Dry Ice Engine Abstract[1] 252g37

A Novel Proposal of Dry Ice Engine Akash Sahoo#1, Nirmal Mallick *2 #1

Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela #2 Dept of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela, Orissa 1

akash[dot]nitr[at]gmail[dot]com 2neall[dot]nm[at]gmail[dot]com

Abstract—The possible proposal of using solid CO2 (dry ice) as alternative fuel and limiting as well as decreasing CO2 levels making it ZEV(zero emission vehicle) is our topic. Dry ice has the same pressure generating capability as that of gasoline. So it can be used as an alternative fuel in vehicles. CO2 from atmosphere or from vehicle itself and convert it into dry ice using a hydraulic air compressor. Then warm water is added to the required small amount of dry ice which generates CO2 at high pressure which is used to run the vehicle. It completes the cycle and increases he efficiency of engine without causing any pollution. Keywords— Alternative Fuels, Dry Ice Engine, Efficient engine, Future Car, Hybrid vehicle, Zero Emission Vehicle(ZEV), alternative fuel vehicles (AFV), advanced technology vehicle (ATV).

I. INTRODUCTION It has become more established and accepted by the industry as prices for primary fuels are steadily increasing, there is a need for cheap alternative fuel that does not adds up to the green house gases and cause global warming. Global Oil Consumption is responsible for 42% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide, which is the main contributor to global warming. Government is also trying a lot in this field organizing competitions, lower taxes for these vehicles etc. As oil price goes up and pollutions from automobiles make environmental problems, nowadays alternative fuel and fuel efficient vehicles are highlighted. The major automobile manufacturers have spent much expenditure to develop alternative fuel vehicles (AFV), advanced technology vehicle (ATV) and governments make incentives that encourage consumer to purchase AFV and ATV. The reason for this is because of limited oil resources, air pollution and smallparticle air pollution from conventional fuels and high cost.

There are a number of alternative solutions to petrol / diesel: ≠ Bio fuels : These are a good substitute to petrol, diesel but are difficult to prepare and sources are limited; so expensive. They are 15-20% more efficient fuels than gasoline and can be used in diesel engines. They emit 50% less carbon monoxide and 78% less carbon dioxide than diesel and contain no sulphur and also produce 75% less particulate matter. ≠ Solar : They convert solar energy to electrical energy using solar s and then store it in battery and use it. There is also the advantage involving efficiency, which relates to the fact that all solar cars are able to produce their full rated power at any speed and they cause no pollution. The power output is low and it cannot be used at night or cloudy sky. ≠ Electric Cars : They are ZEV. The cost per km is low, but they have less power, the battery has to be changed every few years. They have been the most popular alternative to diesel engines. ≠ CNG (Compressed natural Gas): Natural /cooking gas is stored in cylinder under high pressure. It goes to engine and it burns generating pressure and force to run the vehicle. ≠ Other fuels: methanol, ethanol are not popular but are mixed with petrol to increase efficiency due to their high calorific value Conversion of our transportation system to the use of an alternative fuel is therefore desirable, but cost and deficiency of alterative fuels have made it difficult to be popular and be a substitute to petrol/ diesel. Any good AFV should have the following points: • It shouldn’t use convectional source such as petrol, diesel, cooking gas, natural gas etc

• It should use alternative sources of energy like solar power, wind power, bio diesel etc • It shouldn’t be expensive. • It could be made on a large scale and implemented as a primary fuel. • It must not cause any pollution or global warming • It could be used to have features and performance of a normal car

II. DRY ICE ENGINE The dry ice engine has mainly three important parts: • The dry ice generator • Pressure generating chamber • Engine and rest other parts

Caillet’s gas liquefaction apparatus

A. Dry Ice Generator: Dry Ice generator: This part of the car is mainly used for the storage and formation of dry ice. It is has two parts- a hydraulic compressor and the other part has to store dry ice under pressure. This hydraulic compressors is kept at the back of the car. It has an inlet valve for taking in CO2 from atmosphere or from vehicle emission. The air compressor is based on Cailletet's gas liquefying compressor which runs without electricity. Cailletet succeeded in producing droplets of liquid oxygen in 1877 but by a different method from that used by Raoul Pictet. He used the JouleThomson effect. The oxygen was compressed while being cooled. The compressed gas was then allowed to expand rapidly, cooling it even more. The result was the production of small droplets of liquid oxygen. It has the ability to generate pressure of 900-1000 atms but only 80 atms is required to make dry ice. We use weight of car as force for the compressor.[1]. CO2 has a critical temperature of 31.10C which is higher, so it can converted into dry ice below this temperature. It converts to dry ice at pressure of 73 atms. Inside it carbon dioxide gas is compressed to turn into liquid Liquefied carbon dioxide lower is then allowed to expand suddenly to atmospheric pressure. Part of the liquid sublimates, causing the remainder to freeze into finely divided CO 2 snowflakes. Finally the snow is compressed by a hydraulic press into convenient dry ice blocks or pellets as required. Then the dry ice is transferred in little quantities to pressure generating chamber. It is based on principle that when air is compressed and then allowed to escape it can be compressed much more. Then the dry ice formed is stored.

Portable dry ice maker: It can produce 1 pound block of ice in as little as 60 seconds

This portable Hydraulic air compressor

based on Pasal’s law can compress air with a force of 20 tonnes and lift

B. Pressure Generator: It is based on the principle that dry ice when gets converted to gas CO2 generates a lot of pressure which can be used as mechanical force. In IC Engines lot of heat goes as a waste. The piston is moved by pressure generated during combustion of fuel.

These are co2 cartridges used in guns to power shots the bullets; the CO2 under high pressure propels the bullet out of the gun at high speds [source: discovery channel]

controlling the amount of dry ice in pressure generating chamber and the volume of the chamber. In the existing vehicles this process can be done in situ i.e. dry ice gets converted into CO2 gas inside the part of engine itself. We can determine the amount of dry ice required to generate such pressure inside the engine by the following calculation: From the Ideal gas Equation we know that PV=nRT. Pressure required for the car to run is 2000KPa. Assuming temperature to be 273K because of warm water, we get the following results. We know that the radius of the piston is 5cm=0.05m and the ignition chamber is 30cm in length at max at the beginning. Comparison of Petrol vs. Dry ice efficiency: Molecular mass of petrol=114 amu. Assuming an injection of 5gm of petrol to IC chamber and temperature after ignition to be 1200K and volume to be 250ml, pressure = n×R×T/V = =17 atms. And for 5 gms of dry ice this number comes out to be 10.18 atms. So efficiency of dry ice is 60% as compared to petrol which is great for an cheap alternative source fuel.

C. Working of the Engine : The pressure generated is huge .When water is added to dry ice in bottle it gets converted to CO2 gas quickly and escapes at high pressure and bursts the bottle if closed with a loud sound. [source: YouTube]

At 100 km/h in 5th gear car is close to 2400 rpm or 2400/60 = 40 revolutions per second. Because it’s a 4 cylinder 4 stroke engine, it will be producing 2 power strokes every revolution, so that’s 80 power strokes per second. At a steady cruising speed of 100 km/h, it is likely to be covering 10 km/litre or, in other words, using 10 litres/100 km. Therefore, our fuel burn rate is 10 litres per hour or 10/3600 = 0.00278 litres per second = 2.78 mL/sec. Now, this 2.78 mL is shared between the 80 power strokes of the engine per second. So, for each power stroke of the engine while we are cruising at 100 km/h, the fuel injection system is delivering 2.78/80 = 0.03472 mL into each cylinder. [2] In dry ice engine this is the second stage of working of the engine. The dry ice formed is transferred in small quantities to this section and small amount (double the mass of dry ice) of warm water is added to it. It quickly then gets converted into gas CO2 and the chamber is closed and pressure is maintained in a small volume. There is a safety valve and an outlet valve for the gases to go to engine under pressure. When the outlet valve opens the gas CO2 at high pressure gushes into the engine. The piston volume is kept closed and the pressure moves the piston down. The pressure required to move the piston is generally 15-20 atm. This pressure can be got by

CO2 gas ruches into in chamber at high pressure (blue color) and moves piston down and in the compression stroke it goes out from the exhaust valve.

Some times there has to dry ice added to maintain the required quantity.

Four cylinder Engine in which CO2 get divided and they work in cycles.

Working of an IC Engine

The working of engine is almost same as that of IC engines, but in this case instead of pressure generated due to combustion there is change of state from solid dry ice to gaseous CO2. We know that solid occupy very less space. 1 mole of dry ice i.e. 44 gms can produce 22.4 litres of CO2and can generate pressure of nearly 80 atms in 250 ml container. The input valve is opened and CO2 comes into at very high pressure. This pressure multiplied with area of the piston gives force. This force move the piston downward at high speed (expansion stroke) and when it returns back exhaust valve is opened and the CO2 gas goes out. The CO2 is then collected again at the dry making part and this process continues on.

CONCLUSION This project if implemented shall change the face of energy wants in all countries. We shall restore this planet earth from global warming and reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Mankind has travelled through many heights. He has solved many problems. Global Warming and CO2 emissions have been the major problems of 21st century. We all wish best luck to the scientists, researchers and people good luck to fight this problem. This Project shall be a small step towards that direction. I pray to God for it success. We started with foolish ideas, rejecting many but then got one, tried it with all our hopes, hard work and made the above work. We wish we could get some fresh air in our cities which we enjoyed during our childhood. With all these we all end this project writing but this is only the beginning- tip of the iceberg. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are very grateful to Prof Alok Sathpathy for his guidance and able help that we could complete this paper. We are also grateful to Prof S. Murugan, Prof S.K. Sarangi (Director) for their help We are also thankful to our friends and other people for their help. REFERENCES [1] [2]

http://bern-1914.org/genf_1896/rp11_sa_cailletet.html http://www.thermoguard.com.au/Ttalk4R2.pdf