Artificial Sweetening Agents 2c1q3p

GROUP 2: ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING AGENTS/SWEETENERS Leader: John Orville P. Quinto : Maria Victoria S. Perez Luzsel R. Aguilar Micah Philae C. Millavas Nhaztin S. Magtaan Paolo Joaquin C. Agas Tristan C. Vinuya

Artificial Sweetener/Sweetening Agents Natural sweeteners like sucrose and fructose give sweetness to a substance but they also contain calories which can be harmful to humans when taken in extra quantity. Artificial sweeteners are substances that are used as substitutes for natural sugar (sucrose), they contain low calories. They are many times sweeter than regular sugar, so they are also referred to as intense sweeteners. Some of them are so sweet that dextrose or maltodextrin is added to reduce the intense sweetness of artificial sweetening agents. These sweetening agents are generally obtained from the substitutes of synthetic sugar, but they can also be formed from natural substances, including herbs or sugar itself. Artificial sweetener is one of the most attractive substitutes to sugar as it does not add many calories in our diet. It can be used directly in the processed food as in puddings, dairy products, candy, soft drinks, baked goods, jams and many other foods and beverages. It can also be used after mixing it with starch-based sweeteners.

How does artificial sweetening agent work : For a sweetening agent to work properly, a sweetener should be soluble in water and it should readily bind with a receptor molecule present on the surface of the tongue. The receptor is actually connected with a G- protein and when the sweetener binds with the receptor, the G- protein starts dissociating which in turn activates a nearby enzyme and triggers a sequence of events in which the signals are transmitted to and are interpreted by the brain. The interaction between the receptor and sweetener s for the sweetness of an artificial sweetening agent.

Common Artificial Sweetener 1. Saccharin: It was discovered in 1879 and is considered as the oldest non-nutritive sweetener. Sucrose is about 300 times less sweet than saccharin, but it has a bitter aftertaste. It cannot be used in products where baking of food is necessary as it becomes unstable when it is heated. But it can be used to sweeten candies, drinks, and toothpaste.

2. Aspartame: In 1879 Aspartame was discovered and it was found that it is approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is a dipeptide methyl ester and its name is aspartyl phenylalanine1-methyl ester. It is commonly used as a tabletop sweetener and is also used in a variety of foods. When it is heated it breaks down into amino acids and loses its sweetness, so it cannot be used for the baked foods. As it becomes unstable at cooking temperature, it is only used in soft drinks and cold foods.

3. Acesulfame potassium or ace-K (Sweet One, Swiss Sweet, Sunett). You can use it in both cold and hot foods, including in baking and cooking. 4. Sucralose (Splenda). You can use it in hot and cold foods, including in baking and cooking. Processed foods often contain it. 5. Advantame can be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams and jellies, processed fruits and fruit juices, toppings and syrups.

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Agave Nectar

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Calories: 20 per teaspoon Found in: Cereals, yogurts, tea The deal: The nectar is a product of the agave cactus, and its taste and texture are similar to honey. It doesn’t contain as many antioxidants as honey, but it contains approximately the same amount of calories. Agave, however, is sweeter than sugar, so proponents suggest you can use less to get similar sweetness. It contains more fructose than table sugar, which, according to a recent study, means it is less likely to cause a spike in blood sugar but could be more likely to reduce your metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

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High-Fructose Corn Syrup

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Calories: 17 per teaspoon Found: Sodas, desserts, cereals The deal: This hotly debated sweetener contains the sugars fructose and glucose from processed corn syrup. Because it's cheaper than sucrose and gives products a longer shelf life, more packaged foods in the U.S.—especially soda, cereal, and yogurt—contain HFCS as added sugar instead of sucrose. Some studies say beverages sweetened with HFCS contribute to obesity more than sucrose, but others show it’s no worse for health. It’s best to limit your consumption.

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Honey

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Calories: 21 per teaspoon Found in: Cereals, baked goods, teas The deal: Honey contains trace amounts of vitamins and minerals, and studies suggest it may not raise blood sugar as fast as other sweet products.

(It’s generally better for the body to have a slow and steady rise in blood sugar after eating, rather than a dramatic spike.) Honey, however, does contain calories and should be used as sparingly as any other fullcalorie sweetener. •

Neotame

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Calories: 0 Found in: Some drinks, dairy products, frozen desserts, puddings, fruit juices The deal: The newest on the market, this artificial sweetener was approved by the FDA in 2002. It is between 7,000 and 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar depending on what it is added to, and is produced by the same company that makes aspartame. Neotame is one of the only nonnutritive sweeteners to get the seal of approval from the CSPI, but it is rarely used in everyday products.

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Stevia Leaf Extract

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AKA: Truvia, Pure Via Calories: 0 Found in: Diet drinks, yogurts, individual packets The deal: Derived from the stevia plant, stevia leaf extract, also called rebiana, is deemed the natural alternative to artificial sweeteners. Although crude stevia extracts are not approved by the FDA, refined stevia products such as Truvia gained a Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) approval from the FDA in 2008. In 2013, the consumer advocacy group Center for Science in the Public Interest said it "considers rebiana, a natural high-potency sweetener obtained from stevia, to be "safe," though deserving of better testing."

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Sugar Alcohol

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AKA: Sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol Calories: 10 per teaspoon Found in: Sugar-free candies, gum, desserts The deal: Sugar alcohols aren’t nonnutritive sweeteners—they have 2.6 calories per gram— but they don’t cause tooth decay like table sugar. Although they’re generally less sweet and caloric than sugar, eating large amounts (particularly of mannitol) can cause bloating and diarrhea. They’re often used in sugar-free foods marketed to diabetics, because they contain fewer carbohydrates than table sugar. They do contain some carbohydrates, so eating them in excess may increase blood sugar. The ADA recommends consuming sugar alcohols in moderation, and counting half of the grams of sugar alcohols as carbohydrates because only about half get digested.

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Examples of sugar alcohols include:

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Sorbitol

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Mannitol

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Zylitol

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Isomalt

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Lactitol

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Maltitol

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Erythritol

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Alitame

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Alitame is an aspartic acid-containing dipeptide sweetener. It was developed by Pfizer in the early 1980s and currently marketed in some countries under the brand name Aclame.[1] Most dipeptides are not sweet, but the unexpected discovery of aspartame in 1965 led to a search for similar compounds that shared its sweetness. Alitame is one such second-generation

dipeptide sweetener. Neotame, developed by the owners of the NutraSweet brand, is another. •

Alitame is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar),[2] about 10 times sweeter than aspartame, and has no aftertaste. Its half-life under hot or acidic conditions is about twice as long as aspartame's, although some other artificial sweeteners, including saccharin and acesulfame potassium, are more stable yet. Unlike aspartame, alitame does not contain phenylalanine, and can therefore be used by people with phenylketonuria.

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Cyclamate

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Sodium cyclamate (sweetener code 952) is an artificial sweetener. It is 30–50 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. It is often used with other artificial sweeteners, especially saccharin; the mixture of 10 parts cyclamate to 1 part saccharin is common and masks the off-tastes of both sweeteners.[1] It is less expensive than most sweeteners, including sucralose, and is stable under heating. Safety concerns have led to cyclamates being banned in the United States and other countries, though the European Union recognizes them as safe.

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Cyclamate is the sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid (cyclohexanesulfamic acid), which itself is prepared by the sulfonation of cyclohexylamine. This can be accomplished by reacting cyclohexylamine with either sulfamic acid or sulfur trioxide.

Advantages of artificial sweeteners: 1. Weight Control: If someone wants to lose their weight then they should use an artificial sweetening agent as virtually it carries zero calories. One gram of sugar carries 4 calories and one teaspoon of sugar contains about 4 gram of sugar. So by eating 1 teaspoon also we gain 16 calories. So in the case of a weight control, artificial sweetening agent is the best option.

2. Diabetes: It also helps in controlling diabetes as it does not raise the blood sugar levels because it does not contain the carbohydrates in it. 3. Artificial sweeteners could better oral health: The consumption of sugar plays a significant role in the development of tooth decay, cavities, and other issues with oral health. By removing the sweetener that can encourage bacterial growth and plaque along the gum line, it is possible to reduce the adverse impacts that you’re eating and drinking habits can create overtime. 4. Artificial sweeteners may be derived from natural substances: Although an artificial sweetener is a synthetic sugar substitute, it can be made from naturally occurring substances from the environment around us. Herbs and even the sugar plants themselves can become the foundation of these items. Since they tend to be much sweeter than an actual sugar product, they are an attractive alternative for those who need to watch their intake levels thanks to a diabetes diagnosis, weight concerns, or other medical needs. That’s because almost every artificial sweetener adds virtually no calories to your diet. 5. You can use artificial sweeteners in almost anything: Artificial sweeteners are found in many processed foods because they react in a similar manner as sugar does during the baking, canning, or packaging process. You will find them in candies, baked goods, canned foods, jams, jellies, and several dairy products. They are commonly found in sweet carbonated drinks, drink mixes, and other beverages as well. Some products that contain these sweeteners might be listed as a “diet” product, but that is not a free license to over-consume. 6. There is less adverse chemical exposure when using artificial sweeteners: When you are consuming artificial sweeteners, then you are eating something that does not contain artificial pesticides or herbicides to promote the growth of a crap like sugarcane. You can experience this advantage if you purchase organic sugar products at the grocery store as well. Although there will always be issues with health and wellness if you do not consume items in moderation, the positive attributes that you will find with saccharin, sucralose, and similar products will usually outweigh whatever disadvantages may occur.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING AGENTS These products can leave a sour aftertaste. Some artificial sweeteners might provide a sugar substitute that improves the flavor of foods or beverages, but there are also some which can leave a sour aftertaste behind when consuming items that contain this product. The flavor

can be distinctly unpleasant for some individuals, which means there may be a need to use a combination of artificial sweeteners or to choose a different product to obtain your caloric goals. Artificial sweeteners can lead to possible weight gains. Although artificial sweeteners are a no- or low-calorie solution for many foods and beverages, a study from the University of Texas-San Antonio suggests that the presence of this product can cause individuals to confuse sweetness with the number of calories they consume each day. This result causes them to choose sweeter foods over healthier ones more often, which becomes a foundation for gaining weight in the future. You need to read ingredient labels to ensure that you’re avoiding them. If you don’t want to include artificial sweeteners with your dietary habits, then you will need to start reading ingredient labels at the grocery store immediately. These products are becoming widely available in foods which you may not think about their presence. You can find these items in ice cream, cereal, fruit juices, and sport drinks. There is an excellent chance that you have purchased and consumed something that contains an artificial sweetener without realizing you have done it. Some products might collect in the gastrointestinal tract. Since most artificial sweeteners do not come from natural products, the human body does not always know what to do with it. There are times when your preferred product may begin collecting within the gastrointestinal tract. When this issue occurs, you may find several bothersome symptoms begin to develop rapidly. Bloating, loose stools, and gas-related pain are the three most common side effects complained about by those who use artificial sweeteners on a regular basis. Then your body will eventually move the unnatural item towards the liver so that it can begin the detoxification process. If you don’t like the feelings that occur as your body processes the product, then the best thing you can do is to stay away from that whenever possible. It can change the metabolic rate of your body. It is important to that your health and wellness goals must involve more than just your body weight. Observational studies that include artificial sweeteners show that there is an increased risk of metabolic conditions with regular consumption. This disadvantage includes problems like heart disease and metabolic syndrome. Although there is no proof of cause-and-effect, there are published studies that have found your risks of Type 2 diabetes can be over 120% higher through the consumption of diet soft drinks. There can also be issues with disruption in the gut bacteria and glucose intolerance due to the ongoing presence of artificial sweeteners in the gastrointestinal tract.

HEALTH AND WELLNESS Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. "This definition has been subject to controversy, as it may have limited value for implementation. Health may be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social challenges throughout life.

SIX TYPES OF HEALTH Mental health •

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.

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Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected.

PHYSICAL HEALTH •

Physical health is critical for overall well-being and is the most visible of the various dimensions of health, which also include social, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and environmental health. Some of the most obvious and serious signs that we are unhealthy appear physically. Addressing this dimension is crucial for anyone attempting to sustain overall health and wellness.

SOCIAL HEALTH •

Social health involves your ability to form satisfying interpersonal relationships with others. It also relates to your ability to adapt comfortably to different social situations and act appropriately in a variety of settings. Spouses, co-workers and acquaintances can all have healthy relationships with one another. Each of these relationships should include strong communication skills, empathy for others and a sense of ability. In contrast, traits like being withdrawn, vindictive or selfish can have a negative impact on your social health. Overall, stress can be one of the most significant threats to a healthy relationship. Stress should be managed through proven techniques such as regular physical activity, deep breathing and positive self-talk.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH •

Environmental health is the science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well-being by

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identifying and evaluating environmental sources and hazardous agents and

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limiting exposures to hazardous physical, chemical, and biological agents in air, water, soil, food, and other environmental media or settings that may adversely affect human health.

EMOTIONAL HEALTH •

Emotional health is a state of positive psychological functioning. It can be thought of as an extension of mental health; it's the "optimal functioning" end of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make up both our inner and outer worlds. It includes an overall experience of wellness in what we think, feel, and do through both the highs and lows of life.

SPIRITUAL HEALTH •

One specific definition does not completely summarize spiritual health. While organized religion and prayer - two concepts familiar to most in Western societies - can certainly be part of spiritual health, they are not all that should be considered. Spiritual health can also consist of more broad concepts, such as hope, purpose, and peace.

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Some common criteria that fall within the category of spiritual health include belief in a supreme being, unity with a greater force, a guiding sense of meaning and value, an organized religion, balance, introspection, and

meaning. While all of these aspects are not necessary to be spiritually healthy, addressing the main concepts can provide a foundational understanding to this way of approaching one's health.

WELLNESS •

Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life. Wellness is more than being free from illness, it is a dynamic process of change and growth.

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Emotional wellness inspires self-care, relaxation, stress reduction and the development of inner strength. It is important to be attentive to both positive and negative feelings and be able to understand how to handle these emotions. Emotional wellness also includes the ability to learn and grow from experiences. Emotional well-being encourages autonomy and proper decision making skills. It is an important part of overall wellness.

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Environmental wellness inspires us to live a lifestyle that is respectful of our surroundings. This realm encourages us to live in harmony with the Earth by taking action to protect it. Environmental well-being promotes interaction with nature and your personal environment. Everyone can have a strong environmental conscious simply by raising their awareness.

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Financial Wellness involves the process of learning how to successfully manage financial expenses. Money plays a critical role in our lives and not having enough of it impacts health as well as academic performance. Financial stress is repeatedly found to be a common source of stress, anxiety and fear for college students. Keeping track of expenses, making a budget, and sticking to it are important skills to have in order to be finically responsible and independent. Learning how to maximize your financial wellness now will help you feel prepared to handle potentially stressful financial situations in the future.

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Intellectual wellness encourages us to engage in creative and mentallystimulating activities. These activities should expand your knowledge and skills while allowing you to share your knowledge and skills with others. Intellectual wellness can be developed through academics, cultural involvement, community involvement and personal hobbies. As intellectual wellness develops, you are able to develop personal resources that work together with the other realms of wellness in order to be achieve a more balanced life.

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Occupational wellness inspires us to prepare for work in which we will gain personal satisfaction and find enrichment in our life. Your attitude about work is a crucial influence for occupational development. Occupational wellness allows you to explore various career options and encourages you to pursue the opportunities you enjoy the most. This dimension of wellness recognizes the importance of satisfaction, enrichment and meaning through work.

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Physical wellness promotes proper care of our bodies for optimal health and functioning. There are many elements of physical wellness that all must be cared for together. Overall physical wellness encourages the balance of physical activity, nutrition and mental well-being to keep your body in top condition. Obtaining an optimal level of physical wellness allows you to nurture personal responsibility for your own health. As you become conscious of your physical health, you are able to identify elements you are successful in as well as elements you would like to improve.

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Social wellness refers to the relationships we have and how we interact with others. Our relationships can offer during difficult times. Social

wellness involves building healthy, nurturing and ive relationships as well as fostering a genuine connection with those around you. Conscious actions are important in learning how to balance your social life with your academic and professional lives. Social wellness also includes balancing the unique needs of romantic relationships with other parts of your life. •

Spiritual wellness allows us to be in tune with our spiritual selves. This realm of wellness lets us find meaning in life events and define our individual purpose. Spiritual wellness can be defined through various factors including religious faith, values, ethics and morals. Regardless of whether you believe in a particular religious faith, there is always something to be learned about how you see yourself in the world.

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