is to pllace wires to o form the in nput networrk, which coonsists of thee DC power source (VC CC) at the output, th he intervening resistors (R1, R2, an nd R3), andd the SPDT switches (J1, J2, and JJ3) at the output. Phase P 2 is to place the wires conn necting the iinput pins oof the AND gates and tthe input network. Phase 3 is to put conneections betw ween the outpput pins of thhe AND gatees and the innput pints R gate. In ad ddition, a wiire is placed at the OR ggate output ppin so that thhe digital ressponse of of the OR the logic circuit to vaarious digitall inputs can be monitoreed and measuured. Phase 1: Wiring the input i networrk The inpu ut network co onsists of the DC powerr source (VC CC) at the ou utput, the SPDT switchess (J1, J2, J3) at thee output, and d the intervening resistorrs (R1, R2, R R3) connectting the inpu ut and the ouutput. The wires maay be placed in the follow wing order:  Place wires w conneccting DC pow wer source VCC V and resiistors R1, R22, and R3 too form net VC CC.  Place wires w conneccting the OF FF terminalss of the SPD DT switchess (J1, J2, J3 3) and the g ground to form neet 0.  Place a wire connecting 1k- resistor r R1 and a the ON tterminal of S SPDT switchh J1 to form net 1.  Place a wire connecting 1k- resistor r R2 and a the ON tterminal of S SPDT switchh J2 to form net 2.  Place a wire connecting1k- reesistor R3 an nd the ON teerminal of SPDT switchh J3 to form nnet 3. 2‐48

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Phase 2: Wiring the input i pins off 7408N AN ND gates  Place a wire connecting the pole terminal of o J1 to Pin 1 of AND gaate U1A to fform net 4.  Place a wire connecting the polle terminal of o J2 to Pin 1 of AND gaate U1B to fo form net 5.  Place a wire conneecting Pin 2 of AND gatte U1A and P Pin 1 of AN ND gate U1B B to become a part of the exissting net 5.  Place a wire connecting the pole terminal of o J3 to Pin 1 of AND gaate U1C to fform net 6. Phase 3: Wiring the 7432N 7 OR gate g  Place a wire connecting Pin 3 of o AND gatee U1A and Piin 1 of OR ggate U1A to fform net 7.  Place a wire connecting Pin 3 of o AND gatee U1B and Piin 2 of OR ggate U1A to fform net 8.  Place an a open-endeed wire conn nected to Pin n 3 of OR gaate U1A to foorm net 9. N Now the wirring processs is completted. Shown in Figure 2 .5.23 is the schematic of a fully cconnected A AND-OR co ombinationall logic circuiit. The schem matic is now w ready for rrunning inteeractive simuulation in M Multisim. On ne can then determine d orr the truth t table off the logic ciircuit.

Figurre 2.5.23: A fully f wired ddigital circuuit

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2.6 Simulation In general , simulation refers the imitation of some real system or physical process. A meaningful simulation inevitably entails a reasonable understanding of the characteristics or behaviors of a selected system or process. Simulation is deployed in many contexts, including the modeling of natural and engineering systems in order to gain insight into their functioning. In particular, simulation is extensively used to analyze real systems or processes that may be inaccessible or dangerous to engage. Two critical issues in simulation are: (i) the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions in modeling the real systems or processes, and (ii) the fidelity and validity of the simulation results. Traditionally, the essence of simulation is the use of mathematical models to emulate real systems. This approach yields analytical solutions that enable the prediction of system behaviors from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Its effectiveness is nevertheless limited to simple systems that have closed-form analytic solutions. Alternatively, computer simulation is to perform simulation utilizing computer-based models. Because of their ever-increasing computing power, performing simulations on computers is inevitably the preferred approach for the studies of complex systems for which closed-form analytic solutions are difficult or not possible. Computer simulation offers another distinct advantage in of its flexibility and efficiency in emulating complex physical systems over a wide range of parameter values and initial conditions. This guide focuses on the basic elements that are essential for running circuit simulations in Multisim. The s should consult the Multisim online help file for the detailed descriptions of various aspects of Multisim simulations. 2.6.1 Simulation in Multisim Running simulations in Multisim is essentially emulating the behavior of electric, digital, or electronic circuits on a computer. By virtue of these simulations, one can gain understanding of the performance of various circuits prior to using physical test instruments or their physical constructions. The key issues of running a circuit simulation include:  Setting up the circuit for simulation  Selecting the virtual instruments  Selecting the mode of simulation  Analyzing the results The tools available in Multisim pertinent to circuit simulations can be accessed via the Menu bar. Specifically, a click on the Simulation button reveals a drop-down menu containing a list of simulation commands as depicted in Figure 2.6.1.

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Figurre 2.6.1: Com mmands listeed on the Sim mulation droop-down mennu ((a) Simulatio on Control Functions F T There are seeveral contrrol functionss available in Multisim m specificallly implemennted to facillitate the ssimulation process. p Thee control fu unctions listted on the Simulation drop-down menu are noted as ffollows: o run or resu ume simulatiion of the acctive circuit.  Run: Clicck on the buttton (F5) to Pause: Click on the button b (F6) to pause siimulation.  Stop: Clicck on the buttton to sto op simulation n. O One may nottice that the simulation control c butto ons are also aavailable on the Simulattion toolbar aas shown in the follow wing figure:

Simullation toolbaar

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((b) Simulatio on Set-up S Setting up a circuit for siimulation inv volves three key elemennts:  The scheematic of thee circuit desig gn is properlly captured.  A signal source mustt be placed in n the circuit schematic too act as exciitation. und must be included to act a as reference for the vvoltage signaals.  The grou ((c) Selection n of Virtual Instruments I available in Multisim thhat imitate reeal-world beench-top insttruments. V Virtual instru uments are components c T They providee circuit designers with a low-cost but b conveniennt as well ass effective m method for innteracting w with the circu uits prior to the testing or o prototypin ng phase. Onne can applyy the click-coommand seqquence >> SSimulate >> Instrumentss to display the list of viirtual instrum ments in Muultisim as deppicted in Figgure 2.6.2 bbelow.

Figure 2.6.2: Virtu ual and simulated instrum ments availaable in Multiisim

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IIt may be observed o thaat the Multtisim instrum ments listedd on the drrop-down m menu includee several ssimulated instruments, namely n Agillent Function n Generatorr, Agilent M Multimeter, A Agilent Osciilloscope, aand Tektroniix Oscillosco ope. They look l and opeerate exactlyy according to the manuals suppplied by tthe manufactturers. P Placing Virtu ual Instrumeents T The two apprroaches to placing a virttual instrumeent are descrribed in the ffollowing. Approach 1: Apply thee click-comm mand sequen nce >> Simu ulate >> Instruments >>  Click on thee desired instrumen nt >> Click to o place the instrument Approach 2: 2 If the Insstruments to oolbar is visible as depiicted below,, then applyy the click-ccommand sequence >> Click on the desired instrument button >> C Click to placee the instrum ment

Instru uments toolbaar A After an insttrument is placed on thee circuit win ndow, only iits icon (sym mbol) is dispplayed. One needs to d double‐click on the icon n to open thee front l of the instrrument in orrder to connnect the wirees and set tthe control parameters to o acquire thee measuremeents properlyy. A brief overview of so ome commo only used in nstruments iis presentedd in this secction. More detailed ddescriptions of all the virrtual instrum ments listed in Figure 2.66.2 are foundd in the Multtisim help fille. M Measuremen nt Probe A common usage u of the measuremen nt probe (ico on oobtain readin ng of the folllowing signaal parameters:  Instantan neous voltagee  Peak-to-p peak voltagee  RMS volltage  DC voltaage  Frequenccy

) is to place it at aany point on a wire in a circuit to

A dynamic probe can be b placed during d activee simulationn by simplyy clicking onn the icon and then ddragging it to o any point on o a wire. A click then places the proobe at the deesired locatioon. C Current Prob be T The current probe (icon n ) imitatees the behav vior of induustrial clampp-on currentt probes. Thhis probe cconverts the current flow wing through a wire to a voltage att its output terminal. Thhe output terminal is tthen connectted to an osccilloscope, where w the current is deteermined baseed on the vooltage-to-currrent ratio oof the probe.

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O One executess the followiing steps to place p a curreent probe onn a wire: Step 1: Clicck on the cu urrent probe icon on thee Instrumentts toolbar. T The image oof current prrobe now app pears and attaaches to the mouse curso or. Step 2: Draag the probe’s image to the t desired wire w and clic k to place it.. Step 3: Con nnect the prrobe’s outpu ut to the osscilloscope. If necessaryy, the oscilloscope neeeds to be placced before th he connectio on is made. T The placemeent of a curreent probe on a wire is illu ustrated in thhe followingg figure:

An n illustration n of the key aspects a of pllacing a currrent probe

M Multimeter T The icon (sy ymbol) of thee multimeterr and its fron nt is shhown in Figuure 2.6.3. Thhe multimeter can be uused to meaasure curren nt, voltage, or o resistancee in an AC or DC circcuit. The m measurement range is aautomatically y set and do oes not need to be speciffied. Its interrnal resistannce and curreent are preseet to near ideal values, which can be b changed if i desired.

Figure F 2.6.3: Multimeterr – Icon (sym mbol) and frront

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F Function Gen nerator T The icon (sy ymbol) of th he function generator g and its front p is show wn in Figuree 2.6.4. The function ggenerator is a convenientt and realistiic voltage signal source.. It generatess sinusoidal, triangular, oor square w waveforms. The waveforrm parameteers, namely frequency, dduty cycle, aamplitude, and DC offseet, can be sspecified by the s. The T function generator iss connected to a circuit via the posittive (), the negative ((), and the common terrminals. Thee common terminal t at tthe center prrovides a reeference leveel for the vvoltage sign..

nction generrator – Icon (symbol) annd front paneel Figurre 2.6.4: Fun

O Oscilloscopees T The icon (sy ymbol) of th he two-chann nel and its front f iis shown in Figure 2.6.5. The oscillloscopes implemented d in Multisim m include:  Two-chaannel oscillosscope  Four-chaannel oscilloscope  Agilent 54622D 5 mix xed signal oscilloscope  Tektronix x TDS 2024 4 four-channeel digital sto orage oscilloscope A All these osccilloscopes are a operated in similar manner m in coomparison w with their real-world counnterparts. T The horizonttal timing an nd the verticcal voltage parameters p caan be speciffied by the us. In adddition, the ttriggering lev vel and type are selectab ble.

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Figure 2.6.5: 2 Two-cchannel oscillloscope – Iccon (symbol)) and front p B Bode Plotter T The icon (sy ymbol) of th he Bode plottter and its front is shown inn Figure 2.66.6. The Bodde plotter ddisplays the relative maagnitude and d phase of voltage signnals at two different noodes in a circuit. In eessence, it provides the frequency reesponse of a circuit, inccluding voltaage gain andd phase shifft. Hence, tthe Bode plo otter is most useful for an nalyzing filteer circuits.

mbol) and fr front Fiigure 2.6.6: Bode plotteer – Icon (sym 2‐56

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S Spectrum An nalyzer T The icon (sy ymbol) of the spectrum analyzer a and d its front paanel is show wn in Figure 2.6.7. The spectrum aanalyzer measures a volltage signal and display ys its amplittude versus frequency. More speciffically, it pplots the am mplitude of th he signal ag gainst the freequency of tthe signal. T The operatioon involves ssweeping tthe frequenccy over a wiide range. In n essence, th he spectrum analyzer peerforms a sim milar functioon in the ffrequency do omain to an oscilloscope o e in the time domain. Thiis instrumennt enables thee s deterrmine the sspectral conttents of signaals.

Figu ure 2.6.7: Spectrum analy lyzer – Icon ((symbol) annd front paneel ((d) Selection n of Simulation Mode N Normally th he selection of simulatiion mode depends d on the intended analysis oor utilizatioon of the ssimulation daata. Two com mmon objecctives of dataa analysis arre (i) to veriffy whether thhe circuit haas met the ddesign criteriia, and (ii) to o characterizze the effects of certain ccomponents on the behaavior of the ccircuit. A vvariety of an nalyses can be b performed in Multisiim. One cann select a dessired analysis from a drrop-down m menu depicteed in Figure 2.6.8 by app plying the cllick-commannd sequence >> Simulatee >> Analysees.

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Figure 2.6 6.8: List of analyses a avaailable in Muultisim O One key poiint is a seleected analyssis needs to be properlyy configuredd in order tto obtain meeaningful rresults. This typically in nvolves settiing up the analysis-spec a cific parameeters in the configuratioon dialog bbox, which is i automaticcally display yed once an analysis is selected. Foor instance, in the conffiguration ddialog box fo or AC analy ysis shown in n Figure 2.6.9, one can sspecify the ffrequency paarameters, thhe output vvariables, an nd the analysis options uttilizing the available a tabs. N Note: Net naames are useed to identiffy output vaariables. It i s advisable to display tthe net namees at this ppoint so as to o avoid conffusion in the analysis of data. d N Now one maay have already come to o recognize that t circuit ssimulations in Multisim m can be run in either tthe interactiv ve mode or th he analysis mode. m Their distinction iis explainedd in the follow wing. IInteractive Simulation S Mode M T This mode iss initiated by y a click on th he Run Simu ulation buttoon ( ). It perrforms a tim me-domain siimulation uuntil a click on o the Stop button ( ) is i applied. In n this mode,, data is dispplayed by thhe instrumentts and by tthe indicatorr componentss. In addition n, interactivee componennts (such as sswitches) annd certain insstruments ((such as the function f gen nerator) can be b used to ch hange the ciircuit dynam mics during ruun-time.

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A Analysis Sim mulation Mode T This mode is i typically initiated by y the click--command ssequence >>> Simulate >> Select aa desired aanalysis. After the dialog g box is displayed, the siimulation staarts immediaately with a click on the Simulate bbutton. The key k featuress of this mod de include: (i) ( the ss configure tthe selected analysis, annd (ii) the ssimulation reesults are auttomatically displayed d in n the Grapherr during andd after the sim mulation.

Figure 2.6.9 9: Configura ation dialog box for AC analysis

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((e) Data Ana alysis T The results of simulatio ons are disp played in th he Grapher and eventuaally saved ffor utilizatioon in the P Postprocesso or. T The Grapherr T The Grapherr is a multi--purpose dissplay tool in n Multisim w which allow ws the s view the siimulation rresults in thee form of grraphs or tablles. In the graph g form, simulation ddata is displayed as onee or more ttraces along vertical and d horizontal axes a as illusttrated by thee example shhown in Figuure 2.6.10 (aa) below. IIn the table form, text data d are disp played in row ws and colum umns as illusstrated by thhe example sshown in F Figure 2.6.10 0 (b). T There are hid dden commaands and fun nctions assocciated with vvarious buttoons on the tooolbar in thee Grapher V View window w. Clicking on o a button on o the toolbaar will reveaal a list of peertinent comm mands and ffunctions. T They can be used to mod dify the prop perties or attrributes of thhe graph, succh as the scaales, ranges, and titles oof axes, the styles s and co olors of liness, etc. Some points of intterest are noted below:  A click on o the curso or button will toggle thee cursors onn and off. Thhe cursors ccan be moveed by the standard click‐hold‐d drag mouse technique so s that one can read thhe x-values aand y-valuess of data points on n the graph.  A graph can be copieed to the clip pboard using g the click-coommand seqquence >> Ed dit >> Copy G Graph.  Graph daata can be saaved in various file formaats, includinng LabView,, Excel, or pllain text files.

Fiigure 2.6.10 (a): Simulation data dissplayed in grraph form w with one or m more traces

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Figure F 2.6.10 0 (b): Simula ation data diisplayed in ttable form w with rows andd columns

T The Postproccessor T The postprocessor is ussed to math hematically manipulate the simulattion data reesulted from m various aanalyses. Its window wo orkspace can n be launched d by applyinng the click--command seequence >> Simulate >>> Postprocessor. The typical math hematical op perations thaat can be peerformed onn the analysis results include arithmetic, trigon nometric, ex xponential, lo ogarithmic, ccomplex, vector, and loggic.

(f (f) Illustrations T Three examp ples are pressented to illu ustrate somee important bbenefits of ccircuit simullations. The first two eexamples aree based on the schematiics of the op perational am mplifier circuuit and the llogic circuit captured eearlier in thiss guide. The third examp ple is focused on the sim mulation of a filter circuitt.

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O Operational Amplifier A Circuit F For the schem matic of thee op-amp cirrcuit shown in Figure 2. 5.20, one neeeds to placee a basic AC C voltage ssource at thee input of thee non-invertiing amplifier. In this illuustration, an AC voltagee source withh a 1-volt ppeak voltagee at 1 kHz is used as exciitation. The driven d ampllifier circuit is depicted iin Figure 2.66.11.

Figurre 2.6.11: Pllacing a simuulation sourrce H Having a sig gnal source placed at itss input, the amplifier ciircuit is now w properly set up for sim mulation. S Suppose it is of interestt to examinee the input-o output charaacteristic off this ampliffier circuit. O One then nneeds to sim multaneously y measure an nd monitor the t input annd output siggnals. This ssituation reqquires the uuse of a two--channel osccilloscope, which w is avaiilable in Mulltisim as a vvirtual instrum ment. The pplacement aand wiring of the virtu ual oscillosccope can bee accomplisshed using the proceduure describeed in the ffollowing:  Click on the Oscilloscope button on the Instrrument toolbbar to displaay the instrum ment’s imagge, which now attacches to and moves m with the t mouse cu ursor.  Click to place p the icon n XSC1 of th he oscilloscope at a desirred location on the circuiit window.  Wire the channel A and a channell B terminalss of the osciilloscope to both the inpput and outpput of the amplifierr circuit in a manner as depicted d in Figure F 2.6.122.  In order to t display th he waveform ms in the two o channels w with differentt colors, onee may need tto change the colorr of the wire connected to o channel A or channel B B. The follow wing click-ccommand seqquence is applied to t change the color of th he wire conn nected to chhannel B from m red to bluue: Right‐clicck on the wire >> SSelect Color Segment >> > Select a shaade of blue >>> click OK

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Figure 2.6..12: The amp plifier circuiit is properlyy set up for rrunning simuulations

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A typical sim mulation runn ning in the in nteractive mode m involvees the follow wing sequencce of operatioons:  Click on the t Run / ressume simulaation button ( ) to start tthe simulatioon.  Double‐cclick on the oscilloscop pe icon (XSCC1) to openn the oscillooscope interrface to monitor the simulatio on results as depicted in Figure 2.6.13. 2 If deesired, clickk on the Reeverse buttoon of the oscilloscope to chang ge the backg ground color from black to white. t Stop buttton ( ) in th he simulation n toolbar to stop the sim mulation,  Click no the S Samples of the input and d output wav veforms geneerated in thee simulation are displayeed in the osccilloscope sshown in Fig gure 2.6.13.

M th he simulationn data in thee oscilloscoppe Figurre 2.6.13: Monitoring A As observed d previously,, the amplifiier circuit haas a voltagee gain givenn by 1  R1  R2. In building the sschematic, th he resistancce values ch hosen are R1 R  R2  1 1000. Thu us, the gain is equal too 2. This pprediction is clearly supp ported by th he simulation n data monittored by thee oscilloscoppe, which fuurnishes a ggain determiined by  1.987 mpletes the iillustration inn which an amplifier 9 V /  993 3.706 mV  2 . This com ccircuit is sim mulated and analyzed a usin ng Multisim m.

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D Digital Circu uit T This illustrattion focuses on the simu ulation of thee AND-OR combinationnal logic cirrcuit shown iin Figure 22.5.23. This is an examp ple of digitaal simulation n. The purpoose of digitaal simulationn is to deterrmine the nnodal voltagees of a logic circuit, whiich are essen ntially binaryy signals. Thhese nodal vooltages take on either hhigh-voltage level or low w-voltage leevel, corresp ponding to llogical valuue 1 or 0, reespectively. Hence, a llogic circuit is characterrized as a discrete-state d e system andd not governned by the pphysical circcuit laws ((such as Ohm m's law and Kirchhoff's laws). Each h digital com mponent in thhe circuit (suuch as an AN ND gate) ssimply readss the binary voltage sign nal at its inp put, perform ms some Booolean logic operation, ooptionally ssaves the statte, and placees the resultiing binary signal at its ouutput. F For the logicc circuit und der consideraation, the thrree input loggical variables A, B, andd C correspoond to the oon-off switches A, B, and a C, respeectively. Th he binary siggnal X at thhe circuit ouutput (nameely nodal vvoltage of neet 9) is a log gic function of o A, B, and d C. One cann readily veriify that the llogic functioon X may bbe expressed d as follows: X  X ( A, B , C )  AB B  BC

IIn this simu ulation, a logic probe liight X is pllaced on neet 9 connectting to the logic circuiit output. S Specifically, to place a green logic probe light,, one appliees the click-ccommand seequence >> Place >> C Component >> Select Indicators >> Select PROB BE >> Select PROBE_GREEEN >> Clickk to place on n net 9 >> C Close. For th he power sup pply VCC at 5 volts, thee default thrreshold voltaage for X to light up is set at 2.5 vvolts. Clearly, X turns off o when the output volltage falls bbelow 2.5 voolts. The diggital circuit with the pprobe light attached a is deepicted in the figure show wn below:

The diigital circuitt in Figure 2.5.23 with a logic probee light attachhed B By toggling the logic sw witches A, B, B and C to the t eight poossible combbinations of logic valuess 1 and 0 w while monito oring the log gic probe lig ght X, one can c determinne the truth ttable of the logic circuitt, namely tthe logic fun nction X ( A, B , C ) . 2‐65

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N Note: To tog ggle switch A between 1 and 0 (on n and off), for instancee, one simplly presses thhe key A rrepeatedly. The T on-off sw witching opeeration can also a be perfoormed directtly on the scchematic. Onne moves tthe mouse cu ursor toward d switch A un ntil its button n appearrs, then clickks on it repeaatedly. O One can utillize the logiic converterr, a virtual instrument i aavailable in Multisim, tto confirm the logic ffunction X ( A, B , C ) reaalized by the logic circuit. Depicted iin Figure 2.66.14 is the trruth table deetermined bby the eight observed lo ogic values of o X corresp ponding to tthe eight com mbinations of A, B, and C. The llogic convertter computess that this tru uth table is in ndeed logicaally equivaleent to X ( A, B , C )  AB  BC .

X

F Figure 2.6.1 14: The tru uth table determined d by b measurem ments is eqquivalent too the logic function X  AB  BC. T This exercise illustrates the simulattion of a log gic circuit innvolving thee use of inteeractive insttruments, nnamely switcches and pro obe light. Fu urther, the lo ogic functionn of the circuuit can be annalyzed baseed on the rresulting meaasurements.

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F Filter Circuitt T This illustrattion utilizes the filter cirrcuit shown in Figure 2.6.15 to dem monstrate thee use of morre virtual instruments, which inclu ude the interractive poten ntiometer, thhe function generator, tthe oscillosccope, and tthe Bode plo otter.

Figure 2.6 6.15: Schema atic of the fillter circuit in nvolving thee use of a cloock source annd a potentiometer T The demonsttration proceeeds with thee following procedure: p Step 1: Place a function n generator to replace th he clock souurce. Once pllaced, double‐click on itts icon to disp play the of the fun nction generaator. Adjust its settings aas follows:  Select S sinusoidal wave  Set S amplitudee to 1 V  Set S frequency y to 40 kHz Clo ose the instru ument .. Step 2: Place a Bode plotter p between the inpu ut net and ooutput net. O Once placedd, double‐click on its icon n to display the off the Bode pllotter. Adjusst its settingss as follows:  Select S magnittude  Horizontal H ax xis: Select lo og scale. Set initial frequuency to 1 kH Hz and final frequency too 1 MHz M  Vertical V axis:: Select log scale. s Set iniitial value too 50 dB andd final value to 10 dB Clo ose the instru ument ..

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Step 3: Place an oscillo oscope betw ween the inp put net and ooutput net. O Once placedd, double‐cliick on its icon n to display the off the oscillosscope. Adjusst its settingss as follows:  Set S time scalee to 20 s d div  Set S channel A scale to 1 V div  Set S channel B scale to 1 V div Clo ose the instru ument .. Note: The color of thee wire segmeent connecteed to an insttrument deteermines the color of thee signal’s trace displlayed on thee instrumentt. To chang ge the color of a wire segment, onne applies thhe clickcommand sequence >> > Right‐click on the wire e segment >>> Color Seggment >> Select desired color >> OK. F Figure 2.6.16 6 shows the filter circuiit with the virtual v instruuments propeerly attachedd. Now one can start tthe simulatio on and obserrve the resultts.

Figure 2.6.16 6: Setting up p the schematic of the filtter circuit foor running siimulations

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O Observationss ((1) Function n generator: A double cllick on the function f gennerator icon XFG1 reveaals the settinngs on its as depicted in Figure F 2.6.17 7 below:

Figure 2.6.1 17: Settings on the functtion generatoor ((2) Bode plo otter: The Bo ode plotter p appearrs immediat ely upon a d double clickk on the Bodde plotter icon XBP1. One may no otice from Figure F 2.6.18 8 (a) the setttings of the Bode plotteer. By clickin ng on the aarrows ( ) one can move m the currsor to read the filter gaain from the trace displaayed as a funnction of ffrequency. In n the curren nt instance, the t gain is 35.381  dB at 4.23 kH Hz. The secoond reading from the B Bode plot deepicted in Fiigure 2.6.18 (b) gives a gain of 4.3664 dB at 40.2216 kHz. Thhe third readding from tthe Bode plo ot shown in Figure 2.6.18 (c) givess a gain of  35.07 dB aat 382.312 kkHz. Based on these rreadings, onee may conclu ude that thiss filter is a tu uning circuit with center frequency 440 kHz.

F Figure 2.6.18 (a): Settin ngs on the Bo ode plotter p and thee filter gain is 35.381 ddB at 4.23 kH Hz 2‐69

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Figure 2.6.18 2 (b): Settings S on th he Bode plottter . T The filter gainn is 4.364 dB B at 40.216 kkHz.

Figure 2.6 6.18 (c): Setttings on the Bode B plotterr and tthe filter gaiin is 35.07 dB at 382.312 kHz ((3) Oscillosccope: Double e‐clicking on n the oscilloscope icon X XSC1 will oopen its paneel as shown in Figure 22.6.19 (a). The dissplays the settings, two traces t that m measure the vvariations off the input annd output ssignals with time, and tw wo cursors (#1 ( and #2) that allow oone read thee signal volttages at variious time instants. As anticipated, by clicking on the arrows ( ) oone can movve the cursoors to differeent signal ppoints on thee traces disp played. For the t traces sh hown in Figgure 2.6.19 ((a), cursor ##1 indicates the input vvoltage is 99 99.559 mV and a output voltage is 113.134 mV at 6.343  s, whereas cuursor #2 indiicates the input voltagee is 938.398 8 mV and th he output volltage is 349. 137 mV at 220.149  s. C Clearly, the ffilter gain is varying wiith time duriing the obserrvation perio od. Figure 2 .6.19 (b) deppicts the inpput and outpuut signals in the steady y state, which is characcterized by having consstant filter ggain. In thiss instance, ccursor #1 465 mV and d the output voltage is  1.362 V at 5.257 ms, whereas indicates thee input voltaage is 994.4 ccursor #2 ind dicates the in nput voltage is 915.035 5 mV and thhe output volltage is 1.6266 V at 5.3177 ms. The cconstant filteer gain is com mputed to bee 1.626 V  994.465 9 mV  1.635. 2‐70

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F Figure 2.6.1 19 (a): Settings on the oscilloscopee andd the traces of the inputt and outpuut voltage ssignals. The filter f gain iss time-varyin ng during thee observatioon period.

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F Figure 2.6.1 19 (b): Settiings on the oscilloscopee andd the traces of the inputt and outpuut voltage ssignals. The filter f gain iss constant in n the steady state. s ((4) Potentiom meter: The resistance r vaalue of the po otentiometerr is controlleed by the perrcentage (%)) of R3  1 k. This percentage p iss increased by b pressing the key A aand decreaseed by pressinng the combbined key SShift‐A. Figu ure 2.6.20 (a) shows th he traces of the input aand output vvoltage signals displayeed on the ooscilloscope when the potentiometerr is set at 50 0% of R3. T The correspoonding filter gain is 1.6227. In the instance depiicted in Figu ure 2.6.20 (b b), the tr of the inputt and outputt voltage signnals displayeed on the ooscilloscope correspond to the poten ntiometer sett at 85% of R3. The filter gain takes on the valuue 0.955. IIn addition, the t phase sh hifts (namely y delays) of the t output siignals relativve to the inpput signals inn the two instances aree different. This T clearly suggests thaat the relatioonship betw ween the inpuut and outpuut signals vvaries with th he resistancee of the poteentiometer.

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F Figure 2.6.2 20 (a): Input and output voltage sign nals displaceed on the osccilloscope with the potenntiometer sset at 50% off R3

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F Figure 2.6.2 20 (b): Inputt and output voltage sign nals displaceed on the osccilloscope w with the potenntiometer sset at 50% off R3 T This complettes the demo onstration off simulating the t filter circcuit in Multiisim.

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SECTION N 3: NI ELV VIS II 3.1 Overvieew It may be recalled r thatt NI ELVIS S is an acron nym for Naational Instruuments Eduucational Labboratory Virtual Instrumentation n Suite. NI ELVIS E II is an upgradedd version of ELVIS I prroduced by N National Instrumentss. It is a hand ds-on design n and prototy yping platforrm that is fullly integratedd with Multiisim and completely open and customizable c e in LabVIE EW. The addditional LaabVIEW-bassed softwaree blocks included in the suite aree Express VIIs and SignaalExpress. A An integratedd NI ELVIS platform connsists of the followin ng elements:  A custom m-designed bench-top workstation w  A protottyping board d  A multiffunction data acquisition n device  Twelve LabVIEW-b based virtuaal instrumen nts, includingg the comm monly used ooscilloscopee, digital multimeeter, function n generator, and bode an nalyzer. NI ELVIS II I combines hardware an nd software into one com mplete laborratory suite. Figure 3.1.11 depicts the compon nents of a typ pical NI EL LVIS II systeem. The pictture of a reaal NI ELVIS S II system ffound in the EEL300 03L-EEL311 12L Laborato ory is shown n in Figure 33.1.2.

Figurre 3.1.1: A tyypical NI EL LVIS II systeem

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Figure 3.1.2: An NI ELVIS II syystem in the EEL3003L--EEL3112L L Lab In essence, NI ELVIIS providess an enviro onment thaat is well suited for measuremeent and instrumentaation, circuiits, controlss, telecomm munications,, and embbedded-MCU U (microcontroller) experimentss. This meaans the NI EL LVIS II plattform can bee utilized in the instructiional laborattories or classrooms for a wide range of su ubjects. Indeeed, some kkey advantagges of NI E ELVIS are nnoted as follows: VIS is a pedaagogically effective e teacching tool. T The platform m provides tthe students with an  NI ELV engagin ng hands-on learning exp perience as they t can quicckly effectuate the transsformation oof theory into reallity. Bridgin ng the gap beetween theory and protootyping can often motivvate the studeents and raise theeir interest.  Adoptin ng NI ELVIIS is cost-efffective. Tw welve commoonly used innstruments are availablle in NI ELVIS, such as a digital d multiimeter (DMM M), a functiion generatoor, an oscillloscope, andd a bode analyzerr. The immeediate beneffit is cost-saaving as it iss no longer necessary too purchase m multiple sets of in nstruments for f different experimentss or applicattions.  NI ELV VIS prototyp ping is efficient. A singlle platform eequipped wiith commonnly used insttruments allows different d useers perform multiple m prototyping appplications wiithout laboriing over assembling and de-aassembling designs. d Thu us, cumberso ome as well aas time-conssuming operrations are avvoided.

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3.2 NI ELV VIS II Hardware A top view of the NI EL LVIS II ben nchtop worksstation is deppicted in Figgure 3.2.1. A An annotatioon of the key elemen nts is includ ded in the diagram. d On ne may takee note of the characteriistic featuress of the workstation n identified below: b  The con ntrol provides p eassy-to-operatee knobs forr the variablle power suupplies and ffunction generato or. are furnishhed in the fform of BNC and banaana-style  Conveniient connecttivity and functionality fu connectors to the function generrator, oscillo oscope, and ddigital multiimeter (DMM M).

LVIS II bench htop workstaation with thhe prototypinng board inseerted Figure 3.2.1: Top view of an NI EL

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3.2.1 Bench htop Worksta ation Indicattors, Controlls, and Connnectors The benchttop workstattion is equip pped with a set of indiicators, conttrols, and connectors. T The key features of these t elemen nts are described in the following. f EDs (a) USB LE The two ind dicators are identified i an nd described as follows:  Ready LED L indicaates that thee NI ELVIS II hardw ware is propperly configgured and rready to commun nicate with the t host com mputer. – Active LED L indicatees activity on n the USB co onnection too the host com mputer. The LED paatterns are described in table t shown below:

(b) Prototyp ping Board Power P Switcch and LED The power switch s (Figu ure 3.2.1) con ntrols the po ower to the pprototyping bboard. Note: It neeeds to be ensured e thatt the prototy yping boardd power sw witch is off before inseerting or removing it from the beenchtop work kstation. pply Controls ls (c) Variablee Power Sup The two con ntrol knobs are a identified d and describ bed as follow ws:  Positivee Voltage Ad djust Knob controls the output volttage of the ppositive variiable powerr supply. The possitive supply output can vary v between n 0 and 12 V.  Negativve Voltage Adjust A Knob controls thee output volttage of the nnegative varriable powerr supply. The neg gative supply y output can vary betweeen 0 and 122 V. Note: Thesee knobs are only active when the asssociated varriable powerr supply is sset to manuaal mode. An LED nex xt to each kn nob light is on o when the variable pow wer supply iis in manual mode.

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(d) Function Generator Controls The two control knobs are identified and described as follows: – Frequency Knob adjusts the output frequency of the generated waveform. – Amplitude Knob adjusts the amplitude of the generated waveform. Note: These knobs are only active when the function generator is set to manual mode. An LED next to each knob light is on when the function generator is in manual mode. (e) DMM Connectors The three connectors are identified and described as follows:  Voltage, Resistance, and Diode Banana Jack (red) is used to provide the positive input for voltage based DMM functionality.  Common Banana Jack (black) is used to provide the common reference connection for DMM voltage, current, resistance, and diode measurements.  Current Banana Jack (red) is used to provide the positive input for DMM current measurements. Notes: (i) The fuse cartridge is a replaceable fuse used to protect the current signal path. (ii) The NI ELVIS II DMM connections for voltage, current, resistance, and diode measurements are available only through the banana jacks. They are not routed to the prototyping board. (f) Oscilloscope (Scope) Connectors The two connectors are identified and described as follows:  CH 0 BNC Connector is used to provide the input for channel 0 of the oscilloscope.  CH 1 BNC Connector is used to provide the input for channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Note: The NI ELVIS II Oscilloscope channels 0 and 1 are available only through the BNC connectors. They are not routed to the prototyping board. (g) FGEN/Trigger Connector This connector provides the optional output of the function generator or a digital trigger input.

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3.2.2 Protottyping Board d A top view of the NI ELVIS E II series prototyping board iss depicted inn Figure 3.2..2. An annottation of the key eleements is in ncluded in the t drawing g. A diagram m depicted an expandeed top view w of the prototyping board is shown in Figure F 3.2.3 3. The prottotyping board connectts to the bbenchtop workstation n. It provides a physicall medium (aarea) for buiilding electrric, digital, oor electronicc circuit designs. Th he important point is the prototyping g board has tthe necessarry connectioons to accesss signals for common n application ns. Note: Oncee again, the s are cautioned to ensure that the prototypping board power switcch is off before inserrting or remo oving it from m the benchto op workstatiion.

Figurre 3.2.2: Top p view of an NI ELVIS III series protootyping boarrd 3-6

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Figure 3.2.3 3: An expand ded top view w of an NI EL LVIS II seriees prototypinng board One may no otice that thee prototyping g board exposes all the signal termiinals of the N NI ELVIS III for use through the four distrib bution strips on either siide of the brreadboard arrea. Each siggnal has a rrow; and y functionaliity. the rows aree grouped by (a) Prototyp ping Board Power P The prototy yping board provides p acccess to the 15  V and thhe 5 V pow wer supplies.. These voltaage rails can be utilizzed to constrruct many common circcuits. If any of the poweer indicators are not lit w when the prototyping board poweer is enabled d, one shoulld check the connected ddevices for a short circuuit. This typically req quires turnin ng the protottyping board d power switcch off and on to reset the current lim miters. (b) Signal Descriptions D The signals are grouped d by the functionality seection wheree they are located. Tablee 3.2.1 descrribes the gnals on the prototyping g board. pertinent sig

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Table T 3.2.1:: Signal desccriptions

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Table 3.2.1: Signa al descriptioons (continueed)

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3.2.3 Conneecting Signals (a) Anaput I The NI ELV VIS II seriess prototyping g board has eight differrential AI chhannels availlable, namelly AI0, AI1,, AII7. One can n configure these t inputs in the refereenced singlee-ended (RSE E) mode or tthe nonreferenced single-ended s d (NRSE) mode. m In the RSE R mode, each signal is referenceed to AIGND D. In the NRSE mod de, each sign nal is referen nced to the floating f AIS SENSE line. Table 3.2.22 shows the channel mapping forr each modee. Table 3.2.2: Ana aput siggnal mappinng

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(b) Digital Multimeter M (DMM) ( There are two t types of o connectio on for DMM M measurem ments. Figure 3.2.4 servves to illusttrate the distinction between b the two as explaained in the following. urrent, Resisttance, Diodee, and Contin nuity Voltage, Cu The primary y DMM insttrument on NI N ELVIS III is isolated.. Its terminals are the thhree banana jjacks on the side of the benchto op workstation. In this instance, thhe connectioon is furtheer dependentt on the modes of measurement: m : and  For the DC voltagee, AC voltaage, resistan nce, diode, aand continuuity test moddes, the COM co onnectors are used.  For the DC current and a AC currrent modes, the t A and C OM connecttors are usedd.

Figure 3.2 2.4: Connecctions for DM MM measureements 3-11

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Capacitancee and Inductance For the capaacitance and d inductance measuremen nts, the DM MM functionaality on the pprototyping board is utilized. Specifically, th he non-isolaated impedan nce analyzerr terminals, namely DU UT and DU UT, are nnection. used for con (c) Oscillosscope (SCOP PE) The two oscilloscope channels (CH H 0 and CH 1) are availlable at BNC C connectorrs on the sidde of the benchtop workstation ass depicted in n Figure 3.2.5 shown bellow:

NC connectors on the sid de of the bennchtop worksstation: two ffor the oscillloscope Figure 3.2.5: Three BN nd one for th he function generator g orr trigger (FG GENTRIG) (SCOPE) an These chann nels have 1--M input impedance i and a can be uused with 1X X  10X atteenuated probbes. One can also usse the high--impedance anapu ut channels (AI0, AI1,, AI7 ) availablee on the prototyping board. n Generatorr (FGEN) (d) Function The functio on generator output can be b routed to o either the F FGENTRIG G BNC connnector (Figurre 3.2.5) or the FGE EN terminal on the prototyping board. A 5 V digital siggnal is avaiilable at thee SYNC terminal. The AM and d FM termin nals providee the analogg inputs forr the amplittude and freequency modulation of the function generato or output.

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(e) Analog Output NI ELVIS II provides access to th he two anallog outputs via the AO O 0 and AO 1 terminalss. These channels arre used for arbitrary waaveform gen neration. AO O 0 is also used internnally for thee BASE excitation in n the 3-wire voltage-currrent analyzer. (See Figurre 3.2.6) (f) Power Supplies S The DC pow wer suppliess provide fix xed output off 15 V, 155 V, and 5 V. The variiable power supplies provide adju ustable outp put voltages varying v from m 0 to 12 V on the SU UPPLY term minal, and frrom 0 to 12 V on th he SUPPLY Yterminal. All power supplies s on NI ELVIS III are refereenced to GR ROUND. (See Figure 3.2.6)

s acceessible or expposed on thee prototypingg board Figure 3.2.6: Various signals I (g) Digital IO The digital lines exposed on the prototyping board b are innternally connnected to pport 0 of thee device. nfigure them m as input or output. One can con

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(h) Program mmable Function Interfa ace (PFI) The PFI lin nes are TTL L-compatiblee IO that can c route tim ming signalls to and froom the AI, AO, or counter-tim mer engines. They T can alsso be configu ured as staticc digital IO. (i) -Co onfigurable IO I As shown in i Figure 3.2 2.6, the prottotyping boaard provides several useer-configurabble connectoors: four banana jack ks, two BN NC connecto ors, and a D-SUB D connnector. Eacch pin of thhe connectoor has a connection to the distrribution strip ps. Eight bicolor (greeenyellow) L LEDs are prrovided for general digital outpu ut on the pro ototyping bo oard. The green anode oof each LED is connecteed to the disttribution strip throug gh a 220  resistor, wheereas each caathode is connnected to gground. An L LED is turneed green if driven by y the line with 5 V, or yellow y if driv ven by the linne with 5 V V. (j) Bode An nalyzer The Bode analyzer a usees the functtion generato or to produuce a stimuluus signal. Itt then subseequently utilizes analput chaannels, AI 0 and AI 1, to o measure thhe response aand the stimuulus, respecttively. (k) Two-Wiire Current-V Voltage Analyzer When using g the two-wiire current-v voltage analy yzer, one connnects the siignal to DUT T and DUT T (See Figure 3.2.6 6) Wire Currentt-Voltage An nalyzer (l) Three-W The three-w wire current--voltage anaalyzer uses DUT, DUT T, and BA ASE to plot the currentt-voltage response off a NPN or PNP P bipolar transistor. Specifically, S the connecttions betweeen the transiistor and the prototyp ping board arre shown in Table 3.2.3 below: Table T 3.2.3: Transistor to t prototypinng board connnections

(m) Counterr-Timer The prototy yping board d provides access a to th he two counnter-timers oon the deviice, which aare also accessible from f softwarre. These in nputs are useed for countiing TTL siggnals, edge ddetection, annd pulse generation applicationss. The CTR0_SOURC CE, CTR0_ GATE, CT TR0_OUT, CTR1_GAT TE, and T signals aree connected to t the defaullt Counter 0 and Counterr 1 PFI liness. CTR1_OUT

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In summary, the NI ELVIS II platform offers some rather attractive features, which are listed in the following:  Open architecture for third-party plug-in boards  High-speed USB plug-and-play connectivity  High sampling rate ed by 1.25-MHz oscilloscope with the 100-MHz option on NI ELVIS II  Isolated digital multimeter capable of making accurate measurements (over 5 digits)  Access to power supplies at ±15 V and +5 V  Manual-mode control available for function generator and variable power supply  Solid-state circuit protection on all I/O lines

3.3 NI ELVISmx Software NI ELVISmx is the software that s NI ELVIS II hardware. It is created in LabVIEW to fully take advantage of the capabilities of virtual instrumentation. The software includes soft-front- instruments, LabVIEW Express VIs, and SignalExpress blocks to empower the utilization of the NI ELVIS II hardware via programming. NI ELVISmx provides twelve LabVIEW soft front s (SFPs) listed below:  Arbitrary waveform generator (ARB)  Bode analyzer (Bode)  Digital reader (DigIn)  Digital writer (DigOut  Digital multimeter (DMM)  Dynamic signal analyzer (DSA)  Function generator (FGEN)  Impedance analyzer (Imped)  Oscilloscope (Scope)  Two-wire current voltage analyzer (2-wire)  Three-wire current voltage analyzer (3-wire)  Variable power supplies (VPS) One may recognize that these virtual instruments are necessary in typical laboratory applications. The following discussion briefly describes how to incorporate the SFP instruments into NI ELVIS II. The s are encouraged to consult the NI ELVISmx help file for more detailed explanation of these SFP instruments and the instructions for their operations.

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3.3.1 Launcching SFP In nstruments The NI EL LVISmx insstrument lau uncher prov vides accesss to the LaaVIEW SFP P instrumennts. The procedure for fo launching g a virtual instrument inv volves the foollowing stepps: Step 1: Ap pply the click-command sequence >> > Start >> A All Program   Files >> Naational Instrruments >> > NI ELVISmxx >> NI ELVISSmx Instrum ment Launch her. Th his opens th he suite of LabVIEW L SFP S instrum ments, whichh is displayeed in the form of a too olbar depicteed below:

EW soft-front- instrruments toollbar LabVIE o launch an instrument, click on thee button corrresponding tto the desireed instrumennt. Once Step 2: To thee front l appears, se elect NI ELV VIS II as the device for instrument coontrol. Note: Somee instrumentts perform similar s operrations usingg the same resources oof the NI EL LVIS II hardware. These T instru uments thereefore cannott run at the same time. For an atteempt to launnch two instruments with overlaapping functtionality at th he same tim me, the NI EL LVISmx sofftware will ggenerate g of the confflict. The insstrument withh the error iis disabled aand will not ffunction an error diaalog warning until the con nflict is resolved. 3.3.2 NI ELVISmx SFP Instruments The functio onality of each e of thee twelve SF FP instrumeents is briskly described in this section. Nonethelesss, more detaailed discusssions are devoted to thee most comm monly used instrumentss, which include the digital multiimeter, the function fu geneerator, the osscilloscope, and the Bodde analyzer. M (DMM) ( (a) Digital Multimeter DMM is a commonly used instru ument. It can n perform tthe followinng types of measuremennts: DC C voltage, DC C current and AC curren nt, resistancee, capacitancce, inductannce, diode ttest, and voltage, AC continuity. The digital multimeter SFP is show wn in Figuree 3.2.7. It feeatures threee functional groups: display window, measurement settin ngs, and insttrument conttrol. Display Win ndow The measurred signal is displayed. This T window w also displayys the follow wing:  The perrcentage of the current range in usse (% FS). IIf the indicaator displayss a low perccentage, moving to a lower range can im mprove signall resolution. D or OPEN to indicate tthe status off the diode bbeing measuure. This  Diode status: displaaying GOOD indicato or only appeaars when Dio ode is selected.  Null vallue: displayin ng the measu urement thatt was active when the nuull checkboxx is enabled.

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Fig gure 3.2.7: Digital D multiimeter SFP

Measurement Settings The settingss determine the type off input signaal to be meaasured. The selection opptions are deescribed below: 

D DC voltage (default): meeasuring the DC D componnent of a volttage signal.



AC A voltage: measuring m th he AC comp ponent of a vvoltage signaal.



DC D current: measuring m th he DC component of a cuurrent sourcce.



AC A current: measuring m th he AC component of a cuurrent sourcce.



Resistance: R measuring m reesistance.

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Capacitance: C measuring capacitance. c



In nductance: measuring m in nductance.

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D Diode: meassuring the voltage dro op across a diode. Thee threshold for a valid diode measureement is 1.1 V.



Continuity: C measuring m co ontinuity. Th he thresholdd for continuuity measureements is 155. The computeer beeps wheen continuity y measuremeent is selecteed.  Mode: determining d the input range r for thee selected D DMM measuurements. T The availablee ranges differ fo or each meassurement fun nction. One can c select onne of the folllowing two m modes: (i) Auto mode selectts the range that best maatches the innput signal. If the measuurement exceeds the selected d range, OV VER or O OVER appeaars in the ddisplay winddow. The deefault valuee of this control for f all measu urements is Auto A mode. (ii) Speccify the Rang ge mode allo ows one to seet the range oof the measuurement.  Range: specifying s th he range of the t measurem ment when tthe Specify tthe Range m mode is selectted.  Null Offfset: enablin ng relative mode. m When the checkboox is enabledd, all subseqquent measuurements are mad de relative to o the measu urement mad de when thee checkbox was initiallyy enabled. T The null values are a stored in memory unttil the VI is closed. c If thee VI is savedd, the null vaalues are savved with the VI. The T default value v is not selected.  Banana Jack / Prototyping Boaard connectiions: demonnstrating how w the device under testt (DUT) b connected d. should be (i) For voltage, v currrent, resistaance, diode, and continuuity measureements, onee connects thhe DUT using th he banana jaccks. (ii) For capacitance and inductaance measureements, one connects the DUT to thhe prototypinng board DUT and a DUT pins. Instrument Control C The followiing control options o are av vailable:  Device: specifying the t device to o use. (Norm mally it is NI ELVIS II foor the EEL30003L/3112L L labs.)  Acquisittion Mode: specifying s th he execution n mode to bee (i)Run Coontinuously to acquire a signal continuo ously, or (ii)) Run Once to acquire a single signaal. 

Run: startin ng data acquiisition



Stop: stopping data acq quisition



Help: H launching the conteext help and online help for the soft ffront iinstrument.

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Measurement Connectio ons The followiing table illu ustrates the proper p conn nections to thhe appropriaate DMM innput lines foor taking various meaasurements. Tab ble 3.2.4: DM MM connecttions for meaasuring variious signals

Taking Meaasurements To use the digital d multim meter (DMM M) to take a measuremen m nt, one follow ws the steps below: Step 1: Make the prop per connectio on according g the schemees illustratedd in Table 3.22.4. D Step 2: Laaunch the NII ELVISmx DMM. Step 3: Seet the measurrement functtion and mod de parameteers appropriaately. Step 4: Cliick the Run button b to acq quire the meeasurement.

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(b) Function n Generatorr (FGEN) Function geenerator is a commonly used instrum ment. It geneerates three ttypes of wavveforms: sinne wave, square wavee, and triang gle wave. Th he function generator SF FP is shownn in Figure 3.2.8. It featuures four functional groups: g displlay window, waveform settings, s sweeep settings, and instrum ment control.

Fig gure 3.2.8: Function F gennerator SFP

Display Win ndow It shows eitther the measured frequeency of the generated g waaveform or aan OFF messsage. If a freequency measuremen nt times out,, dashes appeear in the dissplay.

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Waveform Settings S The settings determine the type off waveform to be geneerated. The selection opptions are deescribed below:



Sine S wave: generating a sine s wave. The T default vvalue is a sinne wave.



Triangle T Wav ve: generatin ng a triangle wave.

 Square S wave: generating a square waave.   Amplitu ude: setting the t peak-to-p peak amplitu ude of the ggenerated waaveform. Onne can directtly input a voltag ge in the digital control. The T default value v is 1.000 V (Vpp).  Frequen ncy (Hz): settting the freq quency of th he output waaveform. Onee can directlly input a freequency in the diigital controll. The defaullt value is 10 00.00 Hz.  DC Offfset (V): settting the DC C offset of th he waveform m. One can directly inpput a voltagge in the digital control. c The default value is 0.00 V.  Duty Cy ycle (%): settting the ON N-OFF time ratio r for the ggenerated sqquare wave. The default value is 50%.  Modulattion Type: setting the ty ype of modullation (ampliitude or freqquency moduulation). Thee default value is none. Sweep Settiings  Start freequency: speecifying the starting freq quency for thhe waveform m frequencyy sweep. Thee default value is 100 Hz.  Stop freequency: specifying thee frequency at which thhe waveform m frequencyy sweep stoops. The default value v is 1000 0 Hz.  Step: sp pecifying thee frequency y interval beetween eachh waveform generation during a freequency sweep. The T default value v is 100 Hz.  Step intterval: speciffying the tim me interval between b eacch waveform m generationn during a freequency sweep. The T default value v is 1000 ms. C Instrument Control The followiing control options o are av vailable:  Device: specifying the t device to o use. (Norm mally it is NI ELVIS II foor the EEL30003L/3112L L labs.)  Signal Route: R selectting where the t FGEN signal generaates. In this instance, onne can selecct one of the follo owing routess: (i) Proto otyping Boaard: The sign nal generates from the F FGEN pin oon the NI EL LVIS II prottotyping board. (ii) FGE EN BNC: The T signal generates g frrom the FG GEN BNC cconnector onn the NI EL LVIS II benchtop workstatio on. This BN NC can also be b configureed as a TRIG G input. This connectionn cannot generatee a signal and act as a TR RIG input at the same tim me.  Mode: When W the maanual mode is enabled, the FGEN ssignal generaation shifts ffrom softwarre mode to manu ual Mode.   3-21

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




Sweep: perfforming a sin ngle-sweep generation

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Generating Waveforms To use the function f gen nerator to gen nerate a wav veform, one ffollows the ssteps below:: Step 1: Co onnect the function f gen nerator FGE EN pin on thhe NI ELV VIS II protottyping boardd to the deesired locatio on. Step 2: Laaunch the NII ELVISmx function f gen nerator. Step 3: Ch hoose the desired values by adjusting g the setting s and set thee proper conttrols. Step 4: Cliick the Run button b to beg gin generatin ng a waveforrm.

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(c) Oscillosscope (Scopee) The NI ELV VISmx osciilloscope SF FP provides the functionnality of thee standard ddesktop oscillloscope found in typ pical underg graduate laboratories. Th he virtual osscilloscope SFP shown in Figure 33.2.9 has two channeels (vertical axes) and iss equipped with w scalingg and positioon adjustmeent knobs. T The time base, repressented by th he horizontaal axis, can n also be addjusted. Thee key functiional groupss of the oscilloscopee SFP are deescribed in th he following g.

Figure 3.2.9 9: Oscilloscoope SFP

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Scope Grap ph The elemen nts in the scope graph incclude the following:  Display window: displaying d th he waveform ms specifiedd in channel 0 and chaannel 1, as well as he cursors ho orizontally, one o clicks onn the cursor and drags it along the tim me axis. cursors. To move th The sign nals are plottted amplitud de versus tim me.  Togg gle view: cllicking on th his button to oggles betw ween full insstrument vieew and displlay-only view. Th his control iss located in the t top-rightt corner of thhe display w window.  Sample rate: displaaying the to otal rate at which the S SFP acquirees the data. The units for this measureement are saamples/s. Th he total samp pling rate is computed bby multiplyinng the channnel scan rate by two t (the num mber of chan nnels).  RMS: displaying d th he measured d RMS volltage of the selected innput signal. The units for this measureement are vo olts. This ind dicator is visiible only whhen channel 0 and channnel 1 are enabbled.  Frequen ncy (Freq): displaying d th he reciprocal of time betw ween adjaceent mid referrence level crossings in the same s directio on (period) of the seleccted input ssignal. The uunits for this measurem ment are Hertz. This T indicato or is visible only o when ch hannel 0 andd channel 1 aare enabled.  Peak-to--peak voltag ge (Vp-p): displaying d th he differencee between thhe highest annd lowest m measured voltage level of the selected input signal. Th he units for tthis measureement are voolts. This inddicator is visible only o when ch hannel 0 and d channel 1 are a enabled.  Cursor C1: C displayiing the correesponding vo oltage level of the seleccted channell trace at thee current cursor position. p Th he units for the measureement are vvolts. This vvalue is vissible only w when the Cursors On checkbo ox is enabled d.  Cursor C2: C displayiing the correesponding vo oltage level of the seleccted channell trace at thee current cursor position. p Th he units for this measurrement are vvolts. This vvalue is vissible only w when the Cursors On checkbo ox is enabled d.  Differen ntial time (dT T): displayin ng the differrence in timee between cuursors C1 annd C2. The uunits for this measurement are a seconds. This value is visible only whenn the Cursoors On checckbox is enabled.  Timeoutt LED: A liit LED indiccates the SF FP is in timeeout mode dduring a meeasurement. When a timeout occurs, it ty ypically mean ns that a trig gger was nott received. Cursors Settings The three op ptions are:  Cursors On: enablin ng the cursorrs for the corrresponding input channnels on the sccope graph.  C1: seleecting the in nput channell (CH 0 or CH C 1) assocciated with th this cursor. T The default value is channel 0.  C2: seleecting the in nput channell (CH 0 or CH C 1) assocciated with th this cursor. T The default value is Channell 0 Display Meeasurements The two opttions are:  CH 0: To T enable/dissable the measurement display d for chhannel 0.  CH 1: To T enable/dissable the measurement display d for chhannel 1.

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Channel 0 Settings The settings for channel 0 involve the following elements:  Source: selecting the signal source for the measurement on channel 0. The options are: (i) Using the SCOPE CH 0 BNC connector on the control . (ii) Using the anaput channels AI0, AI1,, AI7 available on the NI ELVIS prototyping board.  Enabled: specifying whether to enable data acquisition on channel 0. If checked, data acquisition is enabled. If unchecked, data acquisition is disabled.  Probe: selecting the probe value 1x or 10x for channel 0. The default value is 1x.  Coupling: specifying the coupling for the channel. This operation is done in the software. One can select AC (to remove the DC offset from the signal) or DC (to measure the entire signal). The default value is DC.  Scale VoltsDiv: selecting the vertical sensitivity for the trace of channel 0. The units are in volts/division. The default is 1 voltdiv.  Vertical Position: controlling the vertical positioning of the waveforms acquired via channel 0 by applying a positive or negative vertical offset. The default is zero offset. The offset is referenced from the zero point of the graph. This offset value is not applied to the actual acquired data. Channel 1 Settings The settings for channel 1 involve the following elements:  Source: selecting the signal source for the measurement on channel 1. The options are: (i) Using the SCOPE CH 1 BNC connector on the control . (ii) Using the anaput channels AI0, AI1,, AI7 available on the NI ELVIS prototyping board.  Enabled: specifying whether to enable data acquisition on channel 1. If checked, data acquisition is enabled. If unchecked, data acquisition is disabled.  Probe: selecting the probe value 1x or 10x for channel 1. The default value is 1x.  Coupling: specifying the coupling for the channel. This operation is done in the software. One can select AC (to remove the DC offset from the signal) or DC (to measure the entire signal). The default value is DC.  Scale VoltsDiv: selecting the vertical sensitivity for the trace of channel 1. The units are in volts/division. The default is 1 voltdiv.  Vertical Position: controlling the vertical positioning of the waveforms acquired via channel 1 by applying a positive or negative vertical offset. The default is zero offset. The offset is referenced from the zero point of the graph. This offset value is not applied to the actual acquired data.

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Timebase The parameter TimeDiv determines the horizontal time scale in units of seconds/division. The default value is 5 ms/division. Trigger The pertinent settings involve the following elements:  Type: specifying the type of trigger to start the acquisition. The three options are as follows: (i) Immediate: There is no external signal that triggers the acquisition, meaning the acquisition begins immediately. (ii) Digital: A digital trigger occurs on either a rising edge or falling edge of a digital signal. One can specify the Slope as either positive (on the rising edge) or negative (on the falling edge) to the trigger. When digital triggering is chosen, the trigger source control is set to TRIG. (iii) Edge: An edge trigger occurs when a signal crosses a trigger threshold that one specifies in the Level (V) control. One can specify the Slope as either positive (on the rising edge) or negative (on the falling edge) to the trigger. When edge triggering is chosen, the trigger source control can be set to Chan 0 Source or Chan 1 Source. Note: The type by default is Immediate.  Source: specifying the source for the external start trigger for the oscilloscope data acquisition. In this instance, the options are as follows: (i) TRIG: The trigger source is the TRIG input on the NI ELVIS II benchtop workstation. (ii) Chan 0 Source: The trigger source is the channel specified by the Channel 0 Source control. (iii) Chan 1 Source: The trigger source is the channel specified by the Channel 1 Source control.  Slope: determining whether to trigger off a positive or negative slope. For digital triggers, a leading edge has positive slope and a falling edge has negative slope. For analog triggers, a rising slope is positive and a falling slope is negative. The default is positive slope.  Level (V): specifying the voltage at which a trigger occurs. This parameter is only valid when Type is set to Edge. The default is 0 volt.

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Instrumen nt Control The settin ngs involve th he following g options:  Device: specifying the t device to o use. (Norm mally it is NII ELVIS II ffor the EEL33003L/3112L L labs.) s th he execution n mode of thee SFP. The ttwo modes aare as follow ws:  Acquisittion Mode: specifying (i) Run Continuouslly to acquire a signal con ntinuously. (ii) Run Once to acq quire a singlee signal.  Autoscaale: automattically settin ng the oscillloscope parrameters to acquire a signal. If oone uses autoscalle, the samplle rate and reecord length h are set autoomatically. 







Log: L generatting a comm ma-delimited d text file containing the acquired data. Loggging is available after the in nstrument ru uns. One cannot log data while the innstrument is running.




S Measuring Signals To use the oscilloscope o (SCOPE) to o measure a signal, one ffollows the ssteps below: Step 1: Co onnect the source signall(s) and the trigger signnal (if desireed) to the BN NC connecttor(s) on thee side of th he NI ELVIIS II bench htop workstaation. Alternnatively, coonnect the ppertinent sig gnals to the desired d analo og input chaannels (AI0 , AI1,, A AI7) on thee prototypingg board. Step 2: Laaunch the NII ELVISmx oscilloscope o e. Step 3: Seelect the app propriate sou urce signal(ss). Enable chhannel 0 orr channel 1 tto measure a single sig gnal; and enaable both channels to meeasure two ssignals simulltaneously. Step 4: Ad djust the setttings for the channel(s), timebase, annd trigger. A Alternatively, if desired, select to run n in the auto oscale mode.. Step 5: Seet the instrum ment control parameters. Step 6: Cliick on the ru un button to acquire the signal. One should see the signal aappear in thee display wiindow.

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(d) Bode An nalyzer (Bod de) A full-featu ure Bode Analyzer A is available as a an NI E ELVISmx S SFP instrum ment, resulteed from combining the t frequenccy sweep feaature of the function gennerator and the AI capaability of thee device. The Bode analyzer a SFP P is shown in i Figure 3.2 2.10. To expploit the funnctionality of the Bode aanalyzer SFP, a basicc understand ding of its settings is imp portant.

Figure F 3.2.10 0: Bode anallyzer SFP ndow Display Win The pertinen nt parameterrs of the grap phs displayeed are describbed as follow ws:  Gain veersus frequen ncy display: Bode gain graph g for thee circuit undder test. Thee signal is pllotted as gain verrsus frequenccy.  Phase versus frequeency display y: Bode phasse graph for the circuit uunder test. T The signal iss plotted as phasee versus freq quency.  Frequen ncy (Hz): freequency of the t most reccent measureement point during a freequency sweeep. The units forr this measurrement are Hertz. H 3-28

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 Phase (d degree): phaase of the mo ost recent measurement m point durinng a frequenccy sweep. T The units for this measuremen m nt are degreees.  Gain: lin near gain value of the most m recent measurement m point duringg a frequenccy sweep.  Gain (d dB): gain of the current measuremeent point durring a frequuency sweepp. The units for this measureement are dB B. Measurement Settings The availab ble options arre notes as follows: fo  Start freequency: speecifying the frequency at which to s tart the Bodde plot sweepp. The defauult value is 100.00 Hz.  Stop freequency: speecifying the frequency att which to sttop the Bodee plot sweepp. Dependingg on the specified number of o steps per decade, thee frequency sweep mayy not includde or reach tthe stop frequenccy. The defaault value is 10000.00 Hzz.  Steps (p per decade): specifies th he number off evenly spaaced frequenncy points too sweep per decade. The defa fault value is 5.  Peak am mplitude: settting the peaak amplitudee of the funcction generattor output siignal. FGEN N is used as the sttimulus signaal for the cirrcuit under teest. Note: Th he normal practice is to choose the signal ampllitude to optiimize the syystem responnse. One should drive d ive circuits with w a high amplitude siggnal, and usse a smaller amplitude ssignal to drive cirrcuits with high h gain to avoid a saturatting the outpput. The defaault value is 2.00 V.  Op-amp p signal polaarity: invertiing the meassured valuess of the inpuut signal duuring Bode aanalysis. The inv version zeroees the phasee shift for in nverting am mplifiers. The inversion does not afffect the acquired d data. The default d valuee is normal. Graph Settin ngs The availab ble options arre noted as follows: f  Mapping g: selecting whether thee gain graph h uses a loggarithmic scaale or linearr scale. Thiss setting does nott affect the phase p display y. The defau ult value is loogarithmic.  Autoscaale: selecting g to enable or o disable au utoscaling foor the gain pplot and phaase plot. Thee default value is enabled. Cursor Settiings The availab ble options arre noted as follows: f  Cursors On: turning g the cursors on and off. The default value is off..  Position n: moving the cursors to the left or riight, one poiint at a time, for precise cursor positiioning. Instrument Control C The followiing control options o are av vailable:  Device: sp pecifying thee device to use. u (Normallly it is NI E ELVIS II for the EEL30003L/3112L labs.) 







Log: L generatting a comm ma-delimited d text file containing the acquired data. Loggging is available after the in nstrument ru uns. One cannot log data while the innstrument is running. 3-29

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Measuring Signals S To use the Bode B analyzer (Bode) to measure a signal, s one fo follows the stteps below: Step 1: Co onstruct the circuit c for Bode analysiss on the NI E ELVIS II proototyping booard. Step 2: Co onnect the fu unction geneerator FGEN N signal to thhe positive iinput of the circuit, and connect thee reference point p of the circuit c to thee GROUND signal on thhe prototypinng board. Step 3: Co onnect the fu unction geneerator FGEN N signal to thhe ananput terminall AI1, and connect thee terminal AI1to A the GROUND G sig gnal on the pprototyping bboard. Step 4: Co onnect the circuit c outpu ut to the an naput terminal A AI0, and coonnect the tterminal AII0to the GR ROUND sig gnal on the prototyping bboard. Step 5: Laaunch the NII ELVISmx Bode B analyzzer. Step 6: Ad djust the staarting and ending, set the numbeer of desireed steps, annd select thee signal pro operties (nam mely peak am mplitude and d op-amp siggnal polarityy). Step 7: Seelect graph seettings and check c autosccale. Step 8: Cliick on the ru un button to acquire a the signal. s (e) Digital Reader R (Dig gIn) The digital reader r SFP is i shown in Figure F 3.2.11. This instrrument readss digital dataa from the NI ELVIS II diigital lines. One O can read d eight conseecutive liness at a time, nnamely 0 . . . 7, 8 . . . 15, 16 . . . 23, either co ontinuously or taking a single s readin ng.

Figure F 3.2.11 1: Digital reeader SFP 3-30

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(f) Digital Writer (DigO Out) The digital reader r SFP is i shown in Figure F 3.2.12. This instrrument updaates the NI E ELVIS II digiital lines with -sp pecified digital patterns. One can manually m creeate a patterrn or select ppredefined ppatterns, such as ram mp, toggle, or o walking 1s. 1 This insttrument cann control eigght consecuttive lines annd either continually output a paattern or just perform a single writte. The outpput of the N NI ELVISmxx Digital Writer SFP stays latched until anoth her pattern iss output. Thee lines it is uusing are connfigured for read, or the power iss cycled on the NI ELV VIS II worksttation. Outpuut voltage leevels of the NI ELVIS III digital lines are TT TL compatible.

Figure F 3.2.12 2: Digital wrriter SFP

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(g) Arbitrarry Waveform m Generator (ARB) The arbitrarry waveform m generator SFP S is shown n in Figure 33.2.13. This advanced-leevel SFP insstrument uses the AO O capabilitiees of the dev vice. One caan create a vvariety of siggnal types uusing the Waaveform Editor softw ware, which is included with the NI ELVISmx ssoftware. Thhe normal prractice is to load the waveforms created with h the NI Waveform W Ed ditor into thee ARB SFP to generatee stored wavveforms. Since the device d has tw wo AO chan nnels, two waveforms w m may be simuultaneously generated. O One can choose to ru un continuou usly or run once.

Figure 3..2.13: Arbitrrary waveforrm generatorr SFP

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(h) Dynamiic Signal Ana alyzer (DSA A) The dynamic signal analyzer SFP is shown in n Figure 3.2..14. This insstrument is especially uuseful in advanced electrical eng gineering an nd physics classes. c Thi s instrumennt uses the aanapuut of the device to make m measurements. It can either co ontinuously m make measuurements or make a singgle scan. One can also apply various window w and filtering options to the signal.

Figuree 3.2.14: Dyn namic signaal analyzer SF SFP

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(i) Impedan nce Analyzerr (Imped) The dynam mic signal an nalyzer SFP is shown in n Figure 3.22.15. This innstrument iss a basic imp mpedance analyzer thaat is capablee of measuring the resisttance and reeactance for ive twoo-wire elemeents at a given frequeency.

ure 3.2.15: Impedance I aanalyzer SFP P Figu

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(j) Two-Wiire and Three Wire Currrent-Voltage Analyzers (22-Wire and 3-Wire) The two-wiire and threee-wire curreent-voltage analyzer a SFP Ps are show wn in Figuree 3.2.16 andd 3.2.17, respectively y. These insttruments allo ow one to co onduct diodee and transisstor paramettric testing aand view the current-voltage curv ves. The two o-wire instrument offers full flexibiliity in settingg parameterss such as d current rang ges. It can save data to a file. In adddition, the thhree-wire insstrument offfers base voltage and current settiings for meaasurements of o NPN and PNP P transisttors.

Figure 3.2.16: Two-wirre current-vooltage analyyzer SFP

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Figure F 3.2.1 17: Three-wiire current-vvoltage analyyzer SFP

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(k) Variablee Power Sup pplies (VPS)) The power supplies are located in th he left-botto om rail sectioon of the NII ELVIS II pprototyping bboard as shown in th he Figure 3.2.18 below.. The powerr supplies arre divided innto two grooups: the DC C power supplies and d the variablle power sup pplies. All po ower suppliees on the NI ELVIS II prrototyping board are referenced to t GROUND D.

Figure 3.2.18: Power P suppliees on the EL LVIS II protootyping boarrd

S DC Power Supplies The DC pow wer suppliess provide fixeed output vo oltages of 115V, 15V, aand 5V.

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Variable Po ower Suppliees (VPS) The variable power sup pplies on the NI ELVIS II I prototypinng board proovide adjustaable output vvoltages varying from m  12 V to  12 V as fo ollows:  The SUP PPLY term minal generattes voltage between b 0 annd 12V.  The SUP PPLY term minal generattes voltage between b 0 annd 12V. The VPS can be contro olled either in the hard dware mode or in the sooftware modde. In the hhardware mode, the s u utilizee the control knobs on the benchtoop workstatiion control to addjust the voltage gen nerated. In th he software mode, m the co ontrol settinggs are made through thee NI ELVISm mx VPS soft front paanel (SFP) as shown in Figure F 3.2.19 9. The SFP ffeatures are ddescribed inn the followinng.

Figuree 3.2.19: Variable powerr supplies SF FP 3-38

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Display Win ndow Normally th here two typees of display y as describeed below:  The Sup pply display y shows the value of thee voltage gennerated betw ween 0 and 12V.  The Sup pply display y shows the value of thee voltage gennerated betw ween 0 and 12V. When the manual m mod de is enableed, the supp ply outputs are internaally routed tto the analoog input channels. An A ana nput task su ubsequently starts to reaad and displlay the valuues. One cannnot run another insttrument thatt uses the an naput subsystem s w while this opption is enabbled. This coontrol is only visiblee when a supply is set in the manual mode. m Supply Vo oltage The followiing control options o are av vailable:  The man nual option shifts s the voltage generaation by Suppplyfrom sooftware modde to manuall mode.  The volttage adjustm ment control sets the outp put of the poositive poweer supply. Onne can directtly enter a voltag ge in the digital control below b the knob. The defaault value is 0V.  The reseet option setss the Supply y+ output volltage to 0V. oltage Supply Vo The followiing control options o are av vailable:  The man nual option shifts s the voltage generaation by Suppplyfrom sooftware modde to manuall mode.  The volttage adjustm ment control sets the outp put of the neegative poweer supply. Onne can directtly enter a voltag ge in the digital control below b the knob. The defaault value is 0V.  The reseet option setss the Supply y output volltage to 0V. Sweep Settiings The availab ble options fo or settings arre as followss:  The sup pply source specifies s the supply on which w the volltage sweep should be exxecuted.  The starrt voltage speecifies the sttarting voltage for the vooltage sweepp.  The stop p voltage speecifies the vo oltage at wh hich the voltaage sweep sttops.  The step p specifies the t voltage interval bettween each output voltaage generateed during a voltage sweep.  The step interval specifies s thee time interrval betweenn each outpput voltage generated dduring a voltage sweep. The default valu ue is 1000mss. C Instrument Control The followiing control options o are av vailable:  Device: to specify th he device to use. (Normaally it is NI E ELVIS II foor the EEL30003L/3112L labs.) 

Run button starts voltag ge generation n on the seleected power supply.



Sweep butto on performs a single-sw weep voltage generation oon the selectted power suupply.



Stop button n stops the vo oltage generation on the selected pow wer supply.



Help H button laaunches the context help p and online help for the soft front paanel instrum ment. 3-39

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How to Use Variable Power Supplies SFP One may follow the steps below to output a voltage with the variable power supplies SFP:  Connect the variable power supplies Supply and Supply signals on the NI ELVIS II prototyping board to the location where they are needed. These are independent power supplies, and both signals are referenced to the GROUND signal.  Launch the variable power supplies SFP from the NI ELVISmx instrument launcher using the click command sequence: Simulate >> Instruments >> NI ELVISmx Instruments >> NI ELVISmx Variable Power Supply  Click on the Run button to activate the power supplies. The output voltage is 0V when initially launched.  Enter the desired voltage for each supply using the voltage adjustment control and the output voltages are then updated accordingly.

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