Cultural Studies.pdf 6q3m1c

Cultural studies For the journal, see Cultural Studies (journal).

or conjuncture. Important theories of cultural hegemony and agency have both influenced and been developed by the cultural studies movement, as have many recent major communication theories and agendas, such as those which attempt to explain and analyze the cultural forces related to processes of globalization.

Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that was initially developed by British academics in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and has been subsequently taken up and transformed by scholars from many different disciplines around the world. Cultural studies is avowedly and even radically interdisciplinary and can sometimes be seen as antidisciplinary. As cultural studies scholar Toby Miller has written, “cultural studies is a tendency across disciplines, rather than a discipline itself.”[1] Although most practitioners of cultural studies are professional academics, Gilbert Rodman has argued in his 2015 book, Why Cultural Studies?, that the field must be understood to include some non-academic cultural analysts and practitioners as well as academic ones.[2] A key concern for cultural studies practitioners is the examination of the forces within and through which socially organized people conduct and participate in the construction of their everyday lives.

During the rise of neo-liberalism in Britain and the US, cultural studies both became a global force/movement, and attracted the ire of many conservative opponents both within and beyond universities for a variety of reasons. Some left-wing critics associated particularly with Marxist forms of political economy also attacked cultural studies for allegedly overstating the importance of cultural phenomena. While cultural studies continues to have its detractors, the field has become a kind of worldwide movement that is to this day associated with a raft of scholarly associations and programs, annual international conferences, publications, students and practitioners, from Taiwan to Amsterdam and from Bangalore to Santa Cruz.[4][5] Somewhat distinct approaches to cultural studies have emerged in different national and regional contexts such as the United States, Canada, AusThe field of cultural studies encomes a range of theoretical and methodological perspectives and practices. tralia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, Africa and Italy. Although distinct from the disciplines of cultural anthropology and ethnic studies, cultural studies draws upon and has contributed to each of these disciplines. Cultural studies concentrates upon the political dynamics of 1 Characteristics contemporary culture, its historical foundations, defining traits, and conflicts. CS researchers generally investigate In his 1994 book, Introducing Cultural Studies, Ziauddin how cultural practices relate to wider systems of power Sardar lists the following five main characteristics of culassociated with or operating through social phenomena, tural studies:[6] such as ideology, class structures, national formations, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender and generation. Cul• The aim of cultural studies is to examine cultural tural studies views cultures not as fixed, bounded, stable practices and their relation to power. For examand discrete entities, but rather as constantly interacting ple, a study of a subculture (such as white working and changing sets of practices and processes.[3] class youth in London) would consider their social practices against those of the dominant culture (in this example, the middle and upper classes in London who control the political and financial sectors that create policies affecting the well-being of white working class youth in London).

Cultural studies combines a variety of politically engaged critical approaches drawn from and including semiotics, Marxism, feminist theory, ethnography, critical race theory, poststructuralism, postcolonialism, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies and historical periods. Thus, cultural studies seeks to understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, contested, bound up with systems of power and control, and produced from the social, political and economic spheres within a particular social formation

• The objective of cultural studies includes understanding culture in all its complex forms and analyzing the social and political context in which culture manifests itself. • Cultural studies is a site of both study/analysis and political criticism/action. (For example, not only would a cultural studies scholar study an object, but 1

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3 DEVELOPMENTS OUTSIDE THE UK

s/he would connect this study to a larger, progressive Dyer, Judith Williamson, Richard Johnson, Iain Champolitical project.) bers, Dorothy Hobson, Chris Weedon, Tony Jefferson, Michael Green and Angela McRobbie, gave shape and • Cultural studies attempts to expose and reconcile substance to the field of cultural studies. Many culconstructed divisions of knowledge that purport to tural studies scholars employed Marxist methods of analbe grounded in nature. ysis, exploring the relationships between cultural forms (the superstructure) and that of the political economy • Cultural studies has a commitment to an ethical eval- (the base). By the 1970s, the work of Louis Althusser uation of modern society and to a radical line of po- radically rethought the Marxist of “base” and litical action. “superstructure” in ways that had a significant influence on the work of the “Birmingham School.” Much of the work done at The Birmingham School studied youth subcultural expressions of antagonism toward “respectable” 2 History middle-class British culture in the post-WWII period. Also during the 70s, the politically formidable British As Dennis Dworkin writes,[7] “a critical moment” in the working classes were in decline. Britain’s manufacturbeginning of cultural studies as a field was when Richard ing industries were fading and union rolls were shrinkHoggart used the term in 1964 in founding the Birming- ing. Yet millions of working class Britons backed the ham (UK) Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or rise of Margaret Thatcher. For Stuart Hall and his colThe Birmingham School.[8] The Birmingham School at leagues, this shift in loyalty from the Labour Party to the the University of Birmingham thus became the world’s Conservative Party had to be explained in of culfirst institutional home of cultural studies. tural politics, which they had been tracking even before in Hoggart appointed Stuart Hall as his assistant, and Hall Thatcher’s victory. Some of this work was presented [17] the cultural studies classic, Policing the Crisis, and in was effectively directing The Birmingham School by Road to Renewal: 1968,[9] taking over formally as Director in 1969 when other later texts such as Hall’s The Hard [18] Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left and New Times: Hoggart retired. Thereafter, the discipline became [19] The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s. [10][11] closely associated with Hall’s work. In 1979, Hall left The Birmingham School to accept a prestigious chair To trace the development of British Cultural Studies, see, in Sociology at the Open University in the UK, and for example, the work of Richard Hoggart, E.P. ThompRichard Johnson took over the directorship of the Centre. son, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, Angela In the late 1990s, “restructuring” at the University of McRobbie, Paul Gilroy, David Morley, Charlotte BrunsBirmingham led to the elimination of The Birmingham don, Richard Dyer, and others. School and the creation of a new Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology (CSS) in 1999. Then, in 2002, the University of Birmingham’s senior istration abruptly announced the disestablishment of CSS, provoking a substantial international outcry. The immediate reason for disestablishment of the new department was an unexpectedly low result in the UK’s Research Assessment Exercise of 2001, though a dean from the university attributed the decision to “inexperienced ‘macho management.’"[12] The RAE, a holdover initiative of the Margaret Thatcher-led UK government of 1986, determines research funding for university programs.[13]

2.2 Cultural studies in the late-1970s and beyond

By the late 1970s, scholars at The Birmingham School had firmly placed questions of gender and race on the cultural studies agenda, where they have remained ever since. Also by the late 1970s, cultural studies had begun to attract a great deal of international attention. It spread globally throughout the 1980s and 90s. As it did so, it both encountered new conditions of knowledge production, and engaged with other major international intellecThere are numerous published s of the history of tual currents such as poststructuralism, postmodernism [14][15][16] cultural studies. and postcolonialism.[20] The wide range of cultural studies journals now located throughout the world, as shown below, is one indication of the globalization of the field.

2.1

Stuart Hall’s directorship at The Birmingham School

Beginning in 1964, after the initial appearance of the founding works of British Cultural Studies in the late 1950s, Stuart Hall’s pioneering work at The Birmingham School, along with that of his colleagues and postgraduate students including Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, David Morley, Charlotte Brunsdon, John Clarke, Richard

3 Developments Outside the UK In the US, prior to the emergence of British Cultural Studies, several versions of cultural analysis had emerged largely from pragmatic and liberal-pluralist philosophical traditions.[21] However, when British Cultural Stud-

3 ies began to spread internationally in the late 1970s, and to engage with feminism, poststructuralism, postmodernism and race in the late 70s and 1980s, critical cultural studies (i.e., Marxist, feminist, poststructuralist, etc.) expanded tremendously in US universities in fields such as communication studies, education, sociology and literature.[22][23][24] Cultural Studies, the flagship journal of the field, has been based in the US since its founding editor, John Fiske, brought it there from Australia in 1987. A thriving cultural studies scene has existed in Australia since the late 1970s, when several key CS practitioners emigrated there from the UK, taking British Cultural Studies with them, after Margaret Thatcher became prime minister of the UK in 1978. A school of cultural studies known as “cultural policy studies” is one of the distinctive Australian contributions to the field, though it is not the only one. Australia also gave birth to the world’s first professional cultural studies association (now known as the Cultural Studies Association of Australasia) in 1990.[25][26] Cultural studies journals based in Australia include International Journal of Cultural Studies, Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies and Cultural Studies Review.

since at least the beginning of the 1990s.[29] Cultural studies journals based in Asia include Inter-Asia Cultural Studies.

4 Issues, concepts and approaches 4.1 Marxism, feminism, race and culture As noted above, Marxism has played an important originating role as being one of the first critiques of Culture - and has hence been reflected in the history of cultural studies. The early Frankfurt School of Sociology were particularly influenced by Antonio Gramsci, and the of the later Birmingham School were in the early 1970s influenced by the structuralism of Louis Althusser. Cultural studies has since branched out from Marxist readings of Sociology to more broad readings which have involved Race, Gender, Ideological and identity based readings of the composition of Society, with Post-Modernism and Post-Structuralism furthering these readings into the artistic, psychological and philosophical realms.

In Canada, cultural studies has sometimes focused on issues of technology and society, continuing the emphasis 4.2 Gramsci and hegemony in the work of Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, and others. Cultural studies journals based in Canada include In order to understand the changing political circumstances of class, politics and culture in the United KingTopia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies. dom, scholars at The Birmingham School turned to the In Africa, human rights and Third World issues are work of Antonio Gramsci, an Italian thinker, writer and among the central topics treated. Cultural Studies jourcommunist party leader of the 1910s, 20s and '30s. nals based in Africa include the Journal of African CulGramsci had been concerned with similar issues: why tural Studies. would Italian laborers and peasants vote for fascists? In Latin America, cultural studies has drawn on thinkers What strategic approach is necessary to mobilize popular such as José Martí, Ángel Rama and other Latin Ameri- in more progressive directions? Gramsci modican figures, in addition to the Western theoretical sources fied classical Marxism, and argued that culture must be associated with cultural studies in other parts of the understood as a key site of political and social struggle. world. Leading Latin American cultural studies scholars In his view, capitalists used not only brute force (police, include Néstor García Canclini, Jésus Martín-Barbero, prisons, repression, military) to maintain control, but also and Beatriz Sarlo.[27][28] Among the key issues ad- penetrated the everyday culture of working people in a dressed by Latin American cultural studies scholars are variety of ways in their efforts to win popular “consent.” decoloniality, urban cultures, and postdevelopment the- It is important to recognize that for Gramsci, historical ory. Latin American cultural studies journals include the leadership, or “hegemony,” involves the formation of alJournal of Latin American Cultural Studies. liances between class factions, and struggles within the Even though cultural studies developed much more cultural realm of everyday common sense. Hegemony an interminable, unstable and rapidly in the UK than in continental Europe, there is a was always, for Gramsci, [30] contested process. significant cultural studies presence in countries such as , Spain and Portugal. The field is relatively unde- Scott Lash writes: veloped in , probably due to the continued influence of the Frankfurt School, which is now often said to In the work of Hall, Hebdige and McRobbe in its third generation, which includes notable figures bie, popular culture came to the fore... What such as Axel Honneth. Cultural studies journals based Gramsci gave to this was the importance of in continental Europe include the European Journal of consent and culture. If the fundamental MarxCultural Studies, the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, ists saw power in of class-versus-class, French Cultural Studies, and Portuguese Cultural Studies. then Gramsci gave to us a question of class alThroughout Asia, cultural studies has boomed and thrived liance. The rise of cultural studies itself was

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4 ISSUES, CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES based on the decline of the prominence of fundamental class-versus-class politics.[31]

Edgar and Sedgwick write:

The theory of hegemony was of central importance to the development of British cultural studies [particularly The Birmingham School. It facilitated analysis of the ways in which subordinate groups actively resist and respond to political and economic domination. The subordinate groups needed not to be seen merely as the ive dupes of the dominant class and its ideology.[32]

4.3

Structure and agency

The development of hegemony theory in cultural studies was in some ways consonant with work in other fields exploring agency, a theoretical concept that insists on the active, critical capacities of subordinated peoples (e.g. the working classes, colonized peoples, women).[33] As Stuart Hall famously argued in his 1981 essay, “Notes on Deconstructing 'the Popular',” “ordinary people are not cultural dopes.”[34] Insistence on ing for the agency of subordinated peoples runs counter to the work of traditional structuralists. Some analysts have however been critical of some work in cultural studies that they feel overstates the significance of or even romanticizes some forms of popular cultural agency.

4.4 “Post-hegemonic” cultural studies? In 2007, sociologist Scott Lash argued that power has been radically transformed “from the hegemonic mode of 'power over' to an intensive notion of power from within (including domination from within) and power as generative force.”[37]

4.5 Globalization In recent decades, as capitalist culture has spread throughout the world via contemporary forms of globalization, cultural studies has generated important analyses of local sites and practices of negotiation with and resistance to Western hegemony.[38]

4.6 Cultural consumption Cultural Studies criticizes the traditional view of the ive consumer, particularly by underlining the different ways people read, receive and interpret cultural texts, or appropriate other kinds of cultural products, or otherwise participate in the production and circulation of meanings. On this view, a consumer can appropriate, actively rework or challenge the meanings circulated through cultural texts. In some of its variants, then, cultural studies has thus shifted the analytical focus from (traditional understandings of) production to consumption, which is nevertheless understood as a form of production (of meanings, of identities, etc.) in its own right. Stuart Hall, John Fiske, and others have been influential in these developments.

Cultural studies often concerns itself with agency at the level of the practices of everyday life, and approaches such research from a standpoint of radical contextualism.[35] In other words, cultural studies rejects universal s of cultural practices, meanings, and identities.

A special 2008 issue of the field’s flagship journal, Cultural Studies, examined “Anti-Consumerism” from a variety of cultural studies angles. As Jeremy Gilbert noted in his contribution to this issue, cultural studies must grapple with the fact that “we now live in an era when, throughout the capitalist world, the overriding aim of government Judith Butler, an American feminist theorist whose work economic policy is to maintain consumer spending levels. This is an era when ‘consumer confidence’ is treated as the is often associated with cultural studies, wrote that key indicator and cause of economic effectiveness.”[39] the move from a structuralist in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure. It has marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power.[36]

4.7 The concept of “text” Cultural studies, drawing upon and developing semiotics, uses the concept of text to designate not only written language, but also television programs, films, photographs, fashion, hairstyles, and so forth; the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Similarly, the field widens the concept of “culture.” “Culture,” for a cultural studies researcher, includes not only traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups),[40] but also everyday meanings and practices, which have, as noted above, become a central focus of cultural studies. Cultural studies even approaches sites and spaces of

5.1

Literary scholars

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everyday life, such as pubs, living rooms, gardens and development. While certain key concepts such as ideolbeaches, as “texts.”[41] ogy or discourse, class, hegemony, identity and gender Jeff Lewis brought together much of the discussion on remain significant, cultural studies has long engaged with text and textual analysis in his studies on media, cul- and integrated new concepts and approaches such as deture and cultural politics.[42] Accoridng to Lewis, 'tex- construction and postmodernism. The field thus continits engagements tual studies’ is the most complex and difficult heuristic ues to pursue political critique through [44] with the forces of culture and politics. method, requiring both powerful interceptive skills and a subtle conception of politics and context. Lewis’ own mode of textual analysis views all phenomena as ' potential 'text' when set within a given knowledge system. Texts can only bear meaning that can be 'interpreted', therefore, as they present within a given knowledge system. It is this knowledge system which imbues the text with meaning. The task of the cultural analyst, therefore, is to engage with both the knowledge system and the text, and observe and analyse the ways in which the two interact with one another—and with other knowledge systems, including the one being deployed by the analysts him-herself. This engagement represents the critical dimensions of the analysis, its capacity to illuminate the hierarchies within and surrounding the given text and its discourses.

5

Academic reception

Cultural studies has evolved through the confluence of various disciplines—anthropology, media and communication studies, literary studies, education, geography, philosophy, sociology, politics and others. While some areas of cultural studies have meandered into political relativism and “postmodern” conceptions of the subject and emancipation, at its core cultural studies provides a significant conceptual and methodological framework for cultural, social and economic critique. This critique is designed to “deconstruct” the meanings and assumptions that are inscribed in the institutions, texts and practices that work with and through, and produce and re-present, culture.[43] Thus, while some scholars and disciplines like to dismiss cultural studies for its methodological openness and rejection of disciplinarity, its core strategies of critique and analysis have had a profound influence throughout the more progressive and critical areas of the social sciences and humanities. Cultural studies work on forms of social differentiation, control and inequality, identity, community-building, media, and knowledge production, for example, have had a substantial impact. Moreover, the influence of cultural studies has become increasingly evident in areas as diverse as translation studies, health studies, international relations, development studies, computer studies, economics, archaeology, and neurobiology, as well as across the range of disciplines that initially shaped the emergence of cultural studies, including literature, sociology, communication studies, and anthropology.

The Blackwell Companion to Cultural Studies, edited by leading cultural studies scholar Toby Miller, contains essays that analyze the development of cultural studies approaches within each of a wide range of disciplines across the contemporary social sciences and humanities.[45]

5.1 Literary scholars Many cultural studies practitioners work in departments of English or Comparative Literature. Nevertheless, some traditional literary scholars such as Yale professor Harold Bloom have been outspoken critics of cultural studies. These critics dislike cultural studies for a wide range of reasons, including cultural studies’ rejection of essentialism and its critiques of traditional Western theories of aesthetics. Bloom stated his position during the September 2000 episode of C-SPAN's Booknotes: [T]here are two enemies of reading now in the world, not just in the English-speaking world. One [is] the lunatic destruction of literary studies...and its replacement by what is called cultural studies in all of the universities and colleges in the English-speaking world, and everyone knows what that phenomenon is. I mean, the...now-weary phrase 'political correctness’ remains a perfectly good descriptive phrase for what has gone on and is, alas, still going on almost everywhere and which dominates, I would say, rather more than threefifths of the tenured faculties in the Englishspeaking world, who really do represent a treason of the intellectuals, I think, a 'betrayal of the clerks’.”[46] Marxist literary critic Terry Eagleton is not wholly opposed to cultural studies, but has criticised aspects of it and highlighted what he sees as its strengths and weaknesses in books such as After Theory (2003). For Eagleton, literary and cultural theory have the potential to say important things about the “fundamental questions” in life, but theorists have rarely realized this potential.

5.2 Sociologists

Cultural studies has also diversified its own interests and Cultural studies has also had a substantial impact on somethodologies, incorporating a range of studies on media ciology. For example, when Stuart Hall left The Birmpolicy, democracy, design, leisure, tourism, warfare and ingham School at Birmingham, it was to accept a pres-

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7 SEE ALSO

tigious professorship in Sociology at the Open University in Britain. The subfield of cultural sociology, in particular, is disciplinary home to many cultural studies practitioners. Nevertheless, there are some differences between sociology as a discipline and the field of cultural studies as a whole. While sociology was founded upon various historic works purposefully distinguishing the subject from philosophy or psychology, cultural studies has explicitly interrogated and criticized traditional understandings and practices of disciplinarity. Most CS practitioners think it is best that cultural studies neither emulate disciplines nor aspire to disciplinarity for cultural studies. Rather, they promote a kind of radical interdisciplinarity as the basis for cultural studies. One sociologist whose work has had a major influence upon cultural studies is Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu’s work makes innovative use of statistics and in-depth interviews.[47][48] However, although Bourdieu’s work has been highly influential within cultural studies, and although Bourdieu regarded his work as a form of science, cultural studies has never embraced the idea that it should aspire toward “scientificity,” and has marshalled a wide range of theoretical and methodological arguments against the fetishization of “scientificity” as a basis for cultural studies.

from the self-proclaimed Left. We're witnessing here a profound historical volte-face. For most of the past two centuries, the Left has been identified with science and against obscurantism; we have believed that rational thought and the fearless analysis of objective reality (both natural and social) are incisive tools for combating the mystifications promoted by the powerful -- not to mention being desirable human ends in their own right. The recent turn of many “progressive” or “leftist” academic humanists and social scientists toward one or another form of epistemic relativism betrays this worthy heritage and undermines the already fragile prospects for progressive social critique. Theorizing about “the social construction of reality” won't help us find an effective treatment for AIDS or devise strategies for preventing global warming. Nor can we combat false ideas in history, sociology, economics and politics if we reject the notions of truth and falsity.”[50]

6 Founding works

Two sociologists who have been critical of cultural stud- Hall and others have identified some core originating ies, Chris Rojek and Bryan S. Turner, argue in their ar- texts, or the original “curriculum”, of the field of cultural ticle, “Decorative sociology: towards a critique of the studies: cultural turn”, that cultural studies, particularly the fla• Hoggart’s The Uses of Literacy vor championed by Stuart Hall, lacks a stable research agenda, and privileges the contemporary reading of texts, • Raymond Williams’ Culture and Society and The thus producing an ahistorical theoretical focus. FurtherLong Revolution[51] more, they assert the claim that “there is both a rejection of cross-cultural and historical relevance and a sense of • E.P. Thompson’s The Making of the English Workmoral superiority about the correctness of the political ing Class. views articulated” in cultural studies[49]

5.3

Physicist Alan Sokal

Main article: Sokal affair In 1996, physicist Alan Sokal expressed his opposition to cultural studies by submitting a hoax article to a cultural studies journal, Social Text. The article, which was crafted as a parody of what Sokal referred to as the “fashionable nonsense” of postmodernism, was accepted by the editors of the journal, which did not at the time practice peer review. When the paper appeared in print, Sokal published a second article in a self-described “academic gossip” magazine Lingua Franca, revealing his hoax on Social Text. Sokal stated that his motivation stemmed from his rejection of contemporary critiques of scientific rationalism: “Politically, I'm angered because most (though not all) of this silliness is emanating

7 See also 7.1 Fields and theories • Comparative cultural studies • Critical theory • Cross-cultural studies • Cultural analytics • Cultural anthropology • Cultural assimilation • Cultural consensus theory • Cultural critic • Cultural geography • Cultural hegemony

7.3

Associations

• Cultural heritage

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7.3 Associations

• Cultural history

• Association for Cultural Typhoon, Japan

• Cultural identity theory

• The Canadian Association for Cultural Studies

• Cultural imperialism • Cultural materialism • Cultural practice • Cultural psychology • Cultural rights • Cultureme • Culturology

• Cultural Studies Association of Australasia[52] • Cultural Studies Association, Taiwan • Cultural Studies Association, Turkey • Cultural Studies Association, US • ECREA – European Communication Research and Education Association, Norway • IBACS, Iberian Association of Cultural Studies, Spain • Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Society, Taiwan

• Gender studies

• International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies (IATIS), South Korea

• Heritage studies

• International Society for Cultural History, UK

• Literary criticism

• Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association, UK

• Literary theory • Media culture • Media studies • Organizational culture • Physical cultural studies

7.4 Authors • Ackbar Abbas • Theodor W. Adorno • Giorgio Agamben • Sara Ahmed

• Popular culture studies

• Ien Ang

• Postcolonialism

• Arjun Appadurai

• Queer theory

• Mikhail Bakhtin

• Semiotics of culture • Social criticism • Social semiotics

• Mieke Bal • Roland Barthes • Jean Baudrillard • Zygmunt Bauman

• Sociology of culture

• Tony Bennett

• Translation studies

• Lauren Berlant

• Visual culture

• Michael Bérubé • Homi K. Bhabha

7.2

Academic programs

• List of universities with programs in cultural studies and related programs

• Pierre Bourdieu • danah boyd • Peter Burke

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7 SEE ALSO • Judith Butler

• Stuart Hall

• Angie Chabram-Dernersesian

• Donna Haraway

• Rey Chow

• Michael Hardt

• James Clifford

• John Hartley

• William E. Connolly

• Dick Hebdige

• Tim Cresswell

• Bob Hodge

• Douglas Crimp

• Richard Hoggart

• Jonathan Culler

• bell hooks

• Antonia Darder

• Max Horkheimer

• Guy Debord

• Eva Illouz

• Michel de Certeau

• Mizuko Ito

• Gilles Deleuze

• Luce Irigaray

• Jacques Derrida

• Annamarie Jagose

• Richard Dyer

• Henry Jenkins

• Michael Eric Dyson

• Douglas Kellner

• Terry Eagleton

• Laura Kipnis

• John Ellis

• Henry Krips

• Arturo Escobar

• Julia Kristeva

• Frantz Fanon

• Ernesto Laclau

• John Fiske

• Scott Lash

• Hal Foster

• Gilles Lipovetsky

• Michel Foucault

• Jean-François Lyotard

• Sarah Franklin

• Herbert Marcuse

• Paulo Freire

• Hayden White

• John Frow

• Jésus Martín-Barbero

• Néstor García Canclini

• Doreen Massey

• J.K. Gibson-Graham

• Alan McKee

• Paul Gilroy

• Angela McRobbie

• Henry Giroux

• Robert McRuer

• Antonio Gramsci

• Kobena Mercer

• Lawrence Grossberg

• Toby Miller

• Elizabeth Grosz

• Nicholas Mirzoeff

• Felix Guattari

• Chandra Talpade Mohanty

• Jürgen Habermas

• Chantal Mouffe

• Catherine Hall

• Meaghan Morris

• Gary Hall

• Hamid Naficy

9 • Antonio Negri

• Cultural Critique

• Griselda Pollock

• Cultural Studies

• Elspeth Probyn

• Cultural Studies <=> Critical Methodologies

• Janice Radway

• Cultural Studies of Science Education

• Jacques Ranciere

• Cultural Studies Review

• Andrew Ross

• Culture Machine

• Marc Augé

• differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies

• Edward Said

• European Journal of Cultural Studies

• Beatriz Sarlo

• French Cultural Studies

• Saskia Sassen

• Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

• Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

• International Journal of Cultural Studies

• Richard Sennett

• Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies

• Beverley Skeggs

• Journal of African Cultural Studies

• Edward Soja

• Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies

• David Harvey

• Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies

• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

• New Formations

• Sara Suleri

• Parallax

• Tiziana Terranova

• Portuguese Cultural Studies

• E.P. Thompson

• Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies (PLCS)

• Tzvetan Todorov

• Public Culture

• Graeme Turner

• Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies

• Valentin Voloshinov

• Social Text

• Michael Warner

• Space and Culture

• Cornel West

• Theory, Culture & Society

• Raymond Williams

• Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies

• Paul Willis • Slavoj Žižek

7.5

Journals

• Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities • Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies • Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies • Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies • Critical Studies in Media Communication • Cultura

8 Notes [1] Miller 2006, p. 1 [2] Rodman, Gilbert B. (2015). Why Cultural Studies?. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. [3] “Cultural studies” is not synonymous with either "area studies" or "ethnic studies,” although there are many cultural studies practitioners working in both area studies and ethnic studies programs and professional associations (e.g. American studies, Asian studies, African-American studies, Latina/o Studies, European studies, Latin American studies, etc.). [4] Bérubé, Michael (2009), “What’s the Matter with Cultural Studies?", The Chronicle of Higher Education.

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[5] “Cultural Studies Associations, Networks and Programs”, extensive, but incomplete, list of associations, networks and programs as found on the website for the Association of Cultural Studies, Tampere, Finland. [6] Sardar, Ziauddin and Van Loon, Borin (1994). Introducing Cultural Studies. New York: Totem Books [7] Dworkin, Dennis. Cultural Marxism in Post-War Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), p. 116. [8] see also Corner, John (1991), “Postscript: Studying Culture—Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart.” Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, April. [9] Ioan Davies, “British Cultural Marxism,” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 4(3) (1991): 323344, p. 328. [10] Morley & Chen (eds.) (1996). Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. [11] Gilroy, Grossberg and McRobbie (eds.) (2000). Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall. London: Verso. [12] Webster, Frank (2004). “Cultural Studies and Sociology at, and After, the Closure of the Birmingham School”. Cultural Studies 18 (6): 848.

8 NOTES

[26] Turner (ed.), Graeme (1993). Nation, Culture, Text: Australian Cultural and Media Studies. London: Routledge. [27] Sarto, Ríos & Trigo (eds.) (2004). The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. [28] Irwin & Szurmuck (eds.) (2012). Dictionary of Latin American Cultural Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. [29] Chen & Huat (eds.) (2007). The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge. [30] Hall, Stuart (June 1986). “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”. Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (2): 5–27. doi:10.1177/019685998601000202. [31] Lash 2007, pp. 68–69 [32] Edgar & Sedgewick, 165. [33] Giddens, Anthony (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Malden, MA: Polity Press. [34] Guins & Cruz (eds.) (2005). Popular Culture: A Reader. London: Sage. p. 67. [35] Grossberg, Lawrence (2010). Cultural Studies in the Future Tense. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

[13] Curtis, Polly (2002), “Birmingham’s cultural studies department given the chop”, The Guardian.

[36] Butler, Judith (1997). “Further Reflections on Conversations of Our Time”. Diacritics 27 (1).

[14] Turner, Graeme (2003). British Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Third ed.). London: Routledge.

[37] Lash 2007, abstract

[15] Hartley, John (2003). A Short History of Cultural Studies. London: Sage.

[38] Appadurai, Arjun (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

[16] Hall 1980 [17] Hall, Critcher, Jefferson, Clarke & Roberts (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.

[39] Gilbert, Jeremy (2008). “Against the Commodification of Everything”. Cultural Studies 22 (5). [40] Bakhtin, Mikhail 1981. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin, TX: UT Press, p. 4.

[18] Hall, Stuart (1988). The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso.

[41] Fiske, Hodge and Turner (1987). Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture. Allen & Unwin: Boston.

[19] Hall & Jacques (eds.) (1991). New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s. London: Verso.

[42] Jeff Lewis (2008) Cultural Studies, Sage, London; Jeff Lewis, (2005) Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence, Pluto, London.

[20] Abbas & Erni (eds.) (2005). Internationalizing Cultural Studies: An Anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

[43] Lewis 2008

[21] Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 60.

[44] During 2007

[22] Grossberg, Nelson & Treichler 1992

[45] Miller 2006, p. index

[23] Warren & Vavrus (eds.) (2002). American Cultural Studies. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

[46] Booknotes.org

[24] Hartley & Pearson (eds.) (2000). American Cultural Studies: A Reader. Oxford University Press.

[47] Richard Harker, Cheleen Mahar, Chris Wilkes (eds), An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Theory of Practice. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990, pp. 68-71.

[25] Frow & Morris (eds.) (1993). Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

[48] Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

11

[49] Rojek, Chris, and Bryan Turner, “Decorative sociology: towards a critique of the cultural turn.” The Sociological Review 48.4 (2000): 629-648. [50] “A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies”, Alan Sokal, English translation of article from Lingua Franca, 1996. Physics.nyu.edu. [51] Hall 1980 [52] “About”. Cultural Studies Association of Australasia. Retrieved 29 September 2015.

9

References • Du Gay, Paul, et al. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Culture, Media and Identities. London ; Thousand Oaks Calif.: Sage in association with The Open University, 1997.

• Lash, Scott (May 2007). “Power After Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?". Theory, Culture & Society 24 (3): 55–78. doi:10.1177/0263276407075956. • Lewis, Jeff (2008). Cultural Studies: The Basics (2nd ed.). London: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2229-1. • Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Longhurst,Brian, Smith,Greg, Bagnall, Gaynor, Crawford, Garry and Michael Ogborn, Introducing Cultural Studies, Second Edition, Pearson, London, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4 • Miller, Toby, ed. (2006). A Companion to Cultural Studies. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-0-631-21788-6.

• During, Simon (2007). The Cultural Studies Reader (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41537412-5.

• Pollock, Griselda (ed.), Generations and Geographies: Critical Theories and Critical Practices in Feminism and the Visual Arts. Routledge, 1996.

• Edgar, Andrew and Peter Sedgwick. 2005. Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. 2nd edition. NY: Routledge.

• Pollock, Griselda. Psychoanalysis and the Image. Boston and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.

• Engel, Manfred: “Cultural and Literary Studies”. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 31 (2008): 460-467.

• Smith, Paul. Questioning Cultural Studies: An Interview with Paul Smith. 1994. MLG Institute for Culture and Society at Trinity College. OSF1.gmu.edu, 31 August 2005.

• Grossberg, Lawrence; Nelson, Cary; Treichler, Paula A., eds. (1992). Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90351-3. • Hall, Stuart, ed. (1980). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 19721979. London: Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham. ISBN 0-09-142070-9. • Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms.” Media, Culture, and Society 2 (1980). • Hall, Stuart. “Race, Culture, and Communications: Looking Backward and Forward at Cultural Studies.” Rethinking Marxism 5.1 (1992): 10-18. • Hoggart, Richard. The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life (Chatto and Windus, 1957). ISBN 0-7011-0763-4 • Johnson, Richard. “What Is Cultural Studies Anyway?" Social Text 16 (1986–87): 38-80.

• Smith, Paul. “A Course In “Cultural Studies”." The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 24.1, Cultural Studies and New Historicism (1991): 39-49. • Smith, Paul (2006). “Chapter 19. Looking Backwards and Forwards at Cultural Studies”. In Miller, Toby. A Companion to Cultural Studies. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 331–40. ISBN 978-0-631-21788-6. • Theory, Culture and Society, 21(1), 2004. • Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Revised edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. • Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society, 17801950. New York,: Harper & Row, 1966.

10 External links

• Johnson, Richard. “Multiplying Methods: From Pluralism to Combination.” Practice of Cultural Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2004. 26-43.

• CCCS publications (Annual Reports and Stencilled Occasional [sic] Papers) of the University of Birmingham

• Johnson, Richard. “Post-Hegemony? I Don't Think So” Theory, Culture and Society. 24(3): 95-110.

• “The Need for Cultural Studies: Resisting Intellectuals and Oppositional Public Spheres”

12 • CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture at Purdue University

10

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