Explanation 116b2n

[A factual text, used to explain a process (natural and social phenomena) to answer “why, how, what causes, what happens when/if…”]

EXPLANATION

GENERIC STRUCTURE • Generalized Statement(s) • Details of how and why in a series of logical steps (in paragraphs) • Closing (optional)

LANGUAGE FEATURES • Simple Present Tense • Generic, non human participant (he/she/one) • Time relationship (first, then, next, finally) • Cause-effect relationship (thus, so that, if) • ive voice

Examples of Cause – Effects:

• The concert has been cancelled owing to the lack of . • Due to his health, he can only work part time. • Her lack of interest leads to her failure. • The consequence of eating too much is having a stomach ache. Note: owing to, due to = preposition, lead to = verb, the consequence of = noun phrase

EXPLANATION OR PROCEDURE? SIMILARITIES • Both texts have the similarity in which both describe how to make or done something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or problem.

DIFFERENCES PROCEDURE • Commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern of command in building the structure. It use the “to infinitive verb” which is omitted the “to”. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full command verb. Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily activity. • Examples: how to make a cup of tea how to make a good kite etc

DIFFERENCES EXPLANATION • Commonly used the ive voice in building the text. Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how certain phenomenon or event happen. It uses ive pattern in describing the topic. • Examples: How a tornado form how tsunami works

EXPLANATION TEXT • Show a knowledge about how thing is formed. • Often use technical related to the thing which is being explained. • Is commonly composed in the mode of simple present tense.

HOW CHOCOLATE IS MADE • General statement; it is a statement which says about chocolate and how it is formed • Sequenced explanation; it is a series of explanation on how chocolate is formed before we eat. First, the chocolate is coming from the cacao tree. Then it is fermented and shipped to the chocolate producer. The cacao bean then are roasted and winnowed.

HOW CHOCOLATE IS MADE Chocolate starts from a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple. Inside the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans. Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, and dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavor. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor. So they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat. It is pure bitter chocolate.

How does Rain Happen? Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

In this way, the crude oil is separated into the various fractions, which are drawn off ready for further refining. The vapors at the bottom of the tower are the hottest, and those at the higher levels are cooler. This is done by heating the crude oil, which is pumped to the bottom of a tall steel tube called a ‘fractionating tower’. Crude oil is made up of a number of different ingredients and each of these boils and vaporizes at a different temperature. This tower is divided into compartments all the way up and the very hot petroleum enters to the bottom of the tower as a vapor. Oil is first distilled, which breaks it down into gas, petrol, paraffin, lubricating oil, diesel, and other fuel oils and asphalt. Petrol collects in the top trays, paraffin condenses a little lower down and the other oils become liquids at even lower levels. At the bottom of each compartment in the tower are trays, and the different vapors condense, or turn into liquid, on the trays at different levels.

Before crude oil can be used, it has to be processed in a refinery and converted into many different products. Oil is first distilled, which breaks it down into gas, petrol, paraffin, lubricating oil, diesel, and other fuel oils and asphalt. This is done by heating the crude oil, which is pumped to the bottom of a tall steel tube called a ‘fractionating tower’. This tower is divided into compartments all the way up and the very hot petroleum enters to the bottom of the tower as a vapor. Crude oil is made up of a number of different ingredients and each of these boils and vaporizes at a different temperature. The vapors at the bottom of the tower are the hottest, and those at the higher levels are cooler. At the bottom of each compartment in the tower are trays, and the different vapors condense, or turn into liquid, on the trays at different levels. Petrol collects in the top trays, paraffin condenses a little lower down and the other oils become liquids at even lower levels. In this way, the crude oil is separated into the various fractions, which are drawn off ready for further refining.