Grammar z6dl

REVIEW STRUCTURES (GRAMATIKA) NOUNS (Kata Benda) A.

Kinds and Function (Jenis dan Fungsi) a. Ada empat jenis nouns dalam bahasa Inggris: 1. Common Nouns : dog, table, man 2. Proper Nouns : Tom, , Madrid, Mrs. Smith 3. Abstract Nouns : charity, beauty, fear, courage, joy 4. Collective Nouns : swarm, team, crowd, flock, group b. Noun dapat berfungsi sebagai: 1. Subyek dari kata kerja : Tom arrived 2. Komplemen kata kerja be, become, seem : Tom is an actor 3. Obyek kata kerja : I saw Tom 4. Obyek preposisi : I spoke to Tom 5. Dalam possessive case : Plato’s work

B.

Gender Masculin Feminine Neuter

: men, boys, dan male animals (pronoun: he atau they) : women, girls, dan female animals (pronoun: she atau they) : benda mati, hewan yang tidak diketahui jenis kelaminnya, dan terkadang bayi yang tidak diketahui jenis kelaminnya (pronoun: it atau they) Sebagian besar nouns memiliki bentuk sama untuk masculine maupun feminine: parent painter driver singer cousin child artist cook judge rider Sebagian memiliki bentuk berbeda: brother – sister uncle – aunt duke – duchess count – countess horse – mare cock – hen C.

nephew – niece prince – princess drake – duck

lord – lady bull – cow

Plurals (Jamak) Plural dari nouns biasanya dilakukan dengan menambah s ke bentuk singularnya dog – dogs day – days house – houses kecuali a. Nouns berakhiran o, ss, sh, ch atau x, bentuk pluralnya ditambah es: tomato – tomatoes kiss – kisses brush – brushes watch – watches box – boxes namun kata yang berasal dari kata asing berakhiran o hanya ditambah s piano – pianoes dynamo – dynamos photo – photos kimono – kimonos biro – biros b. Nouns berakhiran y diikuti sebuah konsonan, bentuk pluralnya dengan mengganti y dengan ies. baby – babies lady – ladies country – countries fly – flies Namun nouns berakhiran y diikuti sebuah vokal pluralnya hanya ditambah s donkey – donkeys boy – boys day – days c. Dua belas nouns yang berakhiran f atau fe, dihilangkan f atau fe diganti ves wife – wives life – lives knife – knives wolf – wolves self – selves calf – calves shelf – shelves leaf – leaves loaf – loaves thief – thieves sheaf – sheaves half – halves Namun cliff – cliffs handkerchief – handkerchiefs safe – safes d. Beberapa nouns yang pluralnya dengan mengganti vokalnya man – men louse – lice foot – feet mouse – mice woman – women goose – geese tooth – teeth ox – oxen child – children e. Uncountable nouns selalu singular advice, knowledge, baggage, furniture, information, news, luggage, rubbish f. Beberapa nouns selalu plural: police, clothes, pyjamas, tros, glasses (kacamata), scissors, scales

PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti)

A. Personal Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang)

Orang kesatu Orang Kedua Orang ketiga

Singular Suject Object I me You you He/She/It him/her/it

Plural Suject Object We us You you They them

Contoh: Do you see the snake? Yes, I saw it and it saw me Did it frighten you? No, but it frighten them Give Tom the book. Okey, I’ll give it to him B. Possessive dan Reflexive Pronouns (Kata Ganti Milik dan Refleksif)

Orang kesatu Orang Kedua Orang ketiga

Pronoun I You He/She/It

Singular (Tunggal) Possessive Reflexive mine myself yours yourself his/hers/its himself/herself

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Pronoun We You They

Plural (Jamak) Possessive Reflexive ours ourselves yours yourselves theirs themselves

Contoh: This is my pen. atau This pen is mine. It is our room atau It is ours I have my pen, have you got yours? I cut myself He shaved himself Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. He spoke to himself Did she pay for herself? Look after yourself Take care of yourselves. He sat by himself (=alone) The king himself gave her the medal I did it myself (itu dikerjakan oleh saya bukan oleh orang lain)) I did it by myself (saya mengerjakannya tanpa bantuan) C. Interrogative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tanya) Untuk orang

Untuk benda Untuk orang/benda

subject object possessive subject object subject object

who whom, who whose what what which which

Contoh: Who pays the bills? Ann does Whose horse won? The queen’s horse did. Which of your brother is getting married? Tom is. Whom did you see? I saw the secretary What did they eat? They ate rice With whom did you go? I went with my brother, Jim ADJECTIVES (Kata Sifat) A.

Ada 6 jenis utama adjectives yaitu : 1. of quality : square, good, golden, fat, heavy, dry, clever 2. demonstrative : this, that, these, those 3. distributive : each, every, either, neither 4. quantitative : some, any, no, few, many, much, one, twenty 5. interrogative : which, what, whose 6. possessive : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their Contoh: a good boy, good boys, a big town, a blue car, an interesting book a big square box, a tall young man, six yellow roses a black and white cap, a red, white and blue flag

B.

Degree of Comparison Ada 3 degree of comparison (derajat perbandingan) 1. Positive : dark tall 2. Comparative : darker taller 3. Superlative : the darkest the tallest

useful) more useful the most useful

Adjectives dengan satu suku kata diberi er dan est: bright brighter the brightest new newer the newest Adjectives dengan tiga atau lebih suku kata diberi more dan the most interesting more interesting the most interesting frightening more frightening the most frightening Adjectives dengan dua suku kata • yang berakhiran ful atau re biasanya diberi more dan the most doubtful more doubtful the most doubtful careful more careful the most careful • yang berakhiran er, y atau ly biasanya diberi er dan est pretty prettier the prettiest holy holier the holiest clever cleverer the cleverest Comparisons tak beraturan good better the best far further bad worse the worst far farther little less the least old older many more the most old elder much more the most Contoh: Jim is older than I am, but Jack is the oldest Tom is clever, Sam is cleverer than Tom, but Ratih is the cleverest

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the furthest (of distance and time) the farthest (of distance only) the oldest (of people and things) the eldest (of people only)

ADVERBS (Kata Keterangan) A.

Ada 8 Jenis Adverbs, yaitu a. of manner : quickly, bravely, happily, hard, fast, well b. of place : here, there, up, down, near, by c. of time : now, soon, yet, still, then, today d. of frequency : twice, often, never, always, occasionally e. of certainty : certainly, surely, definitely, obviously f. of degree : very, fairly, rather, quite, too, hardly g. interrogative : when?, where?, why? h. relative : when, where, why Sebagian besar adverbs of manner dan sebagian adverbs of degree dibentuk dengan menambahkan ly pada adjectives yang berhubungan: slow – slowly brave – bravely immediate – immediately Cara penulisan 1. Yang berakhiran y diubah menjadi i : day – daily 2. Yang berakhiran e tetap : extreme – extremely kecuali : true – truly due – duly whole – wholly 3. Adjectives yang berakhiran able/ible mengganti e di akhir kata dengan y sensible – sensibly capable – capably 4. Adjectives yang berakhiran vokal + l ditambah ly final – finally beautiful – beautifully Adverb dari good adalah well Kata-kata: high, low, deep, near, far, fast, hard, early, late, much, little, straight, pretty, wrong, kindly, dan enough dapat digunakan sebagai adjectives maupun adverbs tanpa perubahan Contoh: Sebagai adjectives Sebagai adverbs a high mountain The bird flew high the near bank Don’t come near This is a fast train The train went fast The work is hard They worked hard Draw a straight line He went straight home She is a pretty girl The problem is pretty difficult I have just enough time He didn’t run fast enough

B. The Comparison of Adverbs Untuk adverbs dengan dua atau lebih suku kata diberi more dan most Comparative Superlative Positive quickly more quickly most quickly fortunately more fortunately most fortunately Untuk adverbs dengan satu suku kata dan early diberi er dan est hard harder hardest high higher highest early earlier earliest Comparison tidak beraturan well better badly worse little less much more far further far farther

best worst least most the furthest (of distance, time, in an abstract sense) the farthest (of distance only)

Contoh: They arrived earlier than she did / than her He eats more quickly than I do / than me They work harder than we do / than us He ran fastest of all He likes swimming best She behaved most generously (very) PREPOSITIONS (Kata Depan) A.

Posisi Preposition 1. Preposition umumnya ditempatkan di depan nouns atau pronouns, namun terkadang dapat pula dipindahkan ke akhir kalimat. a. Pertanyaan yang diikuti sebuah preposition + whom/which/what/whose To whom were you talking? = Who were you talking to? With what did you open it? = What did you open it with? In which drawer does he keep it? = Which drawer does he keep it in? b.

2.

Dalam relative clauses (kalimat majemuk) preposition yang diletakkan sebelum whom/which dapat dipindahkan ke akhir clause. Lalu relative pronounnya dihilangkan the people with whom I was travelling = the people I was travelling with the company from which I hire my TV set = the company I hire my TV set from

Dengan kombinasi verb + preposition, preposition umumnya tepat diletakkan sesudah verb The children I was looking after were interested in puppets Which flat did they break into?

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B.

Penghilangan to dan for sebelum obyek tak langsung 1. Pada verbs: bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, , pay, play, promise, sell, send, show, sing, take, tell. I gave the book to Tom = I gave Tom the book I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map They sent Rp. 100.000 to Sam = They sent Sam Rp. 100.000 2. Pada verbs: book, build, buy, cook (bake, fry, boil, etc), fetch, get, keep, knit, leave, make, order, reserve. I’ll get a drink for you = I’ll get you a drink I bought a book for James = I bought James a book Namun, jika direct objectnya it atau them, tetap dibutuhkan preposition They kept it for Mary She made them for Bill We sent it to George

C.

Preposition of time and date: at, on, by, in 1. at, on at a time : at dawn at six at midnight at 4.30 at an age : at sixteen she got married at seventeen on a day/date : on Monday on June 4 on Christmas Day Kecuali : at night at Christmas (periode bukan hari) on the morning/afternoon, evening, night pada tanggal tertentu misal: We arrived on the morning of the sixth 2. by a time/date/period = before that time/date The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00 By May my garden will be a mass of blossom by sering diikuti dengan perfect tense, terutama future perfect By the end of July I’ll have read all those books By next summer he’ll have taken his final exams. 3. on time, in time on time = waktunya tepat, tidak kurang tidak lebih The 8.15 train started on time = It started at 8.15 in time = tidak terlambat The angers should be in time for their train

CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Penghubung) A.

Kata-kata: though/although, nevertheless, yet, but, however, dan in spite of Mengkombinasikan dua kalimat, misalnya He was angry dan He listened to me patiently Dengan kata: but, yet, atau though/although He was angry, but/yet he listened to me patiently Though/Although he was angry he listened to me patiently He listened to me patiently though he was angry Dengan in spite of + noun/pronoun/gerund In spite of being angry he listened to me patiently In spite of his anger he listened to me patiently Dengan nevertheless, yang artinya in spite of this/that, atau dengan however atau all the same He was angry, nevertheless/however he listened to me patiently

B. Kata-kata: like (preposition) dan as like diletakkan sebelum nouns/pronouns dalam jenis perbandingan yang lebih sederhana He fought like a man Namun jika noun/pronoun langsung diikuti oleh verb, maka digunakan as bukan like When in Rome, do as the Romans do as juga dapat digunakan dengan sebuah noun sendirian, sama seperti like, tapi dengan pengertian berbeda I worked as a slave = I was a slave I worked like a slave = I worked very hard, but I was not a slave) C. Kata-kata: for dan because Conjunctions ini memiliki makna hampir sama dan keduanya dapat digunakan. Namun, lebih aman menggunakan because sebab ada beberapa pembatasan penggunaan for dalam for-clause. Suatu for-clause tidak boleh mendahului verb Because it was wet he took a taxi (tidak boleh menggunakan for) Suatu for-clause tidak boleh didahului oleh not, but, atau conjunctions lainnya He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he likes stealing (tidak boleh pakai for) Suatu for-clause tidak boleh digunakan dalam jawaban atas pertanyaan Why did you do it? I did it because I was angry (tidak boleh pakai for) D. Kata-kata: both, either, neither, nor dan so Penggunaan both ….. and He has both the time and the money to play golf She both built and endowed the hospital It was both cold and wet Penggunaan either …….. or We can have either tripe or liver Can you eat either tripe or liver? Penggunaan neither …….. nor untuk bentuk negatif I can’t eat either tripe or liver = I can eat neither tripe nor liver Penggunaan either, neither, nor dan so dalam bentuk lain I went and he went too/also. = I went and so did he He didn’t go and she didn’t go either = He didn’t go and neither did she I couldn’t find Peter and didn’t know where he had gone = I couldn’t find Peter nor did I know where he had gone

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VERBS (Kata Kerja) A. Bagian pokok dari verb aktif Affirmative to work to be working to have worked to have been working working having worked worked

Present infinitive Continuous present infinitive Perfect infinitive Continuous perfect infinitive Present participle and gerund Perfect participle and gerund Past participle B.

Negative not to work not to be working not to have worked not to have been working not working not having worked

Tabel active tenses Present Past Future Present Conditional Perfect Conditional

simple he works he worked he will work

continuous he is working he was working he will be working

perfect he has worked he had worked he will have worked

he would work

he would be working

he would have worked

he would have been working

perfect continuous he has been working he had been working he will have been working

AUXILIARY VERBS (Kata Kerja Bantu) Daftar auxiliary verbs dengan bagian pokoknya be have do can

Infinitive to be to have to do (to be able)

may must need will shall ought dare used

--(to have to) to need ------to dare ---

Present Tense am, is, are have, has do, does can am/is/are able may must need will shall ought dare

Past tense was, were had did could was/were able might had to needed would should ought dared used

Past Participle been had done been able --had to needed ------dared ---

The Present Tenses A. The Simple Present Tense Affirmative I work you work he/she/it works we work you work they work

Negative I do not work you do not work he/she/it does not work we do not work you do not work they do not work

Interrogative do I work? do you work? does he/she/it work? do we work? do you work? do they work?

Negative Interrogative do I not work? do you not work? does he/she/it not work? do we not work? do you not work? do they not work?

Cara mengeja Verbs yang berakhiran ss, sh, ch, x, dan o ditambah es untuk membentuk orang ketiga tunggal I kiss – he kisses I rush – he rushes I watch – he watches I box – he boxes I go – he goes I do – he does Verbs yang berakhiran y diikuti sebuah konsonan mengubah y menjadi ies I carry – he carries I hurry – he hurries Tetapi, jika diikuti sebuah vokal, tetap menggunakan s saja I obey – he obeys I say – he says Simple present digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan kebiasaan He usually drinks coffee, but now he is drinking milk The simple present tense seringkali diikuti dengan keterangan sebagai berikut: often, usually, sometimes, never, always, occasionally, on Mondays, twice a year, every week, dll It rains in winter Birds do not build nests in the autumn I go to mosque on Fridays How often do you wash your hair? She goes abroad every year B. The Present Continuous Tense Affirmative I am working you are working he/she/it is working we are working you are working they are working

Negative I am not working you are not working he/she/it is not working we are not working you are not working they are not working

Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working?

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Negative Interrogative Am I not working? Are you not working? Is he/she/it not working? Are we not working? Are you not working? Are they not working?

Cara mengeja the present participle a. Untuk verbs berakhiran sebuah e, e dihilangkan sebelum ing : love – loving, hate – hating, argue – arguing Namun jika berakhiran ee, ditambah ing: agree – agreeing, see – seeing b. Jika sebuah verb satu suku kata mempunyai satu vokal dan berakhiran satu konsonan, konsonan itu didobel sebelum ing : hit – hitting, run – running, stop – stopping c. Jika sebuah verb dua atau lebih suku kata mempunyai satu vokal dan berakhiran satu konsonan, konsonan itu didobel sebelum ing jika tekanan kata pada suku terakhir : begin – beginning, prefer – preferring, it – itting namun, jika tekanan bukan pada kata terakhir tidak didobel : enter – entering d. Huruf terakhir l sesudah satu vokal selalu didobel : travel – travelling, signal – signalling e. ing dapat ditambahkan pada verb berakhiran y tanpa mempengaruhi spelling carry – carrying, hurry – hurrying, enjoy – enjoying The present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang terjadi sekarang It is raining now I am not wearing a coat as it isn’t cold Why are sitting at my desk? What is the baby doing? He is tearing up the paper menyatakan tindakan yang terjadi sekitar waktu sekarang I am reading a novel He is teaching French and learning Greek menyatakan rencana dalam waktu dekat I am meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the theatre A : Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? B : Yes, I’m playing tennis with Ann The Simple Past Tense Affirmative I worked you worked he/she/it worked we worked you worked they worked a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

h.

Negative I did not work you did not work he/she/it did not work we did not work you did not work they did not work

Interrogative did I work? did you work? did he/she/it work? did we work? did you work? did they work?

Negative Interrogative did I not work? did you not work? did he/she/it not work? did we not work? did you not work? did they not work?

Regular verb (beraturan) dibentuk dengan menambahkan ed pada infinitif: work – worked Verb berakhiran e cukup tambah d saja: love – loved Untuk seluruh person bentuknya sama : I worked, you worked, he worked, dll Negatif verb (beraturan dan tidak) memakai did not : I did not work, you did not work, he did not work, dll Kata tanya verb (beraturan dan tidak) dibentuk dengan did + subject + verb: Did I work?, Did you work?, dll Kata did not dapat disingkat didn't : I didn't work, you didn't work, he didn't work, dll Cara mengeja: jika berakhiran 1 konsonan, konsonan itu harus didobel sebelum ditambah ed : contoh : stop – stopped, it – itted, travel – travelled verb berakhiran y diikuti sebuah konsonan, y berubah menjadi i sebelum ditambah ed contoh :carry – carried, reply – replied. Tapi obey – obeyed (y diikuti sebuah huruf vokal) Irregular verb (verb tak beraturan) perubahannya bervariasi contoh : speak – spoke, eat – ate, see – saw, fly – flew, dll

Simple past umumnya digunakan berkaitan dengan kejadian di masa lalu a. Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai di masa lalu contoh : I met him yesterday, When did you meet him?, I bought this car in Jakarta b. Digunakan untuk tindakan yang waktunya tidak disebut namun (1) makan waktu lama yang kini selesai : He worked in the bank for 4 years (he does not work there now) (2) makan waktu sebentar yang kini selesai : My father once saw the President c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lalu: They never drank wine, He always woke up late d. Digunakan untuk kalimat kondisional tipe 2 The Past Continuous Tense Past continuous tense dibentuk oleh bentuk past dari to be : was dan were Affirmative I was working you were working he/she/it was working we were working you were working they were working

Negative I was not working you were not working he/she/it was not working we were not working you were not working they were not working

Interrogative was I working? were you working? was he/she/it working? were we working? were you working? were they working?

Digunakan untuk tindakan yang lalu namun tidak disebutkan waktu tepatnya a. Menyatakan perkembangan yang sedang terjadi di masa lalu contoh: It was getting darker, The wind was rising b. Untuk waktu tertentu, menyatakan tindakan dimulai sebelum waktu itu dan mungkin masih berlanjut contoh : At 8 he was having breakfast = dia sarapan sebelum pk 8 dan masih berlangsung pada jam itu bandingkan : He had breakfast at 8 = dia mulai sarapan pukul 8 c. Menyatakan kejadian sedang berlangsung sebelum tindakan dalam simple past tense : contoh : When I arrived he was talking on the phone

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d. e.

Untuk mendeskripsikan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi : A wood fire was burning on the hearth, and a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was playing the piano. Suddenly there was a knock on the door. Digunakan dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) contoh : He said, 'I am living in London' menjadi He said he was living in London.

The Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Tense dibentuk dengan present tense dari to have + the past participle : I have worked Affirmative I have worked you have worked he/she/it has worked we have worked you have worked they have worked

Negative I have not worked you have not worked he/she/it has not worked we have not worked you have not worked they have not worked

Interrogative have I worked? have you worked? has he/she/it worked? have we worked? have you worked? have they worked?

Negative Interrogative have I not worked? have you not worked? has he/she/it not worked? have we not worked? have you not worked? have they not worked?

Digunakan untuk menyatakan hubungan kuat di masa lalu dengan masa kini: a. Dengan kata just untuk menyatakan kejadian yang baru saja terjadi : He has just gone out b. Menyatakan kejadian baru saja namun waktunya tidak disebutkan : contoh : I have read the instructions but I don't understand them c. Menyatakan kejadian pernah terjadi tapi masih bisa terjadi lagi : I have seen tigers in the forest d. Digunakan dengan kata-kata: lately, recently, never, ever contoh : There have been a lot of changes recently, I've been very busy lately e. Digunakan dengan kata yet dalam kalimat tanya dan negatif contoh: Has the postman come yet?, No, he hasn't come yet. f. Menyatakan tindakan masa lalu namun masih berlangsung sampai sekarang contoh : I have smoked since I was young ( I still smoke now) g. Menyatakan tindakan masa lalu namun berakhir saat dibicarakan contoh : I haven't seen you for years (but I see you now) The Future Tense The Future Tense dibentuk dengan shall / will + infinitive untuk orang pertama tunggal dan jamak, dan will + infinitive untuk yang lainnya Affirmative I shall/will work you will work he/she/it will work we shall/will work you will work they will work

Negative I shall/will not work you will not work he/she/it will not work we shall/will not work you will not work they will not work

Interrogative shall I work? will you work? will he/she/it work? shall we work? will you work? will they work?

Digunakan untuk: a. menyatakan pendapat, asumsi, spekulasi mengenai maka mendatang. Biasanya diikuti dengan kata kerja : think, know, believe, doubt, suppose, assume, expect, hope, be afraid, fell sure, wonder, daresay, atau digabung dengan adverb probably, possibly, perhaps, surely. contoh : I'm sure he'll come back., Perhaps we'll find him at the hotel, They'll probably wait for us b. menyatakan kebiasaan yang pasti terjadi : Birds will build nests, Spring will come again c. bersama dengan conditional, time, dan purpose clauses: contoh : If I drop this glass it will break, When it gets darker the lamp will be automatically on The Future Continuous Tense Tense ini dibentuk dari future tense to be + present participle Affirmative I shall/will be working you will be working he/she/it will be working we shall/will be working you will be working they will be working a. b.

Negative I shall/will not be working you will not be working he/she/it will not be working we shall/will not be working you will not be working they will not be working

Interrogative shall I be working? will you be working? will he/she/it be working? shall we be working? will you be working? will they be working?

sebagai continuous tense biasa : Now they are sitting here, but this time tomorrow they'll go to Jakarta menyatakan masa mendatang namun bukan keinginan si pembicara contoh : I'll be helping Mary tomorrow (hanya pernyataan bahwa itu akan terjadi bukan keinginannya)

CONDITIONAL Ada 3 jenis conditional, yaitu: a. Conditional tipe 1 (mungkin terjadi) : if – clause dalam present tense dan induk kalimat dalam future tense contoh : If he runs he'll get there in time, The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail b. Conditional tipe 2 (berlawanan dengan kenyataan) : if – clause dalam past tense dan induk kalimat dalam conditional tense contoh: If I had a com I would tell you the direction (but I have no com) c. Conditional tipe 3 (menyesali kejadian yang sudah terjadi) : if – clause dalam past perfect tense dan induk kalimat dalam perfect conditional tense contoh : If we had brought a map we should have not been lost (we had no maps so we were lost)

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THE GERUND Gerund adalah membendakan kata kerja. Memiliki bentuk sama dengan present participle : running, working, dll Digunakan a. sebagai subyek : Riding a motorcycle is easier than driving a car b. sesudah preposisi : I compute it without using a calculator, After swimming I felt cold, Sorry for coming late c. sesudah kata kerja tertentu : I appreciate your giving me so much of your time, Forgive my disturbing you, Try to avoid making him angry, Please stop talking, I couldn't help laughing, I don't mind waiting d. kata majemuk noun : diving board, washing machine e. dalam larangan : no smoking, no cheating f. dalam peribahasa : Seeing is believing THE IVE VOICE The ive voice (kalimat pasif) dibentuk dengan menempatkan verb to be pada tense yang sama dengan the active voice (kalimat aktif) lalu ditambahkan bentuk the past participle dari verb aktifnya : to be + verb (III) Tenses simple present simple past present perfect present continuous auxiliary + infinitive

Active Voice We keep the butter here They broke the window Peoples have seen a wolf in there They are repairing the bridge You must shut the doors

ive Voice The butter is kept here The window was broken A wolf has been seen in there The bridge is being repaired The doors must be shut

Tabel active tense dan kesamaan pasifnya Tenses simple present present continuous simple past past continuous present perfect past perfect future conditional perfect conditional

Active Voice keeps is keeping kept was keeping has kept had kept will keep would keep would have kept

ive Voice is kept is being kept was kept was being kept has been kept had been kept will be kept would be kept would have been kept

REPORTED SPEECH Laporan dapat dinyatakan dalam kalimat langsung (direct) dan tak langsung (indirect atau reported speech) contoh : Kalimat langsung, He said, 'I have lost my umbrella.' Kalimat tak langsung, He said that he had lost his umbrella. (1) indirect speech dapat disampaikan dalam present tense contoh: Paul says he is trying to get a taxi, Tom says that he'll never get married (2) biasanya indirect speech dalam past tense sehingga pada direct speech disesuaikan dalam format past Tenses simple present present continuous present perfect simple past future

Direct Speech 'I never eat meat,' he said 'I'm waiting for Ann,' he said 'I have found a flat,' he said 'I took it home with me,' he said Ann said,'I will finish it today.'

Indirect Speech He said that he never ate meat He said he was waiting for Ann He said he had found a flat He said, he had taken it home with him Ann said that she would finish it that day

Perubahan keterangan waktu dalam indirect speech: Direct Speech today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow

Indirect Speech that day the day before two days before the next day / the following day

Direct Speech the day after tomorrow next week / year last week / year a year ago

Indirect Speech in two days' time the following week / year the previous week / year a year before / the previous year

'I saw her yesterday,' he said 'I'll do it tomorrow,' he promised

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He said he had seen her the day before He promised that he would do it the next day

Pertanyaan: He asked, 'Where is she going?' He said, 'Where does she live?' 'Is anyone there?', he asked He said, 'Will you help me?'

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He asked where she was going He asked where she lived He asked if anyone was there / He asked whether anyone was there He asked me to help him

Perintah / larangan He said, 'Open the door, Tom.' 'Don't drink coffee, Jim,'I said He said, 'Let's stop now.'

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He told Tom to open the door I told Jim not to drink coffee He suggested stopping

Kalimat seru He said, 'Thank you!' He said, 'Congratulations!' He said, 'Damn you!'

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He thanked me He congratulated me He swore me

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