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Intro to DNA & Genealogy for the Absolute Beginner Jean Huot Smoorenburg, [email protected]

Where Are You In Your Genealogy?

• • • • •

Do you have a proven ancestry for a minimum of eight (8) generations? Do you know the names of your MRCA on your maternal & paternal ancestors? Do you know where your earliest known ancestors came from? Have your Googled your “Surname DNA”? Images? Log On to FTDNA (Family Tree DNA) and search for every surname you are researching to find out what Y-DNA work has already been done • Are You Prepared for the DNA Results? ….You never know what you will find

What Vocabulary Do I Need to Know Talking Glossary of Genetic

http://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?id=16 Comes as an IPhone or IPAD app in the ITunes Store

DNA-NEWBIE Glossary from ISOGG, Click on “For Newbies” Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

http://isogg.org/ Page 1

What DNA Testing Can Do for You • • • • • • • • • • • •

Confirm or uncover connections that your research can’t Solve personal history mysteries, especially uncertain parentage your Research Test relationship theories Test to prove Paternity or find biological parents & siblings To prove or disprove a relationship between families of the same surname located in the same geographic area i.e. three John Jones Enable searches across male and females within a family To find out ancient heritage such as Native American Ancestry To find out more about health traits. Genetic genealogy testing can potentially reveal information about your health. For example, infertility can be revealed by DYS464 testing of the Y-chromosome, and some metabolic and other diseases can be revealed by full mtDNA sequencing. To prove an oral history or family story Connect with other researchers with similar test results that may extend your research Because we can and are curious about where we came from; discover the history or story of you; can answer the age old question of “Where do I come from”

What DNA Testing Cannot Do for You • The results of a genetic genealogy test do not include a family tree. DNA alone cannot tell a person who their greatgrandmother was, or what Italian village their great-great grandfather came from. Genetic genealogy is an addition to traditional genealogical research, not a replacement.

• •

Although Y-DNA and mtDNA can be used to determine the relatedness of individuals, it cannot directly determine the degree of relationship. A genetic genealogy test will only reveal information about a small percentage of your genome (genetic makeup).

DNA Basics: Our Biology Lesson From CeCeMoore, Your Genetic Genealogist

Every cell in our body contains DNA. Our DNA consists of: 46 chromosomes (23 pair) 22 pair = Autosomal chromosomes (atDNA) 1 pair = Sex Chromosomes (X, Y) (X-DNA &Y-DNA) Mitochrondrial DNA (mtDNA) (resides outside the nucleus)

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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DNA is made up of 4 Bases or Nucleotides ‘Not necessary to their names, just the letters and that they duplicate in pairs

The Double Helix of DNA From “A Child is Born”, Lenart Nilsson, p.35

A = Adenine C = Cytosine T = Thymine G = Guanine The two strands are matched according to the pattern – A to T. G to C. , they duplicate in pairs, and mutate + or –; and the mutation rate may be different. From “A Child is Born”, Completely Revised Edition, 1978, p 35, Photographs by Lennart Nilsson, Text by Mirjam Furuhjelm, Axel Ingelman-Sundbert, Clase Wirsen, Drawings by Bernt Forsblad

Genes are located with the chromosomes and are composed of DNA, the substance by which biological information is transferred. The DNA molecule is the famous double helix, two strands twisted together about each other. Along these strands, a kind of chemical alphabet, composed of only four letters, is laid out in a sequence that forms the genetic code. After their chemical names, we may call the letters of the alphabet A, C, G, and T. These letters cannot be combined at random. T suits only A, and G only C. If we have a portion of a line “written” as AGCTTGA, it must be ed like this: A G C T T G A T C G A A C T

From “Anatomy & Physiology, by Kenneth S. Saladin, p.153

You Tube Video: What a Chromosome really Look Like Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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All the Science You Need Richard Hill’s Guide to DNA Testing: New Kindle Version, .99¢

Basics of Genetic Genealogy can be summed up in these Seven Rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

We inherit about half our DNA from each parent DNA includes 23 pairs of Chromosomes One pair determines sex: men are XY and women are XX The other 22 pairs called autosomes. Each parent contributes half of each pair. The Y chromosome es from father to son; generation after generation Another form of DNA is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which es from mother to all her children 7. Men have mtDNA but do not it on to their children

DNA and Pedigree Chart Diagram from Richard Hill’s Guide to DNA Testing

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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Types of DNA Tests

Genetic Genealogy: The Birth of the DNA Revolution, by Bennett Greenspan

Y-DNA - Direct paternal line — Father-to-Son;

Test only available at FTDNA

DNA from the Y chromosome is used to trace paternal ancestry. Men their Y chromosome to their sons. Throughout generations, small changes take place (mutations). The amount of time they took to happen can be estimated, giving a starting place to look for genealogical connections. • Only men can test • Your Paternal Haplogroup can gives clues to origins of paternal line; good for male adoptees • Uses non-recombining part of Y chromosome  Y STRs – genealogical relationships • Y SNPs – ancestral origins – mostly • If you are ordering, recommend 37 or 67 marker test from FTDNA • a surname Project • Only matches with three or less differences (at 37 or 67) should be considered most of the time

From RelativeRoots, Elise Friedman’s “Intro to Genetic Genealogy at Family Tree DNA”

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) — Direct Maternal Line—Mother-To-Child Test only available at FTDNA The genetic material found in mitochondria. It is ed down from females to both sons and daughters, but only daughters mtDNA to their children. This inheritance pattern reveals the direct maternal line, the mother’s mother’s mother’s mother. • Both men and women can test • Difficult to research since maternal surnames change with each generation; • Not from the cell nucleus, doesn’t recombine  HVR 1, 2, and sometimes 3 • Full Mitochondrial Sequence (FMS) recommended • Good for female adoptees • Common ancestors may have timed thousands of years ago; time to MRCA not easily determined • Consider only Exact matches or at most 1-step off should be considered most of the time since we cannot determine the exact time frame Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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Autosomal DNA (atDNA) — Inherited From Both Parents—50% From Each DNA chromosomes located in the cell nucleus. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes (autosomes) and a pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y). Those 22 pairs of chromosomes include recombined DNA from each parent, whose DNA was recombined from each of their parents. • Both men and women can be tested • Recombines randomly every generation • Provide information about your ancestors back about 6 generations • Three companies to choose from if you decide to order • Discover many previously unknown cousins • Good for Adoptees • All three major companies provide you with various forms of access to your genetic cousins • Best way to evaluate the relatedness of your matches when traditional genealogy methods have been exhausted is to find others with overlapping sections of DNA and then work with them to ID a common ancestors. • If ancestors married cousins or were part of a close-knit groups, relatives may appear closer than they really are • It is the most rewarding but the most difficult to learn but many tools have come available to help

Autosomal Matching Percentage Shared DNA in Typical Relationships from CeCeMoore: Using Family Finder to Solve Your Genealogical Mysteries

Relationship Pairs

Shared DNA

Parent/Child; full sibling Grandparents/grandchild/aunt/uncle/nephew, half-siblings 1st Cousins/great-grandparents or child/great aunt or uncle/grandnephew or niece

12.50%

2nd Cousins once removed

6.25%

2nd Cousins

3.13%

2nd Cousin once removed

1.56%

3rd Cousins

0.781%

4th Cousins

0.195%

5th Cousins

0.049%

6th Cousins

0.012%

7th Cousins

0.003%

8th Cousins

0.001%

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

50% 25%

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An understanding of autosomal DNA statistics is helpful when trying to understand results from a Family Finder test from Family Tree DNA or a Relative Finder test from 23andMe. Autosomal DNA is inherited from both parents. It is randomly shuffled up in a process called recombination and the percentage of autosomal DNA is diluted with each new generation.

The percentages can vary. For example, a brother might share 52% of his DNA with one sibling and 47% with another sibling. Because of the random way that autosomal DNA is inherited third, fourth and more distant cousins will not necessarily match you with a Family Finder or Relative Finder DNA test. According to Family Tree DNA's figures the Family Finder test has a greater than 90% chance of detecting a match with a third cousin, but just over a 50% chance of detecting a match with a fourth cousin. In contrast the test will sometimes pick up traces of autosomal DNA from your more distant cousins (for example, fifth cousins and beyond). The chart below (courtesy Dimario, Wikimedia Commons) shows the average amount of autosomal DNA inherited by all close relations up to the third cousin level. Now let’s look at how much DNA each of the people who participated can expect to share with each of the other participants. For this I am using the ISOGG Statistics page and the chart that shows percentages of DNA in common between various relatives.

Simple mathematical average of sharing* *There is more detailed information on http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_statistics Percentage

centiMorgans (FTDNA)

100%

6766.2

50%

3400

Mother, father, siblings

50%

2640

Full siblings

25%

1700

12.50%

850

6.25%

425

Grandfathers, grandmothers, aunts, uncles, half-siblings, double first cousins Great-grandparents, first cousins, great-uncles, great-aunts, half-aunts/uncles, halfnephews/nieces First cousins once removed, half first cousins

3.13%

212.5

Second cousins, first cousins twice removed

1.56%

106.25

Second cousins once removed, half second cousins

0.78%

53.13

Third cousins, second cousins twice removed

0.39%

26.56

Third cousins once removed

0.20%

13.28

Fourth cousins

0.10%

6.64

Fourth cousins once removed

0.05%

3.32

Fifth cousins

0.0244

1.66

Fifth cousins once removed

0.01%

0.83

Sixth cousins

0.01%

0.42

Sixth cousins once removed

0.00%

0.21

Seventh cousins

0.00%

0.1

Seventh cousins once removed

0.00%

0.05

Eighth cousins

Relationship Identical twins (monozygotic twins)

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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The chart below (courtesy Dimario, Wikimedia Commons) shows the average amount of autosomal DNA inherited by all close relations up to the third cousin level.

How Are We Related? Family Relationship Chart from Crestleaf.com

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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X-DNA — Men Inherit From Mother, Women Inherit From Both Parents Short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the X-chromosome have been used in forensic and sibling ship cases, as well as population genetics. Men usually only have one X chromosome which they get from their mother, they know that all X matches come from their maternal side. Women have two X chromosomes, one from each parent, the inheritance pattern is more complicated and not as widely used. • Both men and women can test • Partial recombination • More difficult to understand although there are tools available to help

Comparison of Testing Companies URL Test

Pro

AncestryDNA www.ancestry.com

23andMe www.23andme.com

Autosomal Only

Autosomal Only

Best raw data & easiest to use with family trees but beware trees still need to be proven; large database; new DNA circles ; has expanded in to European markets

Available in 56 countries including UK; until Dec 2013 gave health info with V3 chip because of FDA shutdown; but currently are providing health information to Canada & the UK; looks like may be back in Health business in near future with FDA ruling on

Does not give direct access to shared DNA

Useful segment comparison Bonus gives YDNA & mtDNA Haplogroups

Can import in FTDNA Good Test for Adoptees

Good test for Adoptees

Accepts GEDCOM files for matching

Accepts GEDCOM files for matching Uses internal messaging system to make where both parties must agree before you can see data V-4 chip has fewer SNPs than other two companies V4 chip is not able to be imported into FTDNA Test requires Spitting that is harder for older adults and children Cap Limit to 1000 matches so you may miss legitimate matches

Con Uses Internal Messaging system No chromosome browser (biggest complaint)

Test requires Spitting that is harder for older adults and children

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) https://www.familytreedna.com/ Y-DNA, mtDNA, Autosomal (Family Finder);

Available worldwide but has a much higher % of s outside US; Access to all matching DNA segment data (except some health areas are scrubbed) Chromosome Browser and other tools i.e. ICW, surname matching Direct Access to data without needing to make Good test for Adoptees as well as the mtDNA and Y-DNA tests Direct access to customer email if customer has given permission to show it FTDNA keeps samples for 20 years so can upgrade later if desired; don't wait too long though because sample may degrade over time Accepts transfers from Ancestry, 23andMe (V3 only) and National Geographic Project for $39.00 Accepts GEDCOM files for matching Ethnicity estimates are not considered to be as accurate as other two companies

Test requires a cheek swab that is easier for older adults and children Match maps only displays the earliest ancestral location reported by your match

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Unscrambling the Code from Family Tree Magazine, December 2012, p 44

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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Ask Yourself These Questions to Decide On What Tests To Use Q: A:

Are there specific brick walls that you wish to target with the use of DNA testing? If yes, then see the next two questions.

Q: What is the ancestral pattern back to these brick walls? A: If the brick wall is on your direct paternal line, then choose a Y-DNA test and if it is on the direct maternal line choose the mtDNA test. If it is any other pattern, such as your mother’s father’s mother’s line, then either do an autosomal DNA test or find an appropriate direct line descendant to take the Y-DNA or mtDNA test. Q: How far back in your family are these brick walls? A: If the brick wall is within the last five or six generations, consider an autosomal DNA (atDNA) test. If further, then attempt to find an appropriate direct line descendant of the person in question to take the Y-DNA or mtDNA test.

In Conclusion •

Have you done the genealogy research?

•

Have you determined your goal(s)?

•

Are you ready for what you might discover?

•

What test(s) do you need to take to provide the evidence?

•

Determine who is alive to provide the DNA sample to answer your questions. You may have to go back a generation at a time, then search forward to find a living person (Reverse Genealogy)

•

Test as many people as you can and afford; test your older matches especially your parents and grandparents ASAP (Exclude grandchildren unless you have parental written consent). Read Games Grandparents Play

•

Network with other researchers

•

Testing your DNA can extend your genealogy research in directions you never imagined

•

Autosomal tests are reliable to about five (5) generations Y-DNA surname projects that can be used to help research after you get your DNA results thru FamilyTreeDNA or transfer your results from other companies See if there is a mtDNA haplogroup project (Google your haplogroup) i.e. mine “J” has one on yahoo.com Having a good working knowledge of Excel will help with more advanced topics This is just the tip of the iceberg of a very complex topic. Learn how to interpret results from the tests to augment your genealogy result. Read the blogs and attend webinars.

• •

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

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As an excellent review and different perspective, a video from RootsTech2015 by Diahan Southard: Video: Getting Started in Genetic Genealogy To Learn More: Jump into Genetic Genealogy: Use Genealogical DNA Testing to Solve Family Mysteries, A Free able e-book from Family Tree University Getting Started in Genetic Genealogy, Intro by Diahan Southard Posted on February 18, 2015, DNAeXplained, Roberta Estes 3 ½ minute Video: DNA EXPLAINED: THE BIG PICTURE And if you’re an Adoptee, Read Finding Family: My Search for Roots and the Secrets of My DNA, by Richard Hill or More reading: Michael Lacopo’s Blog, Hoosier Daddy? How Adoptees Can Overcome Secrecy through DNA Testing, by Richard Hill You Tube Video: Maurice Gleeson - Solving adoption mysteries in your family tree

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pPWHuCWV_4&feature=youtu.be

The Genetic Genealogist, called How-To DNA, http://howtodna.com/, described as a how-to guide for genetic genealogy.

Other Resources & Tools to Interpret Results How a Wiki is Keeping Direct-to-Consumers Genetics Alive, Antonio Regalado, October 19, 2014 GEDMatch DNAGedcom Genome Mate

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

www.gedmatch.com www.dnagedcom.com http://genomemate.org/

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ISOGG: More Genetic Genealogy Success Stories Genetic Genealogy Testing Companies 23andme

www.23andme.com

African Ancestry

www.africanancestry.com

AfricanDNA

www.africandna.com

Ancestry DNA

www.dna.ancestry.com

deCODEme

www.decodeme.com

DNA Consulting

www.dnaconsultants.com

DNA Findings

https://www.dnafindings.com/

FamilyTreeDNA

www.familytreedna.com

FamilyBuilder

www.familybuilder.com

GeneTree

www.genetree.com

National Geographic Genographic Project

https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/

Oxford Ancestors

www.oxfordancestors.com

Pathway Genomics

www.pathway.com

Television Shows Genealogy Roadshow, PBS

Who Do You Think You Are. TLC

Finding Your Roots, PBS

Websites to Learn More AncestryDNA YouTube channel “Ancestry DNA: I Got My Results. Now What? “AncestryDNA: What To Do With All Those Matches” “AncestryDNA: Using Filters to Focus on One Family at a Time” “AncestryDNA: ing and Collaborating with Cousins” “Frequently Asked Questions About AncestryDNA” “Frequently Asked Questions About AncestryDNA: Part Two atDNA - Uses for Genealogy An Introduction to DNA and Genetic Genealogy, Debbie Wayne

http://www.phillipsdnaproject.com/faq-sections/27/315 www.debbiewayne.com http://www.debbiewayne.com/pubs/pub_dna200906_web.pdf

Beginners Guide To Genetic Genealogy https://sites.google.com/site/wheatonsurname/beginners-guide-to-genetic-genealogy Family Tree DNA Cyndi’s List: Genetics, DNA and Family Health

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

www.familytreedna.com www.cyndislist.com/dna.htm

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Cyndi’s List: Surname DNA Studies and Projects

www.cyndislist.com/surn-dna.htm

DNAAdoption - This is the repository for documentation ing your DNA results DNA Forums

www.dnaadoption.com www.dna-forums.org

DNA Explained, Roberta Estes www.dnaexplain.com DNA Testing for Genealogy 101 – What Can it do for You?? Four Parts http://upfront.ngsgenealogy.org/2013/08/dna-testing-for-genealogy-101-what-can.html DNAGedcom

tool

http://www.dnagedcom.com

From DNA to Genetic Genealogy: Everything you wanted to know but were afraid to ask, by Steve Morse

http://www.stevemorse.org/genetealogy/dna.htm

Family Tree DNA

http://www.familytreedna.com

Family Tree DNA Forums

http://forums.familytreedna.com/index.php

Family Tree DNA Free Webinars (by Elise Friedman of Relative Roots)

https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/ftdna/webinars/

How to Guide for Genetic Genealogy The Genetic Genealogist, How-To DNA, GEDmatch

http://howtodna.com/

A tool

Genome Mate

http://www.gedmatch.com A tool

http://genomemate.org/

Getting Started in DNA Testing for Genealogy, Basics, CeCeMoore (Free) • • • •

Part One, Y-DNA Part Two, mtDNA Part Three, autosomal DNA (23andMe, Family Finder, AncestryDNA) Part Four, ancestral origin tests and summary

Genetealogy

http://www.genetealogy.com/

GEN-NEWBIE

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~newbie/

Google

www.google.com

Guild of One Name Studies

http://www.one-name.org/

ISOGG - International Society of Genetic Genealogy

http://www.isogg.org/

ISOGG Wiki

http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_blogs

Irish Type III

www.irishtype3dna.org

Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Journal of Genetic Genealogy The Philips DNA Project Relative Roots, Elise Friedman

Intro to DNA for the Absolute Beginner, TXGenWeb Meeting, August 19, 2015

www.hugo-international.org www.jogg.com http://www.phillipsdnaproject.com/ www.relativeroots.net

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Roots Television DNA Channel

www.rootstelevision.com/players/player_dna3.php

Richard Hill’s Guide to DNA Testing

www.DNA-Testing-Advisor.com

Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) Y-Chromosome Database Mitochondrial Database

http://www.smgf.org/ http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx http://www.smgf.org/pages/mtdatabase.jspx

Y-Search – Family Tree DNA – Y-DNA Public Database

www.ysearch.org

Mito-Search – FamilyTree DNA mtDNA Public Database

www.mitosearch.org

Wikipedia

www.wikipedia.org

SNPedia:

www.snpedia.org

Eupedia

http://www.eupedia.com/

World Haplogroup Predictors

http://.bex.net/jtcullen515/HaploTest.htm

Worldology: European History Interactive Map

http://www.worldology.com/

Blogs Adventures in Genealogy Research: No Stone Unturned/ The Wright Stuff

http://stonefamilytree.wordpress.com/author/stonefamilytree/

DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy

www.dna-explained.com/

Kitty Cooper’s Chromosome Browser - A tool http://blog.kittycooper.com/2014/09/using-gedmatch-with-an-ancestry-kit-the-gedmatch-chromosome-browser/ Kitty Cooper’s Blog (Chromosome Mapping Tool)

http://blog.kittycooper.com/

Genetic Genealogy Blogs: ISOGG Wiki

http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_blogs

Kerchner's DNA Testing & Genetic Genealogy Info and Resources Page Roots Television | Megan's Roots World

http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm

http://www.rootstelevision.com/blogs/megans-rootsworld/

Sally Searches, Three Questions from Spitland. My name is Sally and I'm a DNA test addict… Michael Lacopo’s Blog, Hoosier Daddy? Read from first post “Beginnings”, Feb 2014 The Genetic Genealogist ISOGG member Blaine Bettinger

http://sallysearches.blogspot.com/ http://roots4u.blogspot.com/ http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/

The Legal Genealogist, Judy Russell

http://legalgenealogist.com/blog/

Your Genetic Genealogist, CeCe Moore

http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/

Bibliography Be Sure to check to see if these books can be purchased used or as an ebook or PDF Adam’s Curse: A Future Without Men, by Bryan Sykes, 2004, W. W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN: 0-393-05896-4 Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project, by Spencer Wells, 2007, National Geographic Society, ISBN-13: 9781426201189.

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DNA and Family History: How Genetic Testing Can Advance Your Genealogical Research, by Chris Pomery, 2004, National Archives, ISBN13: 9781903365700 ISBN: 1903365708. DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America, by Bryan Sykes, 2012, Liveright Publishing Corporation, A Division of W. W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN: 978-0-87140-412. DNA & Genealogy, by Colleen Fitzpatrick, 2005, Rice Book Press, ISBN-13: 9780976716013. DNA and Social Networking: A Guide to Genealogy in the Twenty-First Century, by Debbie Kennett, 2012, by The History Press (first published October 21st 2011), ISBN: 0752458620. ISBN13: 9780752458625. Finding Family: My Search for Roots and the Secrets of My DNA, by Richard Hill, 2012 Richard Hill, ISBN 147190832, ISBN: 13:9781475190830. Forensic Genealogy, Revised, by Colleen Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. and Andrew Yesier, 2013 Rice Book Press, ISBN: 9780976716075. Genetic Genealogy DNA Testing Dictionary, by Charles F. Kerchner, Jr., P.E., C.F. Kerchner & Associates, Inc., 3765 Chris Drive, Emmaus PA 18049 USA. ISBN: 0-917335-01-5 A Genetic Genealogy Handbook: The Basics & Beyond, by Emily D. Aulicino, AuthorHouse; December 13, 2013. ISBN-10: 1491840900; ISBN-13: 978-1491840900. Book or Kindle Inheritance: How Our Genes Change Our Lives--and Our Lives Change Our Genes, by Sharon Moalem, MD, PhD, Grand Central Publishing,ISBN-13: 978-1455549443 ISBN-10: 1455549444. The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures, Christine Kenneally. October 9, 2014. ISBN: 978-0-670-02555-8. Available on Kindle, Hardcover, Audiobook, , Audio CD. Jacob’s Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History, by David B. Goldstein, 2008 Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300125832. NextGen Genealogy, The DNA Connection, by David R. Dowell, November 2014, Libraries Unlimited, ISBN: 978-1-61069-727-9; ebook ISBN: 978-1-61069-728-6 Origins of the British, by Stephen Oppenheimer, 2006 First Carroll and Graf Publishers. ISBN: 13-978-0-7867-890-0. Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland, by Brian Sykes, 2007 Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. ISBN-13: 9780393330755 The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, by Spencer Wells, 2004, Random House Publishing Group, ISBN-13: 9780812971460. The Scots: A Genetic Journey, by Alistair Moffat, 2011 by Birlinn, ISBN: 13-9781841589411. The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry, by Bryan Sykes, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 2001, ISBN: 0-393-0218-5. Trace Your Roots with DNA: Using Genetic Tests to Explore Your Family Tree, by Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak and Megan Turner, 2004, Rodale Inc., ISBN: 1-59486-006-8. Unlocking Your Genetic History: A Step-by-Step Guide to Discovering Your Family’s Medical and Genetic History, by Thomas H. Shawker and National Genealogical Society, M.D., 2004, Rutledge Hill Press, ISBN: 1-4016-0144-8. Y: The Descent of Men, by Professor Steve Jones, 2003, ISBN: 978-0349113890

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