Earthquake Resistant Architecture p124p

EARTHQUAKES RESISTIVE BUILDINGS

SUBMITTED TO: DR. SHAILZA SINGH

SUBMITTED BY: SABINA KASHYAP 13608 SHIWANI GUPTA 13612 JAGRITI WADHAWAN 13622 GUNJAN KOUNDAL 13627

CONTENTS • CASE STUDIES: EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN RAOLAKHA CHHATRI TAJ MAHAL TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID EARHTQUAKE PROOF HOMES: JAPAN

EARTHQUAKES DON'T KILL PEOPLE. PEOPLE'S HOUSES IN THE MIDST OF EARTHQUAKES KILL PEOPLE

2001 BUJH EARTHQUAKE DATE: 26 JAN TIME: 8:46 AM IST LASTED FOR : 2 MINUTES EPICENTER: 9 KM SOUTH-SOUTHWEST OF THE VILLAGE OF CHOBARI IN BHACHAU TALUKA OF KUTCH DISTRICT OF GUJARAT MAGNITUDE: 7.7 MAXIMUM INTENSITY: X ON MERCALLI SCALE CASUALITIES: KILLED : between 13,805 and 20,023 people INJURED:167,000 DESTROYED: nearly 400,000 homes FAULT : OBLIQUE

SHAKING EFFECTS: THE HOSPITALS COLLAPSED AND THE INJURED PEOPLE HAD NO WHERE TO MOVE TO.

About 2,000 metric tones of Acrylonitrate (ACN), a highly toxic and flammable chemical leaked at the J.R. Enterprises Tank farm, Kandla. Another tank, containing HEP (Paraffin) in the same tank farm also leaked.

RAOLAKHA CHHATRI BUJH

BEFORE  BHUJ: The Raolakha Chhatri was constructed in the 18th Century and survived the great 1819 Kachchh Earthquake,  But succumbed to the 2001 Earthquake. It was the oldest, largest and most elaborate of these cremation ground memorials to past Maharajas.

AFTER

 The collapsed Rajolati Chatri is on right in the left image, and the right image illustrates the remains of two of the twelve smaller domes, which are revealed as having been solid masonry, and thus very heavy.  The later smaller chhatris which survived the earthquake are visible behind. These others survived despite their lack of any internal or external walls.

 This smaller chhatri was damaged, but not destroyed by the earthquake, despite the fact that it contains no shear walls or other lateral .  The damage provides a clue as to the process of the destruction of the larger Raolakha Chhatri. The earthquake shaking has caused the stones to vibrate apart because of the lack of ties to hold them together. The use of iron cramps to secure individual stones together as a protection against earthquake damage can be found in use .  It is interesting and important to observe that this did not collapse by being thrown over, despite the violence of the shaking at Bhuj, and the lack of shear walls. Clearly the structure rocked back and forth, but the "restoring force" of gravity on the columns was sufficient to allow it to remain standing.  This record can provide for the retention of the open pavilion design of the structures when they are restored, with seismic hazard mitigation being most effectively applied by developing a plan to tie the stones together to prevent the spreading that has been observed here and in Ahmedabad.

TAJ MAHAL When there’s an earthquake in Agra, the safest place to be will be inside the Taj Mahal.  The Mughals devised it to be quake proof, and despite it standing along soft riverbed soil for four centuries, it has not seen a crack.

Historians believe that the Taj Mahal rests on brick wells which are ed by full-width wheels made of SANDALWOOD. The foundation is believed to have planned like the waters of the Yamuna could keep reinforcing the sandalwood which grows in strength when it is watered, and in the process, the foundation of the monument would also get strengthened.

Taj Mahal will not collapse during earthquake because the whole structure is mounted on myriad number of wooden pillars. These WOODEN PILLARS have good shock absorption property because of its micro-structure. It behaves as a composite material which have good tensile strength which in turn is not direction dependent property.

TRANSMERICA PYRAMID, SAN FRANCISCO ARCHITECT: William L. Pereira & Associates YEAR OF DESIGN: 1968 HEIGHT: 260M FLOORS: 48+1BASEMENT LEVEL The Transamerica Pyramid successfully withstood the Loma Prieta earthquake . The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake of magnitude 7.1 struck the Santa Cruz Mountains in California.  The 49 story Transamerica building shook for over a minute. The top story swayed over 12 inches from side to side. Yet the building was undamaged and no one was seriously injured.

The overhead X-bracing resists torsional movement of the building about its vertical axis.

 The Transamerica Pyramid has a broad base that tapers as it rises and increases the stability of the building.  A network of diagonal beams at the base s the building against both the horizontal and vertical forces.

 DIAPHRAGMS .  TRUSSES.  CROSS-BRACINGS.  SHEAR WALLS.  MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES.

EARTHQUAKE PROOF HOMES:JAPAN • Vast majority of fatalities from earthquakes large or small come from buildings, or parts of buildings, falling on people.

TOSSING A HOUSE IN THE AIR WHEN AN EARTHQUAKE COMES

 The house sits, during more stable times, on a deflated air bag.  When sensors feel a tremor, they switch on a compressor within a second.

 The compressor pumps air into an airbag, inflating it within a few more seconds, and ultimately lifting the entire house a good three centimeters off its supposedly earthquake-proof concrete foundation.  Then the airbag deflates and the house gently settles back down

The company built such a house on a “SHAKE TABLE" and equipped it with a few inhabitants, some furniture, and a couple of glasses of wine. When the mock tremors hit, in front of a rapt, hardhat-outfitted audience, the denizens hardly noticed, and not a drop of wine was spilled.

Air Danshin's system is only good for that rare, lateral shaking earthquake which never moves the earth higher than three centimeter, and saves its biggest jolts for its finale, homes are soon to be retrofit with the airbag and its assemblage.

INFERENCES DRAWN:

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