Logic (moods And Figures) 661f4h

MOODS AND FIGURES OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM Reported by: ANGELICA JOYCE IGNACIO The logical form of the Categorical Syllogism refers to the arrangements of the middle term in the premises known as Figure and the arrangements of the propositions according to the quality and quantity as Moods. It is the different patterns of syllogisms that can be obtained from the different arrangements that can be done with the Middle Term with respect to the Major and the Minor .  Figure of a syllogism is determined by the location of the Middle Term, the term that appears in both premises.  Moods are the given configuration of premises and conclusion according to quantity and quality. There are four figures and each figure is defined by the position of the middle term either as subject or predicate in the syllogism. These are:    

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Figure: Figure: Figure: Figure:

SUB-PRAE (SUBJECT- PREDICATE) PRE-PRAE (PREDICATE- PREDICATE) SUB-SUB (SUBJECT- SUBJECT ) PRAE-SUB (PREDICATE-SUBJECT)

Take Note: Four A E I O

Categorical Propositions: Universal AFFIRMATIVE Universal NEGATIVE Particular AFFIRMATIVE Particular NEGATIVE

a, e, i, o,

All S are P No S are P Some S are P Some S are not P

- stands for the four categorical propositions and they combine with the M S P, to denote the quantity of the subject term of proposition.

For example: “Ma” means that the Middle Term is used as subject of “A” proposition. u, p

- stands respectively for universal and particular combine with the symbols for to indicate the quantity of the predicate For example: “Pp” means that the Major Term is particular predicate. (+) sign (-) sign

- stands for affirmative copula - negative copula

Parts of Arguments: M – Middle Term P – Major Term S – Minor Term 1st Figure: Sub-Prae (SUBJECT- PREDICATE) In the first figure, the Middle Term is the subject of the major premise and the predicate in the minor premise. It is the natural place for the middle term, because it is placed between major and minor , as they are found in the conclusion. M P S M S P RULES 1. The Minor Premise must be affirmative. 2. The Major Premise must be universal. Taking into consideration that the first figure requires “a universal major premise and an affirmative minor premise”, only the following moods are available: BARBARA CELARENT DARII FERIO

AAA EAE AII EIO

Note that the vowels in each word stands respectively for the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion.

Reminders: a. MAJOR TERM b. MINOR TERM c. MIDDLE TERM

– predicate of the conclusion – subject of the conclusion – not found in conclusion but found in the premises;

which unites the major term and the minor term in affirmative and separates in negative syllogism. Examples: Mood BARBARA A. All men are rational, But all Filipino are men; Therefore, all Filipinos are rational B. All professors are educators, But Rita and Lina are professors; Therefore, Rita and Lina are educators. Mood CELARENT A. No girl is boy, But every boy is male; Therefore, no girl is a male. B. No reptiles have fur, All snakes are reptiles; Therefore, no snakes have fur. Mood DARII A. Anarchists are those who advocate violence, But some radical groups are anarchists; Therefore, some radical groups advocate violence. B. All talkative individuals are shallow minded, But some men are talkative individuals;

Therefore, some men are shallow minded. Mood FERIO A. No virtuous acts are sinful, But some chastisements are virtuous acts; Therefore, some chastisements are sinful. B. No homework is fun, Some reading is homework; Some reading is not fun.

Reported by: ASHLEY GARCIA The Second Figure presents the Middle Term (M)as predicate of both premises (Predicate – predicate) P M S M S P

(Prae – prae) Predicate - predicate

Rules: 1. One premise must be negative 2. The major premise must be universal Rule 1: Since the Middle Term is predicate of both premises (Major and Minor), it becomes necessary that one of the premises should be negative, precisely, to establish the middle term as universal at least once. Otherwise, the fallacy of undistributed middle is committed. Rule 2. Since one of the premises is negative, the conclusion will also be negative. In order to avoid the fallacy of illicit major, in the major premise the subject-term which is the major term must be universal. The valid moods for the Second Figure are: Proposition Mnemonic

EAE AEE EIO AOO 1.

cEsArE cAmEstrEs fEstInO bArOcO

CESARE (EAE) Pe - Mu Sa + Mp

e, u – Universal Negative in Major Premise a, p – Particular predicate in Universal Affirmative in

Minor Premise Se -Pu e, u – Universal Negative Example: No triangle is four-sided (Middle Term –prae)

E – Universal Negative

(No) in Major Term But all squares are four-sided(Middle Term –prae) Affirmative (All) in Minor Term Therefore, No square is triangle

A

–

Universal

E – Universal Negative (No)

*The Middle Term “four-sided” as predicate in the Major premise (prae) The Middle Term “four-sided” as predicate in the Minor premise (prae)   2.

CAMESTRES (AEE) Pa +Mp a,p – Universal Affirmative in Major Premise Se - Mu e, u – Universal Negative in Minor Premise Se -Pu e, u – Universal Negative -Conclusion

Example: Every immoral act is condemnable (Middle Term – prae) Universal Affirmative (Every) in Major Term But no kindness is condemnable (Middle Term-prae)

E

A

– –Universal

Negative (No) in Minor Term Therefore, No kindness is an immoral act E – Universal Negative (No.) *The Middle Term “condemnable” as predicate in the Major premise (prae) The Middle Term “condemnable” as predicate in the Minor premise (prae) 3.

FESTINO (EIO) Pe- Mu

Si+Mp So -Pu Example: No law-abiding citizen is a criminals (Middle Term –prae) Universal Negative (no) in Major Term But some adults are criminals (Middle Term –prae)

I

Affirmative (some) in Minor Term Therefore, some adults are not law-abiding citizens

O

E –

– Particular

–Particular

Negative (some, not) *The Middle Term “criminals” as predicate in the Major premise (prae) The Middle Term “criminals” as predicate in the Minor premise (prae)

4.

BAROCO (AOO) Pa + Mp So - Mu So -Pu

Example: All pianists are musicians (Middle Term –prae)

A

Affirmative in Major Term (all) But some artists are not musicians (Middle Term –prae) Particular Negative (some, not) Therefore, some artists are not pianists

–

Universal O

–

O – Particular Negative (some,

not) *The Middle Term “musicians” as predicate in the Major premise (prae) The Middle Term “musicians” as predicate in the Minor premise (prae)

Moods of the FOURTH FIGURE *Continuation (2nd Rule Reported by: ASHLEY GARCIA 3rd Rule Reported by: ANGELICA JOYCE IGNACIO) The Fourth Figure (Predicate – Subject) is considered the reverse of the First Figure (Subject – Predicate). It presents the Middle Term (M) as the predicate of the major premise and as the subject of the Minor Term (S). P M M S S P

(Prae – sub) Predicate - subject

Rules: 1. If the major premise is affirmative, the minor premise must be universal 2. If the minor premise is an affirmative, the conclusion must be particular 3. If either premise is negative, the major term must be universal Rule 1. If the major premise is affirmative, its predicate which is the Middle Term is particular. Consequently, the minor premise must be universal in order to establish the Middle Term as a universal and, therefore, avoid an undistributed middle.

Rule 2. If the minor premise is affirmative, its predicate which is the minor term is particular. To avoid an illicit minor, conclusion should be particular. Rule 3.If either premise is negative, the conclusion would be negative and its predicate, which is the major term would be universal. In order to avoid an illicit major, the major premise must be universal. Note: Since either is negative, the conclusion must be negative. The valid moods of the Fourth Figure are AAI, AEE, IAI, EAO, EIO Proposition Mnemonic AAI brAmAntIp AEE cAmEnEs IAI dImArIs EAO fEsApO EIO frEsIsOn 1.

BRAMANTIP (AAI) Pa + Mp Ma + Sp Si + Pp

Example: Every merchant is an investor A – Universal Affirmative (every) in Major Term But every investor is a risk-taker

A - Universal Affirmative (every) in

Minor Term Therefore, some risk-takers are merchant I

–

Particular

Affirmative

(some) *The Middle Term “investor” used as a predicate (prae) in the Major Premise The Middle Term “investor” used as a subject (sub) in the Minor Premise 2.

CAMENES (AEE) Pa + Mp Me - Su Se -Pu

Example: All mammals are warm-blooded, A – Universal Affirmative (every) But no warm-blooded animals is a reptile, E- Universal Negative (no) Therefore, no reptile is a mammal E- Universal Negative (no) *The Middle Term “warm-blooded” used as a predicate (prae) in the Major Premise The Middle Term “warm-blooded” used as a subject (sub) in the Minor Premise 3.

DIMARIS (IAI) Pi + Mp Ma + Sp Si + Pp

Example: Some flowers are flagrant I – Particular Affirmative (some) But all flagrant things are pleasant A – Universal Affirmative (all) Therefore, some pleasant things are flowers I – Particular Affirmative (some) *The Middle Term “flagrant” used as a predicate (prae) in the Major Premise The Middle Term “flagrant” used as a subject (sub) in the Minor Premise 4.

FESAPO (EAO) Pe - Mu Ma + Sp So -Pu

e, u – Universal Negative a, p – Universal Affirmative o,u – Particular Negative

Example: No monkey is a linguist (predicate) E – Universal Negative (no,is, a) But alllinguist are educated (subject) A – Universal Affirmative (all, are) Therefore, some educated persons are not monkeys Negative (some, are not)

O

–

Particular

*The Middle Term “linguist” used as a predicate (prae) in the Major Premise The Middle Term “linguist” used as a subject (sub) in the Minor Premise 5.

FRESISON (EIO) Pe - Mu (Universal Negative in Major Term) Mi + Sp (Particular Affirmative in So -Pu

Example: No spider is a fly (predicate) E – Universal Negative (no) But some flies are insects(subject) I – Particular Affirmative (some) Therefore, some insects are not spiders O – Particular Negative (some, not) Fly (Middle Term) use it as predicate in the Major Premise Flies – Middle Term use it as subject in the Minor Premise