Microorganism And Their Effects On Living Thing 4t261j

Chapter 1

Microorganism and Their Effects on Living Thing References 1. Focus Goal Science Pelangi

Classification of Microorganism Size : 0.2 ʯm to 10 ʯm Shape : Coccus

Bacillus (Rod-shaped)

Ba cte ria

Diplococcus

Streptococcus

Vibrio (Comma-shaped)

Coccus (spherical)

Spirilla (Spiral-shaped)

Modes of nutrition : 1. Autotrophic – make own food by photosynthesis or from nitrite by chemosynthesis 2. Saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms 3. Parasitic – Obtain food from living organisms Habitat : Air, water, soil, food and food of other organism Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration Reproduction : Asexual Binary fission & Spores formation Sexual Conjugation

Classification of Microorganism Bacteriophage Influenza virus

1. 2. 3.

Vir us es

The smallest microorganism Do not have cellular organism Made up of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) enclosed by protein

Size : 0.02 ʯm to 0.4 ʯm Shape : Spherical, rod-shaped, cubic, spiral & tadpole-shaped Nutrition : Viruses do not feed Habitat : Live in living host cell, form crystals outside the cell Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration Mode of reproduction : Making used of cellular components of living cells to make copies of itself

Classification of Microorganism 1. 2. 3.

Don’t have chlorophyll Some are unicell – yeast Some are multicell - mucor

Mushroom

Size : 10 ʯm to 100 ʯm

Fu ngi

Shape : Spherical, network of filaments Nutrition : 1. Saprohytic: secrete enzyme to break down dead organism before absorb the nutrients 2. Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms (Tinea live on human skin) Habitat : Dark and damp places include decaying matter and bodies of living organism Asexual (budding & spore formation) & sexual (Conjugation)

Classification of Microorganism Paramecium

1.

Unicell animals

Amoeba

Pr ot oz oa

Size : 5 ʯm to 250 ʯm Shape : Spherical, spindle-shaped & irregular-shaped Nutrition : 1. Saprohytic: feed on dead organism and decaying matter 2. Parasitic: feed on living organisms Habitat : Aquatic habitats, damp places & bodies of living organisms Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission-amoeba) & sexual (conjugation-paramecium)

Classification of Microorganism Chlamydomonas 1. 2. 3.

Spirogyra

Alg ae

Unicell - Chlamydomonas Multicell - Spirogyra Have chloroplast nucleus & cellulose cell wall

Size : 1 ʯm to 100 ʯm Shape : Spherical, oval-shaped & filamentous Nutrition : 1. Antotropic : most algae have chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis Habitat : •. Ponds, drains, rivers, seas •. Damp places – damp soil & tree barks Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission, fragmentation, spore formation) & sexual (conjugation)

Nutrient The growth of microorganism increases with the availability of nutrient

Humidity A relative humidity between 25% - 40% is most suitable

Temperature Optimum temperature is 37°C

Factors effecting the growth of organisms Light Most microorganism grow well in dark condition

pH Natural pH of 7 is most suitable

Yeast grow easily when glucose is added a)

b)

Try yourself

Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the given statement ü Nutrient effect the growth of yeast Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis above, based on the following criteria • Aim of the experiment * at the given statement ü To study the effect of nutrient on the growth of yeast • Identification of variables * at the given statement • MV : The presence of nutrient • RV : The growth of yeast • CV : Temperature of yeast suspension • List of apparatus and materials * yeast suspension + nutrient - will turn the lime water • Procedure * based on the apparatus set up or the diagram of apparatus above • Tabulation of data * used the manipulated variable and responding variable ü Use table to write the data The presence of The growth of yeast nutrient Yes / Present No / Absent

Easy Difficult

Bread Yeast – used to make dough rise in

Soya sauce Microscopic fungi – used in the making soya sauce

Brewing Yeast – used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer

Vinegar Bacteria – used to oxidize alcohol in the making of vinegar

Uses of microorganisms

Cheese Bacteria & Fungi – used to make cheese from milk

Yogurt Bacteria – made by fermenting milk

Nata de Coco Bacteria – fermentation of coconut water by bacteria

Diseases caused by microorganisms Microorganism

Disease

Symptom

Bacteria

Turberculosis (TB) Bacteria destroy the lung tissue

Chest pain, Coughing up blood, Fever, Night sweats

Cholera Bacteria attack the human digestive tract

Severe diarrhoea, Vomiting, Stomach cramps

Protozoa

Malaria Alternating high fever, Caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles Sweating and Shivering, mosquitoes. Plasmodium destroys the red blood cells, Nausea, Muscle pain thus causing severe anaemia.

Fungi

Ringworm (Tinea) Ring-shaped infection on the skin

Red and scaly patches on the skin that itch

Viruses

Dengue fever Transmitted by female Aedes mosquitoes

High fever, Severe t and muscle pain, Sore throat, Headache

Hepatitis

Fever, Jaundice (yellowing of the body), Weight loss

AIDS Swollen lymph nodes, Caused by HIV virus which attacks the white blood cell Weight loss, Fever,

1.

2.

Vectors

Direct – sexual activities, blood transmistion, sharing of needles (AIDS) Indirect – sharing towels, clothings & combs

1.

Vector – an organism which carries pathogens to other organism (houseflies, mosquitoes)

(ringworm)

Pathogens are spread through

Water 1.

2.

Contaminated water contains pathogens from sewage or faeces from an infected person It infected when drink the contaminated water

Food 1.

Can be contaminated if not cook properly, handling with dirty hand

Air 1.

2.

When patient coughs, sneezes or talks, pathogens are spread through droplets of water in the air When patient splits, pathogen & their spores spread through air when sputum dries

SPM 04,05

Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism Control of vector Understand the life cycles of vectors to prevent the vector from breeding [why we need to under stand] H

Adult female mosquito es feed on human blood

M o s q u i t oLifecycle of ea mosquito s

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

o u s e f l y

Pupa found Larvae in develop in dry & water but darkto the come place to surface s breath

Lifecycle of a housefly

Egg are laid on decaying matter, food, rubbish & feaces

Get rid of the stagnant water as this is the breeding ground of mosquitoes. Spray oil on the surface of stagnant water to prevent the larvae and pupae Larva found from breathing. in dark & Pupae Rear guppies damp also live to feed on the mosquitoes larvae. places filled Get ridinofwater breeding grounds of houseflies such as rubbish dumps and with but they exposed feaces. pathogens are Alwaysinactive cover food to prevent houseflies from contaminating it.

SPM 04,05

Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism Sterilisation

1.

1.

1.

The use of heat An autoclave or a pressure cooker can be used to kill microorganism as well as their spores The use of chemicals Sterilisation can be carried out by using antiseptics and disinfectants The use of radiation Sterilisation can also be carried out by using radiation such as gamma rays and UV light

Immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against diseases

IMmUniTy

Active

Artificial Obtained through vaccination. Natural Vaccine is a dose Obtained after of weakened or recovery from a dead pathogen certain disease chickenpox

ive Artificial Obtained through the injection of serum; obtained Natural from animals Obtained by babies that are already while they are in immune to a the mother womb disease or through breastfeeding

Way to treat diseases Yoga and meditation Gamma rays - used to kill cancer cell Penicillin

Traditiona l medical treatment Acupunct ure

Radiotherapy Surgery Used of herbs

Synthetic drugs

Modern medical treatment

Antiserum Antifungal drugs

Paracetamol

Cream / lotion for treat ringworm

Antibiotic

Microorganism vs. Human Being & Nature

Useful 1.

Help to digest food

2.

Used in food processing

3.

Produce medicine

4.

Used in manufacturing of leather Harmful

5.

Produce hormone & antibiotic 1.

6.

Help to maintain ,N2, CO2 & O2

Infect plant – leads to food Recycle waste & dead organic material in shortage soil 3. Infect animal – reduces yield of cops 2.

7.

Can cause disease & food spoilage