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Page semi-protected Hentai From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on Anime and Manga Anime eye.svg Anime [show] Manga [show] Demographic groups [show] Genres [show] Selected biographies [show] Fandom [show] General [show] Portal icon Anime and Manga portal v t e Hentai illustration The word "hentai" written in kanji Hentai (?? or ?????) About this sound listen (help·info) English /'h?nta?/ is a wo rd of Japanese origin which is short for (?????, hentai seiyoku); a perverse sex ual desire. The original meaning of Hentai in Japanese Language is a transformat ion or a metamorphosis. A meaning of the perversion or the paraphilia was derive d from there. Both meanings can be distinguished in the context easily. In Japanese, the term describes any type of perverse or bizarre sexual desire or act; it does not represent a genre of work. Internationally, hentai is a catchall term to describe a genre of anime and manga pornography. English adopts and uses hentai as a genre of pornography by the commercial sale and marketing of ex plicit works under this label. The word's narrow Japanese-language usage and broad international usage are ofte n incompatible. Weather Report Girl is considered yuri hentai in English usage f or its depiction of lesbian sex, but in Japan it is just yuri. The definition cl ash also appears with the Japanese definition of yuri as any lesbian relationshi p, as opposed to its sexually explicit definition in English usage. Contents 1 Term 2 Etymology 3 History 3.1 Origin of erotic manga 3.2 Origin of erotic anime 3.3 Origin of erotic games 4 Censorship 5 Demographics 6 Classification 6.1 Genres 7 See also 8 References

9 Further reading Term Hentai (?? or ?????) About this sound listen (help·info) is a kanji compound of ? (hen; "change", "weird", or "strange") and ? (tai; "appearance" or "condition"). It also means "perversion" or "abnormality", especially when used as an adjecti ve.[1]:99 It is the shortened form of the phrase (?????, hentai seiyoku) which m eans "sexual perversion".[2] The character hen is catch-all for queerness as a p eculiarity it does not carry an explicit sexual reference.[1]:99 While the term ha s expanded in use to cover a range of publications including homosexual publicat ions,[1]:107 it remains primarily a heterosexual term, as indicating homos exuality entered Japan as foreign words.[1]:100[2] Japanese pornographic works a re often simply tagged as 18-kin (18??, "18-prohibited"), meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old", and seijin manga (?????, "adult manga").[2] Less o fficial also in use include ero anime (??????), ero manga (?????), and the English acronym AV (for "adult video"). Usage of the term hentai does not defin e a genre in Japan. Hentai is defined differently in English. The Oxford Dictionary Online defines h entai as "a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots."[3] The o rigin of the word in English is unknown, but AnimeNation's John Oppliger points to the early 1990s, when a Dirty Pair erotic doujinshi (self-published work) tit led H-Bomb was released, and when many websites sold access to images culled fro m Japanese erotic visual novels and games.[4] The earliest English use of the te rm traces back to the rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post concerning Happosa i of Ranma ½ and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991.[5][6] A 1995 Glossar y on the rec.arts.anime boards contained reference to the Japanese usage and the evolving definition of hentai as "pervert" or "perverted sex".[7] The Anime Mov ie Guide, published in 1997, defines "ecchi" (??? etchi?) as the initial sound o f hentai (i.e., the name of the letter H, as pronounced in Japanese); it include d that ecchi was "milder than hentai".[8] A year later it was defined as a genre in Good Vibrations Guide to Sex.[9] At the beginning of 2000, "hentai" was list ed as the 41st most popular search term of the internet, while "anime" ranked 99 th.[10] The attribution has been applied retroactively to works such as Urotsuki doji, La Blue Girl, and Cool Devices. Urotsukidoji had previously been described with such as "Japornimation",[11] and "erotic grotesque",[12] prior to be ing identified as hentai.[13][14] Etymology The history of word "hentai" has its origins in science and psychology.[2] By th e middle of the Meiji era, the term appeared in publications to describe unusual or abnormal traits, including paranormal abilities and psychological disorders. [2] A translation of German sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing's text Psychopat hia Sexualis originated the concept of "hentai seiyoku", as a "perverse or abnor mal sexual desire".[2] Though it was popularized outside psychology, as in the c ase of Mori Ogai's 1909 novel Vita Sexualis.[2] Continued interest in "hentai se iyoku", resulted in numerous journals and publications on sexual advice which ci rculated in the public, served to establish the sexual connotation of 'hentai' a s perverse.[2] Any perverse or abnormal act could be hentai, such as committing shinju (love suicide).[2] It was Nakamura Kokyo's journal Abnormal Psychology wh ich started the popular sexology boom in Japan which would see the rise of other popular journals like Sexuality and Human Nature, Sex Research and Sex.[15] Ori ginally, Tanaka Kogai wrote articles for Abnormal Psychology, but it would be Ta naka's own journal Modern Sexuality which would become one of the most popular s ources of scholarly information about erotic and neurotic expression.[15] Modern Sexuality was created to promote fetishism, S&M, and necrophilia as a facet of modern life.[15] The ero-guro movement and depiction of perverse, abnormal and o ften erotic undertones were a response to interest in hentai seiyoku.[2]

Following the end of World War II, Japan took a new interest in sexualization an d public sexuality.[2] Mark McLelland puts forth the observation that the term " hentai" found itself shortened to "H" and that the English pronunciation was "et chi", referring to lewdness and which did not carry the stronger connotation of abnormality or perversion.[2] By the 1950s, the "hentai seiyoku" publications be came their own genre and included fetish and homosexual topics.[2] By the 1960s, the homosexual content was dropped in favor of subjects like sadomasochism and stories of lesbianism targeted to male readers.[2] The late 1960s brought a sexu al revolution which expanded and solidified the normalizing the identity i n Japan that continues to exist today through publications such as Bessatsu Taka rajima's Hentai-san ga iku series.[2] History With the usage of hentai as any erotic depiction, the history of these depiction s are split into its media. Japanese artwork and comics serve as the first examp le of hentai material, coming to represent the iconic style after the publicatio n of Azuma Hideo's Cybele in 1979. Japanese animation (anime) had its first hent ai, in both definitions, with the 1984 release of Wonderkid's Lolita Anime, over looking the erotic and sexual depictions in 1969's One Thousand and One Arabian Nights and the bare breasted Cleopatra in 1970's Cleopatra film. Erotic games, a nother area of contention, has the iconic art style first depicted in sexual act s in 1985's Tenshitachi no Gogo. The history of each medium itself, complicated based on the broad definition and usage. Origin of erotic manga Gratuitous illustrations of panties are a typical form of fanservice The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife (1814) is a classic of Japanese erotic art (sh unga) Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predatin g the term "hentai". Shunga (???), a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to have and existed in some form since Heian period. From the 16th to the 19th cen tury, Shunga works were suppressed by shoguns.[16] A well-known example is The D ream of the Fisherman's Wife which depicts a woman being pleasured by two octopi . Shunga production fell with the rise of pornographic photographs in the late 1 9th century. To define erotic manga, a definition for manga is needed. While the Hokusai Mang a uses the term "manga" in its title, it does not depict the story-telling aspec t common to modern manga, as the images are unrelated. Osamu Tezuka, sometimes r eferred to as the "God of Manga", helped define the look and form of manga itsel f.[17] His debut work New Treasure Island was released in 1947 as a comic book t hrough Ikuei Publishing and sold 400,000 copies,[17] though it was the popularit y of Tezuka's Astro Boy, Metropolis, and Jungle Emperor manga that would come to define the media. This story-driven manga style is distinctly unique from comic strips like Sazae-san, and story-driven works are now dominating shoujo and sho nen magazines.[17] Mature themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but these depictions were m ore realistic than the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka.[18] Early well-known "ero-gekiga" releases were Ero Mangatropa (1973), Erogenica (1975), a nd Alice (1977).[19]:135 The distinct shift in the style of Japanese pornographi c comics from realistic to cartoon-cute characters is accredited to Azuma Hideo, "The Father of Lolicon".[18] In 1979, he penned Cybele which offered the first commentary on unrealistic depictions of sexual acts between Tezuka-style charact ers. This would start a pornographic manga movement.[18] The lolicon boom of the 1980s saw the rise of magazines such as the Lemon People and Petit Apple Pie an thologies. The publication of erotic materials in America can be traced back to at least 19

90, when IANVS Publications printed its first Anime Shower Special.[20] In March 1994, Antarctic Press released Bondage Fairies, an English translation of Insec t Hunter.[20] Origin of erotic anime Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactive ly tagged as hentai since the coining of the term in English. Hentai is typicall y defined as consisting of excessive nudity, and graphic sexual intercourse whet her or not it is perverse. The term "ecchi" is typically related to fanservice, with no sexual intercourse being depicted. Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This is likely due to the obscurity and unfamiliarity of the works, arriving in Ameri ca and fading from public focus a full twenty years before importation and surgi ng interests coined the Americanized term of hentai. The first is the 1969 film One Thousand and One Arabian Nights which faithfully includes erotic elements of the original story.[21]:27 In 1970, Cleopatra: Queen of Sex, was the first anim ated film to carry an X rating, but it was mislabeled as erotica in America.[21] :104 The term typically identifies the Lolita Anime series as the first erotic anime and original video animation (OVA); it was released in 1984 by Wonder Kids. Cont aining 8 episodes, the series focused on underage sex and rape and included one episode containing BDSM bondage.[21]:376 Several sub-series were released in res ponse, including a second Lolita Anime series released by Nikkatsu.[21]:376 It h as not been officially licensed or distributed outside of its original release. Lolicon The Cream Lemon franchise of works ran from 1984 to 2005, with a number of them entering the American market in various forms.[22] The The Brothers Grime series released by Excalibur Films contained Cream Lemon works as early as 1986.[23] H owever, they were not billed as anime and were introduced during the same time t hat the first underground distribution of erotic works began.[20] The American release of licensed erotic anime was first attempted in 1991 by Cen tral Park Media, with I Give My All, but it never occurred.[20] In December 1992 , Devil Hunter Yohko was the first risque (ecchi) title was released by A.D. Vis ion.[20] While it contains no sexual intercourse it pushes the limits of the ecc hi category with sexual dialogue, nudity and one scene in which the heroine is a bout to be raped. It was Central Park Media's 1993 release of Urotsukidoji which brought the first hentai film to American viewers.[20] Often cited for creating the hentai and te ntacle rape genres, it contains extreme depictions of violence and monster sex.[ 24] It is notable for being the first depiction of tentacle sex on screen.[12] W hen the movie premiered in America it was described as being "drenched in graphi c scenes of perverse sex and ultra-violence".[25] Following this release, a wealth of pornographic content began to arrive in Amer ica, with companies such as A.D. Vision, Central Park Media and Media Blasters r eleasing licensed titles under various labels.[23] A.D. Vision's label Soft Cel Pictures released 19 titles in 1995 alone.[23] Another label, Critical Mass, was created in 1996 to release an unedited edition of Violence Jack.[23] When A.D. Vision's hentai label Soft Cel Pictures shut down in 2005, most of its titles we re acquired by Critical Mass. Following the bankruptcy of Central Park Media in 2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred to Critical Mass.[26] Origin of erotic games Hentai illustration typical for eroge

The term eroge (erotic game) literally defines any erotic game, but has become s ynonymous with video games depicting the artistic styles of anime and manga. The origins of eroge began in the early 1980s, while the computer industry in Japan was struggling to define a computer standard with makers like NEC, Sharp, and F ujitsu competing against one another.[27] The PC98 series, despite lacking in pr ocessing power, CD drives and limited graphics, came to dominate the market, wit h the popularity of eroge games contributing to their success.[27][28] Due to the vague definitions of any erotic game, depending on its classification , citing the first erotic game is a subjective one. If the definition applies to adult themes, the first game was Softporn Adventure. Released in America in 198 1 for the Apple II, this was a text-based comedic game from On-Line Systems. If eroge is defined as the first graphical depictions and/or Japanese adult themes, it would be Koei's 1982 release of Night Life.[28][29] Sexual intercourse is de picted through simple graphic outlines. Notably, Night Life was not intended to be erotic so much as an instructional guide "to married life". A series of "undressing" games appeared as early as 1983, such as "Strip Mahjong". The fi rst anime-styled erotic game was Tenshitachi no Gogo, released in 1985 by JAST. In 1988, ASCII released the first erotic role-playing game, Chaos Angel.[27] In 1989, AliceSoft released the turn-based RPG Rance and ELF released Dragon Knight .[27] In the late 1980s, eroge began to stagnate under high prices and the majority of games containing uninteresting plots and mindless sex.[27] ELF's 1992 release o f Dokyusei came as customer frustration with eroge was mounting and spawned a ne w genre of games called dating sims.[27] Dokyusei was unique because it had no d efined plot and required the player to build a relationship with different girls in order to advance the story.[27] Each girl had her own story, but the prospec t of consummating a relationship required the girl growing to love the player; t here was no easy sex.[27] The term "visual novel" is vague, with Japanese and English definitions classify ing the genre as a type of interactive fiction game driven by narration and limi ted player interaction. While the term is often retroactively applied to many ga mes, it was Leaf that coined the term with their "Leaf Visual Novel Series" (LVN S) with the 1996 release of Shizuku and Kizuato.[27] The success of these two da rk eroge games would be followed by the third and final installment of the LVNS, the 1997 romantic eroge To Heart.[27] Eroge visual novels took a new emotional turn with Tactics' 1998 release One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e.[27] Key's 1999 release of Kanon proved to be a major success and would go on to have numerous console p orts, two manga series and two anime series. Censorship See also: Cartoon pornography Japanese laws have impacted depictions of works since the Meiji Restoration, but these predate the common definition of hentai material. Since becoming law in 1 907, Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan forbids the publication of obscen e materials. Specifically, depictions of male-female sexual intercourse and pubi c hair are considered obscene, but bare genitalia is not. As censorship is requi red for published works, the most common representations are the blurring dots o n pornographic videos and "bars" or "lights" on still images. In 1986, Toshio Ma eda sought to get past censorship on depictions of sexual intercourse, by creati ng tentacle sex.[30] This led to the large number of works containing sexual int ercourse with monsters, demons, robots, and aliens, whose genitals look differen t from men's. While western views attribute hentai to any explicit work, it was the products of this censorship which became not only the first titles legally i mported to America and Europe, but the first successful ones. While uncut for Am erican release, the United Kingdom's release of Urotsukidoji removed many scenes of the violence and tentacle rape scenes.[31]

It was also because of this law that the artists began to depict the characters with a minimum of anatomical details and without pubic hair, by law, prior to 19 91. Part of the ban was lifted when Nagisa Oshima prevailed over the obscenity c harges at his trial for his film In the Realm of the Senses.[32] Though not enfo rced, the lifting of this ban did not apply to anime and manga as they were not deemed artistic exceptions.[18] However, alterations of material or censorship and even banning of works are com mon. The U.S. release of the La Blue Girl altered the age of the heroine from 16 to 18 and removed sex scenes with a dwarf ninja named Nin-nin, and removed the Japanese censoring blurring dots.[21] La Blue Girl was outright rejected by UK c ensors who refused to classify it and prohibited its distribution.[21][33] In 20 11 the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan sought a ban on the subgenre lolicon.[3 4][35] Demographics Hentai is often age-restricted The most prolific consumers of hentai are men. Eroge games in particular combine three favored media, cartoons, pornography and gaming, into an experience. The hentai genre engages a wide audience that expands yearly, and desires better qua lity and storylines, or works which push the creative envelope.[36] The unusual and extreme depictions in hentai are not about perversion so much as they are an example of the profit-oriented industry.[37] Anime depicting normal sexual situ ations enjoy less market success than those that break social norms, such as sex at schools or bondage.[37] According to Dr. Megha Hazuria Gorem, a clinical psychologist, "Because toons ar e a kind of final fantasy, you can make the person look the way you want him or her to look. Every fetish can be fulfilled."[38] Dr. Narayan Reddy, a sexologist , commented on the eroge games, "Animators make new games because there is a dem and for them, and because they depict things that the gamers do not have the cou rage to do in real life, or that might just be illegal, these games are an outle t for suppressed desire."[38] Classification Yuri Yaoi artwork depicting a seme (left) and uke (right) couple The hentai genre can be divided into numerous subgenres, the broadest of which e ncomes heterosexual and homosexual acts. Hentai that features mainly heteros exual interactions occur in both male-targeted (ero) and female-targeted ("ladie s' comics") form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known as yaoi (male-male) and yuri (female-female). Both yaoi and, to a lesser extent, y uri, are generally aimed at of the opposite sex from the persons depicte d. While yaoi and yuri are not always explicit, their pornographic history and a ssociation remain.[39] Yaoi's pornographic usage has remained strong in textual form through fanfiction.[40] The definition of yuri has begun to be replaced by the broader definitions of "lesbian-themed animation or comics".[41] Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" on sexual fetishes.[42] These include dozens o f fetish and paraphilia related subgenres, which can be further classified with additional , such as heterosexual or homosexual types. Many works are focused on depicting the mundane and the impossible across every conceivable act and situation no matter how fantastical. The largest subgenre of hentai is futanari (hermaphroditism), which most often features a female with a penis or penis-like appendage in place of, or in addition to normal female geni tals.[43] Futanari characters are primarily depicted as having sex with other wo men and will almost always be submissive with a male; exceptions include Yonekur a Kengo's work, which features female empowerment and domination over males.[43] Genres

Gender and age based genres Common English Common Japanese Type Description Bara / Men's Love ?? or ????? Gender Homosexual hyper-masculine men w ith varying degrees of muscle, body fat, and body hair[44] Yaoi / shonen-ai /Boy's Love ??? Gender Male homosexuality Yuri / shojo-ai / Girl's Love ?? Gender Female homosexuality Lolicon ???? Gender+Age Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage girls, whether homosexual or heterosexual. Shotacon ????? Gender+Age Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage boys, whether homosexual or heterosexual. Fetish and paraphila based genres Common English Common Japanese Type Description Bakunyu ?? Fetish Bakunyu is a genre of pornographic media focusin g on the depiction of women with large breasts.[45] The word can be literally tr anslated to "exploding breasts".[46] Bakunyu is a subgenre within the genre of h entai anime.[47] Futanari ???? Fetish Depictions of hermaphrodites or transsexuals tha t have both phallic genitalia (penis with scrotum, only a penile shaft, or an en larged clitoris) with or without vaginal genitalia. Incest Fetish Sexual activity with legal family Netorare Fetish A form of cuckolding Omorashi ???? / ???? Fetish A form of urolagnia Tentacle erotica ???? Paraphilia Depictions of tentacled creature s and sometimes monsters (fictional imaginative or otherwise) engaging in sex or rape with girls and, less often, men. See also Portal icon Pornography portal Portal icon Anime and Manga portal Dojinshi List of hentai anime List of hentai authors (groups, studios, production companies, circles) List of hentai manga List of pornographic subgenres Panchira Uniform fetishism References Livia, Anna; Kira, Hall (1997). "Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexualit y". Oxford University Press. McLelland, Mark (January 2006). "A Short History of Hentai". Intersections: Gend er, History and Culture in the Asian Context (12). Retrieved 14 July 2014. "hentai". Oxford Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Oppliger, John. "Ask John: How Did the Word 'Hentai' Get Adopted Into English?". AnimeNation. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Newton, Mark (8 February 1990). "Ranma 1/2". Retrieved 29 April 2013. "Some little questions". 12 April 1991. Retrieved 29 April 2013. Sinclair, Iain (17 March 1995). "rec.arts.manga Glossary". Retrieved 29 April 20 13. McCarthy, Helen (27 October 1997). The Anime Movie Guide. Overlook Press. p. 198 7. Winks, Cathy (7 November 1998). Good Vibrations Guide to Sex: The Most Complete Sex Manual Ever Written. Cleis Press. "Forget Sex and Drugs. Surfers Are Searching for Rock'n'roll as the Net Finally Grows Up". The Independent (London). 18 January 2000. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Marin, Cheech. "Holy Akira! It's Aeon Flux". Newsweek 107 (7). Harrington, Richard (26 April 1993). "Movies; 'Overfiend': Cyber Sadism". The Wa shington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

"Urotsukidoji I: Legend of the Overfiend (1989)". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Span, Paula (15 May 1997). "Cross-Cultural Cartoon Cult; Japan's Animated Futuri stic Features Move From College Clubs to Video Stores". The Washington Post. Ret rieved 1 May 2013. Driscoll, Mark (13 July 2010). "Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, Dead, and Undead in Japan s Imperialism, 1895 1945". Duke University Press: 140 160. Bowman, John (2000). "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture". Colum bia University Press. Retrieved 26 April 2013. "A History of Manga". Retrieved 26 April 2013. Galbraith, Patrick (2011). "Lolicon: The Reality of Virtual Child Pornography in J apan". Image & Narrative, Vol 12, No. 1. The University of Tokyo. Retrieved 26 A pril 2013. Gravett, Paul (2004). Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. Laurence King Publi shing. "Ask John: How Did Hentai Become Popular in America?". Anime nation. Retrieved 2 6 April 2013. The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Revised and Ex panded Edition. Stone Bridge Press. 2006. "Ask John: How Much Cream Lemon is There?". animenation.net. "The Anime "Porn" Market". awn.com. "Not Fit To Fap To: Urotsukidoji: Birth of the Overfiend (NSFW)". Metanorn. Retr ieved 25 April 2013. Richard Harrington. "Movies; `Overfiend': Cyber Sadism." The Washington Post. Wa shingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. 1993. Retrieved 26 April 2013 from HighBeam R esearch: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-943760.html "Central Park Media's Licenses Offered by Liquidator". Animenewsnetwork.com. 8 J une 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2011. Todome, Satoshi. "A History of Eroge". Retrieved 28 April 2013. "Hardcore gaming 101: Japanese computers". Hardcoregaming101. Retrieved 28 April 2013. Jones, Matthew T. (December 2005). "The Impact of Telepresence on Cultural Trans mission through Bishoujo Games" (PDF). PsychNology Journal 3 (3): 292 311. ISSN 17 20-7525. "Hentai Comics". Maeda, Toshio. Retrieved 25 April 2013. "Urotsukidoji III - The Return of the Overfiend". Move Censorship.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Alexander, James. "Obscenity, Pornography, and the Law in Japan: Reconsidering O shima s In the Realm of the Senses" (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2013. bbfc (30 December 1996). "LA BLUE GIRL Rejected by the BBFC". Retrieved 27 Novem ber 2009. Artefact (2011-09-29). "LDP Seeks New Ban: "Manga & Anime = Virtual Child Abuse" ". Sankaku Complex. Retrieved 2013-05-14. "??:?????????". Sangiin.go.jp. Retrieved 2013-05-14. Bennett, Dan. "Anime erotica potential growing strong.(Animated erotica)." Video Store. Questex Media Group, Inc. 2004. Retrieved 2 May 2013 from HighBeam Resea rch: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116341275.html "Bizarre sex sells in weird world of manga." New Zealand Herald (Auckland, New Z ealand). Independent Print Ltd. 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013 from HighBeam Researc h: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-248344423.html "Oooh Game Boy." Hindustan Times (New Delhi, India). McClatchy-Tribune Informati on Services. 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2013 from HighBeam Research: http://www.highb eam.com/doc/1P3-1298294031.html McHarry, Mark (November 2003). "Yaoi: Redrawing Male Love". The Guide. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2013. Kee, Tan Bee. "Rewriting Gender and Sexuality in English-Language Yaoi Fan?ction ." Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre (2010): 126. "Yuricon - What is Yuricon?". Yuricon. Retrieved 23 August 2013. "Peek-a-boo, I See You: Watching Japanese Hard-core Animation". Springerlink.com

. doi:10.1007/s12119-008-9039-5. Retrieved 30 July 2011. "Ask John: What is Futanari and Why is it Popular?". Anime Nation. Retrieved 1 M ay 2013. Bara (genre) Moore, Lucy (August 29, 2008). "Internet of hentai". Student Life. Retrieved 10 February 2010. "Word Display". WWWJDIC. Retrieved 10 November 2010. Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. Ballantine Books/Del Rey. ISBN 0-345-48590-4. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hentai. Look up hentai in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Aquila, Meredith (2007). "Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Writers: New Narrative Theme s or the Same Old Story?" Mechademia 2. Buckley, Sandra (1991). "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Co mic Books", pp. 163 196, In Technoculture. C. Penley and A. Ross, eds. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota. ISBN 0-8166-1932-8. McCarthy, Helen, and Jonathan Clements (1998). The Erotic Anime Movie Guide. London: Titan. ISBN 1-85286-946-1. Napier, Susan J. (2000). Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke. New York: P algrave. ISBN 0-312-23863-0. Perper, Timothy and Cornog, Martha (March 2002). Eroticism for the masses: J apanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. Sexuality & Culture, 6 (1) pp. 3 126.