B.com -bba Malayala Sahithya Padnam -ii 3o3t2

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w II c­mw ska-ÌÀ _n.-tImw/_n.-_n.F. tIma¬ tImgvkv þae-bmfw (2014 AUvan-j³) (CUCBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University P.O. , Malappuram, PIN - 673635

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDY MATERIAL

B.Com/B.B.A II Semester - Common Course

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w II Prepared by: 1) Module I & II

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Smt. Divya O.D., MA, M.Phil, JRF, Research Scholar, Dept. of Malayalam, University of Calicut

2) Module III & IV Dr. Saidalavi C., Asst. Professor of Linguistics, Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE © Reserved

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samUyqÄ-þ1 Ihn-X-IÄ 1. If-¦-aä ssI þ _mem-a-Wn-b½ amXr-Xz-¯nsâ Ihbn{Xn F¶mWv _mem-a-Wn-b-½sb s]mXpsh hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-dpf-f-Xv. ""ssiih \njvI-f-¦XbpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v {]]-©-c-l-ky-§-fpsS \m«p-h-gn-I-fn AhÀ k©-cn-¨p. ]IzX Ah-sS sdmamânIv `mh-\bv¡v \nb-{´Ww \ÂIn. sNSn-bn hnS¶ ]qhnsâ kpKÔw A´-co-£-¯n hym]n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Ah-sS ho£-W-§Ä XnI¨pw kz`m-hn-I-am-bn-«mWv Nn´m-]-c-am-b-Xv. amäp Ihn-I-fn \n¶v Ahsc tXP-tÊmsS amän-\nÀ¯p¶ Hcw-i-ambn, kv{XoXz-¯nsâ Im-Wy-ap-ff ho£Ww A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶p'' (I¸ä \mcm-b-W³) A½, IpSpw-_n-\n, [À½-amÀK-¯nÂ, kv{Xolr-Zbw, {]`m-¦p-cw, `mh-\-bnÂ, Duªmen³taÂ, Ifn-s¡m-«, shfn-¨-¯nÂ, AhÀ ]mSp-¶p, {]Wm-aw, ap¯-Èn, agp-hnsâ IY, A¼-e-¯nÂ, shbn-em-dp-t¼mÄ, kÔy, tkm]m-\w, \nthZyw F¶n-h-bmWv Ah-sS Imhyk-am-lm-c-§Ä. Ip«n-I-fpsS \njvI-f-¦-amb ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-ls¯ \nco-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ A½-bv¡p-­mhp¶ \nÀhr-Xn-bmWv "If-¦-aä ssI' F¶ Ihn-X-bn _mem-a-Wn-b-½ A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v ]IÀ¶v \ÂIp-¶-Xv. sIm¨-\p-P-¯nsb emfn-¡m³ a®n aXn-bm-thmfw Ifn¨v Agp-¡p-]p­ ssIIÄ sXm«n-en-te¡v \n«p¶ aIs\ "Ip«n-bp-WÀt¶¡pw amdn \n¡pI' F¶p ]dªv A½ hne--¡p-¶p. "Im«p-sI-¶psS sIm¨-\p-P-¯nsb' F¶v A[n-Im-c-`m-h-t¯m-sSbmWv Ah³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A´n-hn-®nsâ Im´n-bp-ff apJw.... Xa-Ênsâ apf-s]m«nbt]mep-ff apSn.... Ahsâ kmao]yw B amXr-lr-Z-b-¯n DÄ¡p-fn--­m-¡p-¶p. A½bm-«p¶ sXm«n-en kc-knse Hmf-¯n B¼-se-¶-t]mse aIÄ kzØ-am-bp-d-§p-I-bmWv. P\ hgn \£-{X-§Ä F¯n-t\m-¡p-¶p-­v. kÔym-hn-f-¡nsâ {]` sXm«n-en sN¼I-¸q-¡Ä hnX-dp-¶p. {]]-©w-t]mepw IuXp-I-t¯m-sSbpw Bcm-[-\-tbm-sSbpw \njvI-f-¦amb _meys¯ t\m¡p-¶-Xmbn Ihn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ]mªp-h¶v sXm«n-en-te-¡p-äp-t\m¡nb _mesâ I®p-I-fn AÛp-Xm-lvfmZ hmÕ-e-y-`m-h-§Ä kv^pcn-¨p, kzÑ kpµ-c-amb \oem-Im-i¯v kÔ-y-bn DÖze hÀ®-t`-Z§Ä ImWm-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-t]m-se. A½-bpsS hne¡v hI-sh-bv¡msX A\p-P¯ - n-bpsS s\än-ta Ah³ sX-sXsc Npw_n¨p. Ip«n DWÀ¶v \njvI-f-¦-ambn Nncn-¨p. Xs¶ t\m¡n Nncn-¡p-Ib - m-sW¶v Ah³ kt´mj-t¯msS Al-¦-cn-¨p. ]\n-\o-cn BËm-Zt- ¯msS kv]Àin-¡p¶ ie`wt]mse D®n-bpsS ssI A\p-P-¯n-bpsS AwK-§-fn hnf-bm-Sn. Ahsâ kv]Ài-\¯n Ipªnsâ ]qta\n Ae-¦c - n-¡s - ¸-«X - p-t]m-se-bm-bn. ssII-fn s]m³h-f, apSn-bn ssIX-¸q-hv, s\©n ]X-¡w, s\än-bn tKmtcm-N-\¡p-dn, Imen shf-fn-¨n-e-¦........ CXp-I­v Df-fn kt´m-jhpw I®n B\-µm-{ip-¡fpw \nd-sª-¦nepw ""\n³ Nfn-¡-¿p-sIm-­-½p-hn³ s]m¶p-ta\n sXmSmbvI \o'' sb¶v A½ Ahs\ imkn-¨p. hmkvXh - -at\m-`mh¯n\papIfn Icn-¼p-X¸ - n-Sp¶ AIhpw ]pdhpw hyXyII

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kvX-amb apXnÀ¶hsS Im]Syw Ihn ChnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Im]-Sy-an-Ãm¯ aIs\ A½bpsS hm¡p-IÄ thZ-\n-¸n-¨p. Ahsâ apJmw_pPw hmSn. IhnįSw XpSp-¯p. a\Êv ]Xdn. Np­p-IÄ hnd-sIm-­p. A`n-am\`wK-¯m I®p-IÄ \nd-sªm-gp-Im³ XpS-§n. CXpI­ A½-bpsS lrZbw Aen-ªp. aIs\ Biz-kn-¸n-¨p. ""A¯-\n-¯-¦-sabv sXmSm³ atä-Xpþ ­n{X-am{Xw If-¦-a-ässI?'' F¶v GtXm arZp-kz-cw B A½-bpsS Df-fn a{´n-¨p. Bibw hni-Z-am-¡pI:-þ 1. hm¡p-I-fm Icnw-]p-X-t¸-´p¶p hmkvX-h-a-t\m-`mhw ]e-t¸m-gpw. 2.

Im«p-sI-¶psS sIm¨-\p-P-¯nsb

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kzÑ-\o-eamw hm\¯p kÔyX ¶pÖze ZzÀ®-t`-Z-§Ä t]meth

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s]m³]-\n-\oÀ±-f-§-fn kmËmZw \njv]-Xn¡pw ie`w IW-¡ns\

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A¯-\n-¯-¦-sabv sXmSm³ atä-Xpþ ­n{X-am{Xw If-¦-a-äp-ff ssI?

D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI 1. "amXr-`m-h-¯nsâ ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-amWv _mem-a-Wn-b-½bpsS Ihn-X-bpsS ImXÂ' þ "If¦-aä ssI' F¶ Ihn-Xsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n hne-bn--¯p-I.

2. Bcm-a-¯nse Nn´-IÄ þ N§-¼pg IrjvW-¸n-ff "XoÀ¯pw Imev]-\n-I-\mb Ihn' þ N§-¼pgsb¡p-dn¨v Hä-hm-Iy-¯n C§s\ ]dbmw. Imev]-\n-IX apän-\n-ev¡p¶ At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-IÄ Cu hnti-j-W-¯n\p km£yw \n¡p-¶p-ap-­v. atäsXm {]Øm-\-hpw-t]mse H {]tXyI Ime-L-«-¯n ae-bm-f¯n {]_-e-am-hp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv kzm`m-hn-I-ambn £bn¨pt]mhp-Ibpw sNbvsXm {]Øm\-am-Wn-Xv. 18mw \qäm-­n bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fn-ep-­mb auen-I-amb amä-¯nsâ Dt]mÂ]¶-amb sdmamânIv {]-Øm-\-¯nsâ kzm[o-\-am-Wv ae-bm-f¯n-ep-­mb Imev]-\n-I {]Øm\w. Bß-\n-jvT-X-bm-bn-¶p CXnsâ khn-ti-j-X. GIm-´-X-bn ss\kÀ¤n-I-ambn hmÀ¶p-ho-gp¶ H¶m-bn-«m-bn-¶p sdmamânIv Ihn-IÄ Ihn-Xsb IW-¡m-¡n-bn--¶-Xv. sshIm-cn-IX, Bß-\n-jvT-]-c-X, AaqÀ¯ _nw_-§Ä, {]Wbw þ hnclw XpS-§nb kzImcym-\p-`-h-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp¯ {]Xn-]m-Zy-§Ä Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn--¶p. sjÃn, Ioävkv, thUvkvhÀ¯v, tdmt_À«v t{^mÌv XpS-§n-b-hÀ ]mÝmXy sdmamânIv Ihn-I-fn {]ap-J-cm-Wv. II

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]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-hp-ambp-ff \nc-´c k¼À¡-¯nsâ ^e-am-bmWv sdmamânkw aebm-f¯ - n Imev]\ - nI {]Øm\w F¶ t]cn {]Nmcw t\Sp-¶X - v. F.-BÀ cmP-cm-Ph - À½bpsS ae-bm-f-hn-em-k-sa¶ Ihn-X-bn \ncq-]-IÀ CXnsâ BZy-th--IÄ Is­-¯p-¶p-s­-¦nepw Imev]-\nI kz`m-h-ap-ff Ihn-X-I-fp-­m-Ip-¶Xv B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-b-¯nsâ Ime-L-«-t¯m-sSbmWv; {]tXy-In¨v Ipam-c\ - m-imsâ IrXn-If - n Cu Imev]\ - n-I`- m-h¯ - n\v hfÀ¨bp-­m-hp-¶Xp ImWmw. F¶m Imev]-\n-I-Xbv¡v hn`n-¶-amb H apJw e`n-¡p-¶Xv N§-¼p-g-bpsS ImeL-«-t¯m-sS-bm-sW¶p ]d-bmw. Cw¥o-jn Ioävkn-tâbpw sjÃn-bp-tSbpw aäpw t{]a-Ko-X§fpsS kzm[o\w N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fn \ncq-]-IÀ Is­-¯p-¶p-­v. taev]-dª Imev]\ - nI- Ihn-X-bpsS {]tXy-IX - -I-sfÃmw N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-If - n H¯n-W§n \nev¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. {]W-b-s¯bpw kuµ-cy-s¯bpw Bthm-f-am-kz-Zn-¡m³ sh¼p-t¼mgpw {]W-b-`w-K-t¯bpw temI-¯nsâ C­ hi-§-tfbpw N§-¼p-g Xsâ Ihn-X-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¨p. hn¹-hm-`n-ap-Jy-ap-ff Ihn-X-Ifpw N§-¼p-g cNn-¨n-«p-­v. hmg-¡p-e, sImSp-¦m-äv, cà-]p-jv]§Ä XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. F¶m Ch-sbm-s¡bpw Imev]-\nI hn¹-h-¯nsâ \ne-bn \n¶p hf--¶n-Ã. Ihn-bpsS Imev]-\n-Iamb k¦-ev]-tem-Ihpw bmYmÀYy-tem-Ihpw tNÀ¶p krjvSn-¡p¶ ssh-²ym-ß-IX N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw ZÀin-¡m-\m-hpw. EPp-hmb Bhn-j¡ v c - W - hpw emfn-Xyhpw kwKo-Xm-ßI - X - bpw N§-¼pg Ihn-XI - sf P\-{]n-ba- m-¡n-¯oÀ¯n«p-­v. "efn-X-tIm-a-f-Im´ ]Zm-hen' F¶ {]tbmKwt]mepw N§-¼p-g¡hn-Xbv¡p th­n am{Xw D­m-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶v tUm. Un. s_©-an³ "Imev]-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ' F¶ IrXn-bn A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-­v. N§-¼p-g¡hn-Xbnse B´-cn-I-kw-KoXw A\p-hm-N-IÀ A\p-`h - n-¡p-¶p. apc-fo-Km-bI - ³, XIÀ¶ apcfn, ae-bm-f¯ - nsâ HmÀ^yqkv XpS-§nb hnti-jW-§Ä N§-¼p-gsb¡pdn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \ncq-]-IÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-­v. Ihn-IÄ s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ aSn-¨n-¶ \mS³ Km\-io-ep-If - mWv N§-¼p-g Xsâ Ihn-X-IÄ¡mbn sXc-sª-Sp-¯-Xv. Hma-\-¡p-«³ XpS-§nb \mS³hr-¯-§sf aebmf Ihn-X-bn-te¡v sIm­p-h-¶Xv N§-¼p-gbmWv. (a-säm Im¸-\nI Ihnbpw N§-¼pgbpsS kplr-¯pam-bn-¶ CS-¸-ffn cmL-h³]n-f-fbpsS ac-Ws¯ {]ta-b-am-¡n-s¡m­v cNn¨ ca-W³ F¶ ""CSb hnem-]-Imhyw'' (Pastoral Elegy) BWv N§-¼pgsb km[m-c-W-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn {]i-kvX-\m¡n XoÀ¯-Xv. At±-l¯nsâ BßIYm]c-amb ZoÀL-Im-hy-amWv ]mSp¶ ]nim-Nv, IqSmsX _mjv]m-RvPen (BZy-Ir-Xn) kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-am-Sw, AØn-bpsS ]q¡Ä, kzc-cm-K-kp-[, HmW-¸q-¡Ä XpS§nb IrXn-Ifpw N§-¼pg cNn-¨n-«p-­v. IqSmsX "XpSn-¡p¶ Xmfp-IÄ' (B-ß-I-Y) Ifnt¯mgn (t\m-hÂ) F¶n-hbpw [mcmfw hnhÀ¯-\-§fpw N§-¼pgbptS-Xm-bn-«p-­v). N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX - -I-fpÄs¡m-f-fp¶ Ihn-X-bmWv "Bcm-a¯nse Nn´IÄ'. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cym-ß-I-Xsb ]pÂIm³ sImXn-¡p¶ Imev]-\n-I-a-\Êpw Xs¶ \nc-´cw Akw-Xr-]vXn-bnem-gv¯p¶ temIhpw tNÀ¶p krjvSn-¡p¶ \nc-´-c-kw-L«- -\-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS {]ta-bw. Ihn-XbpsS BZy-`m-K¯v kuµ-cy-¯nsâ \iz-c-Xsb Ipdn¨v Ihn-lrZbw thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmSn-hm-gp¶ ]qhn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pff Cu hymIp-eX Ipam-c-\m-imsâ hoW-]q-hn-s\- HmÀan-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. F¶m s]s«¶v a\-kp-am-dp¶ Ihn \iz-c-XsbIpdn-¨pff bmYmÀ°ys¯ ad-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw thZ-\-tXm-¶p¶ thZm´ Nn´ Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m Cu thZm´ Nn´-sb-bm-WtÃm hoW-]qhv ]n³]-äp-¶Xv. c­v Im¸-\nI-X-Ifpw X½n-ep-ff hyXymkw ChnsS {]I-S-am-Wv. II

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ASp¯ `mK¯v Ihn-bpsS aäv Ihn-X-I-fn-se-¶-t]mse AXn-a-[p-c-amb ]Z-§-fmepw kuµ-cy-]qÀWhpw hnIm-cmÀ{Z-hp-amb _nw_-I¸-\-I-fmepw Bcm-as¯ hÀWn-¡p-¶p. Bcm-a¯n hnSÀ¶p Npäpw Hfn-hn-X-dp¶ ]q¡sf Bcm-a-¯nsâ GIm-´-lr-Z-b-¯nsâ KqV-amb aqIm-`n-em-j-ambn ImWp¶ Ihn, XoÀ¯pw kzIm-cyhpw A{X ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm-¯-Xpamb _nw_-IÂ]-\m-co-Xn-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨n--¡p-¶-Xv. Bcm-ahpw AXn\v Npäp-ap-ff {]IrXnbpw tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ im´n Ihn-bpsS a\-Êns\ ]pjv]n-¸n-¡p¶p. AYhm IhnX ]pjv¸n-¡p¶ kuµ-cys¯ ]pÂIm³ sh¼p¶ Ihn-bpsS Im¸-\nI a\-kp-X-s¶-bmWv Cu Bcm-aw. ASp¯ `mK¯v Ihn XoÀ¯pw hn-²-amb H temI-s¯-bmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. AXv Ihn-bpsS bmYmÀ°y-tem-I-am-Wv. ]-]-¯ Ic-§-fm Fs¶ \nc-´cw {]l-cn¡p¶ IqÀ¯ IÃp-I-fm \nc-´cw Xsâ a\-Êns\ apdn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ H temIs¯ Ipdn¨v Ihn Xsâ Ihn-X-I-fn \nc-´cw BhÀ¯n¨v ]mSn-bn-«p-­v. ""I]-S-tem-I-¯n BßmÀ°am-sbm lrZ-b-ap-­m-b-Xm-sW³ ]cm-Pbw'' F¶ hcn-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Xs¶-bmWv Bcma¯nse Nn´-I-fnse Cu `mKw. F¶m ChnsS \ncm-i-bà adn¨v Bcmaw X¶n-ep-fhm-¡nb kzÀKo-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn \n¶p {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡m­ Ihn {]Xym-isb ]pÂIm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Np-¡-¯n BßmÀ°-X-bp-f-f-h\pw \nkzmÀ°-\p-amb Ihnsb Nhn-«n-¯mgv¯m\pw A]-hm-Z§ - Äs¡m­v X¨vXI - À¡m\pw {ian-¡p¶ temIs¯ kÀKm-ßI - X sIm­v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯m-sa-¶mhpw Ihn Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ihn \mev hÀj¯n-\ptiw Fgp-Xnb \mep hcn-I-fm-Wv. tcmK-{K-kvX-\m-bn-¶ N§-¼pg Xt¶mSv temIw sNbvX \µn-tI-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-s¨-gp-Xnb hcn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. XnI¨pw \ncm-im-P-\I - -amb k¦Â¸-amWv Ihn apt¶m«v shbv¡p-¶-Xv. ta ]dª Bi-b-¯n \n¶v XnI¨pw hn-²-am-bXv. N©e-amb H Imev]-\nI a\-Êns\ kw_-Ôn-¨m-sW-¦n CXv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-Wv. ASp¯`mK-am-Is« ss\an-jn-Ia - mb el-cn-sb, C{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn--Isf {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. shffw tNÀ¡m-sX-Sp¯ Aar-Xn\v ka-amb Iffpw aÕy-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw AXv tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ Ifn-Nncn-Xa - m-iI - fpw Ihn-bpsS C{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-IÄ Xs¶. Ah-tbmSv aÕ-cn-¡m³ kzÀtemI-¯n-\pam-hnà F¶v Ihn I-Xp-¶p. X\n¡v sh¨p \o«p¶ tam£-s¯-bmWv Ihn X«n amäp-¶X - v. H ]t£ CsXm {]Xn-tj-[-hp-am-hmw. Xsâ Ihn-X-Ifn Ihn \nc-´cw BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ C¯cw k¦Â¸--§Ä \ncq-]-IsS hnaÀi-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«p-­v. Ihn kzÑ-µ-amb H am\-kn-I-tem-I-¯n- hym]cn-¨p-sIm­v _mly-tem-Is¯ Xsâ kzÑ-µ-amb C{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n\v XS-k-ambn \n¡p¶p F¶ Imc-W-¯m Xf-fn-¸-d-bp-IbmsW¶v tUmIvSÀ Un. s_©ans\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶n-cn-¡nepw N§-¼pg krjvSn¨ B `mhp-IXzw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn C¶v ambmsX \n¡p-¶p-­v.

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3. HmKÌv Bdn\v þ hnP-b-e£van ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn thdn-t«m--kzcw tIĸn¨ Ihn-b-{Xn-bmWv hnP-b-e£van. AhsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw hnj-b-¯nse sshhn-[yhpw kzX-kn-²-amb ssienbpw ImcWw aäp s]¬I-hn-X-Ifn \n¶v hnP-b-e£vanbpsS IhnI thdn«p \n¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. kv{XoXz-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mh-§Ä kzmX-{´y-¯n-\p-ff hmRvO A[n-Im-c-¯n\p t\sc-bp-ff FXnÀ¸v ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sSbpw an¯p-I-fp-sSbpw A]-\nÀ½mWw F¶n§s\ sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ hnj-b-§-fn-te¡v hnP-b-e£vanbpsS IhnX \ofp-¶Xv ImWmw s]-´-¨sâ an¯ns\ A]-\nÀan-¡p¶ "X¨sâ aIÄ' hnP-b-e£vanbpsS ià-amb H cN-\-bm-Wv. Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp-¸nsâ "s]-´-¨³', sshtem-¸n-f-fn-bpsS "X¨sâ aI³' F¶o Ihn-X-I-fnse Bi-b-tem-Ihpw {]ta-b-hp-ambn A`n-apJw \nev¡p¶p F¶ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X]-c-amb {]tXy-I-Xbpw hnP-b-e£vanbpsS Ihn-X-bv¡p-­v. Xsâ tPjvTs\ (kvt\-l-s¯) hoXpfn hogv¯n-s¡m¶ AÑsâ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ hoXpfn hnZy ]Tn-¨p-t]mbn F¶ Imc-W¯m Xsâ t\scbpw \ofm-Xn-cn-¡m³ hoSv Dt]-£n-¡p¶ X¨sâ aIÄ ae-bmf Ihn-Xbnse ià-amb kv{Xo km¶n-²y-am-Ip-¶p. kzmX-{´y-t¯m-Sp-ff AZ-ay-amb B{Klw Df-fn-sem-Xp¡n ASn-a-bmbn \nÂt¡-­nh-¶ AhØ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ "arK-in-£-I³' Ihn-b-{Xn-bpsS {it²-b-amb asäm cN\-bm-Wv. kv{XoXz-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mh-§Ä hnP-b-e£vanbpsS Ihn-X-I-fn ]e-t¸mgpw IS¶p h-¶p-­v. {]k-h-¯nsâ ssPho-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb AhØ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ "hchv' F¶ IhnX CXn\v D¯-tam-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯n H Ihn-b-{Xnbpw C¯-c¯n lrZy-ambn Cu A\p-`-hs¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«n-Ãm-sb¶v _mem-a-Wn-b½ Ihn-X-s¡-gpXnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn hyà-am-¡p-¶p-­v. ""H tImSn Ip´-ap-\-I-fm ssPhþ `SÀ Xpd-¡p¶p \n\¡p Xmgn« Pme-I-hm-S-§Ä, Rc-¼p-IÄ hen-ª-gn-bp¶p an¶Â ]nfÀt]mse¯s¶ ]nf-I'' F¶ "hc-hn'se Cu hcn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯nse s]¬I-hn-X-I-fnse s]¬ A\p-`-h-§fpsS Bhn-jv¡m-cs¯ Ipdn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \ncq-]-IÀ FSp¯v ]d-bm-dp-­v. ]e hnNn{X IÂ]-\-Ifpw Ah-sS Ihn-X-I-fn Is­-¯m-\m-hpw. ""hnd-]q-s­m-sc³ {]W-b-knwlw Npg-äp¶ kS-am-{X-ambo {]]©w'' F¶ IÂ]\ ae-bm-f-¯n\v A{X ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-«p-f-f-X-Ã. ""ag-X³ atätXm apJw'', ""lna-k-am[n'' XpS-§n-bh hnP-b-e£vanbpsS aäv Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§-fm-Wv. 1945 HmKÌv 6\v lntcm-jn-a-bn-ep-­mb AWp-t_mw_v hÀjs¯ A[n-I-cn-¨mWv "HmKÌv 6\v' F¶ IhnX cNn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. temIs¯ \Sp-¡nb Cu Zpc´w \S¶v A¼-Xm-­pIÄ¡v tijhpw Ahn-Sps¯ sISp-Xn-IÄ Ah-km-\n-¨n-«n-Ã. B bp²-s¡m-Xnbpw Ah-km-\n¡p-¶n-Ã. XnI¨pw ka-Im-enI {]k-à-amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb H hnj-b-amWv Ih-b{Xn II

9

ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶X - .v lntcm-jn-asb Ipdn¨pw "enän t_mbv' F¶ AWp-t_mw-_ns\ Ipdn¨pw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnh-c§ - Ä Ihn-X-bn DÄs¡m-f-fn-¨n-«p-­v. bp²-s¡m-Xn-b-cmb cmjv{S-X{´-Úc - psS ssI¿n Ifn-¸m-hI - f - m-Ip¶ imkv{X-ÚÀ t_mw_p hoW lntcm-jn-asb Ipdn¨p-ff hnh-c-§Ä A¼Xv hÀjw Ign-ªn«pw Ahn-sS-bp-ff AhØ F¶n-§s\ H teJ-\¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bp¶ Imcy-§Ä Ihn-b{Xn Cu Ihn-X-bn DÄs¡m-f-fn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. F¶m CXn\v ]cn-lm-ca - mbn Bß-\n-jvT] - c - a - mb ImÂ]-\n-Ia - mb Zo]w F¶ _nw_s¯ ]Icw sh¡p-I-bmWv hnP-b-e£van. C-«m-Ip¶ Cu Zpc-´s - ¯-bI - -äm³ Xsâ ssI¿n-ep-ff {]mÀ°-\-bpsS, shfn-¨-¯nsâ ssI¯ncn sImfp-¯n-sh-¡m³ sImXn-¡p-I-bm-W-hÀ. C«¯v Hä-s¸« `qan-bpsS I®p-\oÀ¯p-ffn H Zo]-¯n-\mbn sImXn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn Adn-bs¸-Sm¯ kqcy-c-ivan-t]m-se-bp-ff Xsâ {]mÀ°\ IqSn-t¨--sa¶v Ihn-b{Xn Biz-kn-¡p-¶p. lntcm-jna Zn\-¯n temIw apgp-h³ kam-[m-\¯ - n-\mbn Zo]w I¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsâ kz´w ho«n-te¡v B \Zo-Xo-cs¯ Bhm-ln-¡p-Ib - mWv AhÀ. temI¯v FhnsS \S-¡p¶ {]iv\§fpw kz´w ho«n-en¶v X¶nte¡mhmln-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Fgp-¯nsâ amkvac - n-IX - b - m-hm-aXv. ; shfn¨w. ]c-¼c - m-KX - a - mb k¦Â¸w Xs¶-bm-WnXv (C-«v = Xn³a, shfn¨w = \³a). F¦nepw GXp I\¯ C-«n-t\bpw shfn-¨am-¡m³ H sNdp ssI¯n-cn¡v Ign-bp-sa-¶-Xn-\m DNn-X-am-Ip¶p Cu _nw_-I¸-\. s]mXpsh hkvXp-\n-jvT-]-c-amb hnh-c-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ff Ihn-X-IÄ KZy-ssi-enbn-emWv cNn¨p ImWm-dp-f-f-Xv. F¶m AXn \n¶p hyXy-kvXa - mbn Xmf-\n-_-Ôa - mb coXnbn-emWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS cN-\. ZpÀa-Zw, ZpÈm-k-\w, XpS-§nb ]Z-§Ä Ihn-X-bn kzm`m-hnI-ambn CW¡nt¨À¡m³ {ian-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ""C-«-s¯m-ä-s¸« `qan-X³ I®p-\oÀ¯p-ffn'' ""Zo]-Zm-ln-bmbn Pzen-¡pI'' XpS-§nb {]tbm-K§ - Ä {it²-ba - m-Wv. ""hnP-b-e-£van-bpsS IhnX-IÄ¡v ]g-ba - «- m-Wv. hr¯-_²w, kpL-Sn-Xw, PmS-If - n-Ã, _l-fa - n-Ã, \ni-_vZa - mb {]mÀ°-\t]mse, AaÀ¯nb tX§Ât]mse Ch Db-¶p-¶p, F¶ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯v hmbn-¡mw. c

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10

samUyqÄ-þ2 IY-IÄ 1. i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie¸ þ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n ae-bm-f¯ - nÂ, kmln-Xy-¯nsâ cq]-`m-h§ - s - f-¡p-dn¨pw cN-\b - psS e£y-§s - f-¡p-dn¨pw NqSp-]n-Sn¨ NÀ¨-IÄ \S¶ Ime-amWv 1940IÄ. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm\w tIc-f-¯n iàn-bmÀPn¨ Cu Ime-L-«-¯n kmaq-lnI D¶-a\w e£y-am-¡n-bp-ff ]e hn¹-h-Ir-XnIfpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-­v. cmjv{So-b-s¯bpw kmaq-lym-h-Ø-sbbpw \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin¡p-¶h - b - m-bn-¶p A¡m-e¯v {]Xy-£s - ¸« H«p-an¡ sNdp-I-Y-I-fpw. XIgn inh-i¦ - c - ¸ - n-f-f, ]n. tIi-ht- Zhv, XpS-§nb A¡m-eL - «- ¯ - nse Fgp-¯p-Im-sS \ne-bn-emWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpsS Øm\w. kaq-l¯ - n ImWp-¶s - X´pw bYmÀ°-ambn Bhn-jvIc - n-¡pI F¶ (k-aq-l¯n\v t\sc-]n-Sn¨ I®m-Sn-bm-hWw kmln-Xyw) ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ k¦-ev]s¯ Xs¶-bmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpw ]n³]-äp-¶-Xv. IY-Isf XnI¨pw cmjv{So-b-h¡-cn-¡p¶p­v At±-lw. Xm\pÄs¸-Sp¶ It¯m-en¡ k`-bpsS ]utcm-ln-Xy-¯nsâ A\o-Xn-IÄs¡Xn-scbpw Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ Xn-h-Xm-wIq-dnse ZpÀ`-c-W-¯n-s\-Xn-scbpw kaq-l-¯nsâ I]S kZm-Nm-c-k-¦Â¸-§Äs¡-Xn-scbpw \nc-´cw Xsâ XqenI Nen-¸n-¨p. F§-s\-sb-gp-X-Wsa¶Xn\à Fs´-gp-XW - s - a-¶X - n-\mWv At±lw {]m[m\yw sImSp-¯X - v. kÀ kn.-]n.-bpsS ZpÀ`c-W¯ - n-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb "tamUÂ' F¶ IY-bpsS t]cn At±-l-¯n\v Pbn in£ A\p`-hn-t¡­n h¶n-«p-­v. ]utcm-ln-Xy-¯nsâ s]mf-f-¯-c-§Ä Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶ "At´m-Wn\obpw A¨-\m-tbmSm' 'A¨³ sIm¼s¯' XpS-§nb IY-Ifpw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bptS-Xmbn-«p-­v. thiy-I-fp-tSbpw sX­n-I-fp-tSbpw D¶-a-\-¯n\v th­n {]hÀ-¯n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Øm\mÀ°n¡v Hm¸¬ thm«v sN¿p¶ "Ah-fpsS thm«n'se thiybmb timi At±-l¯ - nsâ ià-amb H kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Zmcn-{Zhpw kaq-l-¯nsâ I]-S-Xbpw tNÀ¶v hyànIsf thiy-Ifpw Ipä-hm-fn-Ifpw B¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶X - nsâ cmjv{So-ba - mWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n{]Xn-tj-[¯ - nsâ `mj-bn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶X - .v F¶m CXn \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hyXy-kvXamb a\p-jy\pw aäv Pohn-hÀK-§fpw X½n-ep-ff kvt\ls¯ Ipdn-¡p¶ IY-Ifpw At±lw cNn-¨n«p-­v. B Ime-L-«-¯n \mbsb tI{µ-{]-ta-b-am¡n XIgn "shf-f-s¸m-¡-¯nÂ' Fs¶m IY-sb-gp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. AXp-]t£ a\p-jy³ H \mb-tbmSv ImWn-¡p¶ \µn-tI-Snsâ IY-bmWv. AXnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvXa - mbn a\p-jy\pw H Imfbpw X½n-ep-ff Bß-_Ô - ¯ - nsâ IYbmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n- "i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie¸' bneqsS ]d-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶X - v. efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP-\-¯nsâ amWn-¡³ F¶ IY-bp-ambn \ncq-]-I³ Cu IYsb Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp­v. IÀj-I-\mb Ahp-tk¸p tN«-tâbpw At±-l-¯nsâ {]nb-s¸« Imf-bmb I®-sâbpw \ni-_vZ-kvt\-l¯ - nsâ IY-bmWv i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie-¸. Imf-{]m-´³ F¶mWv Abmsf \m«pImÀ hnfn-¡p-¶X - .v IY-bpsS Ime-ssZÀLyw t\m¡p-t¼mÄ sNdp-IY - b - n-sem-Xp-§p-¶Xà CXnse kw`-h§ - Ä. Ahp-tk¸p tN«-sâ C-]Xp hÀj-t¯m-fa - p-ff Pohn-Xhpw Pohn-X-]c - n-Wm-ahpw IYm-Im-c³ Np¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. t\Àtc-J-bn IY ]dªp t]mIp¶ coXn-bmWv At±lw kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X - v. BJym-\¯ - ntem IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jv¡c - W - ¯ - ntem ]pXp-as - bm¶pw Ah-Im-is - ¸-Sm-\n-sÃ-¦nepw IY ]d-¨n sIm­p \s½ A\p-`h - n¸n¡m³ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpsS `mjbv¡v iàn-bp-­v. II

11

Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw I®\pw X½n-ep-ff _Ôw IYm-Ir¯v hnh-cn-¡p¶ `mKw {it²-bamWv. H km[m-cW IÀj-I³ Xsâ Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-§-fn-sem¶p am{X-am-bmWv Imfsb IW-¡m-¡m-dv. F¶m Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\mIs« AXns\ Pnhn-bm-bn«p am{X-aà Xt¶mfw Øm\-ap-ff H kl-Po-hn-bm-bn-¯s¶ ]cn-KW - n-¡p-¶p. D]-I-cW - § - sf ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sN¿pI AXp-I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ hen-s¨-dn-bpI F¶ hn]Wn aqey-¯nsâ hn-²-{[p-h-¯n-emWv Ahp-tk¸p tN«-sâ Øm\w. AbmÄ a®ns\ kvt\ln-¡p¶ Imfsb Bßm-ÀY-ambn kvt\ln-¡p¶ IÀj-I-\m-Wv. em`-s¡m-Xn-bpsS ]pXnb ck-X{´w a\-kn-em-hm¯ Ahptk¸p tN«-s\t¸m-sebp-ff IÀj-I³ F{]-Im-c-amWv Acn-Ip-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶v AS¡n-sh¨ Aa-Àj-t¯msS s]m³hÀ¡n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. "\oXn-tI-Smb' kv{Xo[-\-¯nsâ t]cn-emWv Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\v Xsâ kÀÆ-kz-amb Imf-¡p-«s\ hnÂt¡-­n-h-¶Xv. I®\pw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw X½n-ep-ff thÀ]m-Snsâ ka-b¯v IYm-Ir-¯nsâ `mj hnIm-cmÀ{Z-am-hp-¶p. ""hmNm-e-Xbpw {]I-S-\-§fpw kvt\l¯nsâ Bßm-hn-ep-ffXÃ. Zp:Jnbv¡m³ Ign-hp-ff - a\Êp-IÄ X½n-ep-ff ASp-¸a - mWv kvt\lsa-¦n I®-s\-bpw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-t\bpw t]mse ASp-¯-hÀ temI-¯n-en-à F¶p IYmIr¯p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ kvt\l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb H k¦ev]w sXfnªp h-¶p. kvt\l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \nc-´cw ]mSp-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvX, sN¿p¶ kmln-Xy¯n Cu hm¡p-IÄ C¶pw {]k-àa - m-Ip-¶Xv B \ni-_vZX - b - psS I\¯ kuµcyw sIm­mWv, Ak-a-Xzs¯ kvt\lw sIm­p ka-Xz-am¡n amäp-¶Xp sIm­m-Wv. HSp-hn Xm³ hnä I®s\ Ahp-tk¸p tN«-³ ImWp-¶Xv Ad-hp-im-e-bn sh¨mWv. FÃp´n {hWw \ndª ]-h-¯n I®s\ ImWp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ¡v kln-¡m-\m-hp¶n-Ã. HSp-hn aIÄ¡v XpWn hm§m³ sh¨ Imsi-Sp¯v I®s\ AbmÄ XncnsI hm§ns¡m­p t]m-¶p. I®\pw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw X½n-ep-ff ]p\-kam-Kahpw IYm-Ir¯v lrZ-b-kv]r-¡mbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. XpWn hm§m-sX- h¶ A¸-t\mSv ]cn-`hw ]d-bp¶ aIÄ I{Xn-tbmSv Ahp-tk¸p tN«-³ ]d-bp-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv "F\n¡v \ns¶-t¸mse Ah\pw'. IY-bpsS kmcw apgp-h³ IYm-Ir¯v kw{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Cu hmIy-¯n-em-Wv. IY-bnse {][m-a\s¸« hmIyhpw CXp-X-s¶. HSp-hn Xs¶-s¨mÃn H IpSpw_w apgp-h³ thZ\n-¡p-¶Xv ImWm-\m-hmsX I®³ "IS¶p Ifªp' F¶mWv IYm-Ir¯v ]d-bp-¶X - v. \ni_vZ kvt\l-¯n\v \ni-_vZ-Xym-K-sa-¶p-IqSn AÀ°-ap-s­¶v IYm-Ir¯v ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶p. IY-bn ioÀj-I-ambn, \ni_vZ km¶n-²y-ambn, _nw_-ambn \nev¡p¶ Ie¸sb Ah-km-\-hm-Iy-§-fn {]Xy-£-_nw-_-am-¡n-¯s¶ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. I®sâ arX-tZl-¯n\pw thZ-\n-bv¡p¶ IÀj-I\pw apI-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p¶ B Np¡nen ]nSn¨ Ie¸ IÀjIsâ Zmcn-{Zyhpw \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip¶ ImÀjn-I-kw-kv¡m-cw, Ie-¸bv¡v ]Icw shbv¡mhp¶ b{´-§-fpsS Xf-fn-¡-bäw XpS-§nb hnhn[ k¦-ev]-§sf [z\n-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. IqSmsX AXn-i-à-amb Cu _nw_-¯n-te¡v IYm-km-cs¯ apgph³ Np-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw IYmIr¯n\v km[n-¨n-«p-­v. GXp Ime-¯p-hm-bn-¨mepw {]kàn \jvS-s¸-«n-«n-à F¶ tXm¶-emWv H IrXnsb Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xv. i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie-¸bv¡v tijw ae-bm-f-IY Gsd ]ptcm-K-an-¨n-«p­v. ]e ]pXnb {]Øm-\§ - fpw Bi-b§ - fpw kt¦-X§ - fpw IY-bn hcn-Ibpw t]mhp-Ibpw II

12

sNbvXp. C¶p \manXp hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ BJym-\c - o-Xn-bn ]pXp-aI - s - fm¶pap]-tbm-Kn-¡m¯ km[m-cW IY-bmbn tXm¶mw F¶m AXn-eh - X - c - n-¸n¨ ià-amb {]ta-b¯ - n\v C¶pw {]kàn-bp-­v. {]IrXn Nqj-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw a\p-jysâ HSp-§m¯ BÀ¯nsb¡p-dn¨pw C¶pw \nc-´cw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸Sp¶p; IrXn-I-fp-­m-Ip-¶p. NÀ¨-Ifpw Fgp-¯p-Ifpw a\p-jysâ kaXy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶X - v. F¶m a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbnse aäp PohnhÀ¤-§s - f-t¸mse H¶p-am-{X-am-sW¶pw aäp-ff - h - bv¡v {]Ir-Xnbv¡v taep-ff A[n-Imcw am{Xta a\p-jy-\p-ap-ffq F¶p-apff {]Ir-Xn-bn-eq-¶nb Imgv¨-¸mSv C¶v DbÀ¶p h-¶p-­v. F¶m F{Xtbm hÀj-§Ä¡v ap¼mWv H Imfsb kl-Po-hn-bmbn kvt\ln-¡p¶ IÀj-Isâ alXzw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n hnfn¨p ]d-ªXv. kvt\l-¯n-eq-¶nb H hnI-k\ ImgvN-¸mSp Xs¶-btà Cu IYbpw apt¶m«p shbv¡p-¶Xv?

2. Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fnepw þ kmdmtPm-k^v 1970 Ifn ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n {]_-e-ambn \n¶n-¶ B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-Øm\w sXm®p-dp-IÄ¡v tijw D¯m-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶Xv ImWmw. B[p-\nI Fgp-¯p-ImÀ X§-fptSXmb hyXykvX ssien-IÄ kzoI-cn-¨n--¶-sh-¦nepw Ah--sS-sbÃmw IrXn-IÄ s]mXpsh H GI-Xm-\X ]peÀ¯n-bn--¶p. F¶m D¯-cm-[p-\n-I- L-«-¯n Cu GI-Xm-\X XIÀ¡-s¸-«p. ChnsS ]e-a-bmWv ]pXp-a. Hscmä apJy-[mcm kmln-Xy¯n\v ]Icw Zfn-sX-gp¯,v s]s®-gp¯v XpS-§nb A\-h[n Dsff-gp-¯p-IÄ ae-bmf kmlnXy-¯n {]Nmcw e`n-¨p. sNdp-I-Ybpw Cu amä-¯n \n¶pw amdn-\n-¶n-«n-Ã. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-I-fn {]ap-J-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v. s]s®-gp¯v F¶ kwÚ BZy-ambn kmdm-tPm-k-^nsâ "]m]-¯d'bpsS Bap-J-¯n-emWv k¨n-Zm-\µ³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. t]-t]mse Xs¶ kv{XobpsS Nn´bpw A\p-`-hhpw Pohn-Xhpsams¡-¯s - ¶-bmWv CXn-eqsS Bhn-jv¡c - n-¡p-¶X - v. kmdm-tPm-k^ - nsâ IY-Ifpw CXn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-a-Ã. ]pj tI{µo-Ir-X-amb H temIs¯ amän-¸-Wn-bm-\p-ff B{Klw Fgp-¯n kv]jvS-am-Wv. kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä Akzm-X{´yw ssewKn-I-X, A[nImcw (A-[n-Im-c-an-Ãm-bva) kv{XoIÄ hnhn[ taL-e-I-fn t\cn-Sp¶ hnth-N-\-§-Ä XpS§n-b-h-sbm-s¡-¯-s¶-bm-Wv. aäp kv{Xo Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-I-sf-t¸mse kmdm-tPm-k-^pw IYIÄ¡v hnj-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-f-f-Xv. IpSpw-_-¯n-\p-f-fnse Akzm-X-{´y-¯nepw HSp-§m¯ D¯c-hm-Zn-Xz-§-fnepw s]«v Dg-ep¶ H Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fn-ep-f-f-XmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v ""Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bp-tSbpw'' F¶ IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. `mh-\bpw bmYmÀ°y temIhpw X½n-ep-ff ssh[yw Xs¶-bmWv IY-bpsS X´p. IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb Fgp-¯p-Imcn `À¯m-hmb ]p-tjm-¯-a-s\bpw a¡-sfbpw Xs¶ sR¡n-s¡m-Ãp¶ \mep NphI-tfbpw Dt]-£n¨v Xsâ Fgp-¯nsâ km£m-XvIm-c-¯n-\mbn ta_n-f-½m-bn-bpsS kzmX-{´hpw kzÑ-hp-amb ho«n-te¡v t]mIm³ Xoam-\n-¡p-¶n-S-¯mWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ Nn´-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv IY Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-«pf-f-Xv. IYm-Imcn kzbw Rms\¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ D¯a]p-j kÀÆ-\m-a-¯n-emWv IY BJym\w sNbvXn-N-«p-f-f-Xv. IY-bpsS t]-t]m-se-¯s¶ IYm-Im-cn-bpsS Df-fn-ep-ff Nn´IÄ `qX-Ime kw`-h-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AYhm IY-b n ss¢amIvkv hsc hÀ¯-am-\-Imew \njv{In-b-am-Wv. IY-bpsS {]Xn-]m-Zy-hp-ambn Cu BJymII

13

\-coXn tNÀ¶v t]mIn-¶p-­v. Xsâ Fgp¯n\v XS-ka - mbn \n¡p¶ IpSpw-_w, AXnse D¯c-hmZnXz§Ä, kv{Xobmb-Xn-\m am{Xw kmln-Xy-NÀ¨-I-fn \n¶p-Xs¶ amän \nÀ¯nb Ihn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-tcm-Spff {]Xn-tj-[hpw AXn \n¶p-­m-hp¶ {]Xn-Im-ch - p-amWv IYm-Imcn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bnse `À¯m-hmb ]p-tjm-¯-a\v Gsd-¡psd {]Xn-\m-bI Øm\-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. ]p-tjm-¯-a³ F¶ t]cv a\:]qÀÆ-amWv. ]p-jXzw XnI-ª-h-s\-bmWv s]mXpsh ]ptjm-¯-a³ F¶v hnfn-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv. CXns\ ssh-[y-t¯m-sS-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k^v ChnsS Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-¶X - v. ]mÝmXy temI¯v DS-se-Sp¯ s^an-\nkw (kv{Xo-hm-Zw)-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-«mWv aebm-f-¯n s]s®-gp¯v t]mse-bp-ff coXn-IÄ D­m-hp-¶-Xv. ]mÝmXy temI¯v kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡pw kzmX-{´y-¯n\pw th­n i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯n-b-h-cn {][m-\n-bmWv ""hnÀPo-\nb hpÄ^v''. Ah-sS ""Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS apdn'' F¶ Bibw Gsd {i²n-¡-s¸«-Xm-Wv. ho«nse asä-Ãm-hÀ¡pw kz´-ambn CS-§-fp-s­-¦nepw kv{Xo¡v am{Xw AXv \ntj-[n-¡s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv hnÀPo-\nb hpÄ^v tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn¡pw XtâXmb Fgp-¯n-S¯ - nsâ kzmX{´yw thW-sa¶ Cu Bibw Xs¶-bm-hWw kmdm-tPm-k^n kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-b-Xv. IY-bn c­v temI-§-fp-­v. IYm-Im-cnsb \nc-´cw sR-¡p¶ Npa--Ifpw apJ¯v sXdn¨v hoW I^-s¡«v t]mep-ff {]W-bhpw Igp-¯n Aa-¶ C-¼pXp-S t]mep-ff amXrXzhpw sIm­v hogp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS H temIw A{X-ta ImÂ]\n-I-ambn I-Xp¶ {]W-bw, amXrXzw XpS-§nb k¦Â¸-§sf XnI¨pw AIm¸-\n-I-amb Ae-¦m-c-§Ä sIm­v hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xv a\:]qÀÆ-am-IW - w. asäm temIw kzmX{´hpw kzÑ-hp-amb ta_n-f½ - b - psS hoSm-Wv. GsXm Fgp-¯p-Imcnbpw kz]v\w ImWp¶ Nph--If - n-Ãm-¯Xpw {Knep-IÄ¡pw km£-IÄ¡pw ]Icw XpSn-¡p¶ Rc-¼p-I-fp-f-f-Xp-amb H hoSv. AhnsS Ahsf XS-ªp-sh-¡m³ B-an-Ã. IY-bn {]XnØm-\¯ - à - m¯ GI]p-j-\m-b- PbtZh³ Ahn-sS-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv. AYhm ta_n-f½ - m-bn-bpsS ho«n ka-Xz-¯n-eq-¶nb H kv{Xo ]p-j_ - -Ôw-IqSn Fgp-¯p-Imcn kz]v\w ImWp-¶p-­v. AXv kulr-Z-¯n-emWv {]W-b-¯n-eà F¶v IYm-Im-cn FSp¯v ]d-bp-¶p-­v. Cu kzmX-{´y¯n\v th­n {]W-bt- ¯bpw IpSpw_ _Ô-§t- fbpw Dt]-£n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-Ip-t¼mgpw amXrXzs¯ ]qÀ®-ambn Xf-fn-¸d- -bm³ IYm-Im-cn¡v ss[cyw t]mcm. ta_n-f½ - m-bnbpw Ah-sS kpµ-ca - mb hoSpw Ahn-Sps¯ kÀh kzmX-{´yhpw Pb-tZ-h\p-saÃmw If-fhpw Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS shdpw kz]v\-hp-am-sW¶v ]p-tjm-¯-a-s\-s¡m­v IYm-Imcn \nc-´cw ]d-bn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. AXv ]p-tjm-¯-a-sâ X{´-ambn IYm-Imcn ]d-bp¶p-s­-¦nepw BhÀ¯n¨p ]d-bp¶ kXy-am¡n AXns\ asäm coXn-bn hmbn-¡mhp¶XmWv. asäm `mK¯v k©-cn-¡p¶ Npa--IÄ X\n¡v ]Icw ]p-tjm-¯-a-s\ th«bm-Sptam F¶v IYm-Imcn kwi-bn-¡p-¶p-­v. akn-ep-If - p-ff, Xe-a­ - b - n hÃ-Xp-ap-ff AbmÄ \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn t]mhnà F¶v Fgp-¯p-Imcn ]cn-lm-k-cq-t]W ]d-bp-¶p. kv{Xo = sshImcn-I-X, A_-e, ]p-j³ = aknÂ, Nn´m-tijn F¶ kaqlw Iev]n-¨p-­m-¡nb sP³UÀ ka-hm-Iys¯ IYm-Imcn sXfn¨p ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. HSp-hn Fgp-¯nsâ km£m-XvI-c-W-¯n-\mbn hoSp-t]-£n-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS ssIho-in-bp-ff \S¯w C_vksâ t\mdsb (Doll’s House) A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡p¶p­v. AhfpsS kzmX-{´-¯n\v angn-th-Im³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Ah-km\ hmIy-§Ä AXn-`m-hp-IX - z-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡v amdp-¶p-­v. II

14

Np-¡-¯n "s]s®-gp-¯nsâ' kzc-amWv kmdm-tPm-k-^nsâ "Hmtcm Fgp¯pIm-cnbpsS Df-fnepw' F¶-IY Dds¡ tIĸn-¡p-¶-Xv. apJy-[mcm Fgp¯v ]n³Xp-S-¶ ]pj tI{µo-Ir-X-amb t\m«s¯ a\:]qÀÆw Xnc-kv¡-cn-¨p-sIm­v AhnsS X§-fp-tS-Xmb CSw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mWv ka-Im-enI Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-IÄ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mbn kz´-amb H `mj-Xs¶ AhÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶p. CXn-eqsS \ne-\n¡p¶ apJy-[mcm Fgp-¯nse taÂt¡mbva XIÀ¶p hog-W-sa¶ IrXy-amb cmjv{Sobe£yw Cu Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-IÄ¡p­v. CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯mWv kmdm-tPm-k-^nsâ Cu IYbpw hmbn-t¡-­-Xv. kmdm-tPm-k^ - nsâ IrXn-IÄ:þ {][m\ IYm-ka - m-lm-c-§Ä:--þ a\-knse Xo am{Xw, ]m]-¯-d, ImSnsâ kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bp-¶p, HSp-hn-es¯ kqcy-Im-´n, ImSnXp ImWm-tbm. cmam-bW - ¯ - nse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§f - mb XmS-I, koX, aWvtUm-Zcn XpS-§n-bh - sc tI{µoI-cn¨v cmam-bW - s¯ A]-\nÀan-s¨-gp-Xnb ImSnsâ kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bp¶p F¶nh Gsd {it²-ba - m-bh - b - m-Wv. {][m\ t\h-ep-IÄ:þ Aem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä, HX-¸v, amä-¯n, Du-Im-hÂ, BXn, Btfm-l-cn, B\µw

3.

]pXnb hmXn-ep-IÄ

þA-Iv_À I¡-«n ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-I-fn Xsâ-Xmb H Øm\w AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯nb Fgp¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv, AIv_À I¡-«nÂ. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n B[p-\nIX {]Øm\w {]_-eX-bmÀÖn¨v \n¶n-¶ Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv AIv_À I¡-«n Fgp-Xn-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. F¶m At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ ]cn-K-Wn-¨v I¡-«n-ensâ B[p-\nI IYm-Ir-¯p-Ifn DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bnà F¶v sI. ]n. i¦-cs\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸«n-«p-­v. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v Ipd¨p IqSn Abª N«-Iq-Sm-b-Xn-\m H ]t£ AXn DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-tª-¡p-sa¶p IqSn At±lw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. ihm-k-\-sa¶ IY-bn AIv_À I¡-«n C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p. ""ssZhw H IYm-Im-c\ - m-sW¶v arX-tZlw HmÀ¯p. H IY ]d-bm³ IY krjvSn-¨Xp t]mse bpàn `{Z-amtWm kwi-b-§Ä¡Xo XamtWm Fs¶m¶pw t\m«-an-Ã. ssZhw krjvSn-bn F{X-am{Xw kzX-{´-\mWv A\n-tj-²y\mWv'' CtX hmIy-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb kzmX{´yw, A¢n-jvT-X, A\n-tj-[yX F¶nh \ncq-]-IÀ FSp¯p Im«p-¶-Xv F¶m Cu hmIy§Ä¡nS-bn¯s¶ H ssh²yw Hfn-ªn-cn-¸p-­v. IYm-Ir¯v Xsâ krjvSn-bn kzX{´\pw A\n-tj-[y-\p-sa-¦nepw A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn F§s\ A\p-`-h-s¸Sp¶p F¶p-f-fXpw {][m\w Xs¶-b-sÃ. AIv_À I¡-«nensâ "A²ym-]I IY-IÄ' Gtd {]kn-²-am-Wv. X\n¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kv¡qfpw ]cn-k-chpw AhnSps¯ k¼-¶-amb A\p-`h - -§fpw \Àaw IeÀ¶ `mj-bn AhII

15

X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ [mcmfw A²ym-]I IY-IÄ At±-l-¯n-sâ-Xm-bn-«p-­v. AIv_À I¡-«nensâ A²ym-]I IY-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ImcqÀ \me-I-WvT-]n-f-f-bpsS A²ym-]I IY-I-fpambn tNÀ¯p sh¨p ]d-bm-\pf {]h-WX \ncq-]-I-cn-ep-­v. ss{]häv þ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifn Ipdª thX-\-¯n\v ]Wn-sb-Sp-t¡-­n-h¶ A²ym-]-I-sS Zmcn-{Z-¯nsâ IY-I-fmWv ImcqÀ ]d-bm³ {ian-¨n--¶s - X-¦n amdnb hyh-Øb - n i¼-fhpw kpc-£n-XX - z-hp-ap-ff A²ym]I hr¯n-bnse Agn-a-Xnbpw PoÀW-X-Ifpw sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp-ff amdnb at\m-`m-hhpw t\cnb \Àaw IeÀ¯n-]-d-bm-\mWv I¡-«n {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. "A§m-Sn-\n-e-hm-cw, GUvam-jv, ]cn-an-XnIÄ, ]yq¬ _mte-«³, kv¡qÄ Ubdn XpS-§nbh CXn NneXv am{Xw. t\À¯ \À½w IeÀ¯n-bp-ff IY-]-d-¨n coXn-bmWv At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. Pohn-X¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ, ssh-²y-§Ä, I]-S-\m-Sy-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbpw At±lw Xpd¶p Im«m³ {ian-¨n-«p-­v. aäv ka-Im-enI Fgp¯vImsc t]se¯s¶ Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ \mSpw \m«p-Imw At±-l-¯nsâ IY-IÄ¡v hnj-b-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-«p-­v. \mS³ coXn-bn IY-]-dbm-\p-ff At±-l-¯nsâ coXnsb ]e hnaÀi-I\pw ÇmLn-¡p-¶p-­v. Abp-àn-I-Xbpw, {`am-ß-I-Xbpw At±-l-¯nsâ Nne-I-Y-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. hnhn[ kml-N-cy-§-fn \n¶p-ff hyXvIn-IÄ ac-W-¯n-te¡v H ap¶-dn-bn¸pw IqSmsX IS¶p sNÃp¶ "Bdmw Imew' F¶ IY CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. s]mXp-ioÀj-I-§-fmbn IY-Isf {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ BJym-\-co-Xnbpw At±lw kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-­v. t]mfn§v tÌj-s\¶ s]mXp-ioÀj-I-¯n\v Iogn NnÓ-¯nsâ hen-¸w, If-f-thm-«v, {^o F¶o sNdp-ioÀj-I§Ä {Ia-s¸-Sp¯n Fgp-Xnb IY CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ck-I-c-amb IYm-ioÀj-I-§fmWv asäm {]tXy-I-X. "Ipªn-¸m-¯p½ t]mb hgn, C\n \ap¡v djo-Z-sb-Ip-dn¨v kwkmcn-¡mw, InW-än hoW ]q¨sb F§s\ Ib-ämw, hS-I-c-bn \n¶pw ]p\-¯n Ipª_vZp-ff hnfn-¡p¶p' XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-W-§Ä. ]pXnb Ime-¯nsâ AXn-Po-h-\ X{´§-fmWv AIv_À I¡-«n Xsâ "]pXnb hmXnep-IÄ F¶ IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ aäv Nne IY-I-fnteXvt]mse Abp-àn-I-sa¶p tXm¶n-¸n-¡m-hp¶ H {`am-ßI A´-co£w Cu IYsb hebw sNbvXv \n¡p-¶p­v. UnPn-ä bpK-¯nsâ krjvSn-bmb I¼yq-«dpw CâÀs\äpw tkmjy aoUn-bbpw FÃmw tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ ]pXnb temI-{I-a-s¯bpw AXv Pohn-X¯n-ep-­m-Ip¶ Zqc-hym-]-Ia - mb kzm[o-\t- ¯bpw Ipdn¨v ae-bm-f-¯n Ct¸mÄ [mcmfw IYIÄ D­mbn h-¶p-­v. Chsb ssk_À IY-Is - f-¶mWv s]mXpsh hnfn-¡m-dp-ff - X - v. tkXp, N{µ-a-Xn, Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h, XpS§n ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse ka-Im-en-I-cmb ]e Fgp-¯pImw C¯cw ssk_À IY-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-­v. A§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ HmÀ¡q«pw I¼yq-«dpw UnPn-ä sIWnbpw {][m\ Øm\-¯pw- Nnet¸mÄ {]XnØm-\¯pw h¶ "]pXnb hmXn-epIÄ' B hIp-¸nÂs]Sp-¯m-hp-¶X - m-Wv. HmÀ¡q-«n Nmäv sNbvXv XfÀ¶p-d-§p¶ d\n-X, H ]p-jsâ tXm¡n³ ap\-bn-te¡mWv DWÀs¶-gp-t¶Â¡p¶Xv. `h-\-t`-Z-\hpw, _emÂkw-K-hp-amWv Xsâ Dt±-i-sa¶v Xpd¶v ]d-bp¶ B If-f\pw AXns\ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn DÄs¡m­p {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶ s]¬Ip«nbpw ]pXnb Ime-¯nsâ s]-amäX{´-am-bn-«mWv IYm-Ir¯v ImWp-¶-Xv. `h-\-t`-Z\w _emÂkwKw XpS-§n-bh A{X-ta kzm`m-hn-I-amb H kaq-l-amWv \½psSsX¶pw IYmII

16

Ir¯v Dt±-in-¡p-¶X - v. HSp-hn Xm³ Xs¶ \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp¯ UnPn-ä sIWn-bn-eqsS If-fs\ Imdn ]q«n-bn-«p-sh¶v s]¬Ip-«n-bpw A\p-hm-Nw Biz-kn-¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS UnPnä ]cn-Úm\w ChnsS D]-Im-ca - m-Ip-¶p. F¶m Cu [mc-W-Isf XInSw adn¨v sIm­m-Wv I-Y-bn "SznÌv' D­m-Ip-¶-Xv. sNdp-¸-¡m-c³ kpJ-ambn CXns\ t`Zn¨v ]pd¯v hcn-Ibpw Ahsf s]m¡n-sb-Sp¯v ASp¯ hmXn-en-\S- p-t¯¡v sNÃp-¶n-S-¯mWv IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶Xv. ChnsS hyh-Øm-]n-Xa - mb coXn ]p\:Øm]n-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p. I¼yq-«-tdm, UnPn-ä kmt¦-XnI hnZytbm H s]¬Ip-«nsb Häbv¡v \nÀ¡p-hm³ {]m]vXb - m-¡nà F¶pw AXns\ t`Zn-¡m³ ssPho-Ia - mb iàn-tbmsS H ]p-j\v km[n¡pw F¶p-ap-ff ]gb Nn´ Xs¶-btà IYmIr¯v ]I--¶Xv F¶v kwi-bn-t¡-­n-bn--¡p-¶p. ssk_À temI-¯nsâ ambn-I-X-Isf Ipdn¨v IY-]-d-bp¶ At±lw IY ]d-¨n coXn-bpepw ssk_À `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ a\:]qÀÆw {ian-¡p-¶p-­v. DZm:-þ Abm-fpsS I®p-IÄ Ah-fpsS ico-c-¯nsâ HSn-hp-I-fn-te¡pw hSn-hp-I-fn-te¡pw "U_vÄ¢n¡v' sNbvXp-sIm-­n--¶p. IqSmsX IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X-§-fmb d\n-Xbpw If-f-\p-saÃmw H shÀNz dnbm-enän am{X-amtWm F¶v A\p-hm-N-Iscs¡m­v tXm¶n-¸n-¡p¶ H BJym\ X{´w IYm-Ir¯v kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p-­v. C¶v Ime-lc - W - s - ¸«v t]mb HmÀ¡q«v AXnse kmt¦-Xn-I] - Z- § - f - mb "dnIzÌv' "kv{Im¸v' XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw IYm-Ir¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-­v. A\p-Zn\w A]vtUäv sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ \ham-[y-a-tem-I¯v C¯cw Ime-l-c-W-§Ä kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Chsb A[n-I-cn¨v IY cNn-¡pt¼mÄ hfsc {i²n-t¡-­-Xp-­v. IY ]n¶oSv hmbn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-¦n A\p-hm-NI\v ck-\ob-am-Ip¶ Ft´m NneXv IqSn IXn shbvt¡-­X - p-­v. AsÃ-¦n Ime-lc - W - s - ¸«v t]mIp¶ HmÀ¡q«vt]msebp-ff k¦Â¸-§-tfm-sSm¸w C¯cw IY-Ifpw t]mbva-dbpw.

II

17

samUyqÄ-þ3 \mSIw e¦m-e£van {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ

aS-hqÀ.-Fk - v.-\o-eI - WvT]n-f-fb - p-sSbpw ]c-hqÀ am[-hn-¡p«n A½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1928þ BWv {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ P\n-¨-Xv. hnZ-ymÀYn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ k-zm-X-{´-y-k-a-c¯n BIr-jvS-\mb At±lw 1948-þ AJn-te-´ym hnZ-ymÀYn tIm¬{K-Ênsâ {]kn-U-­mbn. tZi-_Ôp hmcn-I-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-`q-j-W-¯n-tâbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-¶p. A¼-Xp-I-fnemWv At±lw \mS-I-c-N\ Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§sf {]l-\-k-z-`m-h-ap-f-f-h, kmaq-ln-I-\m-S-I-§Ä, cmam-b-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-f-f-h, X\Xp \mSIw F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ hn`m-K-§-fm-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A¶s¯ ae-bmf \mS-I-§Ä¡v `mc-X-¯n-tâtbm tIcf-¯n-tâtbm a®n th-I-fn-söv a\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lw Xsâ \mS-I§ - -fn \mtSm-I-em]m-c-¼-cyw IqSn k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨p. Cusbm e£-y-t¯msS At±lw cNn¨ \mS-IamWv ‘Ien’. Ah-X-cWw e£-y-am-¡n-bmWv At±lw \mS-I-c-N-\-bn-teÀs¸-«-sX-¦nepw Ahbnse Imh-ym-ßI kw`m-j-W-§Ä DbÀ¶ kmln-X-ya - q-e-y-§Ä DÄs¡m-f-fp-¶-h-bm-Wv. cmam-b-W-\m-S-I-{Xn-Xbw F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Im©-\-koX, kmtI-Xw, e¦me£van F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ ae-bmf \mS-I-km-ln-X-y-¯n Nnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-b-Xv. 1961-þ Im©-\-ko-Xbpw 1975-þ kmtI-Xhpw 1976-þ e¦m-e-£vanbpw ]pd-¯p-h¶p. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf D]-Po-hn-¨p-­mb kmln-X-y-IrXnIfn-e-[n-Ihpw Imev]-\n-I-XbpsS AXn-`m-hp-I-X-z-ap-f-f-h-bm-bn--¶p. ]n¡m-e¯v Fw.-Sn.bpw amcmw ]n.sI _me-IrjvW-\p-sams¡ CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡v am\p-jn-I-`mhw \ÂIn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-­mbn. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ C¯cw IYm-]m-{X-§sf AXp-e-y-]-cm-{I-an-I-fmbn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶tXm-sSm¸w am\p-jn-I-amb ZuÀ_-e-y-§Ä DNn-X-ambn Ah-cn hnf-¡n-t¨À¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-Im-c³amÀ Ah-K-W-¨-sX¶v tXm¶n-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS at\m-KX-§fpw `mh-§-fp-amWv {ioI-WvT³ \mb-sS \mS-I-§Ä¡v angn-th-Ip-¶-Xv. {SmPnIv k¦ev]-§-fpsS ]qÀ®-X-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bpsS apJ-y-k-hn-ti-j-X. ]qÀhm¦w e¦-bpsS {]th-i\ tKm]p-c-amWv cwKw. cm{Xn H cm£-kn-bpsS cq]w Ah-y-àambn ImWmw. C-fn-eqsS l\p-am³ IS-¶p-h--¶p. l\p-amsâ {]l-c-taäv cm£kn \new ]Xn-¡p-¶p. hoWn-S¯v \n¶v Fgp-t¶Â¡p¶ cm£-kn¡v kpµ-chpw Znh-y-hp-amb tZh-Xmcq]w ssIh--¶p. {_Òm-hnsâ im]-ta-ä-Xp-sIm-­mWv tZh-X-bmb X\n¡v cm£-kn-bpsS cq]w ssIh¶v e¦-bpsS Imh-em-fmbn \nÂt¡-­n-h-¶Xv F¶pw, e¦m-e£van l\p-ams\ II

18

[cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. l\p-amsâ {]l-c-¯m X\n¡v im]-tam£w e`n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw e¦me£van l\p-ams\ [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. l\p-am³ koXm-]l - c - W IYbpw Xsâ ZuX-yhpw hnh-cn-¡p¶p. l\p-am\v th­ \nÀt±-i§ - fpw ap¶-dn-bn-¸p-If - pw \ÂIn ‘H bpK-kÔ - n¡v \nan-¯a - mWv \o’sb¶v HmÀ½n-¸n¨p sIm­v e¦m-e£van \µn-]qÀhw bm{X-bm-Ip-¶p. e¦-bpsS sFi-z-c-y-amWv e¦m-e-£van. e¦ Akp-c-cm-P-[m-\n-bm-sW-¦nepw tZh-X-bmb e£van AhnsS A[n-h-kn-¡p-¶p. H thf e¦m-e£van e¦-hn-s«m-gn-bp-¶-tXmsS e¦-bpsS aIp-S-§-fn B]-¯nsâ Idp¯ taL-§Ä D­p IqSp-¶p. AXn \n¶mWv e¦m-e£van-bnse \mS-I-_oPw apf-s]m-«p-¶-Xv. H¶m-a¦w cmh-Wsâ k`m-a-WvU-]-amWv cwKw. cmh-Wsâ amXp-e-cmb hr²-\mb hncq-]m-£\pw a[-yh - b - k - vI\ - mb kp]mÀviz- \ - pw, cmhW ktlm-Zc - ³ Ipw`-IÀWsâ ]p{X³ \nIpw-`³ (a-{´n), cmh-W-]p-{X³ C{µ-Pn-¯v, bphm-hmb AXn-Im-b³ F¶n-h-sS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv H¶m-a¦w hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. e¦ ]Sp Ing-hn-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v C{µ-Pn¯v Xpd-¶-Sn¡p-¶p. aq¶p-tem-Ihpw Pbn¨ cmh-Wsâ sIm«m-c-¯n H Im«p-Ip-c§v (l-\p-am³) \S¯nb ]cm-{I-a-§-fn A£-a-\mWv AXn-Im-b³. \nIpw-`\pw l\p-amsâ ]cm-{I-as¯ \nÊmc-ambn Ah-KW - n-¡p-¶n-Ã. cmh-Wsâ {]Xm-]I - m-es¯ AP-¿X - b - p-sSbpw sFi-zc - y- ¯ - n-sâbpw HmÀ½-If - n A`n-ca - n-¡p¶ hr²-\mb hncq-]m-£³ l\p-amsâ B{I-aW - s¯ Imc-y-am-¡p-¶nÃ. AXns\ A{X Kuc-h-¯n FSp-t¡-­-Xnà F¶mWv hncq-]m-£³ C{µ-Pn-¯m-Zn- bp-hm¡sf D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xv. ]­v kÀh-tem-Ihpw Iog-S¡n cmh-W\pw Iq«w e¦-bn-se-¯n-bt¸mÄ A´-¯-ch - Ä Ipw`o-\k - nsb a[p-sh¶ cm£-k³ X«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-bXpw cm£-kI - p-e¯nÂs¸-«X - p-sIm-­p-am{Xw a[p-hn\v cmh-W³ am¸v \ÂIn-bXpw hncq-]m-£³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. cmhW\v kz´w hwi-t¯m-Sp-ff {]Xn-]¯n IYm-cw-`¯ - n Xs¶ CXn-eqsS \mS-I-Ir¯v kqNn-¸n¡p-¶p. ‘Dä-hÀ¡p-th­n F´p hn«p-ho-gvNbpw cmPmhv sN¿pw’ F¶v C{µ-Pn¯v hne-bn-¯p-¶p. Ipw`o-\k - nsb X«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-bX - p-t]mse \nÊm-ca - à e¦ Np«p-s]m-Sn¨ l\p-amsâ hcsh¶v \nIpw-`³ ho­pw ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p. ‘‘ZqXsâ (l-\p-am³) hn-Xp-sIm-­q-ln¡mw i{Xp-hnsâ _ew’’ F¶mWv \nIpw-`sâ A`n-{]m-bw. kp]mÀi-zsâ A`n-{]m-bhpw adn-¨-Ã. Xpd-¶p-]d- ªv ‘Aip-`¯ - nsâ Icn-\n-gÂ’ cmh-Ws\ t_m[ys¸Sp-¯W - s - a¶v At±lw aäp-ff - hsc D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ssIIkn ]p{X-\mb cmh-W³ e¦ hos­-Sp¯v hwis¯ c£n-¨-t¸mÄ XpW-bmbn \n¶ B HmÀ½-I-fpsS hoc-y-¯n Ct¸mgpw Ign-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ hncq-]m-£\v e¦bv¡v Aip`w h-¶p-sh¶v kp]mÀi-z³ ]d-ªXv kln-¡m-\m-Ip-¶n-Ã. Bw B{I-an-¡m³ ss[cyw ImWn-¡m¯ e¦bv¡p t\sc Nnd-sI-«p¶ cma³ CjvS-]-Xv\nsb hos­-Sp-¡m-\p-ff t]mcn\mWv H-§p-¶-sX¶pw AXn\v GsXm--h-t\bpw t]mse cma\pw Cc-«n-_-e-ap-­m-bn-cn-¡psa¶pw kp]mÀi-z³ ]d-bp-¶p. _men-h[w cmasâ iàn-¡p-ff sXfn-hm-sW¶pw \mw DWÀ¶p-X-s¶-bn-cn-¡W - -sa¶pw \nIpw-`³ ]d-bp-¶p. bp²-X{´w \ho-Ic - n-¡-W-sa¶v Dd-¨-kz-c¯ - n C{µ-Pn¯pw {]Xn-Ic - n-¡p-¶p. CXv tI«p-sIm-­p-hc - p¶ ]S-\m-bI - ³ {]l-kvX³ (cm-hWsâ asäm A½m-h³) C¡m-cyw AÑ-t\mSv t\cn«p Xs¶ ]d-bm³ cmh-W] - p-{X-t\mSv D]-tZin-¡p-¶p. e¦-bpsS Bbp[ hoc-y-¯nepw cm£-k-ho-c-y-¯nepw Bß-hn-i-zmkw Gsd-bp-ff {]l-kvX³ cmasâ a¬Nn-dsb IÂNn-d-sI«n {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. cmasâ a¬NnII

19

dsb Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ C{µ-Pn¯v H-¡-am-bn--¶n-Ã. A\p-Iq-e-Øm-\¯v sI«n-bm a¬Nnd Xs¶ e¦bv¡v `oj-Wn-bmIpw F¶m-bn-¶p C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-bw. bp²-X{- ´-s¯-¸ä- n-bp-ff NÀ¨bv¡v X¿m-dm-hp¶ {]l-kvXs\ bp²-X{´w t]mse {][m\-amWv e£-yi - p-²nbpw F¶v kp]mÀi-z³ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. A\-ysâ `mc-yb - v¡p-th-­n-bpff bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ `qj-W-amIpw F¶ kp]mÀizsâ tNmZy-¯n-\p-ap-¶n BZyw Ghw ]I-bv-¡p-¶p. {ItaW `n¶-{]-Xn-I-c-W-§-fmbn AXv amdp-¶p. bp²w H ioe-am-Wv. ImcWw CÃ. ImcWw Ah-iy-hp-anà F¶m-bn-¶p {]l-kvXsâ \ne-]m-Sv. Imc-Wh - ³amw t]c-¡n-Sm-§fpw AS-§nb Cu k`-bn kv{Xo A]-l-cWw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xv \¶Ã F¶mbn AXn-Im-b³. AXn-Im-bsâ A½ A]vk-c-Êmb [\y-am-enbpw A]-l-cn-¡-s¸-«-h-fm-sW¶pw Ah-fpS aI-\mb AXn-Im-b³ aWvtUm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-s\m-¸w- bm-tXm Ipd-hp-an-ÃmsX Cc-«s]ä Ipªp-§s - f-t¸m-se-bmWv hfÀ¶-sX¶pw hncq-]m-£³ Nq­n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. aWvtUm-Zcnsbt¸mse amenbpw e¦bv¡v Ag-Im-Wv. sI«n-e-½-amsc Ipdn-¨p-ff Cu NÀ¨-IÄ C{µ-Pn¯ns\ Akz-Ø-\m-¡p-¶p. AgIv FhnsS I­mepw Ic-p¯metbm AÃm-sXtbm ssIsImf-fp-¶Xv cm£-k[ - À½-amWv F¶-Xm-bn--¶p \nIpw-`sâ \ne-]m-Sv. Ag-Ip-ff kv{XoIsf A]l-cn-¡Â hwi-hn-I-k-\-¯n-\p-ff t]mwh-gnbpw [À½-hp-am-sW¶v hncq-]m-£³ IqSn-tNÀ¡p¶p. hnI-k\ - -¯n-tâbpw hn\m-i¯ - n-tâbpw _oPw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶ adp-]Sn aäp-ff - h - À¡v Ffp¸w Zln-¨n-Ã. A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« b£-In-¶-c,-tZh, am\h PmXn-¡m-cmb s]¬In-Sm-§Ä e¦-bn s]-In-bm AXv hwi-k¦ - -c-¯n\v CS-bm-¡p-sa¶pw cm£-kh - w-i¯ - n\v ip²nbpw hocyhpw Ipd-ªv ]pXnsbm k¦-c-hwiw DS-se-Sp-¡p-sa-¶m-bn---¶p kp]mÀiz³ Dt±-in-¨X - v. henb Imc-Wh - ³am-sS þ amey-hm³, kpam-en, amen þ A½ KÔÀÆ-kv{Xo-bm-bn--¶p. Xsâ AÑ-\mb cmh-W³t]mepw k¦-ca - mWv F¶v C{µ-Pn¯v Nq­n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. Ag-Ip-ff ]pjs\ tXSnb iqÀ¸-W-J-tbmSv e£va-W³ sNbvX {Iqc-Xbv¡v ]Icw tNmZn-¡m³ sN¶ Jc±q-j-W-{Xn-in-cm-¡Ä sImÃ-s¸-«-Xnsâ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bmWv cmh-W³ koXsb A]-l-cn-¨-sX¶v {]l-kvX³ \ymbw Is­-¯p-¶p. Cu NÀ¨-IÄ¡n-sS-bmWv k`-bn-te¡v cmh-W³ {]th-in-¡p-¶X - v. D]-h\ - ¯ - n ]mÀ¸n¨n-cn-¡p¶ cma-]-Xv\nsb sImÃ-W-sa¶ \nÀt±iw {]l-kvX³ apt¶m-«p-sh¨ \nanjw AXn`o-I-c-amb i_vZ-t¯msS e¦-bpsS Xmgn-I-¡pSw HSnªp hoWp. cmh-W³ ]t£ Ipep-§p¶n-Ã. abs\ h¯n \ne-hn-ep-­m-bn--¶-Xnepw A[nIw Db-c-ap-ff Xmgn-I-¡psS kzÀ®¯n Xs¶ \nÀ½n-¡m³ cmh-W³ D¯-c-hn-Sp-¶p. hnjvWp-hnsâ Ah-Xm-c-amWv cma³ F¶ A`yqlw Cu Ah-k-c-¯n hncq-]m-£³ cmh-Wsâ {i²-bn s]Sp-¯p-¶p. ]­v a-¯sâ bmK-im-e-bn k¶n-ln-X-cm-bn-¶ C{µ³, ba³, h-W³, ssh{i-h-W\³ apX-em-b-hÀ Xm³ Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-b-X-dnªv thjw amdn HmSn-c-£-s¸« IY-tbmÀ¯v cmh-W³ Nncn-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ shÃm³ hnjvWp t]mepw aSn¨p\n-¶Xv cmh-W³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. cmasâ apt¶-ä-¯nsâ ØnXn-b-dn-bm³ hn`o-j-Ws\ h-¯m³ cmh-W³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. hm\cssk\yw IS¨n-ds - I«n C¡-sc-sb-¯n-bX - mbn {]l-kvX³ kqNn-¸n-¨p. Nmc-\mb imÀ±q-e³ cma-ssk-\y-¯nsâ \nP-Øn-Xn-sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. hnÔym-New sXm«v sXt¡m-«p-ff hm\-c-ssk\yw apgp-h³ DÄs¸« kp{Ko-hsâ \mb-I-Xz-¯n-ep-ff ]S hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. t]mÀ¨«bpw an¶-en-f-¡p¶ hnÃpw [cn¨ cma-e-£va-W³amÀ kqcy-s\-t¸mse I®-©n-¸n-¡pII

20

¶p. Ah-sS ]¡Â \nc-h[n Znhym-bp-[-§Ä D­v. Ch-äsb t\cn-Sm³ D]m-b-an-Ãm-ªn«mtWm koXsb sImÃm-\p-ff A`n-{]mbw Iq«-¯n \n¶p-bÀ¶-sX¶v cmh-W³ ]pÑ-t¯msS tNmZn-¨p. C{µ-Pn-¯mWv B A`n-{]mbw D¶bn¨-sX-¶d- n-ªt- ¸mÄ "]q¼mäsb Igp-¯n-dp¡n sImÃp-Ib - m-WtÃm Ip«n-IÄ¡v IuXpIw' F¶mbn-¶p cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. e¦-bpsS ]S \c-¨p-t]m-sb¶pw bp²-X{´w \ho-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶p-ap-ff C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ A`n-{]mbw {]l-kvX\pw hncq-]m-£\pw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ koXsb inc-ivtOZw sNbvXv cmae-£vaW - ³amÀ¡p-ap-¼n sh¨m AhÀ AkvXh - o-cy-cmbn ]Xn-¡p-sa¶pw bp²w Ac-£Ww sIm­-h-km-\n-¡p-sa¶pw C{µ-Pn-¯v ho­pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. koXm-\n-{Klw cma-e-£vaW³am-sS hocyw Cc-«n-¸n-¡m-\mWv km[y-X-sb¶pw koXsb Xncn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bmWv th­Xv F¶pw kp]mÀiz³ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. koXsb I¸w sImSp¯v cmh-W³ cmasâ kma-´-\m-I-W-sa-¶mtWm ]dªp h¶-sX¶v hncq-]m-£³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-ff cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-cWw Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ aÀ½-am-Wv. koXm-]-l-cWw F¶ Ipäw sN¿p¶ cmh-Ws\ B Ipä-¯n \n¶p-]-cn-bmbn ImWm³ \s½ t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-Ir-¯nsâ D]m[n cmh-Wsâ \ymbo-I-c-W-¯n³ ImWmw. ""aqhp-e-I-§-fn Aaq-ey-ambn GsXm-¶p-t­m, AXv e¦-bn-ep-­m-h-Ww. tPjvT³ ssh{i-hW - sâ ]pjv]Iw \mw A]-l-cn-¨X - v, B Znhy-hm-l\w e¦-bp-tS-Xm-hm-\mWv. {_Òmhnsâ t]mÀ¨« e¦m-[n-]-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv. kZm-in-hsâ N{µ-lmkw e¦-bpsS Bbp-[-¸p-cbv¡v Ae-¦m-cw. Ht¶ e¦bv¡v CÃm-Xp-f-fq þ Ima-t[-\p. hW temI-¯p-sh¨v \mw I­p, hnfn-¨p, h¶n-Ã. k½-X-an-ÃmsX h¶mepw ^e-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ, \mw _em sIm­p-h-¶nÃ. asäÃmw e¦-bv¡p-­v. kakvX kuµ-cy-§fpw ku`m-Ky-§fpw k¼Â{]u-Un-Ifpw koXbpw e¦-bv¡p-Xs¶ thWw. kv{XoPn-X-\à {ioPn-X-\mWv cmh-W³. {ioXzw hnf-§p¶ FÃmw cmh-W³ t\Spw. e¦bv¡v AXv Ae-¦m-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. cm£-k-hw-i-¯n\v CuSp-hbv]m-bn-cn-¡pw''. ]n¶oSv hn`o-j-W\pw cmh-W\pw X½n-ep-ff kwhmZw H¶m-a-¦-¯nse Gähpw {][m\-s¸« `mK-amWv. cmh-W-amÀKhpw hn`o-j-W-amÀKhpw X½n-ep-ff Gäp-ap-«Â IYm-K-Xn¡v IqSp-X angn-th-Ip-¶p. cma-]-£s¯ t\cn-Sm³ e¦-bpsS _ew t]mcmsX hw F¶v hn`o-j-W³ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. F¶m cmh-W\v e¦-bpsS _e-¯nepw Xsâ AP-¿X-bpepw kwi-ba - p-­m-bn--¶p-Ã. koXsb hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Xs¶-bmWv kp]mÀiz-s\-t¸mse hn`o-j-W-sâbpw [Àt½m]-tZ-iw. F¶m t\Sn-b-sXm¶pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-f-f-Xà F¶mbn-¶p cmh-W-sâ- \n-e-]mSv. Xsâ PohnXw t\«-§-fp-tSXv am{X-am-bn--¶p-sh¶v cmh-W³ ]dªpd-¸n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ t\«-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff cmh-Wsâ `mjWw Bß-kvXp-Xn-bmbn Np§p-¶n-Ã. AXnse hwtim-²m-cW XmÂ]cyw kz´w hwi-t¯m-Sp-ff kvt\lhpw cmh-W\n kzmÀYX ImWm-\p-ff Bkzm-Z-I-sS {ia-§sf \nÀho-cy-am-¡p-¶p. cmas\ t\cn-Sm³ X\n¡v iàn-bn-söpw koXsb hn«p-sIm-Sp-¯m GXm-Úbpw Xm³ kzoI-cn-¡m-sa¶pw hn`o-j-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXy-s¯-¡­ - m Cfn-¡p¶ cmj-k-Iq-«hpw s]mXn acn-¡m-\p-ff BZÀi§fmbn X\n¡v tXm¶p-¶n-söv hn`o-j-W³ Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS \n¶m A{]n-b-amb BÚ-IÄ kzoI-cn-t¡­n hII

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sa-¶X - p-sIm­v Xm³ e¦hnSp-¶p-sh¶v hn`o-j-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmPy-tamlw sIm­mWv hn`oj-W³ cma-]£w tN-¶s - X¶v {]l-kvX³ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. hn`o-jW - \v Imcm-{Klw \ÂIm³ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. kzP-\-§-fpsS c£-I-\mb Xm³ Ahsc in£n-¡m-\p-ff I¯v C\nbpw t\Sn-bn-«n-söv ]d-bp¶ cmh-W³ hn`o-j-Ws\ t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p. cmh-Wsâ kzP-\kvt\lw Xs¶-bmWv Chn-sSbpw {]I-Sa - m-Ip-¶X - v.

A¦w c­v cmh-Wsâ k`maWvU-]-¯n hncq-]m-£\pw kp]mÀiz\pw X½n-ep-ff kw`m-j-W¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv c­mw A¦w XpS-§p-¶-Xv. [p{am-£\pw {]l-kvX\pw bp²-¯n h[n-¡s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. CX-dnª kp]mÀiz³ Zp:JnX\pw hncq-]m-£³ A£-a-\p-ambn ImW-s¸-Sp¶p. hr²-\m-sW-¦nepw Xm³ tijn-sI-«-h-\-söpw cmPmRvP [n¡-cn¨pw Xm³ ]Sn-bn-d-§psa¶pw hncq-]m-£³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. e¦-bpsS XIÀ¨ ap³Iq«n I­ kp]mÀiz³ ac-W¯nsâ {Kojvaw e¦-bn hoin-Ig- n-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p. Zp:JnX-\mb kp]mÀizs\ Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ hncq-]m-£³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ac-W-s¸« ]S-\m-b-I³ {]l-kvXsâ hnÃpw XpWo-c-hp-ambn AXn-Im-b³ {]th-in-¡p¶p. acW ka-b¯v {]l-kvX³ ]d-ª-X-\p-k-cn¨v hnÃpw XpWo-chpw {]l-kvXsâ tPyjvS\mb kp]mÀiz\p \ÂIp-¶p. Imän Ce-I-sf-t¸mse e¦-bpsS ]X\w H-an-¨m-sW¶v ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xosc CÃmsX kp]mÀiz³ ]d-bp-¶p. ImcWw cmPm-hnsâ ]mÀiz-§fn s]m-Xn-bn-¶ Xe-apd Ah-km-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. hncq-]m-£³ hr²-\m-Wv. Xm³ t]mcmSm³ Ign-hn-Ãm-¯-h\pw i{Xp-]£w tNÀ¶v cmh-Wsâ t\À¡v ]«kw Npgänb hn`o-jWs\¡pdn¨v AXn-Im-b³ ]pO-t¯m-sS-bmWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]S-bn N¯-hÀ ho­pw Pohn-¡p-¶-XmWv Ct¸mÄ cmh-W-ssk-\y-¯n-\p-ff `oj-Wn. AXn\v cma-]-£s¯ klmbn-¡p¶ Znhyu-j[ - -§tfm Ah Xncn-¨d- n-bm-hp¶ sshZy-·mtcm e¦-bn-en-Ã. lna-h ]mÀiz¯n hf-¶ Ahsb cm£-k, am\-h, b£, hm\c PmXn-bnÂs¸-«-hÀ kao-]n-¨m Ah `qav¡Sn-bn Hfn-¡p-sa¶pw cmh-Ws\ I­m Ah Bß-\miw h-¯n-tb-¡p-sa¶pw kp]mÀiz³ ]d-bp¶p. cmh-W³ aq¶p temIhpw Iog-S-¡n-b-Xv Huj[-§-fpsS klm-b¯m-eà F¶v A£-a-\mb hncq-]m-£³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. hn`o-j-Ws\ i{Xp-]£ - t- ¯¡v t]mIm-\\ - p-hZ- n-¨-Xn C{µ-Pn¯pw AXn-Im-b\pw hncq]m-£\pw H-t]mse \ncm-i-cm-Wv. Bß-\m-i¯n\pff Bbp[w Adn-ªp-sIm­v Aѳ i{Xp-]-£-¯n\v k½m-\n-¨-Xm-sW¶v AXn-Im-b³ Ipä-s]-Sp-¯p-¶p. _men-sb-sIm¶v kp{Kohs\ Injn-In-Ô-bnse cmPm-hm-¡nb AtX X{´-amWv hn`o-j-Wsâ Imcy-¯n cma³ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v C{µ-Pn¯v \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. hn`o-j-W\v inc-tO-Z-amWv hn[n-t¡-­n-bn-¶-sX¶v hncq-]m--£³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. A´-:]p-c-¯n Ct¸mgpw Ign-bp¶ hn`o-jWsâ `mcy kc-ab -- psS Xe-bmWv AXn-\p-ff {]Xn-hn-[n-sb¶v C{µ-Pn¯v ]d-bp-¶p. cmÚn¸«w In\mhpw I­v A´:]pc-¯neqsS Cg-ªp-\-S-¡p¶ hnj-¸m-¼m-bmWv kc-asb C{µPn¯v ImWp-¶X - v. Cu Ah-kc - ¯ - n thZ-hX - n-bpsS kv{Xoaqew B]-¯p-­m-Ip-sa¶ im]w kp]mÀiz³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. hn`o-j-W³ HmÀ¡m-¸p-d¯v Xsâ t\À¡v ]«kw Fdn-ªXp I­v Nn´-bn-em­ cmh-W³ tXÀX-«n XfÀ¶v \n¡p-¶p-sh¶ hnhcw imÀ±q-e³ [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. C-Xp-tI« AXn-Im-b³ bp²-cw-Kt- ¯¡v HmSn-t¸m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v cmh-W³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. cm£-kh - oII

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cy-an-Ãm¯ IrI-emkw F¶v cmh-W³ hn`o-j-Ws\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. H hwis¯ \in-¸n¡m³ B hwi-¯nt\ Ignbq F¶pw hn`o-j-Wsâ XpW-bmWv cmasâ iàn-sb¶pw cmhW³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. FÃm-ht- cbpw ]d-ªb - ¨v cmh-W³ aWvtUm-Zc - n-bpsS ]cn-Nc - W - ¯ - n hn{i-an-¡p-¶p. A´:]pc-¯nse KqV-th-gvN-IÄ t]mepw Xt¶mSv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-am-bn--¶n«pw koXsb-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw ]d-ªn-ÃtÃm F¶v aWvtUm-Zcn Nq­n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX ]Xn-{h-X-bmsW¶pw Ahsf hn«-b-¨n-sÃ-¦n B]-¯p-h--sa¶v Xm³ `b-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw aWvtUm-Zcn Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Xos¸m-f-f-teäv ]nS-bp-t¼mÄ cmh-Wsâ A½bv¡pw CtX `bw D­m-bn-¶p. AXv cmh-W-s\- [-cn-¸n-¡m³ aWvtUm-Zcnsb AhÀ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn--¶p. Cu Ah-k-c-¯n cmh-Wsâ adp-]-Sn-bn \ncm-ibpw \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw \ng-en-¡p-¶p-­v. ""\mw kml-N-cy-§-fpsS XS-h-d-bn-emWv. C\n \mw koXsb hn«-b-¨m ]S-bn tXmäpsh-¶m-WÀ°w''. AXn-Im-bsâ ac-Wh - mÀ¯ Adn-bn-¨p-sIm­v kp]mÀiz³ IS-¶p-hc - p-¶p. cmh-W³ Zp:JnX\m-Ip-¶p. AXn-Im-bsâ A½ [\y-am-ensb Biz-kn-¸n-¡m-\mbn aWvtUm-Zc - n- [rXn-bn t]mIp¶p. Cu {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn cmhW\v Ipw`-IÀ®s\ DWÀt¯-­n-h--¶p. Xs¶ t\ct¯ DWÀ¯m-¯Xn Ipw`-IÀ®³ £p`n-X-\m-Ip-¶p. Xm³ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tPyjvT³ Bscbpw `b-t¡-­-Xn-söv {]Jym-]n¨v Ipw`-IÀ®³ bp²-cw-Kt- ¯¡v bm{X-bm-Ip¶p. Cu ka-b¯v kp]m-iz-\p-am-bp-ff cmh-Wsâ kwhmZw Xsâ PohnXw ]mgvsN-eh - m-bn-t¸m-bn-t¶m F¶ Bß ]cn-tim-[-\bv¡v At±-ls¯ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ipw`-IÀ®h[-t¯msS Xm³ IqSpX GI-\mbn F¶ t_m[w cmh-Ws\ _m[n-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v bp²w \bn¨v C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ anI-hn hnP-b-In-cWw cmh-W³ kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. ap¶pw ]n¶pw CShpw hehpw t\m¡n s]m-Xm³ C{µ-Pn-¯ns\ A\p-{K-ln¨v bm{X-bm-¡p-¶p.

A¦w aq¶v C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ t]mcm-«hpw hncq-]m-£sâ bp²-{]-th-ihpw ]cm-{I-a\pw kp]mÀiz\n \n¶-dnª cmh-W³ kt´m-jn-¡p-¶p. F¶m e¦-bpsS Xmgn-I-¡pSw ]p\À\nÀ½n¡m³ {]m]vXn-bp-ff inev]n-IÄ H¶-S¦w ]S-bn HSp§n F¶-dn-bp-t¼mÄ "A{Xbv¡v iq\yamtbm e¦'? F¶m-bn-¶p cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Cu Ah-k-c-¯n-emWv amey-hm³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xv. bp²-¯n \n¶v cmh-Ws\ ]n³Xn-cn-¸n-¡m³ B htbm-[n-I³ BhXpw {ian-¡p-¶p. Xsâ hwi-¯nsâ DbÀ¨bpw ]XÀ¨bpw A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-ª-h-\mWv B Imc-W-hÀ. ame-hy-þ-cm-hW kwhm-Z-¯n cmj-khw-i-¯nsâ iànbpw ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä H-t]mse shfn-s¸-Sp-¶p. A[À½w Gsd sNbvXps]m-b-Xp-sIm­v aqhp-eIpw cmh-W\v \ndsb i{Xp-¡Ä Df-fXv amey-hm³ Nq­n-¡m-«p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ bp²-aà kÔn-bm-Wm-hi - y-sa¶ At±lw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ ac-W-t¯msS Xsâ ]X\w cmh-W³ ap³Iq«n ImWm³ XpS-§p-¶p. At±lw GXv \nan-jhpw IS-]p-gIn hogm-hp¶ h³a-c-ambn amdp-¶p. koXsb h[n-¡-Wsa¶ C{µ-Pn-¯nsâ \nÀt±iw HmÀ¯v cmh-W³ AXn\v apXn--t¼mÄ aWvtUm-Zcn hne-¡p¶p. iqÀ¸-W-J-bpsS amdnSw tOZn¨ cma-e-£va-W³am-sc-t¸mse Xcw-Xm-g--sX¶v aWvtUmZcn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. cmh-W\v t\«-§Ä \ndª PohnXw hnZq-c-amb H HmÀ½-bmbn A\p`-hs - ¸«v XpS-§p-¶p. Xncn-¨p-hc - h - n-\p-ff Ah-km\ {ia-sa¶ \nebv¡v \nIpw-`n-eb - nse tlmaw II

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XpS-cm³ aWvtUm-Zcn \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. tlmaw apS-§p-Ibpw aWvtUm-Zcn AwK-Z\ - m am\-`wK-¯n-\n-cb - m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶t- XmsS Xsâ Zpc´w ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶X - mbn cmh-W\v t_m[y-s¸-Sp¶p. ""\s½ i]n¨ s]®p-§f - psS \m¡p ^en-¨n--s¶-¦n Ft¶ \mw I_-Ô\ - mbn \S-¡p\m-bn-¶p'' F¶v im]s¯ Ah-K-Wn¨ cmh-W³ H ho­p-hn-Nm-c-¯n\v apXn--¶p. ameyhm³ ho­p-sa¯n [À½-]Xv\n aWvtUm-ZcnbpsS càw sIm­v Xne-I-a-Wn-bn¨v cmh-Ws\ bp²-¡-f-¯n-te¡v þ Bk-¶-amb Zpc-´-¯n-te¡v þ bm{X-bm-¡p-¶p. D¯-cm¦w ""ssiXyw IS-¶mepw ImWn-t\cw IqSn sabv InSp-§pw-t]mse hmXn¡ hnd-]q­p-\n¡p¶'' koX Aán-ip-²-bmb e¦sb Xsâ `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sh«n-Xn-f§p¶ DZ-b-¯nepw GtXm \oena tijn-¡p-¶Xv AhÄ Adn-bp-¶p. kÀthm-]cn Xm³ km£nbpw Imc-W-hp-am-bn--¶p-sh¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. e¦-bpsS Aán-]-co£ Ah-km-\ns¨-¦nepw koX-bpsS Aán-]-co£ _m¡n-bp-s­¶ kqN-\-tbm-sS-bmWv \mSIw Ah-km-\n¡p-¶-Xv. cmh-Wsâ Pohn-X-¯nse BËm-Z-§-tfbpw hnjm-Z-§-tfbpw cmh-Wsâ Xs¶ at\mhr-¯n-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v {ian-¨-Xv. \jvS-sa¶ hm¡p-t]mepw A{]nb-am-bn-¶ e¦-\m-Ysâ a\-Ên `uXn-I-kp-J-Pm-e-§Ä Akz-Ø-X-bn-te¡v Hgp-In-t¨-¶p-sh¶ kp]mÀizsâ hm¡p-IÄ Xd-¡p¶p. Xsâ PohnXw ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-t¶m F¶v At±lw kp]mÀiz-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p-­v. Iptd-¡qSn k¶n-Kv[X \ndª L«-¯n CtX tNmZyw atÞm-Z-cn-tbmSpw cmh-W³ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v. ZpxJ-`m-chpw t]dn im]-{K-kvXcmbn Ae-bp¶ a\p-jysâ Zpc-´-Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bn {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶X - v. kµÀ`hpw Bi-bhpw hni-Z-am-¡pI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

ZqX-sâ hn-Xp-sIm-­q-ln¡mw i{Xp-hnsâ _ew. ]c-Zm-c-§Ä¡p-th-­n-bpÅ bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ ip²n-bp-Å-Xm-hpw. hnIm-k-¯n-tâbpw hn\m-i¯ - n-tâbpw _oPw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-W-tÃm.AÑs\¡m-Wp¶ kt´mjw atÞm-Zc - n-bv¡pap­mh-s«. ]q¼m-äsb Igp-¯n-dp-¡n-sIm-Ãp-Ib - m-WtÃm Ip«n-IÄ¡v IuXp-Iw. AXp bp²-X-{´-a-Ã, X{´-bp-²-am-Wv. KXy-´-c-an-sÃ-¦n {]tbm-Kn-¡mw. koXsb Iev]w sImSp¯p kma-´-\m-IWw cmh-W³, AtÃ? AXv C{µn-b-tKm-N-ctam AtXm, A\y-I-ev]-\tbm? e¦-bv¡Xv Ae-¦m-c-am-Ipw, cm£-k-hw-i-¯n\v CuSp-h-bv]m-bn-cn-¡pw. \nXy-a-Ãm¯ P·-¯n AP-¿X AXnepw A\n-Xyw. cmPy-a{´w samgn-tb-­Xv Fsâ IS-ab - m-Wv. t\Sn-bs - Xm¶pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-ÅX - à - . \mb-Isâ Nn¯-ip²n A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS iàn-bm-Wv. A{]n-b-k-Xy-am-hp-t¼mÄ kzchpw ]-j-am-bn-tXm-¶pw. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXy-s¯-¡-­m Cfn-¡p¶ cm£-k-¡q-«hpw s]m-Xn-a-cn¡m-\pÅ BZÀi-§-fmbn F\n¡v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. Fsâ am\-ZÞw Rm³ emfn-¡p¶ X¯z-§-fm-Wv. AXm-sWsâ aqey-hpw. ]qPm-]pjv]w F\n¡pw sIme-t¨mc At§bv¡pw IqSp-X CW-§pw. II

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18. \mw kzP-\-§-fpsS c£-I-\mWv Ahsc in£n-¡m-\pÅ I¯v CXp-h-scbpw \mw t\Sn-bn-Ã. 19. ac-W-¯nsâ {Kojvaw e¦-bn hoin-¡-gn-ªp. 20. At¸mÄ Imän Ce-I-sf-t¸mse ]X\w H-an-¨m-Wv. 21. B cmPy-tam-lnsb ]e- Xp-­mbn No´n IS-en Fdn-tb-­-Xm-bn--¶p. 22. Bß-\m-i¯ - n-\pÅ Bbp[w Adn-ªp-sIm­v Aѳ i{Xp-hn\v k½m-\n-¨-Xm-Wv. 23. AtX X{´w e¦-bnepw {]tbm-Kn-¨-Xm-h-Ww. 24. cmPy-X{- ´hpw _ÔphmÕ-eyhpw c­m-sW¶v Adn-tb-­n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. 25. H bp²-¯nepw lrZy-amb Cu A\p-`hw D­m-bn-«n-Ã. 26. Ah³ B ]d-ªmepw tIÄ¡p-I-bn-Ã. 27. Ah-s\-¸än IqSp-X tI«m ka-\ne sXäpw. 28. \½psS PohnXw ]mgvsN-eh - m-bn-t¶m? 29. hniz-tP-Xm-hmb cmh-Wsâ ]Ip-Xn-bmWv ASÀ¶p ]Xn-¨-Xv. 30. A{Xbv¡v iq\y-amtbm e¦. 31. HcmÄ¡p asäm-cmÄ ImheÃ. At§bv¡p A§p-Xs¶ ImhÂ. A§-bpsS iànbpw A§p-Xs - ¶. 32. e¦-bvs¡-s´-¦nepw ip²n tijn-¡p-¶p-s­-¦n AXp `RvPn-¡p-I. D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI 1. 2.

H hyàn-bp-tS-sX-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ H hÀK-¯nsâ ]pcm-W-am-bn-«mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v e¦m-e-£vansb k¦-ev]n-¨n-«p-Å-Xvþ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. cmh-Wsâ kz`m-h-Nn-{XWw F{X-t¯mfw kq£va-am-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bn Ah-X-cn¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-sX¶v hne-bn--¯p-I.

II

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samUyqÄ-þ4 Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.sP. tdmkn tXmakv {]ikvX \mSIIr¯v kn. sP. tXma-kn-s\-¡p-dn¨v At±-l-¯nsâ kl-[À½nWn tdmkn tXmakv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv "Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.s-sP. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb H¶nt\mSpw s]m-¯s - ¸-SmsX A\o-Xn-It- fmSv \nc-´cw Ie-ln-¨p-sIm-­n-¶ H Iem-Im-c\ - m-bn¶p kn.-sP. F¶v Cu Poh-N-cn-{X-¯n tdmkn tXmakv HmÀ¡p-¶p. tdmkn tXma-knsâ ]nXmhv Fw.-]n. t]mfn-sâ tImtf-Pn Cw¥ojv A[ym-]I - -\mbn h¶t¸m-gmWv tdmkn BZy-ambn kn.sP sb ImWp-¶-Xv. saenªv Akm-[m-cW s]m¡hpw Ihnfn-te¡v Hen-¨n-d§ - p¶ IrXm-hp-ap-­m-bn-¶ kn.-sP.-bpsS apJ¯v sNdp-¸¡ - m-csâ {]k-cnt¸m kt´m-jtam D­m-bn--¶n-Ã. t]mÄkv tImtf-Pnse Ip«n-IÄ sNdp-¸-¡m-c-\mb kn.sP sb "sIm¨p-kmÀ' F¶m-bn-¶p hnfn-¨n--¶-Xv. H sIm¨p-Ip-«n-bpsS emL-ht- ¯msS kn.sP sb ImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy-Im-es - ¯m¶pw kn.-sP. H t{]a-_m-[b - mbn tdmknbn IS-¶p-Iq-Sn-bn--¶n-Ã. ]Xnsb kn.sP bpsS tdmkn-tbm-SpÅ kzmX-´yhpw A´-Êpä s]-am-ähpw tdmkn CjvSs - ¸-Sm³ XpS-§n. A¡m-e¯v kn.sP shdp-sX-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv A]qÀhamtb tdmkn I­n-«p-Åq. an¡-t¸mgpw Fgp-Xp-Itbm hmbn-¡p-Itbm Nn{Xw hc-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-Ib - m-hpw. F³.-_n.-Fk - nsâ IhÀNn-{X-§f - psS apgp-h³ Ip¯I A¶v kn.sP ¡mbn-¶p. kn.sP sb¡p-dn¨v aäpÅhÀ ]d-ªp-­m-¡nb H A]-hm-Z-¡Y tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. kn.sP bpsS Xs¶ IpSpw_¯nse H hn[-h-bpsS Ahn-ln-X-KÀ`-¯nsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw kn.sP bn NmÀ¯n i{Xp-¡Ä {]N-cn-¸n¨ IY tdmkn-bpsS sNhn-bnepw F¯n. C¯cw Ibv]pä A\p-`-h-§-fmWv Ømbn-bmb H hnjm-Zm-ß-IXzw At±-l-¯n \ng-en-¡m³ CSbm-bs - X¶v tdmkn \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. Cu kw`-h¯ - nsâ \nP-ØnXn Adn-ªX - n-\p-tijw tdmkn¡v \nc-]c - m-[n-bmb kn.sP tbmSpÅ kplr-Zv_Ô - hpw Kp-`à - nbpw IqSp-X BÀ{Z-am-bn. kn.sP tbmSv thZ\IeÀ¶ Ft´m H hnImcw tXm¶n¯pS-§n. sk]vXw-_À kvs]j ¢mkp-IÄ XoÀ¶tijw kn.sP tIm«-b-t¯¡v aS-§n. Xm³ BZy-ambn kn.-sP.bv¡v Ab¨ I¯n A£-c-§-fp-­m-bn--¶n-söv tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. H ]¨-¡p-Xn-csb \oe-¡-S-em-kn `wKnbmbn ]än-¨p-sh-¨-Xm-bn-¶p B I¯v. ]n¶oSv kn.-sP ho­pw N§-\m-tÈ-cn-bn-te¡v h¶-t¸mÄ an¡ kmbm-Ó§ - f - nepw Xsâ A\p-P-¯n-tbm-sSm¸w tdmkn kn.-sP- bpsS Xmh-f-amb AÅ-¸md kµÀin-¡m-dp-­m-bn-¶p. Nne Znh-k-§-fn ]{Xw hmbn-¡m\pw ]pkvX-I-sa-Sp-¡m-\p-ambn kn.sP tdmkn-bpsS ho«n sN-Ãpw. B kµÀi-\-§Ä¡n-sS-bmWv kn.sP bpsS Ie-i-emb s]bnânwKv {`aw tdmkn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶X - v. C-hc - p-tSbpw {]Wbw ho«n henb FXnÀ¸p-If - p-­m-¡n. kn.sP tbmSv henb aXn-¸p-­m-bn--¶n«pw Pmam-Xm-hmbn At±-ls¯ k¦-ev]n-¡m³ Fw.-]n. t]mfn\v Ign-ªn-Ã. hmÕ-ey-\n-[n-I-fmb Xsâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf Cu t{]aw hÃmsX thZ-\n-¸n-¨psh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. A[ym-]-I-\mbn h¶ Xm³ t]mÄkm-dnsâ aIsf X«n-sb-Sp¯p F¶ A]-cm-[-t_m[w kn.sP bv¡pap-­m-bn--¶p. ]nXm-hnsâ k½À±-¯n kn.sP ¡v ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-tI-­n-h-¶Xpw ]n¶oSv kn.sP Xs¶ ]ptcm-ln-X-¡p-¸mbw hen-¨p-Io-dp-Ibpw sNbvX ck-I-c-amb IY tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. bmt¡m-_mb kap-Zm-b¯ - nse DXvIr-jvS\ - mb H ]ptcm-ln-X\ - m-¡m³th­n sNdp¸w apXte II

26

kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-¸n-¨p. ]t£ kn.sP bv¡v ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-hm³ CjvS-a-Ãm-bn--¶p. F¶m-eXv ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm-\pÅ ss[cy-hp-ap-­m-bn--¶n-Ã. sim½m-ȳ (]p-tcm-ln-X³) B¡m-\pÅ IÀ½-¯n\v sIm­p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xnsâ Xte-¶mÄ Bß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-hsc kn.sP. Nn´n-¨p. ]ptcm-ln-X¡ - p-¸m-b¡ - msc tImtf-Pn s]mXpsh ]cn-lm-ka - m-bn--¶X - p-sIm­v kn.sP bpsS tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw Xmdp-am-dm-bn. kn.-sP. ]ptcm-ln-X-¡p-¸mbw Ducm³ Xs¶ Xo-am-\n-¨p. bYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ s\än Npfn-¨p. Ip¸m-b-aq-cn-sb-¦nepw kn.sP bpsS ho«pImÀ At±-ls¯ "sN½m-¨³' F¶ hnfn XpSÀ¶p. ho«pIm-sS FXnÀ¸v cq£-am-b-t¸mÄ kn.sP bnÂ\n¶v AI-em³ {ian¨v tdmkn Ipsd-\mÄ I¯p-IÄ t]mepw Ab-¨n-Ã. ]t£ kn.sP bpsS \odp¶ I¯p-IÄ tdmkn¡v h¶p-sIm-t­-bn--¶p. B ka-b¯v tdmkn Beph bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn ]Tn-¡p-I-bm-bn--¶p. H Znhkw kn.sP bpsS A½-bpsS acW-hmÀ¯ Adn-bn-¨p-sIm-­pÅ ImÀUv h¶p. B A½bv¡v Xs¶-Im-Wm³ Gsd B{K-lap-­m-bn--¶p-sh¶pw Xsâ I¯pw t^mt«mbpw X¡w- t\m¡n A½ hmbn-¡mdpw ImWm-dpap-­m-bn--¶p-sh¶v ]n¶oSv tdmkn aäp-Å-h-cn \n¶-dn-ªp. kn.sP bv¡v \sÃm tPmen-bp-­m-bn--s¶-¦n ho«p-Im-sS FXnÀ¸pw {]iv\-§-fpsams¡ Ipsd XoÀ¶p-In-«p-sa¶v tdmkn¡v tXm¶n. Fw.F bv¡v tNÀ¶v ]Tn¨v Ønc-amb H tPmen k¼m-Zn-¡m³ tdmkn kn.sP sb D]-tZ-in-¨p. a{Zm-kn Fw.enän\p tNÀ¶p ]Tn-¡m³ kn.sP Xo-am-\n-¨p. Iq¯m-«p-Ip-fs¯ H N´-bn-epÅ H ]oSnI ]W-b-sa-gpXn Bbncw cq]bpw hm§n kn.sP a{Zm-kn-te¡v Xncn-¨p. {]kn-U³kn tImtf-Pn {]th-i\ - ¯ - n\v Aev]w ssIa-Wn-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-­m-bn--¶p. kn.sP AXn\p X¿m-dm-ImsX ]T-\t- am-la - p-t]-£n-¨p. A¡m-e-¯mWv kn.sP Fw. tKmhn-µs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Fw. tKmhn-µ³ sIbÀ Hm^n-embn--¶p. kn.sP bpsS a{Zm-knse taÂhn-em-kw. D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\v a{Zm-kn t]mb kn.sP bv¡v tKmhn-µ³ F¶ BßmÀ° kplr-¯ns\ In«n-b-Xp-am{Xw an¨w. A¡m-e¯v Pb-tI-cf - b - nÂh¶ At±-l-¯nsâ teJ-\-§Ä tdmkn hmbn-¡p-am-bn--¶p. an¡Xpw \ninX hnaÀi-\§ - f - m-bn--¶p-sh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. tdmkn-bpsS ho«nÂsh¨v amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fp-Å-t¸mÄ am{Xta C-hw I­p-ap-«m-dp-­mbn--¶p-Åq. bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn tNÀ¶-Xn-\p-tijw amk-§-fmbn kn.sP sb I­n--¶n-Ã. F§-s\bpw H¶p ImW-W-sa¶v tdmkn kn.sP bvs¡gp-Xn. X§Ä Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v ta{Ssâ IqsS tjm¸nw-Kn\v h-¶p-s­¶pw sP«n-¡-Sp-¯pÅ _jo-dnsâ _p¡vÌmfn kn.sP sb I­n-sÃ-¦n t\sc Imb-en-te-s¡-Sp-¯p-Nm-Sp-sa¶pw `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp¯n tdmkn-sb-gp-Xn. tdmknbpsS t{]a-IY ta{S\pw Iq«p-Im-cn-IÄ¡pw Adn-bm-am-bn--¶p. "\n§sfm¶p kwkm-cn-s¨¶p IXn temIw CSnªp hogp-I-sbm-¶p-an-sÃ-¶m-bn-¶p ta{Ssâ \ne-]m-Sv. kn.sP kab¯pXs¶ h¶n--¶p. kn.sP ¡v CjvS-s¸« ]¨-km-cn-bmWv tdmkn DSp-¯n--¶-Xv. HuNnXy-t_m-[-apÅ ta{S\v Ahsc ko hyq tlm«-en t]mbn DuWp-I-gn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¨p. ImWp-¶-hÀ ImWs« F¶ `mh-¯n A¶v kn.sP bvs¡m¸w kss[cyw ^qSv]m-¯n-eqsS sRfn-ªp-\-S-¶Xv tdmkn Xam-i-tbmsS HmÀ¡p-¶p. kzIm-cy-ambn D®m-\m-bn-¶p tdmknbpsS B{K-l-sa-¦nepw s]mXp-lm-fn-en-cn-¡m-\mWv kn.sP XmÂ]cyw ImWn-¨-Xv. Btcm ]dªv CXv tdmkn-bpsS ho«n-e-dn-ªp. Xm³ Fgp-Xn-bn-«mWv kn.sP Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v h¶sX¶v tdmkn A½-tbmSv ]d-ªp.

II

27

{]Ir-Xn¡v sImSp-¡pI Zbm-_mbn at[y´y-bnse BZna tKm{X-hn-`m-K-¡m-sS D¶-a-\-¯n\v th­n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ aebm-fn-bmb kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I-bmWv Zbm-_mbn F¶ t]cn {]i-kvX-bmb tagvkn amXyp. a[y-{]-tZ-inse DÄ\m-S³ BZn-hmkn {Kmao-W-sS Pohn-X-¯n kaq-e] - c - n-hÀ¯\w krjvSn¡m³ Zbm-_mbn¡v km[n-¨n-«p-­v. _olmÀ, lcn-bm-\, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, alm-cm-jv{S. ]Ýn-a-_wKmÄ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse tKm{X-hn-`m-K-¡m-sS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th­n AhÀ \S-¯nb HäbmÄ t]mcm-«-§Ä temI-{i² t\Sn-bn-«p-­v. {]Ir-Xn¡v sImSp-¡pI F¶ teJ-\-¯n Zbm-_mbn a®p-kw-c-£-W-¯n-tâbpw Pe-kw-c£ - W - ¯ - n-tâbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I] - m-T§ - Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. cmk-hf - I - o-S\ - m-in\n {]tbmK-§-fn-eqsS hnj-en-]vXhpw Xcn-ip-am-bn-Xo-¶ a®v kwc-£n-t¡-­-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bnte¡v Ah³ hnc Np­p-¶p. BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn \oÀ¯-S-kw-c-£-W-¯n\v ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb coXn-I-fp-­m-bn-¶p. Pe-e-`yX t\m¡n-bmWv Ah-sS "_kvXn-'IÄ cq]w sIm­-Xv. a®pw Pehpw kwc£n-¡ m-\ pÅ {]Ir-Xn-] m-T -§ Ä B[p-\n-I- X- b psS Ips¯m-gp-¡ n BZn-h m- k n- IÄ¡v ssItamiw h¶p. a[y-{]-tZ-inse _dqÄ {Kma-¯nse a®pw cmk-h-f-§Ä apdn-th¸n¨v Xcn-imbn XpS-§n-bn--¶p. alp-hm, ANmÀ, Nntcm©n XpS-§nb GXm\pw hr£-§Ä am{XamWv Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn--¶-Xv. ag-¡m-e¯v a®n DuÀ¶n-d-§msX shÅw Ip¯n-sbmgpIn t]mIp-I-bm-bn-¶p ]Xn-hv. a®v kwc-£n-¡m³ agsb a®n-en--¯m-\m-bn-¶p Zbm-_m-bn-bpsS BZy-{i-aw. `qansb X«p-I-fm¡n. AXn--If - n apfw-ssX-IÄ sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨p. ag-¡p-gn-IÄ Ipgn-¨p. Irjnbn-d-¡n-b-t¸mÄ If-Isf I¯n-¨p-I-f-bmsX a®nÂXs¶ \nt£-]n-¨p. AXn-cnse ]SÀ¸pIsf AtX ]Sn \ne-\nÀ¯n Nne ]pÃn-\-§Ä IqSn AXn--I-fn sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨p. CXv a®v Hen-¨p-t]m-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ klm-bn-¨p. Irjnsb ssPh-]-c-amb H IÀ½-am¡n XoÀ¡p-I-bmbn-¶p AhÀ. a¡bpw s\Ãp-amWv BZyw Irjn sNbvX-Xv. sImbvX hnf-bpsS X­pw Ipänbpw Hmtcm Ce-Ifpw I¯n-¨p-I-f-bmsX a®nÂXs¶ Aen-bm-\n-«p. NmW-I-¯n-\p-th­n ]ip¡sf hfÀ¯n. a®nc It¼mÌv D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. \mep-hÀjs¯ £a-tbm-sS-bpÅ ]cn-N-cW-¯n-eqsS hc-­p-W§n ImW-s¸-«n-¶ B `qan DÀÆ-c-am-bn. Pe-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ¡v Poh³ h¶p. C¶v Cu `qan-bn ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Ing-§p-Ifpw kpe-`-am-Wv. cmk-h-f-ap-]tbm-Kn¨v tami-amb a®n ssPh-Irjn ]co-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ BZy-amZyw Imcy-amb hnfhv In«p-I-bn-Ã. CXmWv IÀj-Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn \n¶-I-äp-¶-Xv. F¶m ]Xps¡ Xsâ {Kma-hm-kn-IÄ cmk-hfw Dt]-£n¨v kzm`m-hnI Irjn-coXn kzoI-cn-¨p-sh¶v Zbm-_mbn km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]m«p-If - n-eq-sSbpw \mS-I§ - f - n-eq-sSbpw a®p kwc-£-W¯ - n-tâbpw Pe-kw-c£ - -W¯ - ntâbpw {]Ir-Xn-]mT§Ä AhÀ tKm{X-hÀK-{Km-a§ - f - n ]IÀ¶p-\ÂIn. Xsâ `qan-bn AhÀ \nc-h[n Huj-[k - k - y-§fpw sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¨p. Ah-sS `qan-bpsS ap¶n-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶hÀ¡v NqSp-Im-e¡pw IpfnÀa A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p. hc­ a®ns\ IpfnÀa-tb-dnb hnf-`q-an-bmbn ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-¡m³ AhÀ sNbvXXv a®ns\ {]Ir-Xn¡v Xncn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡pI F¶ efn-X-amb Imcy-am-bn-¶p AhÀ sNbvXX - v. II

28

Fgp-¯nsâ CuänÃw efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w sImÃs¯ ]p\-eq-cnse H bmYm-Øn-XnI \¼q-Xncn IpSpw-_-¯n 1909 emWv efnXmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w P\n-¨-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw kn²n¨ A´ÀP\w kz{]-b-Xv\-¯m hmb-\-bp-tSbpw Fgp-¯n-tâbpw temIw Iog-S-¡n. \¼q-Xncn kv{XoI-fpsS ]Xn-Xm-h-Ø-bn a\kv s\m´ AhÀ¡v Fgp-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ kmaq-ly-]-cnjv¡-c-W-{i-a-§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bXv tbmK-t£-a-k-`-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wv. tI{µ-þ-tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-IÄ t\Snb "Aán-km£n' F¶ t\mh-emWv Ah-sS Gähpw {]i-kvX-amb IrXn. "Bß-I-Y-bvs¡m-cm-apJw' F¶ Ah-sS Bß-IY BZyIme \¼q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ ià-amb IrXn-bm-Wv. FÃm-hc - p-sSbpw Pohn-X¯ - n hgn-¯n-cnhv krjvSn-¡p¶ AÚm-Xa - mb iàn-hn-tijw Xs¶-bmWv Xs¶bpw Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bm-¡n-b-sX¶v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w HmÀ¡p-¶p. P·hm-k-\-bp-s­-¦n t]mepw Imew A\p-Iq-en-¨n-sÃ-¦n H Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw hnI-kn-¡p¶n-Ã. Fgp-¯p-ImÀ¡v th­Xv kzmX-{´y-amWv; F´pw [n¡-cn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{´yw. Cu kzmX{´yw X\n¡v k½m-\n-¨Xv kz´w `À¯m-hm-sW¶v AhÀ \µn-tbmsS kvacn¡p¶p. AÑ-\p-a½ - -bpw hmb-\sb t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨n--¶p. F¶m kmln-Xy-hm-k\ - -sb, Fgp-¯ns\ FXnÀ¯p-an-Ã, t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨-Xp-an-Ã. Xsâ kÀKm-ßI - X aln-fm-am-kn-I-IÄ¡pÅ \pÅp-\p-dp-§p-If - psS Fgp-¯n HXp¡n \nÀ¯nb Ime-¯mWv \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ Imäp-hoin XpS-§n-bXv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS "ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v' F¶ \mSIw kv{XoI-fpsS hntam-N-\-]mXn-bn-te¡v shfn¨w hoin. CXv kap-Zm-b-¯n kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\pÅ \mµn-Ip-dn-¨p. Cu {ia-§Ä¡v {io.-a-¶¯p ]ß-\m-`³ \ÂIn-t]m¶ ]n´pW A´ÀP\w HmÀ½n-¡p-¶p. a¶-¯nsâ BZÀi-[o-c-Xbpw {Im´-ZÀin-Xzhpw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-t¯m-SpÅ klm-\p-`qXnbpw Xsâ Pohn-X-¯n-tâbpw KXn-Xn-cn-¨p-hn-s«¶v AhÀ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. \¼q-Xncn kv{XoIÄ H Ime¯v A\p-`-hn-¨n-¶ ]Xn-Xm-hØ efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-¶p. AhÀ¡v \ho\ hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n--¶p. EXp-a-Xn-I-fmbm A´x-]p-c¯v ]pdw-tem-I-_-Ô-an-ÃmsX Ign-bm³ AhÀ hn[n-¡-s¸-«p. hÃ-t¸mgpw ]pd-¯n-d-§p-t¼m-gm-Is« Hme-¡p-S-bp-tSbpw tNe-¸p-X-¸n-tâbpw XpW-bm-fp-I-fp-tSbpw he-b¯n AhÀ izmkw ap«n. ]e-tcbpw \nÊm-c-Ip-ä-¯n\v kvamÀ¯-hn-Nmcw \S¯n {`jvS-I-fm¡n. bph-P-\-kwLw Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I-§-fn-eqsS \¼q-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS bYmÀ°-amb PohnXw I­v aäp kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡qSn I®oÀ s]mgn-¨p-h-t{X. Cu Ne\w A´x-]p-c-kv{XoI-fnepw ]SÀ¶p. ]mÀhXo s\·o-\n-aw-K-e-¯n-tâbpw Bcy-]-Å-¯n-tâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯n Xr¯m-e-bnÂsh-¨p-\S- ¶ bph-P-\-k-am-P-¯n-te¡v Btd-gp-bp-h-Xn-IÄ \nÀ`bw IS-¶p-h-¶p. Cu ]cn-jvI-c-W-{i-as¯ BZyw ssI\o«n kzoI-cn¨v A`n-\-µn-¨Xv a¶¯p ]ß-\m-`-\m-bn-¶p. AtXa«n-epÅ H kzoI-cW - a - mWv Xt¶bpw hnap-à-bm-¡n-b-sX¶v A´-ÀP\w HmÀ¡p¶p. amth-en-¡c - b - n sh¨v \S-¡p¶ \mbÀ kt½-f\ - ¯ - n tLmj _ln-jvIc - n¨ A´ÀP\-§Ä¡v kzoI-cWw \ÂIm³ a¶¯v ]ß-\m-`³ Xo-am-\n-¨p. A´ÀP-\-k-am-Pmw-K-§Ä Gsd kt´m-j-t¯msSbmWv B hmÀ¯ kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. IpSbpw ]pX-¸p-an-ÃmsX Pohn-X-¯nsem-cn-¡epw AhÀ ]pd-¯n-d§ - n-bn--¶n-Ã. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§-fpsS ]ncn-ap-dp-¡hpw bmYm-ØnII

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Xn-Ic - psS FXnÀ¸pw, {`jvSc - m-bn-t¸m-Ip-tam-sb¶ `bhpw XS-Êa - m-bn--¶p. c­pw Iev]n¨v amthen-¡c kt½-f\ - ¯ - n ]s¦-Sp-¡m³Xs¶ AhÀ Xo-am-\n-¨p. ASp-¯pÅ alm-t£-{X-¯n t]mIp¶p F¶ \mSy-¯n-emWv ho«n \n¶n-d-§n-b-Xv. _kvÌmânse-¯n-b-t¸mÄ IpS Zqscsb-dn-ªp. kmcn-bm-bn-¶p thjw. tbmK-Øe - ¯v A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn F¯n-s¸« A´ÀP\-§s - f -I­v a¶¯p ]ß-\m-`³ AÛp-X] - -c-X-{´-\m-bn-t¸m-bn. amth-en-¡c aoänwKv Ignªv ho«n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ Ipg-ªp-a-d-ªn-¶p. Aѳ Kuc-h-]qÀÆw ]p©n-cn-s¨-¦nepw A½ Xe-XÃn Ic-ªp. IpSpw-_-¯nse ]cnjvIm-cn-I-sf¶v \Sn-¨n-¶ A]v^³amÀt]mepw Ahsc kzoI-cn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. ]nXmhnsâ {im²-¯n\v AÑ-t\m-sSm¸w D®msX AhÀ Cd-§n-t¸m-bn. `À¯r-Kr-l¯ - nse FXnÀ¸v IqSp-X ISp-¯-Xm-bn--¶p. Cu ]ncn-ap-dp-¡-¯nsâ Ak-ly-X-bn \ns¶m-gn-bm³ hoSp-amdm-\pÅ B{Klw A´ÀP\w AÑs\ Adn-bn-¨p. Aѳ AhÀ¡v CÃ-¯p-\n¶pw Gsd AI-se-b-ÃmsX H hoSp ]Wn-Xp-\ÂIn. "`mkvI-c-hn-emkw' F¶ B ho«n \nÀ`-b-bmbn PmXn-aX - -t`-Z-at\y \nc-h[n kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡v BXn-Yy-a--fnb B Ime-¯mWv X¶nse Fgp¯p-Imcn ]qÀW-hn-Imkw {]m]n-¨-sX¶v A´ÀÖ\w HmÀ¡p-¶p.

II

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