Automobile Drag Coefficient - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 5d2ej
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Automobile drag coefficient - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Automobile drag coefficient From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Automobile drag coefficients) The drag coefficient is a common metric in automotive design pertaining to aerodynamic effects. As aerodynamic drag increases as the square of speed, a low value is preferable to a high one. With about 60% of the power required to cruise at highway speeds being used to overcome aerodynamic effects minimizing drag translates directly into improved fuel efficiency. For the same reason aerodynamics are of increasing concern to truck designers, where greater surface area presents substantial potential savings in fuel costs. Tatra T77 maquette by Paul Jaray, 1933
Contents 1 Reducing drag 2 Typical drag coefficients 3 Drag area 4 Selected photographs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links
Reducing drag Reducing drag is also a factor in sports car design, where fuel efficiency is less of a factor, but where low drag helps a car achieve a high top speed. However, there are other important aspects of aerodynamics that affect cars designed for high speed, including racing cars. Notably, it is important to minimize lift, hence increasing downforce, to avoid the car becoming airborne. Increasing the downforce pushes the car down onto the race track—allowing higher cornering speed. It is also important to maximize aerodynamic stability: some racing cars have tested well at particular "attack angles", yet performed catastrophically, i.e. flipping over, when hitting a bump or experiencing turbulence from other vehicles (most notably the Mercedes-Benz CLR). For best cornering and racing performance, as required in Formula One cars, downforce and stability are crucial and these cars must attempt to maximize downforce and maintain stability while attempting to minimize the overall Cd value.
Typical drag coefficients The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and 0.35. SUVs, with their typically boxy shapes and larger frontal area, typically achieve a Cd of 0.35–0.45. A very gently inclined windshield gives a lower drag coefficient but has safety disadvantages, including reduced driver visibility. Certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25–0.30, although sometimes designers deliberately increase drag to reduce lift. Some examples of Cd follow. Figures given are generally for the basic model. Some "high performance" models may actually have higher drag, due to wider tires and extra spoilers. Production cars Cd 0.7 to 1.1
Automobile
Production cars (continued) Year
typical values for a Formula One car (downforce settings change for each circuit)
0.74 Legends car 0.7
Caterham Seven
0.6 + a typical truck 0.57 Hummer H2
2003
0.54 Mercedes Benz G-Class 0.51 Citroën 2CV
1948
Volkswagen Beetle (original 0.48 design) [1][2]
1938
0.48 Rover Mini
1998
0.48
Volkswagen Cabriolet (Rabbit Convertible)[3]
Cd
Automobile
1937
0.46 Ford Mustang (coupe)
1979
Year
Automobile
0.315 Saturn SL1
19961999[40]
0.39 Porsche 918 Concept
0.31 Audi A4 B5
1995
0.26 Alfa Romeo Disco Volante
0.31 BMW 7-series
2009
0.25 Dymaxion Car
0.31 Buick Park Avenue
1996
0.25 SmILE (an experimental car)
0.31 Cadillac CTS-V
2005
0.22 Citroën ECO 2000 Concept
0.31 Cadillac CTS
2004
0.31 Citroën AX
1986
0.31 Citroën GS
1970
0.31 Eagle Vision
1995
0.31 FIAT Coupé
1995[41]
0.31 Ford Falcon
1995
0.31 Ford Thunderbird
19891997[42]
0.304 Ford Probe
19881992[43]
1979–1993
0.47 Lancia Aprilia
Concept/experimental cars Cd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
0.27 Avion[63]
0.22 BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept 0.20 Loremo Concept
Opel Eco Speedster 0.20 (http://archive.cardesignnews.com/autoshows/2002/paris/pr ecospeedster/) Concept 0.19 Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7 Concept 0.19 Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept
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0.46 Ford Mustang (coupe)
1979
0.45 Range Rover Classic
1990
0.45 Dodge Viper RT/10
1996
0.44 Ford Mustang (fastback)
1979
0.44 Peugeot 305
1978
0.44 Peugeot 504
1968
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0.304 Ford Probe
1992[43]
0.19 Mercedes-Benz Bionic Concept [65] (based on the boxfish)
0.31 Holden Commodore
1998
0.186 Schlör's Göttinger Ei
0.31 Honda Civic (Sedan)
2006
0.186 Volkswagen XL1
0.31 Honda Civic (Hatchback)
19921995[13]
0.168 Daihatsu UFE-III Concept
20082011[44]
0.16
General Motors Precept (http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/gmprecept.html) Conce
0.44 Toyota Truck
1990
0.31 Infiniti G37 (Coupe)
0.43 TVR 3000S
1978-79
0.31 Kia Rio (Sedan)
2001[45]
Duple 425 coach 0.425 (named for its low Cd by coach
1985
0.310 Lamborghini Diablo
1990
0.31 Lexus LFA
2010 1986
0.157 Li-ion Motors Wave II, Automotive X Prize winner [68] 0.15 Aptera 2 Series 2e
standards)
0.42 Lamborghini Countach
1974
(wing retracted)
0.16 Edison2 Very Light Car, Automotive X Prize winner [67] 0.159 Volkswagen 1-litre car Concept
0.42 Triumph Spitfire Mk IV
1971
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FC3S
0.42 Plymouth Duster
1994
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)
1993
0.41 Smart Roadster
2003
0.31 Mazda RX-8
2004
0.41 Volvo 740 (sedan)
1982
0.31 Mazda MX-6
1992–1997
0.147 JCB Dieselmax land speed record holder
19972002[4]
0.31 Nissan Tiida / Versa
2004
0.146 Urbee Production vehicle
0.31 Peugeot 307
2001
0.14 Fiat Turbina Concept
2005
0.31 Porsche 997 Turbo/GT3
2006
0.137 Ford Probe V Concept
0.40 Nissan Skyline GT-R R32
1989
0.31 Renault 25
1984
0.125 Sunraycer, solar race car
19952005[5]
0.31 Saab Sonett III
1970
0.12 Reflex 1000, solar cycle
0.40 Chevrolet Astro
0.31 Saturn SC2
2001
0.117 Summers Brothers Goldenrod Bonneville race car
0.39 Ford Aerostar
1995[6]
0.31 Scion xA
2004
0.08 Fortis Saxonia (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept
0.39 Honda Odyssey
1994-98
0.31 Toyota Avalon
1995–2000
0.075 PAC-Car II (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept
0.39 Chevrolet Tahoe
2006
0.31 Toyota Corolla
0.07 Nuna, World Solar Challenge winner
0.39 Dodge Durango
2004
19982002[46]
0.39 Ford Escort 5 Door
19811984[7]
0.32 Toyota Paseo
19951999[47]
0.39 Triumph Spitfire
1964
0.31 Toyota RAV4
2006
0.385 Nissan 280ZX
1978
1993
0.38 Smart Roadster Coupé
2003
Toyota Supra (N/A; without 0.31 factory wing)
0.38 Smart ForTwo
1998
0.31 Volkswagen GTI Mk IV
1997
0.38 Lexus GX
2003
0.30 Audi 100
1983
0.38 Mazda Miata
1989
0.30 Alfa Romeo 164 Sedan
1988
0.38 Subaru Forester
2009 [8]
0.30 Ford Taurus
19961999[48][49]
0.30 Honda Accord Sedan
2003, 2005–2007
0.405 Subaru Forester 0.40 Ford Escape Hybrid
0.38
VW NewBeetle [9] 2003 without wing or spoiler 0.39[10]
0.374 Ford Capri Mk III
1978
0.30 Honda NSX
2002
0.372 Ferrari F50
1996
0.30 Honda CRX DX/Si [50]
1988
0.37 BMW Z3 M coupe
1999
0.30 Honda Odyssey
2005
0.37 Jaguar XJ (X300/X308)
0.30 Hyundai Sonata
2006
0.37 Renault Twingo
0.30 Koenigsegg CCX
2006
0.37 Volkswagen Tiguan
2008
0.30 Mitsubishi Eclipse
2000
0.36 Alfa Romeo 33
1983[11]
0.30 Nissan 180SX
1989
0.36 Cadillac Escalade hybrid
2008
0.30 Nissan 300ZX
1983
0.36 Cadillac Fleetwood
1996
2003–2008
0.36 Volkswagen Jetta
19851992[12]
Nissan 350Z Coupe Base and 0.30 Enthusiast models 0.30 Nissan 370Z Coupe
2009 [51]
0.30 Renault 19 16V
1991
0.30 Saab 92
1947
0.30 Toyota Sienna
2003–2009
(0.29 with sport package)
Citroën CX (named after the 0.36 term for Cd )
1974
0.36 Citroën DS
1955
0.36 Chrysler Sebring
1996
0.36 Ferrari Testarossa
1986
0.30 Toyota Corolla
0.36 Ford Escort
19972002[13]
20032008[52]
0.295 Ford Falcon
1998
0.36 Ford Mustang
1999
0.291 Toyota Avalon
2005
0.36 Honda Civic
2001–2005
0.29 Lexus CT200H
2011
0.36 Opel GT
1969
0.29 Alfa Romeo 155
1992
0.36 Subaru Impreza WRX [14]
2010
BMW 1-Series (116i 0.29 Sportshatch)
2008
0.36 Saturn SW
19962001[13]
Pontiac Firebird Trans Am 0.29 (with optional W62 Aero Package and
1984
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2001
0.29 (with optional W62 Aero Package and
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1984
N89 Turbo Cast rims)
19941999[15]
0.29 BMW 8-Series
1989
1967
0.29 Chevrolet Corvette
2005
2004
0.29 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06
2002
2006
0.29 Daewoo Espero
1990
2005
0.29 Dodge Charger Daytona
1969
0.35 Dodge Viper GTS
1996
0.29 Eagle Talon
1990s
0.35 Honda Del Sol
1992– 1997[13]
0.29 Ford Escape
2010 [53]
0.29 Ford Focus C-Max
2003 [54]
0.35 Jaguar XKR
2005
0.29 Honda Accord Hybrid
2005, 2007
0.35 Lexus GX
2010
0.35 Lexus RX
2003–2009
0.29 Honda Accord Coupe
2003, 2005–2007
0.35 MINI Cooper
2008
0.29 Honda CRX HF [50]
1988
0.35 Nissan Cube
2009
0.29 Infiniti G35 Sedan
2008
0.35 Renault Clio (Mk 2)
2002 [16]
0.29 Lancia Dedra
1990
0.35 SSC Ultimate Aero
2007– present
0.29 Lexus LS 400
1990
0.29 Lotus Elite
1958
0.35 Tesla Roadster[17]
2008
0.29 Lotus Europa
1966
0.35 Toyota MR-2
1998
0.29 Mazda Millenia
1995
0.35 Toyota Sequoia
2007
1986
0.35 Toyota Previa
19911997[18][19]
Mazda RX-7 FC3S Aero 0.29 Package 0.29 Mazda 3
2010
0.35 Volvo 940 (sedan)
1990
0.29 Mazda RX-7 FD
1993
0.29 Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Up)
2001
Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class 0.29 Coupe
2001
0.36 Toyota Celica Convertible 0.355 NSU Ro 80 0.35 Aston Martin Vanquish 0.35 BMW Z4 M coupe 0.35 BMW M3 Convertible
0.348 Toyota Celica Supra (Mk 2)
1982
[20]
0.342 Toyota Celica (Liftback Model) 1982 0.34 Subaru Impreza WRX (4 Door) 2009 [21]
Nissan 350Z Coupe Track and Grand Touring
0.34 Aston Martin DB9
2004
0.29
0.34 Chevrolet Caprice
1994
2007–2008
0.29 Nissan Versa
2007–2008
0.34 Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid
2008
0.29 Peugeot 308
2007
0.34 Chevrolet C6 Corvette Z06
2005– present
0.29 Peugeot 407
2004
0.29 Peugeot 607
1999
0.29 Porsche Boxster
2005
0.29 Subaru XT
1985
0.29 Subaru SVX
1992
0.34 Ferrari F40
1987
0.34 Ferrari 360 Modena
1999
0.34 Ferrari F430 F1
2004
0.34 Ford Sierra
1982
0.34 Ford Puma
1997
0.29 Toyota Echo
20002005[55][56]
0.34 Geo Metro (Hatchback)
19951997[13]
0.29 Toyota Yaris
2007
0.34 Honda Prelude
1988
0.29 Toyota Camry]
1996–2001
0.29 Toyota Prius
2001
2001
0.29 Volvo C70
2000
19931997[22]
0.288 Chrysler Concorde
1998–2001
0.286 Chevrolet Corvette C6
2006
1991
0.284 Volkswagen at CC
2008
0.34 Saturn SL2
19911995[23]
0.28 Audi A2 1.4 TDI
2000
0.28 Citroën XM
1989
0.34 Subaru Legacy Wagon
19931999[24]
0.28 Citroën C4
2004
0.28 Lexus IS
2006– present
0.34
Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Down)
0.34 Nissan Altima 0.34 Peugeot 106
0.34
Toyota Supra (with factory 3 piece turbo wing)
0.34 Toyota Corolla (Wagon) 0.338 Chevrolet Camaro
1989–1990
0.28 Lexus LS400
1998
19931997[25]
0.28 Mitsubishi Diamante
1995
1995
0.28 (with optional automatic spoiler, PDK
0.33 Audi A3
2006
0.33 Acura Integra
19932001[26]
0.33 Citroën SM
1970
0.33 Honda Civic Hatchback
19881991[13]
0.33 Dodge Charger
2006
Porsche 997 Carrera
2004
transmission 0.30)
0.28 Renault 25 TS
1984
0.28 Honda Civic Hybrid
20032005[13]
0.28 Rumpler-Tropfenwagen
1921
0.28 Saab 9-3
2003
0.28 Toyota Camry / Lexus ES
2001
0.28 Opel Astra Coupe Turbo
2003
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1992
0.28 Opel Astra Coupe Turbo
2003
0.33 Ford Fusion
2010 [27]
0.28 Hyundai Elantra
2011 1986
0.33 Ford Escort ZX2
19982003[28]
0.28 Opel Omega sedan 0.27 Nissan GTR
2008
2002
0.27 Mazda Mazda6
2009
0.33 Lamborghini Murcielago
2001
0.27 Audi A2 1.6 FSI
2003
0.33 Lexus RX
2010
0.27 Honda Civic Hybrid
2006-
1987
0.27 Hyundai Genesis
2009
0.33 Nissan 200SX Coupe
19951998[29]
0.27 Infiniti G35 Coupe
2003–2007
0.33 Peugeot 206
1998
0.27 Lexus GS
2005
0.33 Peugeot 309
1986
(sedan and hatchback) 0.27 Mazda6 [57]
2008
0.33 Renault Modus
2004
0.33 Subaru Impreza WRX STi
2004
Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class Sedan
2001
0.33 Saturn SL2
1999[30]
0.27 Nissan GT-R
2007-2010
0.27 Toyota Camry Hybrid
2007
0.33 Toyota Corolla
19931997[13]
0.27 Tucker Torpedo
1948
0.33 Toyota Supra (without wing)
1989–1990
0.27 Volkswagen at B5 (sedan)
1997
0.329 Chevrolet Corsica
19892006[31]
0.27 Mercedes-Benz S Class
2000–2005
0.324 Cobalt SS Supercharged
2005
0.27 Opel Insignia
0.321 Toyota Matrix
20032008[32]
2008– present
0.26 Opel Insignia - EcoFlex
2009– present
0.32 Volkswagen Golf MK3
1991
0.26 BMW E90 (0.26-0.30)
0.32 AMC Pacer
1975–1980
2009 [58]
0.32 Ferrari California
2008
0.26 Chevrolet Volt
2010
0.32 Buick Riviera
1995
Hotchkiss 0.26 Gregoire[citation needed]
1951
0.32 BMW M3 Coupe
2005
0.32 Dodge Avenger
1995
0.26 Lexus LS 430
2001–2006
0.32 Ford Taurus
19921995[33]
0.26 Lexus LS 460
2006
0.26 Mercedes-Benz W221 S-Class
2006
0.32 Geo Metro (Sedan)
19951997[13]
0.26 Mercedes-Benz W211 E-Class
2002-09
0.32 Honda Accord (Coupe)
2002
0.26 Nissan GT-R
2010present
0.32 Honda NSX
1990
0.26 Opel Calibra
1989
0.32 Honda Civic (Coupe)
19921995[13]
0.26 Toyota Prius
2004–2009
0.25 Audi A2 1.2 TDI
2001
0.25 Honda Insight
1999, 2003, 2005
0.25 Toyota Prius
2010
Mercedes E 220 CDI Blue 0.24 Efficiency European version only, other E-Class Coupe 0.28
2009
0.33 Ford Crown Victoria
0.33 Honda Accord Sedan
0.33 Mazda RX-7 FC3C
0.32 Honda Civic (Hatchback DX)
19962000[34]
0.32 Honda Civic (Sedan EX)
19962000[35]
0.32 Mazdaspeed3
2007
0.32 McLaren F1
1992
0.32
(0.26 with "aero package")
0.27
(0.268 with Sport Package)
(0.25 with air suspension)
(8 valve version)
(0.25 sedan)(
Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.516/2.3-16
1935 [59]
0.32 Nissan Altima
19982001[36]
0.212 Tatra T77A
[60] [61] [62]
0.32 Nissan 240SX Coupe
19951998[37]
0.195 General Motors EV1
1996
0.32 Nissan 300ZX
1989
0.32 Nissan Maxima
1997
0.32 Porsche 997 GT2
2008– present
0.32 Peugeot 406
1995
0.32 Peugeot 806
1994
0.32 Scion xB
2008
0.32 Suzuki Swift
1991
0.32 Toyota Celica
1994
0.32 Toyota Celica
20002005[38]
0.32
Toyota Supra (N/A with wing
1993
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0.32 0.32
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1993
and turbo models)
Toyota Supra (with factory turbo 1987–1988 wing)
0.32 Toyota Tercel Sedan
19952000[39]
0.32 Volkswagen GTI Mk V
2006
Drag area While designers pay attention to the overall shape of the automobile, they also bear in mind that reducing the frontal area of the shape helps reduce the drag. The combination of drag coefficient and area - drag area - is represented as Cd A (or Cx A), a multiplication of the Cd value by the area. The term drag area derives from aerodynamics, where it is the product of some reference area (such as cross-sectional area, total surface area, or similar) and the drag coefficient. In 2003, Car and Driver magazine adopted this metric as a more intuitive way to compare the aerodynamic efficiency of various automobiles. Average full-size enger cars have a drag area of roughly 8.50 sq ft (0.790 m 2 ). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.10 sq ft (0.474 m 2 ) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.3 sq ft (2.44 m 2 ). The drag area of a bicycle is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m 2 ). [70] Automobile examples of Cd A[71] Cd A
Automobile model
2.50 sq ft (0.232
m2)
[72]
1986 Twike
2.69 sq ft (0.250
m2)
2009 Loremo
3.00 sq ft (0.279
m2)
2011 Volkswagen XL1
3.95 sq ft (0.367
m2)
1996 GM EV1
5.10 sq ft (0.474
m2)
1999 Honda Insight
5.40 sq ft (0.502
m2)
1989 Opel Calibra
5.71 sq ft (0.530
m2)
1990 Honda CR-X Si
5.74 sq ft (0.533
m2)
2002 Acura NSX
5.76 sq ft (0.535
m2)
1968 Toyota 2000GT
5.80 sq ft (0.539
m2)
1986 Toyota MR2
5.81 sq ft (0.540
m2)
1989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX
5.86 sq ft (0.544
m2)
2001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L
5.88 sq ft (0.546
m2)
1990 Nissan 240SX hatchback / 200SX / 180SX
5.92 sq ft (0.550
m2)
1994 Porsche 911 Speedster
5.95 sq ft (0.553
m2)
1990 Mazda RX7
6.00 sq ft (0.557
m2)
1992 Subaru SVX
6.00 sq ft (0.557
m2)
1970 Lamborghini Miura
6.08 sq ft (0.565
m2)
2008 Nissan GTR
6.13 sq ft (0.569
m2)
1991 Acura NSX
6.17 sq ft (0.573
m2)
1995 Lamborghini Diablo
6.24 sq ft (0.580
m2)
2004 Toyota Prius
6.27 sq ft (0.583
m2)
1986 Porsche 911 Carrera
6.27 sq ft (0.583
m2)
1992 Chevrolet Corvette
6.35 sq ft (0.590
m2)
1999 Lotus Elise
6.37 sq ft (0.592
m2)
2000 Vauxhall VX220 N/A
6.40 sq ft (0.595
m2)
1990 Lotus Esprit
6.41 sq ft (0.596
m2)
2003 Smart Roadster Coupé
6.54 sq ft (0.608
m2)
1991 Saturn Sports Coupe
6.57 sq ft (0.610
m2)
1985 Chevrolet Corvette
6.63 sq ft (0.616
m2)
2001 Audi A2
6.63 sq ft (0.616
m2)
1989 Ford Thunderbird
6.66 sq ft (0.619
m2)
1996 Citroën Saxo
6.77 sq ft (0.629
m2)
1995 BMW M3
6.79 sq ft (0.631
m2)
1993 Toyota Corolla DX
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6.80 sq ft (0.632 m 2 ) 2007 BMW 335i Coupe 6.81 sq ft (0.633 m 2 ) 1991 Subaru Legacy 6.90 sq ft (0.641 m 2 ) 1993 Saturn Wagon 6.93 sq ft (0.644 m 2 ) 1982 Delorean DMC-12 6.94 sq ft (0.645 m 2 ) 2003 Smart Roadster 6.96 sq ft (0.647 m 2 ) 1988 Porsche 944 S 6.96 sq ft (0.647 m 2 ) 1995 Chevrolet Lumina LS 7.02 sq ft (0.652 m 2 ) 1992 BMW 325I 7.04 sq ft (0.654 m 2 ) 1991 Honda Civic EX 7.06 sq ft (0.656 m 2 ) 2004 Vauxhall VX220 Turbo 7.10 sq ft (0.660 m 2 ) 1995 Saab 900 7.14 sq ft (0.663 m 2 ) 1995 Subaru Legacy L 7.20 sq ft (0.669 m 2 ) 1995 Nissan Maxima GLE 7.34 sq ft (0.682 m 2 ) 2001 Honda Civic 7.39 sq ft (0.687 m 2 ) 1994 Honda Accord EX 7.48 sq ft (0.695 m 2 ) 1993 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 7.57 sq ft (0.703 m 2 ) 1992 Toyota Camry 7.69 sq ft (0.714 m 2 ) 1994 Chrysler LHS 7.72 sq ft (0.717 m 2 ) 1993 Subaru Impreza 8.02 sq ft (0.745 m 2 ) 2005 Bugatti Veyron 8.70 sq ft (0.808 m 2 ) 1990 Volvo 740 Turbo 8.70 sq ft (0.808 m 2 ) 1992 Ford Crown Victoria 8.71 sq ft (0.809 m 2 ) 1991 Buick LeSabre Limited 9.54 sq ft (0.886 m 2 ) 1992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon 10.7 sq ft (0.99 m 2 ) 1992 Chevrolet Blazer 11.6 sq ft (1.08 m 2 ) 2005 Ford Escape Hybrid 11.7 sq ft (1.09 m 2 ) 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee 16.8 sq ft (1.56 m 2 ) 2006 Hummer H3 17.4 sq ft (1.62 m 2 ) 1995 Land Rover Discovery 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m 2 ) 2003 Hummer H2
Selected photographs
0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula One car
0.9 -a typical bicycle plus cyclist
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0.7 - Caterham Seven
at least 0.6 - a typical truck
0.57 - 2003 Hummer H2
0.51 - Citroën 2CV
0.48 - Volkswagen Beetle
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0.425 - Duple 425 Coach
0.42 - 1974 Lamborghini Countach
0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
0.38 - 1989 Mazda Miata
0.38 - 1998 RollsRoyce Silver Seraph[73]
0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
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0.372 - 1996 Ferrari F50
0.36 - 1955 Citroën DS
0.36 - 1986 Ferrari Testarossa
0.36 - 2001 Honda Civic
0.36 - 1974 Citroën CX
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0.355 - 1967 NSU Ro 80
0.35 - 1998 Audi TT [74]
0.35 - Dodge Viper GTS
0.342 - 1982 Pontiac Trans Am [75]
0.34 - 1982 Ford Sierra
0.34 - 1987 Ferrari F40
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0.338 - 1995 Chevrolet Camaro
0.33 - 1970 Citroën SM
0.32 - 1995 Buick Riviera
0.32 - 1995 Nissan Maxima
0.31 - 1986 Citroën AX
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0.31 - 1970 Citroën GS
0.31 - 2001 Saturn SC2
0.31 - 1970 Saab Sonett III
0.30 - 1983 Audi 100
0.30 - 2006 BMW E90
0.30 - 1997 Porsche 996
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0.30 - 1947 Saab 92
0.29 - 1988 Honda CRX HF
0.29 - 1985 Subaru XT
0.29 - Lancia Dedra, 1990-1998
0.29 - 1958 Lotus Elite
0.28 - 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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0.28 - 2005 Toyota Camry and sister model Lexus ES
0.28 - 2004 Porsche 997
0.28 - 1984 Renault 25
0.28 - 2003 Saab 9-3
0.28 - 1999 Audi A2 [76]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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0.28 - 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06
0.27 - 2004 Infiniti G35 (0.26 with "aero package")
0.27 - 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid
0.26 - 2006 MercedesBenz W221 S-Class
0.26 - 2001 Lexus LS 430, (0.25 with air suspension)
0.26 - 2004 Toyota Prius
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0.26 - 1989 Vauxhall Calibra
0.25 - 2001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI
0.25 - 1999 Honda Insight
0.25 - 2010 Toyota Prius[77]
0.212 - 1935 Tatra T77A
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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0.195 - 1996 General Motors EV1 (electric)
0.15 - Aptera Motors Typ-1 (2008 planned)
See also Automotive aerodynamics Drag (physics) Drag equation Paul Jaray
References 1. ^ "Technique of the VW Beetle" (http://www.maggiolinoweb.it/technique.html) . Maggiolinoweb.it. http://www.maggiolinoweb.it/technique.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 2. ^ "The Mayfield Homepage - Coefficient of Drag for Selected Vehicles" (http://www.mayfco.com/dragcd~1.htm) . Mayfco.com. http://www.mayfco.com/dragcd~1.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 3. ^ "Volkswagen Cabriolet MK1 Specs" (http://www.cabby-info.com/specs.htm) . Cabby-Info.com. http://www.cabby-info.com/specs.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-12. 4. ^ "1998 SUBARU FORESTER S" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ082597.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ082597.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 5. ^ "Chevrolet Astro Van (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9542.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9542.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 6. ^ "1995 Ford Aerostar Specs" (http://www.motortrend.com/cars/1995/ford/aerostar/specifications/index.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.motortrend.com/cars/1995/ford/aerostar/specifications/index.html. Retrieved 2010-0818. 7. ^ "1981 Ford Escort" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=26873) . carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=26873. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 8. ^ "Subaru Forester specs available" (http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs? cat=all&make=SU&modelid=223&acode=USC00SUS041A0&year=null) . CarsDirect. http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs?cat=all&make=SU&modelid=223&acode=USC00SUS041A0&year=null. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 9. ^ "Evworld Feature: Giving The New Beetle Wings:Vw | Rogers | Beetle | Wing | Drag | Porsche | Volkswagen | Thiokol | Utah | Fuel | Economy | Biodiesel | Diesel | Aerodynamics" (http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm? archive=1&storyid=911&first=2412&end=2411) . Evworld.com. http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm? archive=1&storyid=911&first=2412&end=2411. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 10. ^ "Aero Testing - Part 3" (http://autospeed.com/cms/A_108675/article.html) . AutoSpeed. http://autospeed.com/cms/A_108675/article.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 11. ^ Daily Mail Motor Review 1984 12. ^ Smith, David C. (December 1984). "Golf, Jetta much improved and, with them, VWA's hopes". Ward's Auto World 13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ecomodder Wiki Vehicle Coefficient of Drag" (http://ecomodder.com/wiki/index.php/Vehicle_Coefficient_of_Drag_List) . http://ecomodder.com/wiki/index.php/Vehicle_Coefficient_of_Drag_List. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 14. ^ "Subaru Canada" (http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=430&Category=AllSpecCategory) . Subaru.ca. http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=430&Category=AllSpecCategory. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 15. ^ "Toyota Celica GT (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9525.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9525.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 16. ^ "2002 Renault Clio II 1.5 dCi 80 technical specifications and data - 3 door 1.5 litre (1461 cc) S4 79.1 PS Carfolio.com car specifications pages" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=112816) . Carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=112816. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 17. ^ Ramsey, Jonathon (2009-03-26). "Tesla Model S: $50,000 EV sedan seats seven, 300-mile range, 0-60 in 5.5s" (http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/03/26/tesla-model-s-50-000-ev-sedan-seats-seven-300-mile-range-0-6/) . autobloggreen. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/03/26/tesla-model-s-50-000-ev-sedan-seats-seven-300-milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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range-0-6/. Retrieved 2009-04-12. 18. ^ "Toyota Previa LE S/C 1995" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9441.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9441.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 19. ^ "1990 Toyota Previa" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=36201) . carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=36201. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 20. ^ [1] (http://www.celicasupra.com/brochures/82binder.pdf) 21. ^ "Subaru Canada" (http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=422&Category=AllSpecCategory) . Subaru.ca. http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=422&Category=AllSpecCategory. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 22. ^ "Nissan Altima GXE (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9451.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9451.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 23. ^ "Saturn SL2 (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9520.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9520.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 24. ^ "1995 SUBARU LEGACY L WAGON" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9449.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9449.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 25. ^ "1996 Toyota Corolla DX Wagon" (http://web.archive.org/web/19961128195229/http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/Toydxwag.htm ) . theautochannel.com. Archived from the original (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/Toydxwag.htm) on 1996-11-28. http://web.archive.org/web/19961128195229/http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/Toydxwag.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 26. ^ "Acura Integra GS-R (1994)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9349.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9349.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 27. ^ "Ford Fusion specs available" (http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs? cat=6&make=FO&modelid=583&acode=USC00FOC201A0&year=2010) . CarsDirect. http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs?cat=6&make=FO&modelid=583&acode=USC00FOC201A0&year=2010. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 28. ^ "Ford Escort ZX2 (1998)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ102497.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ102497.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 29. ^ "1995 NISSAN 200SX SE-R TWO-DOOR COUPE" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9523.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9523.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 30. ^ "Saturn SL2 (1999)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1999/solo9936.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1999/solo9936.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 31. ^ "1990 Chevrolet Corsica Sales training Video" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VRyViEJ3lg) . youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VRyViEJ3lg. Retrieved 2011-1-15. 32. ^ "Review:2003 Toyota Matrix" (http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/05/08/140092.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/05/08/140092.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 33. ^ "1994 FORD TAURUS GL" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9346.htm) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9346.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 34. ^ "Honda Civic DX Hatchback (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9551.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9551.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 35. ^ "Honda Civic EX Sedan (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/honda.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/honda.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 36. ^ "Nissan Altima GLE (1998)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ090597.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ090597.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 37. ^ "1995 NISSAN 240SX SE SPORT COUPE" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9434.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9434.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 38. ^ "Toyota Celica GT-S (2000)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/russ0019.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/russ0019.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 39. ^ "Toyota Tercel DX (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9517.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9517.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 40. ^ "Saturn SL1 (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9552.htm) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9552.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 41. ^ [2] (http://www.fiatcoupehistory.com/e_daten.htm) 42. ^ "Toyota Tercel Reference - CdA List" (http://www.tercelreference.com/s/CdA_List.htm) . http://www.tercelreference.com/s/CdA_List.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-15. 43. ^ "Carfolio Car Specifications" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11484) . http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11484. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 44. ^ "2011 Infiniti G Coupe Specifications" (http://www.infinitiusa.com/g_coupe/specs-options/) . Infiniti USA. http://www.infinitiusa.com/g_coupe/specs-options/. Retrieved 2011-01-25. 45. ^ "2001 Kia Rio Specifications - View New Kia Rio 2001 Specs & Data at" (http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/2001/kia/rio/index.html) . Internetautoguide.com. http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/2001/kia/rio/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 46. ^ "1998 TOYOTA COROLLA LE" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/solo9809.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/solo9809.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 47. ^ "Toyota Paseo (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9549.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9549.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 48. ^ "1996/1997 FORD TAURUS SHO" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1997/solo9646.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1997/solo9646.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 49. ^ "1996 FORD TAURUS GL SEDAN" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9548.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9548.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 50. ^ a b gtmash. "Honda Civic CRX - Car Cutaway - Modern Racer - Features" (http://www.modernracer.com/features/carcutawayhondaciviccrx.html) . Modern Racer. http://www.modernracer.com/features/carcutawayhondaciviccrx.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 51. ^ "2009 Nissan 370Z Coupe Specs" (http://www.nissanusa.com/zcoupe/specifications.html) . Nissan USA. 200908-31. http://www.nissanusa.com/zcoupe/specifications.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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52. ^ "2003 Toyota Corolla Specs" (http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2003/toyota/corolla/specifications/index.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2003/toyota/corolla/specifications/index.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 53. ^ "Ford Escape Hybrid" (http://www.all-about-car-selection.com/ford-escape-hybrid.html) . All-about-carselection.com. http://www.all-about-car-selection.com/ford-escape-hybrid.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 54. ^ "All-new Ford Focus C-Max - Ford Forums - Mustang Forum, Ford Trucks and Cars" (http://www.fordforums.com/f349/all-new-ford-focus-c-max-32598/) . Ford Forums. http://www.fordforums.com/f349/all-new-ford-focus-c-max-32598/. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 55. ^ "2000 Toyota Echo Review" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/lhill_2000echo.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/lhill_2000echo.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 56. ^ "Toyota Echo 4-Door (2000)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/gap0010.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/gap0010.html. Retrieved 2010-0502. 57. ^ [3] (http://www.mazda.de/NR/rdonlyres/4AD941AC-2043-479A-92AAB3E9F3F03DAC/0/Mazda6_Broschuere.pdf) 58. ^ Interone Worldwide GmbH (2008-06-17). "BMW 3 Series Sedan : Technical data" (http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/3series/sedan/2008/allfacts/engine/technical_data.html) . Bmw.com. http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/3series/sedan/2008/allfacts/engine/technical_data.html. Retrieved 200910-24. 59. ^ Optimization and computational fluid dynamics, Gàbor Janiga, Springer, 2008, page 196 60. ^ "Cheating Wind - Aerodynamic Tech and Buyers Guide" (http://www.europeancarweb.com/tech/0610_ec_aerodynamics_tech_buyers_guide/tables.html) . europeancarweb.com. http://www.europeancarweb.com/tech/0610_ec_aerodynamics_tech_buyers_guide/tables.html. Retrieved 2008-0313. 61. ^ "Tatra 77 aerodynamic car (czech)" (http://www.aerotatra.czweb.org/t77.htm) . http://www.aerotatra.czweb.org/t77.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 62. ^ Winning the oil endgame: innovation for profits, jobs and security, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004, page 53 63. ^ Avion specs (http://www.100mpgplus.com/technology/specifications.html) , vehicle set the 1986 Guinness World Record for fuel efficiency at 103.7 mpg. 64. ^ "50 000 km avec une Citroën Ax diesel, mon avis d'utilisateur ainsi que son coût kilométrique réel" (http://generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr/velo/citroen_ax_diesel.htm) . Generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr. http://generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr/velo/citroen_ax_diesel.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 65. ^ Frank Giovinazzi (2005-06-14). "Mercedes Bionic Concept Car" (http://www.carbuyersnotebook.com/archives/2005/06/mercedes_bionic.htm) . Carbuyersnotebook.com. http://www.carbuyersnotebook.com/archives/2005/06/mercedes_bionic.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 66. ^ "Daihatsu UFE-III | Concept Cars" (http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/concept_cars/daihatsu_ufe-III.html) . Diseno-art.com. http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/concept_cars/daihatsu_ufe-III.html. Retrieved 2010-1207. 67. ^ Annoy as little air as possible (http://www.edison2.com/blog/2010/8/20/annoy-as-little-air-as-possible.html) , Edison2 blog 68. ^ "Li-ion Motors Wave II" (http://www.li-ionmotors.com/product.php? cName=Vehicles&pName=Wave&categoryId=2000000&productId=1000001) . Li-ionmotors.com. http://www.liionmotors.com/product.php?cName=Vehicles&pName=Wave&categoryId=2000000&productId=1000001. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 69. ^ "D & H Enterprises, composites and fibreglass technology" (http://www.dhenterprises.com.au) . Dhenterprises.com.au. http://www.dhenterprises.com.au. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 70. ^ (a bicycle's lower frontal area is offset by a higher drag coefficient) (http://www.lafn.org/~dave/trans/energy/bicycle-energy.html#aero_drag) 71. ^ "The Mayfield Company Homepage - Coefficient of Drag Tables and Curves" (http://www.mayfco.com/tbls.htm) . Mayfco.com. http://www.mayfco.com/tbls.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 72. ^ "Program: hpvplot (updated 11/12/07)" (http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~et181/hpv/hpvplot.html) . Ent.ohiou.edu. http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~et181/hpv/hpvplot.html. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 73. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/RR/Seraph.html) 74. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/Audi/TT_Mk1.html) 75. ^ Youtube.com (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI06RFqt4m4) 76. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/Audi/A2_2000.html) 77. ^ Toyota Prius (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#2009.E2.80.93_.28model_ZVW30.29)
External links Further 500 drag coefficients (http://rc.opelgt.org/indexcw.php) Improving Aerodynamics to Boost Fuel Economy (http://www.edmunds.com/advice/specialreports/articles/106954/article.html) Tel Aviv University reduces drag on trucks by 10% (http://tauac.typepad.com/ac/2007/05/tau_drag_reduct.html) Simple roll-down test for measuring Cd and Crr for cars and bikes (http://physics.technion.ac.il/~rutman/car/Roll-down%20test.pdf) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient" Categories: Automotive engineering | Aerodynamics This page was last modified on 13 March 2011 at 06:14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional may apply. See of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a ed trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Automobile drag coefficient From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Automobile drag coefficients) The drag coefficient is a common metric in automotive design pertaining to aerodynamic effects. As aerodynamic drag increases as the square of speed, a low value is preferable to a high one. With about 60% of the power required to cruise at highway speeds being used to overcome aerodynamic effects minimizing drag translates directly into improved fuel efficiency. For the same reason aerodynamics are of increasing concern to truck designers, where greater surface area presents substantial potential savings in fuel costs. Tatra T77 maquette by Paul Jaray, 1933
Contents 1 Reducing drag 2 Typical drag coefficients 3 Drag area 4 Selected photographs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links
Reducing drag Reducing drag is also a factor in sports car design, where fuel efficiency is less of a factor, but where low drag helps a car achieve a high top speed. However, there are other important aspects of aerodynamics that affect cars designed for high speed, including racing cars. Notably, it is important to minimize lift, hence increasing downforce, to avoid the car becoming airborne. Increasing the downforce pushes the car down onto the race track—allowing higher cornering speed. It is also important to maximize aerodynamic stability: some racing cars have tested well at particular "attack angles", yet performed catastrophically, i.e. flipping over, when hitting a bump or experiencing turbulence from other vehicles (most notably the Mercedes-Benz CLR). For best cornering and racing performance, as required in Formula One cars, downforce and stability are crucial and these cars must attempt to maximize downforce and maintain stability while attempting to minimize the overall Cd value.
Typical drag coefficients The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and 0.35. SUVs, with their typically boxy shapes and larger frontal area, typically achieve a Cd of 0.35–0.45. A very gently inclined windshield gives a lower drag coefficient but has safety disadvantages, including reduced driver visibility. Certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25–0.30, although sometimes designers deliberately increase drag to reduce lift. Some examples of Cd follow. Figures given are generally for the basic model. Some "high performance" models may actually have higher drag, due to wider tires and extra spoilers. Production cars Cd 0.7 to 1.1
Automobile
Production cars (continued) Year
typical values for a Formula One car (downforce settings change for each circuit)
0.74 Legends car 0.7
Caterham Seven
0.6 + a typical truck 0.57 Hummer H2
2003
0.54 Mercedes Benz G-Class 0.51 Citroën 2CV
1948
Volkswagen Beetle (original 0.48 design) [1][2]
1938
0.48 Rover Mini
1998
0.48
Volkswagen Cabriolet (Rabbit Convertible)[3]
Cd
Automobile
1937
0.46 Ford Mustang (coupe)
1979
Year
Automobile
0.315 Saturn SL1
19961999[40]
0.39 Porsche 918 Concept
0.31 Audi A4 B5
1995
0.26 Alfa Romeo Disco Volante
0.31 BMW 7-series
2009
0.25 Dymaxion Car
0.31 Buick Park Avenue
1996
0.25 SmILE (an experimental car)
0.31 Cadillac CTS-V
2005
0.22 Citroën ECO 2000 Concept
0.31 Cadillac CTS
2004
0.31 Citroën AX
1986
0.31 Citroën GS
1970
0.31 Eagle Vision
1995
0.31 FIAT Coupé
1995[41]
0.31 Ford Falcon
1995
0.31 Ford Thunderbird
19891997[42]
0.304 Ford Probe
19881992[43]
1979–1993
0.47 Lancia Aprilia
Concept/experimental cars Cd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
0.27 Avion[63]
0.22 BMW Vision EfficientDynamics Concept 0.20 Loremo Concept
Opel Eco Speedster 0.20 (http://archive.cardesignnews.com/autoshows/2002/paris/pr ecospeedster/) Concept 0.19 Alfa Romeo B.A.T. 7 Concept 0.19 Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept
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0.46 Ford Mustang (coupe)
1979
0.45 Range Rover Classic
1990
0.45 Dodge Viper RT/10
1996
0.44 Ford Mustang (fastback)
1979
0.44 Peugeot 305
1978
0.44 Peugeot 504
1968
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0.304 Ford Probe
1992[43]
0.19 Mercedes-Benz Bionic Concept [65] (based on the boxfish)
0.31 Holden Commodore
1998
0.186 Schlör's Göttinger Ei
0.31 Honda Civic (Sedan)
2006
0.186 Volkswagen XL1
0.31 Honda Civic (Hatchback)
19921995[13]
0.168 Daihatsu UFE-III Concept
20082011[44]
0.16
General Motors Precept (http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/gmprecept.html) Conce
0.44 Toyota Truck
1990
0.31 Infiniti G37 (Coupe)
0.43 TVR 3000S
1978-79
0.31 Kia Rio (Sedan)
2001[45]
Duple 425 coach 0.425 (named for its low Cd by coach
1985
0.310 Lamborghini Diablo
1990
0.31 Lexus LFA
2010 1986
0.157 Li-ion Motors Wave II, Automotive X Prize winner [68] 0.15 Aptera 2 Series 2e
standards)
0.42 Lamborghini Countach
1974
(wing retracted)
0.16 Edison2 Very Light Car, Automotive X Prize winner [67] 0.159 Volkswagen 1-litre car Concept
0.42 Triumph Spitfire Mk IV
1971
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FC3S
0.42 Plymouth Duster
1994
0.31 Mazda RX-7 FD R1(R2)
1993
0.41 Smart Roadster
2003
0.31 Mazda RX-8
2004
0.41 Volvo 740 (sedan)
1982
0.31 Mazda MX-6
1992–1997
0.147 JCB Dieselmax land speed record holder
19972002[4]
0.31 Nissan Tiida / Versa
2004
0.146 Urbee Production vehicle
0.31 Peugeot 307
2001
0.14 Fiat Turbina Concept
2005
0.31 Porsche 997 Turbo/GT3
2006
0.137 Ford Probe V Concept
0.40 Nissan Skyline GT-R R32
1989
0.31 Renault 25
1984
0.125 Sunraycer, solar race car
19952005[5]
0.31 Saab Sonett III
1970
0.12 Reflex 1000, solar cycle
0.40 Chevrolet Astro
0.31 Saturn SC2
2001
0.117 Summers Brothers Goldenrod Bonneville race car
0.39 Ford Aerostar
1995[6]
0.31 Scion xA
2004
0.08 Fortis Saxonia (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept
0.39 Honda Odyssey
1994-98
0.31 Toyota Avalon
1995–2000
0.075 PAC-Car II (Shell Eco-marathon) Concept
0.39 Chevrolet Tahoe
2006
0.31 Toyota Corolla
0.07 Nuna, World Solar Challenge winner
0.39 Dodge Durango
2004
19982002[46]
0.39 Ford Escort 5 Door
19811984[7]
0.32 Toyota Paseo
19951999[47]
0.39 Triumph Spitfire
1964
0.31 Toyota RAV4
2006
0.385 Nissan 280ZX
1978
1993
0.38 Smart Roadster Coupé
2003
Toyota Supra (N/A; without 0.31 factory wing)
0.38 Smart ForTwo
1998
0.31 Volkswagen GTI Mk IV
1997
0.38 Lexus GX
2003
0.30 Audi 100
1983
0.38 Mazda Miata
1989
0.30 Alfa Romeo 164 Sedan
1988
0.38 Subaru Forester
2009 [8]
0.30 Ford Taurus
19961999[48][49]
0.30 Honda Accord Sedan
2003, 2005–2007
0.405 Subaru Forester 0.40 Ford Escape Hybrid
0.38
VW NewBeetle [9] 2003 without wing or spoiler 0.39[10]
0.374 Ford Capri Mk III
1978
0.30 Honda NSX
2002
0.372 Ferrari F50
1996
0.30 Honda CRX DX/Si [50]
1988
0.37 BMW Z3 M coupe
1999
0.30 Honda Odyssey
2005
0.37 Jaguar XJ (X300/X308)
0.30 Hyundai Sonata
2006
0.37 Renault Twingo
0.30 Koenigsegg CCX
2006
0.37 Volkswagen Tiguan
2008
0.30 Mitsubishi Eclipse
2000
0.36 Alfa Romeo 33
1983[11]
0.30 Nissan 180SX
1989
0.36 Cadillac Escalade hybrid
2008
0.30 Nissan 300ZX
1983
0.36 Cadillac Fleetwood
1996
2003–2008
0.36 Volkswagen Jetta
19851992[12]
Nissan 350Z Coupe Base and 0.30 Enthusiast models 0.30 Nissan 370Z Coupe
2009 [51]
0.30 Renault 19 16V
1991
0.30 Saab 92
1947
0.30 Toyota Sienna
2003–2009
(0.29 with sport package)
Citroën CX (named after the 0.36 term for Cd )
1974
0.36 Citroën DS
1955
0.36 Chrysler Sebring
1996
0.36 Ferrari Testarossa
1986
0.30 Toyota Corolla
0.36 Ford Escort
19972002[13]
20032008[52]
0.295 Ford Falcon
1998
0.36 Ford Mustang
1999
0.291 Toyota Avalon
2005
0.36 Honda Civic
2001–2005
0.29 Lexus CT200H
2011
0.36 Opel GT
1969
0.29 Alfa Romeo 155
1992
0.36 Subaru Impreza WRX [14]
2010
BMW 1-Series (116i 0.29 Sportshatch)
2008
0.36 Saturn SW
19962001[13]
Pontiac Firebird Trans Am 0.29 (with optional W62 Aero Package and
1984
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2001
0.29 (with optional W62 Aero Package and
25/03/11 3:16 PM
1984
N89 Turbo Cast rims)
19941999[15]
0.29 BMW 8-Series
1989
1967
0.29 Chevrolet Corvette
2005
2004
0.29 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06
2002
2006
0.29 Daewoo Espero
1990
2005
0.29 Dodge Charger Daytona
1969
0.35 Dodge Viper GTS
1996
0.29 Eagle Talon
1990s
0.35 Honda Del Sol
1992– 1997[13]
0.29 Ford Escape
2010 [53]
0.29 Ford Focus C-Max
2003 [54]
0.35 Jaguar XKR
2005
0.29 Honda Accord Hybrid
2005, 2007
0.35 Lexus GX
2010
0.35 Lexus RX
2003–2009
0.29 Honda Accord Coupe
2003, 2005–2007
0.35 MINI Cooper
2008
0.29 Honda CRX HF [50]
1988
0.35 Nissan Cube
2009
0.29 Infiniti G35 Sedan
2008
0.35 Renault Clio (Mk 2)
2002 [16]
0.29 Lancia Dedra
1990
0.35 SSC Ultimate Aero
2007– present
0.29 Lexus LS 400
1990
0.29 Lotus Elite
1958
0.35 Tesla Roadster[17]
2008
0.29 Lotus Europa
1966
0.35 Toyota MR-2
1998
0.29 Mazda Millenia
1995
0.35 Toyota Sequoia
2007
1986
0.35 Toyota Previa
19911997[18][19]
Mazda RX-7 FC3S Aero 0.29 Package 0.29 Mazda 3
2010
0.35 Volvo 940 (sedan)
1990
0.29 Mazda RX-7 FD
1993
0.29 Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Up)
2001
Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class 0.29 Coupe
2001
0.36 Toyota Celica Convertible 0.355 NSU Ro 80 0.35 Aston Martin Vanquish 0.35 BMW Z4 M coupe 0.35 BMW M3 Convertible
0.348 Toyota Celica Supra (Mk 2)
1982
[20]
0.342 Toyota Celica (Liftback Model) 1982 0.34 Subaru Impreza WRX (4 Door) 2009 [21]
Nissan 350Z Coupe Track and Grand Touring
0.34 Aston Martin DB9
2004
0.29
0.34 Chevrolet Caprice
1994
2007–2008
0.29 Nissan Versa
2007–2008
0.34 Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid
2008
0.29 Peugeot 308
2007
0.34 Chevrolet C6 Corvette Z06
2005– present
0.29 Peugeot 407
2004
0.29 Peugeot 607
1999
0.29 Porsche Boxster
2005
0.29 Subaru XT
1985
0.29 Subaru SVX
1992
0.34 Ferrari F40
1987
0.34 Ferrari 360 Modena
1999
0.34 Ferrari F430 F1
2004
0.34 Ford Sierra
1982
0.34 Ford Puma
1997
0.29 Toyota Echo
20002005[55][56]
0.34 Geo Metro (Hatchback)
19951997[13]
0.29 Toyota Yaris
2007
0.34 Honda Prelude
1988
0.29 Toyota Camry]
1996–2001
0.29 Toyota Prius
2001
2001
0.29 Volvo C70
2000
19931997[22]
0.288 Chrysler Concorde
1998–2001
0.286 Chevrolet Corvette C6
2006
1991
0.284 Volkswagen at CC
2008
0.34 Saturn SL2
19911995[23]
0.28 Audi A2 1.4 TDI
2000
0.28 Citroën XM
1989
0.34 Subaru Legacy Wagon
19931999[24]
0.28 Citroën C4
2004
0.28 Lexus IS
2006– present
0.34
Mercedes-Benz SL (Roof Down)
0.34 Nissan Altima 0.34 Peugeot 106
0.34
Toyota Supra (with factory 3 piece turbo wing)
0.34 Toyota Corolla (Wagon) 0.338 Chevrolet Camaro
1989–1990
0.28 Lexus LS400
1998
19931997[25]
0.28 Mitsubishi Diamante
1995
1995
0.28 (with optional automatic spoiler, PDK
0.33 Audi A3
2006
0.33 Acura Integra
19932001[26]
0.33 Citroën SM
1970
0.33 Honda Civic Hatchback
19881991[13]
0.33 Dodge Charger
2006
Porsche 997 Carrera
2004
transmission 0.30)
0.28 Renault 25 TS
1984
0.28 Honda Civic Hybrid
20032005[13]
0.28 Rumpler-Tropfenwagen
1921
0.28 Saab 9-3
2003
0.28 Toyota Camry / Lexus ES
2001
0.28 Opel Astra Coupe Turbo
2003
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1992
0.28 Opel Astra Coupe Turbo
2003
0.33 Ford Fusion
2010 [27]
0.28 Hyundai Elantra
2011 1986
0.33 Ford Escort ZX2
19982003[28]
0.28 Opel Omega sedan 0.27 Nissan GTR
2008
2002
0.27 Mazda Mazda6
2009
0.33 Lamborghini Murcielago
2001
0.27 Audi A2 1.6 FSI
2003
0.33 Lexus RX
2010
0.27 Honda Civic Hybrid
2006-
1987
0.27 Hyundai Genesis
2009
0.33 Nissan 200SX Coupe
19951998[29]
0.27 Infiniti G35 Coupe
2003–2007
0.33 Peugeot 206
1998
0.27 Lexus GS
2005
0.33 Peugeot 309
1986
(sedan and hatchback) 0.27 Mazda6 [57]
2008
0.33 Renault Modus
2004
0.33 Subaru Impreza WRX STi
2004
Mercedes-Benz W203 C-Class Sedan
2001
0.33 Saturn SL2
1999[30]
0.27 Nissan GT-R
2007-2010
0.27 Toyota Camry Hybrid
2007
0.33 Toyota Corolla
19931997[13]
0.27 Tucker Torpedo
1948
0.33 Toyota Supra (without wing)
1989–1990
0.27 Volkswagen at B5 (sedan)
1997
0.329 Chevrolet Corsica
19892006[31]
0.27 Mercedes-Benz S Class
2000–2005
0.324 Cobalt SS Supercharged
2005
0.27 Opel Insignia
0.321 Toyota Matrix
20032008[32]
2008– present
0.26 Opel Insignia - EcoFlex
2009– present
0.32 Volkswagen Golf MK3
1991
0.26 BMW E90 (0.26-0.30)
0.32 AMC Pacer
1975–1980
2009 [58]
0.32 Ferrari California
2008
0.26 Chevrolet Volt
2010
0.32 Buick Riviera
1995
Hotchkiss 0.26 Gregoire[citation needed]
1951
0.32 BMW M3 Coupe
2005
0.32 Dodge Avenger
1995
0.26 Lexus LS 430
2001–2006
0.32 Ford Taurus
19921995[33]
0.26 Lexus LS 460
2006
0.26 Mercedes-Benz W221 S-Class
2006
0.32 Geo Metro (Sedan)
19951997[13]
0.26 Mercedes-Benz W211 E-Class
2002-09
0.32 Honda Accord (Coupe)
2002
0.26 Nissan GT-R
2010present
0.32 Honda NSX
1990
0.26 Opel Calibra
1989
0.32 Honda Civic (Coupe)
19921995[13]
0.26 Toyota Prius
2004–2009
0.25 Audi A2 1.2 TDI
2001
0.25 Honda Insight
1999, 2003, 2005
0.25 Toyota Prius
2010
Mercedes E 220 CDI Blue 0.24 Efficiency European version only, other E-Class Coupe 0.28
2009
0.33 Ford Crown Victoria
0.33 Honda Accord Sedan
0.33 Mazda RX-7 FC3C
0.32 Honda Civic (Hatchback DX)
19962000[34]
0.32 Honda Civic (Sedan EX)
19962000[35]
0.32 Mazdaspeed3
2007
0.32 McLaren F1
1992
0.32
(0.26 with "aero package")
0.27
(0.268 with Sport Package)
(0.25 with air suspension)
(8 valve version)
(0.25 sedan)(
Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.516/2.3-16
1935 [59]
0.32 Nissan Altima
19982001[36]
0.212 Tatra T77A
[60] [61] [62]
0.32 Nissan 240SX Coupe
19951998[37]
0.195 General Motors EV1
1996
0.32 Nissan 300ZX
1989
0.32 Nissan Maxima
1997
0.32 Porsche 997 GT2
2008– present
0.32 Peugeot 406
1995
0.32 Peugeot 806
1994
0.32 Scion xB
2008
0.32 Suzuki Swift
1991
0.32 Toyota Celica
1994
0.32 Toyota Celica
20002005[38]
0.32
Toyota Supra (N/A with wing
1993
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0.32 0.32
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1993
and turbo models)
Toyota Supra (with factory turbo 1987–1988 wing)
0.32 Toyota Tercel Sedan
19952000[39]
0.32 Volkswagen GTI Mk V
2006
Drag area While designers pay attention to the overall shape of the automobile, they also bear in mind that reducing the frontal area of the shape helps reduce the drag. The combination of drag coefficient and area - drag area - is represented as Cd A (or Cx A), a multiplication of the Cd value by the area. The term drag area derives from aerodynamics, where it is the product of some reference area (such as cross-sectional area, total surface area, or similar) and the drag coefficient. In 2003, Car and Driver magazine adopted this metric as a more intuitive way to compare the aerodynamic efficiency of various automobiles. Average full-size enger cars have a drag area of roughly 8.50 sq ft (0.790 m 2 ). Reported drag areas range from the 1999 Honda Insight at 5.10 sq ft (0.474 m 2 ) to the 2003 Hummer H2 at 26.3 sq ft (2.44 m 2 ). The drag area of a bicycle is also in the range of 6.5–7.5 sq ft (0.60–0.70 m 2 ). [70] Automobile examples of Cd A[71] Cd A
Automobile model
2.50 sq ft (0.232
m2)
[72]
1986 Twike
2.69 sq ft (0.250
m2)
2009 Loremo
3.00 sq ft (0.279
m2)
2011 Volkswagen XL1
3.95 sq ft (0.367
m2)
1996 GM EV1
5.10 sq ft (0.474
m2)
1999 Honda Insight
5.40 sq ft (0.502
m2)
1989 Opel Calibra
5.71 sq ft (0.530
m2)
1990 Honda CR-X Si
5.74 sq ft (0.533
m2)
2002 Acura NSX
5.76 sq ft (0.535
m2)
1968 Toyota 2000GT
5.80 sq ft (0.539
m2)
1986 Toyota MR2
5.81 sq ft (0.540
m2)
1989 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX
5.86 sq ft (0.544
m2)
2001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L
5.88 sq ft (0.546
m2)
1990 Nissan 240SX hatchback / 200SX / 180SX
5.92 sq ft (0.550
m2)
1994 Porsche 911 Speedster
5.95 sq ft (0.553
m2)
1990 Mazda RX7
6.00 sq ft (0.557
m2)
1992 Subaru SVX
6.00 sq ft (0.557
m2)
1970 Lamborghini Miura
6.08 sq ft (0.565
m2)
2008 Nissan GTR
6.13 sq ft (0.569
m2)
1991 Acura NSX
6.17 sq ft (0.573
m2)
1995 Lamborghini Diablo
6.24 sq ft (0.580
m2)
2004 Toyota Prius
6.27 sq ft (0.583
m2)
1986 Porsche 911 Carrera
6.27 sq ft (0.583
m2)
1992 Chevrolet Corvette
6.35 sq ft (0.590
m2)
1999 Lotus Elise
6.37 sq ft (0.592
m2)
2000 Vauxhall VX220 N/A
6.40 sq ft (0.595
m2)
1990 Lotus Esprit
6.41 sq ft (0.596
m2)
2003 Smart Roadster Coupé
6.54 sq ft (0.608
m2)
1991 Saturn Sports Coupe
6.57 sq ft (0.610
m2)
1985 Chevrolet Corvette
6.63 sq ft (0.616
m2)
2001 Audi A2
6.63 sq ft (0.616
m2)
1989 Ford Thunderbird
6.66 sq ft (0.619
m2)
1996 Citroën Saxo
6.77 sq ft (0.629
m2)
1995 BMW M3
6.79 sq ft (0.631
m2)
1993 Toyota Corolla DX
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6.80 sq ft (0.632 m 2 ) 2007 BMW 335i Coupe 6.81 sq ft (0.633 m 2 ) 1991 Subaru Legacy 6.90 sq ft (0.641 m 2 ) 1993 Saturn Wagon 6.93 sq ft (0.644 m 2 ) 1982 Delorean DMC-12 6.94 sq ft (0.645 m 2 ) 2003 Smart Roadster 6.96 sq ft (0.647 m 2 ) 1988 Porsche 944 S 6.96 sq ft (0.647 m 2 ) 1995 Chevrolet Lumina LS 7.02 sq ft (0.652 m 2 ) 1992 BMW 325I 7.04 sq ft (0.654 m 2 ) 1991 Honda Civic EX 7.06 sq ft (0.656 m 2 ) 2004 Vauxhall VX220 Turbo 7.10 sq ft (0.660 m 2 ) 1995 Saab 900 7.14 sq ft (0.663 m 2 ) 1995 Subaru Legacy L 7.20 sq ft (0.669 m 2 ) 1995 Nissan Maxima GLE 7.34 sq ft (0.682 m 2 ) 2001 Honda Civic 7.39 sq ft (0.687 m 2 ) 1994 Honda Accord EX 7.48 sq ft (0.695 m 2 ) 1993 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 7.57 sq ft (0.703 m 2 ) 1992 Toyota Camry 7.69 sq ft (0.714 m 2 ) 1994 Chrysler LHS 7.72 sq ft (0.717 m 2 ) 1993 Subaru Impreza 8.02 sq ft (0.745 m 2 ) 2005 Bugatti Veyron 8.70 sq ft (0.808 m 2 ) 1990 Volvo 740 Turbo 8.70 sq ft (0.808 m 2 ) 1992 Ford Crown Victoria 8.71 sq ft (0.809 m 2 ) 1991 Buick LeSabre Limited 9.54 sq ft (0.886 m 2 ) 1992 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon 10.7 sq ft (0.99 m 2 ) 1992 Chevrolet Blazer 11.6 sq ft (1.08 m 2 ) 2005 Ford Escape Hybrid 11.7 sq ft (1.09 m 2 ) 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee 16.8 sq ft (1.56 m 2 ) 2006 Hummer H3 17.4 sq ft (1.62 m 2 ) 1995 Land Rover Discovery 26.5 sq ft (2.46 m 2 ) 2003 Hummer H2
Selected photographs
0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula One car
0.9 -a typical bicycle plus cyclist
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0.7 - Caterham Seven
at least 0.6 - a typical truck
0.57 - 2003 Hummer H2
0.51 - Citroën 2CV
0.48 - Volkswagen Beetle
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0.425 - Duple 425 Coach
0.42 - 1974 Lamborghini Countach
0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
0.38 - 1989 Mazda Miata
0.38 - 1998 RollsRoyce Silver Seraph[73]
0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
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0.372 - 1996 Ferrari F50
0.36 - 1955 Citroën DS
0.36 - 1986 Ferrari Testarossa
0.36 - 2001 Honda Civic
0.36 - 1974 Citroën CX
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0.355 - 1967 NSU Ro 80
0.35 - 1998 Audi TT [74]
0.35 - Dodge Viper GTS
0.342 - 1982 Pontiac Trans Am [75]
0.34 - 1982 Ford Sierra
0.34 - 1987 Ferrari F40
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0.338 - 1995 Chevrolet Camaro
0.33 - 1970 Citroën SM
0.32 - 1995 Buick Riviera
0.32 - 1995 Nissan Maxima
0.31 - 1986 Citroën AX
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0.31 - 1970 Citroën GS
0.31 - 2001 Saturn SC2
0.31 - 1970 Saab Sonett III
0.30 - 1983 Audi 100
0.30 - 2006 BMW E90
0.30 - 1997 Porsche 996
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0.30 - 1947 Saab 92
0.29 - 1988 Honda CRX HF
0.29 - 1985 Subaru XT
0.29 - Lancia Dedra, 1990-1998
0.29 - 1958 Lotus Elite
0.28 - 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
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0.28 - 2005 Toyota Camry and sister model Lexus ES
0.28 - 2004 Porsche 997
0.28 - 1984 Renault 25
0.28 - 2003 Saab 9-3
0.28 - 1999 Audi A2 [76]
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0.28 - 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06
0.27 - 2004 Infiniti G35 (0.26 with "aero package")
0.27 - 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid
0.26 - 2006 MercedesBenz W221 S-Class
0.26 - 2001 Lexus LS 430, (0.25 with air suspension)
0.26 - 2004 Toyota Prius
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0.26 - 1989 Vauxhall Calibra
0.25 - 2001 Audi A2 1.2 TDI
0.25 - 1999 Honda Insight
0.25 - 2010 Toyota Prius[77]
0.212 - 1935 Tatra T77A
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0.195 - 1996 General Motors EV1 (electric)
0.15 - Aptera Motors Typ-1 (2008 planned)
See also Automotive aerodynamics Drag (physics) Drag equation Paul Jaray
References 1. ^ "Technique of the VW Beetle" (http://www.maggiolinoweb.it/technique.html) . Maggiolinoweb.it. http://www.maggiolinoweb.it/technique.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 2. ^ "The Mayfield Homepage - Coefficient of Drag for Selected Vehicles" (http://www.mayfco.com/dragcd~1.htm) . Mayfco.com. http://www.mayfco.com/dragcd~1.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 3. ^ "Volkswagen Cabriolet MK1 Specs" (http://www.cabby-info.com/specs.htm) . Cabby-Info.com. http://www.cabby-info.com/specs.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-12. 4. ^ "1998 SUBARU FORESTER S" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ082597.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ082597.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 5. ^ "Chevrolet Astro Van (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9542.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9542.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 6. ^ "1995 Ford Aerostar Specs" (http://www.motortrend.com/cars/1995/ford/aerostar/specifications/index.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.motortrend.com/cars/1995/ford/aerostar/specifications/index.html. Retrieved 2010-0818. 7. ^ "1981 Ford Escort" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=26873) . carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=26873. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 8. ^ "Subaru Forester specs available" (http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs? cat=all&make=SU&modelid=223&acode=USC00SUS041A0&year=null) . CarsDirect. http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs?cat=all&make=SU&modelid=223&acode=USC00SUS041A0&year=null. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 9. ^ "Evworld Feature: Giving The New Beetle Wings:Vw | Rogers | Beetle | Wing | Drag | Porsche | Volkswagen | Thiokol | Utah | Fuel | Economy | Biodiesel | Diesel | Aerodynamics" (http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm? archive=1&storyid=911&first=2412&end=2411) . Evworld.com. http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm? archive=1&storyid=911&first=2412&end=2411. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 10. ^ "Aero Testing - Part 3" (http://autospeed.com/cms/A_108675/article.html) . AutoSpeed. http://autospeed.com/cms/A_108675/article.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 11. ^ Daily Mail Motor Review 1984 12. ^ Smith, David C. (December 1984). "Golf, Jetta much improved and, with them, VWA's hopes". Ward's Auto World 13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ecomodder Wiki Vehicle Coefficient of Drag" (http://ecomodder.com/wiki/index.php/Vehicle_Coefficient_of_Drag_List) . http://ecomodder.com/wiki/index.php/Vehicle_Coefficient_of_Drag_List. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 14. ^ "Subaru Canada" (http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=430&Category=AllSpecCategory) . Subaru.ca. http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=430&Category=AllSpecCategory. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 15. ^ "Toyota Celica GT (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9525.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9525.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 16. ^ "2002 Renault Clio II 1.5 dCi 80 technical specifications and data - 3 door 1.5 litre (1461 cc) S4 79.1 PS Carfolio.com car specifications pages" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=112816) . Carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=112816. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 17. ^ Ramsey, Jonathon (2009-03-26). "Tesla Model S: $50,000 EV sedan seats seven, 300-mile range, 0-60 in 5.5s" (http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/03/26/tesla-model-s-50-000-ev-sedan-seats-seven-300-mile-range-0-6/) . autobloggreen. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/03/26/tesla-model-s-50-000-ev-sedan-seats-seven-300-milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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range-0-6/. Retrieved 2009-04-12. 18. ^ "Toyota Previa LE S/C 1995" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9441.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9441.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 19. ^ "1990 Toyota Previa" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=36201) . carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=36201. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 20. ^ [1] (http://www.celicasupra.com/brochures/82binder.pdf) 21. ^ "Subaru Canada" (http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=422&Category=AllSpecCategory) . Subaru.ca. http://subaru.ca/SubaruData.aspx? WebPageID=13725&WebSiteID=282&CompareType=S&CarIds=422&Category=AllSpecCategory. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 22. ^ "Nissan Altima GXE (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9451.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9451.html. 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Retrieved 2010-05-02. 26. ^ "Acura Integra GS-R (1994)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9349.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9349.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 27. ^ "Ford Fusion specs available" (http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs? cat=6&make=FO&modelid=583&acode=USC00FOC201A0&year=2010) . CarsDirect. http://www.carsdirect.com/research/specs?cat=6&make=FO&modelid=583&acode=USC00FOC201A0&year=2010. Retrieved 2009-10-24. 28. ^ "Ford Escort ZX2 (1998)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ102497.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/russ102497.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 29. ^ "1995 NISSAN 200SX SE-R TWO-DOOR COUPE" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9523.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9523.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 30. ^ "Saturn SL2 (1999)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1999/solo9936.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1999/solo9936.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 31. ^ "1990 Chevrolet Corsica Sales training Video" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VRyViEJ3lg) . youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VRyViEJ3lg. Retrieved 2011-1-15. 32. ^ "Review:2003 Toyota Matrix" (http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/05/08/140092.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/05/08/140092.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 33. ^ "1994 FORD TAURUS GL" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9346.htm) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9346.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 34. ^ "Honda Civic DX Hatchback (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9551.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9551.html. 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Retrieved 201005-02. 39. ^ "Toyota Tercel DX (1995)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9517.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9517.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 40. ^ "Saturn SL1 (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9552.htm) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9552.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 41. ^ [2] (http://www.fiatcoupehistory.com/e_daten.htm) 42. ^ "Toyota Tercel Reference - CdA List" (http://www.tercelreference.com/s/CdA_List.htm) . http://www.tercelreference.com/s/CdA_List.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-15. 43. ^ "Carfolio Car Specifications" (http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11484) . http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=11484. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 44. ^ "2011 Infiniti G Coupe Specifications" (http://www.infinitiusa.com/g_coupe/specs-options/) . Infiniti USA. http://www.infinitiusa.com/g_coupe/specs-options/. Retrieved 2011-01-25. 45. ^ "2001 Kia Rio Specifications - View New Kia Rio 2001 Specs & Data at" (http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/2001/kia/rio/index.html) . Internetautoguide.com. http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/2001/kia/rio/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 46. ^ "1998 TOYOTA COROLLA LE" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/solo9809.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1998/solo9809.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 47. ^ "Toyota Paseo (1996)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9549.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9549.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 48. ^ "1996/1997 FORD TAURUS SHO" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1997/solo9646.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/1997/solo9646.html. 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52. ^ "2003 Toyota Corolla Specs" (http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2003/toyota/corolla/specifications/index.html) . motortrend.com. http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2003/toyota/corolla/specifications/index.html. Retrieved 201005-02. 53. ^ "Ford Escape Hybrid" (http://www.all-about-car-selection.com/ford-escape-hybrid.html) . All-about-carselection.com. http://www.all-about-car-selection.com/ford-escape-hybrid.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 54. ^ "All-new Ford Focus C-Max - Ford Forums - Mustang Forum, Ford Trucks and Cars" (http://www.fordforums.com/f349/all-new-ford-focus-c-max-32598/) . Ford Forums. http://www.fordforums.com/f349/all-new-ford-focus-c-max-32598/. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 55. ^ "2000 Toyota Echo Review" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/lhill_2000echo.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/lhill_2000echo.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 56. ^ "Toyota Echo 4-Door (2000)" (http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/gap0010.html) . theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/2000/gap0010.html. Retrieved 2010-0502. 57. ^ [3] (http://www.mazda.de/NR/rdonlyres/4AD941AC-2043-479A-92AAB3E9F3F03DAC/0/Mazda6_Broschuere.pdf) 58. ^ Interone Worldwide GmbH (2008-06-17). "BMW 3 Series Sedan : Technical data" (http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/3series/sedan/2008/allfacts/engine/technical_data.html) . Bmw.com. http://www.bmw.com/com/en/newvehicles/3series/sedan/2008/allfacts/engine/technical_data.html. Retrieved 200910-24. 59. ^ Optimization and computational fluid dynamics, Gàbor Janiga, Springer, 2008, page 196 60. ^ "Cheating Wind - Aerodynamic Tech and Buyers Guide" (http://www.europeancarweb.com/tech/0610_ec_aerodynamics_tech_buyers_guide/tables.html) . europeancarweb.com. http://www.europeancarweb.com/tech/0610_ec_aerodynamics_tech_buyers_guide/tables.html. Retrieved 2008-0313. 61. ^ "Tatra 77 aerodynamic car (czech)" (http://www.aerotatra.czweb.org/t77.htm) . http://www.aerotatra.czweb.org/t77.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 62. ^ Winning the oil endgame: innovation for profits, jobs and security, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004, page 53 63. ^ Avion specs (http://www.100mpgplus.com/technology/specifications.html) , vehicle set the 1986 Guinness World Record for fuel efficiency at 103.7 mpg. 64. ^ "50 000 km avec une Citroën Ax diesel, mon avis d'utilisateur ainsi que son coût kilométrique réel" (http://generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr/velo/citroen_ax_diesel.htm) . Generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr. http://generationsfutures.chez-alice.fr/velo/citroen_ax_diesel.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 65. ^ Frank Giovinazzi (2005-06-14). "Mercedes Bionic Concept Car" (http://www.carbuyersnotebook.com/archives/2005/06/mercedes_bionic.htm) . Carbuyersnotebook.com. http://www.carbuyersnotebook.com/archives/2005/06/mercedes_bionic.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 66. ^ "Daihatsu UFE-III | Concept Cars" (http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/concept_cars/daihatsu_ufe-III.html) . Diseno-art.com. http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/concept_cars/daihatsu_ufe-III.html. Retrieved 2010-1207. 67. ^ Annoy as little air as possible (http://www.edison2.com/blog/2010/8/20/annoy-as-little-air-as-possible.html) , Edison2 blog 68. ^ "Li-ion Motors Wave II" (http://www.li-ionmotors.com/product.php? cName=Vehicles&pName=Wave&categoryId=2000000&productId=1000001) . Li-ionmotors.com. http://www.liionmotors.com/product.php?cName=Vehicles&pName=Wave&categoryId=2000000&productId=1000001. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 69. ^ "D & H Enterprises, composites and fibreglass technology" (http://www.dhenterprises.com.au) . Dhenterprises.com.au. http://www.dhenterprises.com.au. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 70. ^ (a bicycle's lower frontal area is offset by a higher drag coefficient) (http://www.lafn.org/~dave/trans/energy/bicycle-energy.html#aero_drag) 71. ^ "The Mayfield Company Homepage - Coefficient of Drag Tables and Curves" (http://www.mayfco.com/tbls.htm) . Mayfco.com. http://www.mayfco.com/tbls.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 72. ^ "Program: hpvplot (updated 11/12/07)" (http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~et181/hpv/hpvplot.html) . Ent.ohiou.edu. http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~et181/hpv/hpvplot.html. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 73. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/RR/Seraph.html) 74. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/Audi/TT_Mk1.html) 75. ^ Youtube.com (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI06RFqt4m4) 76. ^ Autozine.org (http://www.autozine.org/Graveyard/html/Audi/A2_2000.html) 77. ^ Toyota Prius (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#2009.E2.80.93_.28model_ZVW30.29)
External links Further 500 drag coefficients (http://rc.opelgt.org/indexcw.php) Improving Aerodynamics to Boost Fuel Economy (http://www.edmunds.com/advice/specialreports/articles/106954/article.html) Tel Aviv University reduces drag on trucks by 10% (http://tauac.typepad.com/ac/2007/05/tau_drag_reduct.html) Simple roll-down test for measuring Cd and Crr for cars and bikes (http://physics.technion.ac.il/~rutman/car/Roll-down%20test.pdf) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient" Categories: Automotive engineering | Aerodynamics This page was last modified on 13 March 2011 at 06:14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional may apply. See of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a ed trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficients
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