An Elementary Latin Grammar 1893.pdf 42545a

GRAMMAR AND WILKIN S

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ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAMMAR

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AN ELEMENTARY

LATIN GRAMMAE

BY

HENRY JOHN ROBY M.A., LL.D.

AND A.

S.

WILKINS

LITT.D., LL.D.

Hontion

MACMILLAN AND AND NEW YORK

1893

All rights

CO.

PREFACE This book to

is

intended to be used as an introduction

Mr. Roby's Latin

much

monly given or

Grammar

in Latin grammars, but

no use to the

pupil

elements of the language.

Hence

for Schools.

has been intentionally omitted which

which

is

com-

is of

little

who is engaged with the Some parts of the larger

book have been reproduced with

slight omissions

and

occasional simplifications of language, other parts have

been greatly reduced, especially in the Syntax.

main purposes of

its

pupil should have nothing to unlearn to his

The

preparation have been that the

when he

more advanced work, and that uhe

proceeds

facts of the

language should be, so far as possible, explained, and not

Mr.

left to

be a matter of memory.

Some

useful suggestions have been received from

S.

G.

Owen,

of Christ Church, Oxford.

A.

S.

W.

CONTENTS PAGE

§1. The Latin La; iguage §2. Alphabet §§ 3-4. Consonants §5. Vowels §6. Quantity §7. Accent §§ 8-9. Phonetic Changes

1

2 3

.

3

.

4 4 4

10-12. Inflexions in general 13-32.

Inflexions of

Nouns

First Class (§§ 14-18) Second Class (§§ 19-24)

Stems and Consonant Stems (§§ 25-31) Greek Nouns (§ 32) Pronominal Adjectives Certain Pronouns Comparison of Adjectives Numerals Adverbs Inflexions of Verbs Examples of Inflexions of Verbs- •Consonant and a stems (§§ 56-64) Other Vowel Conjugations (§§ 65 70) Deponent Verbs (§71) Irregular Verbs (§§ 72-74) Verbal Stems List of Irregular Verbs i

33-39.

§40. 41-43. 44-47.

48-51. 52-74.

.

.

28

.

29

.

33

.... .... .

75-79. 80-81.

14 22

.

35 37

45 49 53 66 74 75 81 84

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR 82-15£

Syntax

.....

Principal Use of Cases

Nominative

(§

(§

84)

85)

Accusative (§86) Dative (§ 87) .

Ablative

(§ 88)

Genitive

(§

.

.... .... 89)

.

§90. Infinitive §91. Gerunds, Gerundive, Supine §92. Participles 93-95. Indeclinable "Words Adverbs (§ 93), Prepositions .

(§ 94),

Conjunctions

(§95) }§

96-102. Use of Verb Inflexions

103-111.

§112. Imperative Mood 113-123.

.

Inflexions of Voice (§§ 96-99) Inflexions of Person and Number (§ Indicative Mood and its Tensor

Subjunctive

Mood

.... .... ....

124-129. Contrasted Uses of the Indicative

130-136. Reported Speech 137-139.

Diff'erent

Kinds of Sentences

§140. Sequence of Tenses 141-146. Some Uses of the Cases 147-151. Use of Pronouns 152-154. Use of Conjunctions §155. Interrogations

.

.

.... .... .

Appendix— A. Roman Money Roman Reckoning

of

Time

.

Relations by Blood and Marriage

Abbreviations of

Roman

Names

Writers

Piosodv and Metre

100-102)

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAMMAE 1.

Latin was the language spoken by the inhabitants

Of

this

of the

of a

on the western side of Italy, hundreds of years B.C. tract the chief town was Kome, and the conquests

district

Romans spread the language over the neighbouring The modern languages of Italy, , Spain,

countries.

Portugal, Wallachia, and of parts of Eastern Switzerland,

and mainly through the influence of it was the language principally used in European literature, law, state documents, and learned intercourse, during the Middle Ages. are derived from

it

;

the Christian Church

The Latin language was at its best from about 100 B.C. about 100 A.D. The greatest writers flourished during this period ; and it is the language of their writings which is especially treated of in this grammar. to

Latin belongs to the group of languages which includes Greek, Keltic, Teutonic, and Slavonic families in Europe, and the chief languages of Persia and India in Asia. There are many points of resemblance between I^atin and all of these, both in vocabulary and in inthe

flexions.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMATl

ALPHABET 2. The following table contains the letters of the Latin alphabet as used in Cicero's time, with their names and probable pronunciation.

Sign.

Name.

Pronounced as Englisli

A

a

B

be

h

C

ce

k

d

D

de

E F

e ef

a

ge

a in papa.

a in

late,

or

in fete.

e

f

.

g hard, as in h in hat.

H

ha

I

i

ce in feet,

K

ka

h

or

give.

in machine.

i

L

cl

M

em

m

N

en

n,

(except at end of words). but when before a guttural as ng.

0,

approaching to

P Q

pe

V

qu er

q = k. r (trilled).

s

es

s,

T

te

t

V X

u

00 in shoot or

ix

X

R

I

sharp, as in

To which may be added two Greek words, namely

Y Z

au.

hiss,

u

letters

not

his.

in brute.

used oidy

u French, or u German. English z, or perhaps dz.

in

copying

VOWELS

3

CONSONANTS Consonants are classified according to tlie character of the sound. Of the Latin consonants p, b ; c, g ; t, d are momentary, or noncontinuous (often called mutes), that is to say, the voice cannot dwell 3.

upon them s and f are continuous. Again p, c, t, s, f are voiceless, i.e. they are not accompanied by any sound of the voice b, g, d and usually r, 1, are voiced,^ that is, they cannot be pronounced without some sound of the voice. If the air is allowed to through the nose instead of the mouth, the sounds m, n, and ng (a single sound, as in sing) are produced Such sounds are called nasal. instead of b, d, g. k was little used, and was always followed by a q was always followed by u, and qu (pronounced as in English) regarded in prosody ;

;

;

as a single consonant.

X was

merely written for cs.

The following Table shows the

4.

classification of

Non-Continuous. Voiceless.

Labial {lip

P

Latin consonants.

Nasal.

Voiced.

Continuous.

Usually Voiced.

Voiced.

Voiceless.

b

m

g

n

d

n (when not

sounds).

Labiodental.

Guttural

c, k,

q

[throat sounds)

before a guttural.

Dental

t

[tooth sounds).

before

s

a

guttural).

Lingual

r, 1

[tongue sounds

;

also called liquids)

(usually)

VOWELS a is

5.

the simplest vowel

;

for

e and

1

the back part of the tongue

is

o and u the lips are pushed forward, e is a middle sound between a and i and o a middle sound between a and u. i and u, when pronounced rapidly before other vowels, become half consonants, and in modern books are usually printed j and v. The sound of i or j then becomes as English y in yes the sound of

raised

;

for

;

;

u

or ^

used

V becomes

as

French ou in

o%ii,

or nearly as English

voiceless the

'

'

;

w in

sharp, hard, surd and Latin tenues for voiced the fiat, soft, sonant and Latin mediae.

For

'

we. are also

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

4

Diphthongs are sounds produced in the age from one vowel sound to another. The right rule for pronouncing diphthongs is to sound the two vowels rapidly one after the other. Thus au as German au, a somewhat broader sound than the ordinary English

eu

ow

in cow, town.

Cockney or Yankee pronunciation of ow in cow, town. ae nearly as the single vowel a in English hat, lengthened. as a

ei nearly as in English feint, or ai in faint.

oe between oi in boil, and ei in feint. The vowels may be arranged thus, so

as to suggest the relation of

one to another.

a o

e i

u

y

QUANTITY 6.

Vowels are either long by nature, as

The pronunciation examples

:

of the vowels

is

d, or short l)y

nature, as a.

given by the following English

Vowels are said to

dhd, demesiu, quinine, promote, ZUlu.

be (usually) long by position, when followed by two consonants, as drdet ; more correctly the syllable is long, the vowel and the first con-

sonant counting as a long vowel. Sometimes a vowel in such a position, be taken as either long or short it is then called common, and is

may

;

marked

thus, patrem.

ACCENT 7. is

One

syllable in every Latin

pronounced with more

syllables the accent falls

stress

on the

word which contains more than one, than the rest. In words of two first syllable,

as

mdgnus

;

in other

cases it falls on the last syllable but one, if that be long, either

by

nature or by position, as indtco, otherwise on the last but two, as ind1.co.

PHONETIC CHANGES 8.

Many

Romans

to

following

Whole

underwent changes which made them easier for the pronounce. Some of the most frequent changes are the .words

:

syllables

were sometimes omitted, as v6ne-fici\im

for

PHONETIC CHANGES vSneni-ficium, poison-making voluntas from volens, willing. When three consonants come together, ;

(for

6 voluntitas), ivilling-

ncss,

the middle one

is

omitted, as fulmen, lightning (for fulg-men), from fulgere,

to

often

flash

mul-si (for raulcsi), perfect of mulcere, to stroke. Of two consonants the former is often assimilated either completely or

sum-mus

for

(2)

partially to the latter,

;

(1)

as (1) ces-si for ced-si,

for puer-la, op-pono for ot>-p6no, scrip-tus for scrib-tus, op-tineo for

sub-mus, puel-la

ac-c\irro for ad-curro

(2)

;

ob-tineo, con-tineo for com-tineo, im-berbis for in-berbis. s between two vowels

is

changed to

r,

as

onus, oner-is (compare

onus-tus), dirimo for dis-emo.

Yowels are changed often in composition and inflexions. Eoot-vowels are changed, when by a syllable being prefixed, as in compound words, the root syllable loses the first place. 9. a.

Thus a changes usually

damno, condemn© a

to

usually before

i

two consonants or before r, as pario, comperio. any single consonant except r, as tango,

to e before

facio, eflfectus

;

ng

or

;

attingo facio, eflficio. e to i, as lego, colligo emo, adimo. ae to i, as aestimo, existimo caedo, incido. h. In suffixes usually 6 changes to i, as cardon-, cardinis alto-, alti-tudo. e to I, as ille, illic unde, undique agmen, agmin-is, but e remains before r, as piper, piper-is, and before two consonants, as nutrimen, nutrimentum (compare nutrimin-is). c. Short vowels are often omitted between two consonants, as audacter for audaci-ter, vinclum for vinculum, dextra for dextera. h and v between two vowels are often omitted and the vowels then coalesce, as mi for mihi, prendo for prehendo, audisse for ;

;

;

;

;

;

audivisse, d.

amaram

for

amaveram.

The quantity of vowels

is

sometimes changed

;

thus short vowels

are lengthened (1) When a consonant is omitted, as ju-mentum, a plough beast, from jugum, a yoke casus, a fall (for cadtus), from cadere, to fall. (2) In forming the perfect tenses of verbs, as lego, legi, ago, egi. (3) By contraction with another vowel, as fructuis (genitive of ;

fructus) e.

is

contracted to fructus.

Long vowels

last in

are shortened chiefly when the syllable becomes the the word, as calcar for calcare, amator compared with the

genitive Smatoris.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

INFLEXIONS IN GENERAL many words which never vary and many others which vary according to their particular use. Thus man builds, men build, man built, man's building are all sayings which contain two words altered in order to change the meaning. Of these words man 10. Latin, like English, has

in form,

expresses

an existing thing,

Grammarians

call

man

build

a noun,

expresses

build

a

an

verb.

action.

NoUNS

(including pronouns and adjectives) and Verbs are the two great classes of words which are subject to change. The other parts of speech (adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections), commonly called particles, as happily, and, after, alas, do not change. In Latin, both nouns and verbs have more changes than

they have in English.

These changes consist mainly of

additions or other changes at the end of the word, sometimes of additions at the beginning, sometimes of changes in the middle.

Thus

show men (compared

in English man's, built, building

additions or changes at the end of the

word

;

with man) shows a change in the middle. A word, so far as it thus changes according to its use, is said to be inflected. The additions or changes are called inflexions

the stem.

;

the more permanent part of the word is called This remains unchanged unless affected by the

suffix.

11. Nouns are divided into two classes, noun^ substantive, which express things, and nouns adjective, which express the

In English the former are inflected to nature of things. denote number and case, e.g. man, man's, men, men's. The latter are not so inflected, e.g. good man, good man's (food), good men. In Latin both nouns substantive and nouns

Nouns substantive are inflected number as well as the case, as hominis, homines, men hominum, men's. Nouns adjective

adjective are inflected. to denote the

man's

;

;

INFLEXIONS IN GENERAL

7

i.e. they are changed to denote the sex or imagined sex) of the person or thing denoted, and they are changed also to denote the case (Uke man's) and the number (like men), as bonus, good he ; bona, good she ; bonum, good thing ; plural, boni, good

are trebly iiitiected,

gender

{i.e.

bona, good things bonorum Pronouns are sometimes inflected like nouns, but more commonly like adjectives. The inflexions in Latin nouns are, as has been shown, much more numerous than in English. 12. Verbs again in Latin differ much from verbs in English. Not only are there many more changes to express different persons and numbers, difterent tenses and moods, but each form of a verb in Latin, which is not of the nature of a noun, is complete in itself and expresses a complete meaning. In English we require a pronoun or noun with the verb, e.g. I love, thou lovest, he loves. In Latin amo expresses by itself / love, amas expresses by itself thou lovest, anaat expresses by itself a person loves, but may he's

;

bonae, good

she's

;

;

(cibus), good men's {food), etc.

l)e

he loves or she

plural,

e.g.

loves.

amamus,

Different forms are used for the

we

love;

amatis,

ye love;

amant,

they love.

Different

forms again are

used

for

past

time,

e.g.

amabam, / was loving amabas, thou wast loving amabat, he was loving amabamus, we were loving amabatis, ye ;

;

;

amabant,

;

Other forms slightly or considerably changed are used to denote future time or

were loving ;

they were loving.

or wishes or the like. What in English is often expressed by combinations of different words is in Latin often expressed by changes in the same word.

commands

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS The

13.

The

inflexions of

The

the same.

nouns and pronouns are in the main

inflexions of verbs are quite distinct.

nouns are always additions to or

inflexions of

tions in the end of the stem. gender, the case,

and the number

They

serve to

altera-

mark the

of the word.

There are in Latin Three genders, called masculine, feminine, and Six cases, called nominative, locative,

explained

and

m

ablative.

accusative, genitive, dative,

{The use of these cases

Nouns The or

numbers, singular and

are divided into

first class

is

§ 84.)

(In some nouns another form is found to which the vocative case has often been applied.)

Two

neuter.

two

name

of

plural.

classes

has the genitive plural ending in -arum, or -erum,

-orum.

The second or in

-um

class

has the genitive plural ending in -uum, or -ium,

preceded by a consonant.

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

9

FIRST CLASS The

14.

first class

contains stems ending in 1.

Examples. (m.),

a

clerk

—aqua

Stems in a water

(/.),

or e or o.

:

bona, a good

;

Claudia, a woman of

;

a

she ; scriba, Claudian house.

the

Singidar.

Nom.

aqua

bona

scriba

Claudia

Ace.

aquam

bonam

scribam

Claudiam

aquae

bonae

scribae

Claudiae

aqua

bona

scriba

Claudia

Gen. Loc. Dat.

^

>

j

Abl.

Plural.

aquae aquas

Nom. Ace.

bonae bonas

Claudiae Claudias

scribae scribas

aquarum bonarum scribarum Claudiarum

Gen. Loc.

\

Dat.

Y aquis

bonis

Claudiis

scribis

Abl. Old forms genitive singular, -ai or -as for -ae aquai, familias, aquae, familiae. Poetic form genitive plural, -una for -arum, caelicoltun for :

for

;

:

caelicolarura.

Old form

:

dat. abl. plural, flliabus for flliis.

Most nouns

of this class are feminine, as terra, la7id;

silva, a wood; gloria,

glm-ij

;

anima,

hreath

;

mora,

delay.

Masculine are a few which denote male persons, such as agricola, a farmer incola, an inhabitant ; adv^na, a tiewcomer poeta, a poet ; transfuga, a deserter. ;

;

10

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

15.

Stems

2.

in e

:

Two words a thing

;

only have forms for all cases, viz. res dies (m. /.), a day. Few have any plural.

(/.),

Singular.

Xom

.

Ace.

res

dies

acies

rem

diem

aciem

rei or re

diei or die

acii or acie

re

die

acie

Gen. Loc.

r

Dat. Abl.

Plural.

Nom, Ace.

dies

acies

rertim

dierilm

not found

rebus

diebtls

not found

[^res

Gen. Loc.

Dat. Abl.

In

j

singular

spes and fides are

like

res

;

facies,

effigies, species, series like acies.

All these have in plural only the nom.

The termination

-ei Avas

sometimes two

and

ace.

syllables, cither -ei or -ei,

Imt generally probably a diphthong.

Thus

rei, fldei in

Lucretius

;

r6i, fld6i later

one syllable). The form die is used as the locative.

fldei (-ei being

;

but also spei, rei,

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS 16.

Stems in

'S.

Examples. good he

;

—dominus

bellum

{n.),

(m.),

war

;

a

11

:

loi'cl

bonum

bonus

;

{n. adj.),

(m. adj.), a

a good

iking.

Singular. Subst.

Adj.

Subst.

Adj.

Norn.

dominiis

bonus

Ace.

dominuni

bonum

bellum bellum

bonum bonum

domini

boni

belli

boni

domino

b6n6

beUo

bono

domini dominos

boni

bella bella

bona bona

Gen. Loc.

Dat. Abl.

Plural.

Norn. Ace.

Gen.

bonos

dominorum bonortim bellorum bonorum

Loc.

Dat. y

Abl.

dominis

bonis

bellis

boms

Such masculine nouns have a form called the vocative loi'd ; b6n6, used in addressing a person thus domine, my good man. But one word, deus, God, has no such form. The nominative and accusative singular retained the :

and -om in old Latin. The gen. plur. is in -um in some names of weights and measures, and of nations in poetry, and in a few other cases. Examples. Masculine annus, a year octilus, an eye ; Animus, the soul. Feminine humus, the ground and many names of trees, as alnus, alder fagus, heech populus, poplar quercus, oak; ulmus, elm. Neuter oppidum, a town forum, market -place earlier -os

for

-orum

— —

—

;

;

'

;

—

verbum, a

;

;

;

ward.

—

Adjectives magnus, great ; multus, many; m^lus, bad; longus, long; nudus, naked; ^rimua, first ; decimus, tenth.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

12 17.

native

Stems

drop the omit e before

in -ro generally

Many

singular.

final r.

us

in nomi-

Instances

of

different kinds are

ntimdrus, a number a man.

;

puer, a hoy

ager, a piece of land

;

;

vir,

Singular.

Nom.

numerus

Ace. Gen.

numerum ]

.

_

agrum

virum

vir

>

numeri

pueri

agri

viri

)

numero

puero

agro

viro

pueri

agri

vin

pueros

agros

viros

P

^^j*

.

pu§r puerura

.)

Plural.

numeri num§r6s

num^rorum puerorum agrorum virorum numeris

pueris

agris

viris

Like niimSrus are declined erus (or h^rus), a master ; iiin§rus (or htimerus), a shmlder and the adjectives f6rus, wild ; pr6perCis, hastj/ ; prosp6r€is, favourable. Like pti6r, are B6c&r, father-in-law; g6n6r, son-in-law; vesp6r, evening star and the adjectives asper, rough liber, free inis6r, wretched ; t6ner, tender. Similarly sS-tiir, satilra, satilrum, satiated. Like ag6r are declined ap6r, a wild hoar fab6r, a workman ; libSr, harh^ a hook ; and the adjectives noster, our ; vester, your dexter, right (hand), and sinister, left, are usually so declined, but sometimes retain the e, like ;

;

;

;

:

tener.

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

13

18. In the best period stems in -vo or -quo retained in nominative and accusative singular -6s, -6m instead of -us, -una. Thus equos, a Jwrse (also spelt ecus) aequom, equity but in modern books we usually find -us, -um. In substantives in -io the genitive singular ended in single i, except in some poetry. ;

Nom.

servos serv6ni

Ace.

Gen. Loc.

aequom aequom

;

filius

iraperium

fllium

imperium

aequi

fill

imperi

aequo

mio

imperio

~|

J

Dat.

-|

Abl.

/

Plural.

Nom.

servi

aequi

filii

Ace.

servos

aequos

filios

imperia Imperia

servorum

aequorum

flliorum

imperiorum

aequis

filiis

imperils

Gen. Loc.

Dat. Abl.

^

|-servis J

Like serv6s are equos, a horse

a grandfather divos, a god (or cocus), a cook ; and many adjectives, as cavos, holloxo novos, new parvos, small saevos, raging vivos, alive exiguos, small ; vacuos, envpty antiquos, ancient, etc. Like aequom are aevom, age arvora, a ploughed field ; ovom, rivos, a stream

;

clivos, a slope

ftvos,

;

;

;

;

;

;

coquos

;

;

;

;

;

an

egg.

Like Alius are

many

proper names, as Claudius, PS-bius, Livius,

Serviiis, Decius, Julius, H6ratius, Verffilius, etc.

Like imperium are gaudium, joy consilium, advice, etc. {N.B.

—Adjectives have gen. sing,

;

odium, hatred

always in

-ii,

;

oflficium, duty

;

as medii, egregii.^

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

14

SECOND CLASS The second

19.

u

or

i

class of

nouns contains stems ending

in

or a consonant.

Stems in U

1.

Examples

—manus

(/.),

hand

:

visus

;

(in.),

sight

;

genu

(n.), knee.

Singular.

Nom.

man^s

visils

Ace.

manum

visum

Gen.

manus

visus

genu genu genus

Dat.

manui

visui

genui

visu

genu

Loc.

)

j-manu

Abl. Plural.

^^™-

I

Gen.

g6nua

manus

visus

m^nuum

visuum genuum

manibus

visibus

Dat. I

Loc.

/'

Abl.

g^nibus

)

So also gradus, a step aestus, heat g^mitus, a groan t6nitrus (also tonitru), thunder ductus, leading, etc. ;

;

;

;

The dative singular sometimes, -ui, as

Tlic abl. plural

&ciibuB Mrth,

especially in poetry, ends in -u for

visu.

;

arcus,

partubus

;

in boiv,

some words ends in -iibus, as ficus, needle, partus. artus, juiiU, artubus arcCibus

tribus,

;

tribe, tribiibils.

;

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

15

20. Some words are found with inflexions both from o The most important Avord of stems and from u stems. this kind is domus (/.), a home. Plural.

Singular.

Nom.

domtis

Ace.

domum

d6mus domos

Gen.

domus

domorum

Dat.

domui,

Loc.

domi

Abl

domio, rarely

rarely

or

domus or

domuum

domo") y domibtis

domu

J

Singular.

Nom.

colus, distaff

cupressus

laurus

pinus

Ace.

colum

cupressum

laurum

pinum

Dat.

Jcolo \colu

Abl.

\ cupressus cupresso cupresso

jlauri laurus lauro lauro

cupressu

lauru

1 cupressi

Jcoli \ colus colo

Gen.

'

.

'

.

pini

pinus pino

pinu

Flural. f

Nom.

colus

cupressi

f

\ cupressus

(rarely) 1 '

cupressus

Ace.

.

lauri

'

laurus lauros laurus

.

'

.

pini (rarely)

pinus pinos pinus

pinorum

Gen. Dat.

lauris

pinis

Abl.

quercus (oaJc) quercorum.

mjTtus is

besides

{myrtle) has rarely

an o stem. arcus {bow) besides

{the

u stem

u

nom.

has

abl.

s.

ace. plur.

stem has gen.

querco and myrtus.

sing, arci or

gen.

pi.

Otherwise

arqui

;

it

humxis

ground) has locative humi.

In Early Latin a genitive singular in as adventi, fructi, genaiti, quaesti,

i is

frequent from verbal nouns,

sumpti.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

16

2.

21.

Stems in

i

:

m

-is, Of these some have nominative in 3S, some some in -s preceded by a consonant or long vowel. Neuters have nominaInstead of -ris we often find -er.

tive in 6.

Examples.

—nubes

(/.),

cloud;

puppis

(/.),

a

stern of

ship; tristis {m. f.\ trist^ {n.\ sad; urbs (/.), city; lux (/.), light; ars (/.), art; mare {n.\ sea; animalis (adj.),

animal

;

imber

(m.),

a stm'm of rain. mngutar.

Nom

nubes

puppis

Ace.

nubem

puppim

or

tristis

trist6

tristem

tristS

puppem nubis nubi

Gen. Dat. Loc. Abl.

j-nube

puppis puppi

tristis

puppe

tristi

tristi

Plural.

Nom

nubes nubes

Ace.

or

puppes puppes

or

tristes

tristia

tristes or

tristis

nubis

puppis

nubium

puppium

tristium

nubibus

puppibiis

tristibtls

Nom

urbs

lux

ars

imbSr

Ace.

urbem

lucem

artem

imbrem

Gen.

urbis urbi

lucis luci

artis arti

imbris imbri

luce

arte

imbrS

Gen. Dat. Loc. Abl.

I

tristis

Singular.

Dat. Loc. A 1.1

[urb6

or

imbri

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

17

Plural.

Ace.

urbes urbes

Gen.

urbium

{not

urbibtis

lucibus

Norn.

or

urbis

artes imbres artes or imbres or

luces luces or lucis found)

artis

irabris

artium

imbrium

artibus

imbribus

Dat.

Loc Abl.

J

Singular.

Ace.

m^r^ mare

Gen.

maris

animalis

man

animali

Nom.

^nimale animale

anlm.alis

animalem

Dat. Loc.

y

Abl. Plural.

Ace.

maria maria

Gen.

marium

animalium

maribtis

animalibtis

ISTom.

Dat. Loc. Abl.

I

\

animalia animalia

anim^ales

animales

j

As a animals

substantive ;

we have nom.

ace,

animal,

abl. sing.

other cases like the adjective.

acer, sharp, has nom. sing, acer (m.), acris (m.f.), acr6 Except for the use of acer for nom. s. masc. it is declined exactly like tristis.

(n.)

C

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

18

Consonant stems

3.

22.

Stems ending in Mutes form nom. t or

d

before this s

e before sing.

"Ci

final

is

:

sing,

by adding s

;

omitted.

stem consonant becomes

before final stem consonant

i

except in nom.

often becomes

i,

except in nom. sing.

Sometimes where i in the other cases becomes e in the nom. sing.

is

the earlier form,

this

Examples.

—princeps

judex rex

(adj.), stem princ§p-, stem judic-, a judge;

(in./.),

(m.),

cJiief;

stem reg-, a king;

ci vitas (/.), stem civitat-, citizenship; eques (m. /.), stem equ6t-, hm'seman

stem c§,ptit-, head stem ped-, a foot.

cS,ptit (n.), (m.),

Singular.

judex

rex

reg-em

principi

judic-em judicis judici

princip-6

judic-6

reg-6

Nom.

princep-s

Ace.

princip-em

Gen.

princip-is

Dat.

(adj.)

princep-s

Loc. A

1^1

>

(m. /.) {n.)

reg-is reg-i

Plural.

Nom. i

Ace.

Loc.

Abl.

reg-es

princip-um

judic-um

reg-um

I princip-ibtls

judic-ibiis

reg-ibtis

Gen. Dat.

princip-es (m.f.) {no neuL) judic-es

\

J

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

19

Singular.

Nom.

civitas

Ace.

civitat-em

Gen.

civitat-is

Dat.

equ6s equit-em

pes

captit

caput

ped-em

capit-is

civitat-i

equit-is equit-i

capit-i

ped-is ped-i

civitat-e

equit-e

capit-6

ped-e

p6d-es

T

Loc. !-

Abl.

Plural.

Nom.

civitat-es

6qmt-es

c^pit-S,

civitat-um

equit-um

capit-um ped-um

> civitat-ibtis

equit-ibus

capit-ibtis ped-ibus

y

.

Gen. Dat.

\

Loc. Abl.

j

Civitas and a few other nouns with stem in tat- have sometimes -ium in gen. plur.

Stems ending in n form the nominative singular two ways Those ending in -on and -on (all being masc. or fern.) drop the final n, the o then being always long in good 23.

in one of

Latin in the cases other than nominative singular -6n becomes -in. Those ending in -en remain unchanged in the cases other than nominative singular -en becomes -in. Most of these are in -men, and all these except flamen (m.) are ;

;

neuter.

As Examples

li6nio (m. /.), stem homon-, a man oratio (/.), stem oration-, speech; tibic^n (w.), stem tibicen-, a flute-player nom^n {n.), stem nomen-, a name. :

-,

;

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

20

nom^n

Norn

h6ino

Acc.

Gen.

hdmin-em oration-em tibicin-em nomen homin-is oration-is tibicin-is nomin is

Dat

homin-i

oration-i

tibicin-i

nomin-i

homin-e

oration-e

tibicin-e

noniin-6

Loc,

Ablif

oratio

tibicen

Phiral.

Nom. Acc Clen. I.

Dat Loc,

Abl

")

homin-es

6rati6n-es

nomin-S.

tibicin-es

homin-um oration-um tibicin-um nomin-um homin-

orationibtis

ibtis

nomin-ibtls

tibicinibtis

24. Stems ending in 1, r, s arc used as the nom. sing, without addition or change, except that some neuters change -or into -tir, others -6s into -tls. Stems in s change s into r (also -lis into -6r) before a vowel, i.e. in all cases except nom. sing. (Thus a nom. neut. in -^ sometimes goes with a genitive -6ris, sometimes with a genitive -eris, according as its stem is in -6s or -us.) Stems in -er generally drop e in inflexion.

consul (??z.), stem consill-, a mulier (/.), stem mulier-, a woman pater (/?l), stem pat6r-, a father-,

Examples

:

a,rQ6r

6nus

stem amor-, love; stem tenip6s-, time stem 6nus-, a burden stem mos-, a habit stem crus-, a leg.

{m.),

temptls

(?i.),

('//.),

mos

{m.),

crus

(n.),

;

;

consul ;

;

INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS

21

Singular.

pat6r patr-em

am6r amor-em

mulier-is mulier-i

patr-is patr-i

amor-is amor-i

mulier-e

patr-e

am6r-6

Norn.

consiil

mtilier

Ace.

consul-em

mulier-em

Gen.

consul-is consul-i

consul-e

Dat. Loc. >

Abl.

Plural.

Nom. >-

consul-es

mulier-es

patr-es

amor-es

consul-um

mulier-um

patr-um

amor-um

Ace.

Gen. Dat.

consHl-ibus muli6r-ibtls patr-ibiis amor-ibtis

Loc. Abl.

j

Singular.

mos

cms

mor-em

crus

mor-is mor-i

crur-is

oneri

temp6r-e

oner-e

mor-e

crur-6

.^^' itemp6r-a

oner-a

mores

crur-a

mor-um

crur-um

Nom.

temptis

Ace.

tempus

Gen.

temp6r-is temp6r-i

Dat. Loe. Abl.

ontis ontls oner-is

crur-i

Plural.

temp6r-um oner-um

Gen. Dat. Loc. Abl.

^

vtempor-ibus oner-ibus

mor-ibus crur-ibtis

)

The in -OS,

principal adjectives with consonant stems are those which express the comparative degree of adjectives.

As Examph

:

melior

{adj.),

stem melios-,

better.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

22

Plural.

Singular.

Nom.

ineli6r (/w./.)in6lius

Ace.

melior-em melius melior is melior i T- X '"^^"'-^

Gen. Dat. Loc.

1

AM.

I

Contrast of

i

{n.)

Nom.

)

mSliores

Ace.

j

meliorfi, (n.)

melior-ura

Gen. Dat. Loe. Abl.

(in./.)

^ >-

melior-ibils

j

Stems and Consonant Stems

25. The class of i stems and the class of consonant stems have, speaking generally, certain marked differences. 1.

A

very large proportion of the

precedes the

i

often from the

i

stems have the syllable which

long, sometimes from the length of the vowel, i

being preceded by two consonants, as

more

fini-, parti-.

In the consonant stems the final stem consonant is always preceded this preceding vowel is generally short, as diic-,

by a vowel, and princip-. 2.

Further, the

i

stems

fall

mainly into three divisions, thus

A. Substantives and adjectives of not more than two syllables in the genitive singular, as

nubes, gravis.

B. Adjectives with derivative suffixes, as aud-aci, ag-ili. C. Adjectives

compounded of noun stems,

The consonant stems

fall

as in-ermi, tri-remi.

into three divisions, thus

A. Substantives (few) of not more than two syllables in the genitive singular, as canis,

mensis.

B. Substantives with derivative

suffixes, as

ima-gon, amor.

Also adjectives in comparative degree. C. Substantives

re-duc, prae-sed.

and

adjectives

compounded

of verbal

stems, as

CLASSIFICATION OF

STEMS

i

CLASSIFICATION OF

i

23

STEMS

26. A. The nouns of not more than two syllables in the genitive singular have either 1.

Disyllabic nominative in -es,

or

2.

or

3.

Disyllabic nominative in -is (m. /. ), neuter in 6, Disyllabic nominative in -er (for eris),

or

4.

Monosyllabic nominatives.

1.

Stems with disyllabic nominatives in offspring

;

sedes,

-es: all feminine, as proles,

seat.

except verres {m. ), a hoar.

vates (m.

/., gen. pi. often

vatum), a

Stems with disyllabic nominatives in

2.

(a) Adjectives, e.g.

seer.

-is.

—

dulcis

siceet

gravis

heavy

levis

omnis

all

tristis

sad

tiirpis

light

foul

etc.

Substantives.

(j3)

Common anguis

in gender rarely)

S7iake

finis (abl, often

civis

citizen

hostis

testis

witness

(abl.

-i

boundary

-i)

enemy

Masculine!—

amnis

river

manes

hill

orbis

crinis

Mir

panis (no gen.

ensis

sioord

piscis

fascis

bundle

postis

foUis

leather bag

funis

rope

sentes (pi. torquis

club

unguis

(abl.

-i

often)

coUis

fustis (abl. i often)

ignis

(abl.

-i

usually) fire

ghosts

(pi.)

(abl.

-i

sometimes] a round )

pi.

loaf fish

(abl. -i often)

doorpost

thorns collar

(abl.

-i

some-

times)

nail, claw

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR Femiuine apis (gen. pi. ap-flin bee sometimes) avis (abl. -i some- bird

puppis -em,

(ace.

-i

often)

fleet, class

-im some-

sitis

key

-i,

times)

rope

-im,

(ace.

no

abl.

thii'st

plur.

tigris (also with stem

messis

-im

(ace.

reaping

-im usu-

tiirris (ace.

(ace. -im,

abl.

tiger

tigrid-)

sometimes) -i

stern of ship

or -e)

ally)

classis (abl.

navls

-i

restis (ace. -im usu-

times)

clavis

-im or

(ace.

abl.

ally, abl.

sJiip

and

often)

-i

tower

often)

others.

Neuter

mare

(plural only

nom.

sea

ace.)

mille (indecl. in sing. rete (abl. sometimes rete)

thousand

)

3.

Stems

imber Unter 4.

witli disyllabic

{m. abl. (/.

-i

nominatives in -er

often) sJioiver

usually)

a mt

boat

venter (m.) uter (?n.)

belly

sMn

bag

Stems with monosyllabic nominatives

Almost

all

preceding the

have a long syllable, usually formed by two consonants, i,

e.g.

—

arx (gen. arcis) urbs (gen. urbis)

a a

citadel city

lux (gen. lucis) plebs (gen. plebis)

light

the

common

people

All are feminine except

Masculines

dens

(gen. dentis)

fons

(gen. fontis)

mas

(gen. pi.

fount male

mons (gen. mentis) mus (gen. muris)

mountain mouse

pons

bridge

milk

plus

a

marum

tooth

(gen. pontis)

sometimes)

Neuters lac (g(m. lactis, no

i)lur.)

(gen. pluris)

plur. plures,

plura,

m.

n.

m f

CLASSIFICATION OF

i

STEMS

25

Notice also

nix vis

stem nigvi-), snow (uo gen.

(/.) (gen. nivis,

(/.), force,

pi.)

thus declined Plural.

Singular.

Nom.

vis

Ace.

vim

Gen.

vis (rare)

Dat.

?

Abl.

vi

vires vires

virium viribus viribus

27. B. Adjectives with derivative suffixes.

With long penult -aci, -oci, -trici, as

audax,

hold

;

atrox, cruel

;

vlctrix, conquering.

nostras, of our country penates (pi.), gods of our home. -ali, -uli, -eli, -ili, as aequalis, equal tribulis, of a tribe crudelis, cruel hostilis, of an enemy. -ati, -iti, as

;

;

;

;

familiaris, intimate.

-ari, as

(Neuter substantives usually drop the e in the nom. singular animal, an animal laquear, a ceiling.

:

as

;

-anti,

-enti,

present

as

participles,

amans,

loving

;

serpens,

crawling. -ensi, as forensis, of the forum. -esti, as

With -fli,

agrestis, of

tlie

fields

;

caelestis, of heaven.

short penult

as agflis, active

;

facilis, easy.

-bri, -cri, -stri (for beri, etc.

),

as celeber, crowded

;

alacer, alert

;

equester, on horseback.

28. C. Adjectives compounded of noun stems, as inermis, un-

armed D.

and

;

A

expers, tcithout share

insignis,

;

few others, as cobors, a troop

adjectives like hil&ris, clieerful

celer, swift

few others.

;

memor, mindful

;

;

;

indoles, native disposition

inanis, empty

viridis, green

;

;

felix,

teres, round

happy and a ;

;

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

26

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANT STEMS 29. A. Substantives disyllabic in genitive

with disyllabic nom.

(a)

eenex

(gen. senis), old

mensium)

times {b)

;

cfi,nis (m./.), dog.

:

man

;

mensis

frater, brother

;

{m.), month (gen. pi. somemater, mother pS,ter, father, ;

with monosyllabic uom. Masculine.

dux grex rex pes praes vas

duels gregia

leader

lar

laris

flock

fiir

furis

thief

regis

king

flos

floris

flower

mos

moris

ros

roris

manner dew

pedis praedis vadis

foot surety

household [god

bail

sol, soils, sun,

and

sal, sails, salt,

have no gen.

pi.

Feminitie.

ops

opis

help

cnix

n\ix

niicis

nut prayer

nex vicem

prScem (nonom.

s.)

criicis

necis (no nom.

cross

micrder s. )

change

Neuter.

aeris

OS

oris OS,

mouth bone, has nom.

The following have no cor

pi.

mel

honey

far

farris

spelt

heart

B. Derivative substantives

Masculine with stems in ec, et, or

OS—

cruris

leg

juris

law

ossa, gen. ossium.

gen. plural

cordis mellis

30.

crus jus

bronze

ver rus tus

and a few

on

veris

spring

rurls

country

turis

incense

adjectives.

(except verbal subst. in ion), or

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANT STEMS As

— vortex abies limes

27

vorticis

wliirl

carbo

carbonis

abietis

fir

histrio

histrionis actor

liraitis

boundary

amor

amoris

love

honor

honoris

honour

coal

Also (masculine)-

fornix

fornicis

vault

caro

lapis

lapidis

pebble

whirl

nepos pecten

turbo

turbinis

margo

marginis brink

sanguis

cardo ordo

cardinis

hinge

cinis

carnis fiesh nepotis grandson pectinis cornb sanguinis blood cineris ash

ordinis

a row

pulvis

pvilveris dust

Feminine in

—

calix As -calix

ic, id,

gon, don,

ic, tat,

tut,

and verbals in ion

cuspis Virgo

cuspidis

spear-point

cervix radix

virginis

girl

civitas

fortitudo

fortitu-

courage

voluptas voluptatis plea-

ISgio

legionis

calicis

cup

cervicis

neck

radicis

root

civitatis

city

dinis

\sure

a body of sol- juventus juventutis youth diers

ratio

rationis

Neuter in -men,

agmen

reckoning

-or, -ur, -os (-oris),

agminis

drove,

troop

carmen

virtus

vvctxitia manliness

-us (-eris)

ebur

eboris

ivory

femur

femoris

thigh

aequor

carminis song nominis name aequoris level

fulgur

fulguris

lightning

genus

foederis generis

corpus

corporis

body

munus

muneris

gift

litus

litoris

shore

opus

operis

work

nomen

31. C. Substantives

redux

reducis

iter

itineris

cadaver

cadaveris

corpse

foedus

treaty

and Adjectives compounded

(adj.)

bringing back ohs&a

compos compotis

(adj.) haviiig

princeps principis

(adj.) chief

judex

judicis

j^i^dge

artifex

artificis

skilled

of

journey

a kind

Verb stems

obsidis

hostage

power praeses i>r&eBidi8 preside7it comes comitis companion miles militis soldier maker eques equitis horseman

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

28

Also—

D.

custos {vi. f. ) custodis keeper merces (/. heir palus (/.) heres {in. f.) heredis B&cerdos (7n.) sacerdotis^ms^ quies(/.) ash

cineris

cinis

(?».)

pulvis

{m.) pulveris

tellus (/.)

mercedis

hire

paludis

a marsh

quietis

rest

telluris

the earth

dust

—

Many Greek words, especially proper names, used in 32. Note. Latin retain some of the Greek case-endings. This is most frequent in the poets. Thus we find 1.

Nom.

PrusiS, or Prusias

Voc.

Prusia or Prusia Prusiam or Pnisian Prusiae Prusiae Prusia

Ace.

Gen. Dat. Abl.

AtridS, or Atrides

2.

Nom. Ace.

)

a"; } 3.

Voc.

or

Stems in o

--«

-p-

Stems in

i

or consonant

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Nom,

Circa or Circe Atride Circa or Circe Atridam or Atriden Circam or Circen Atridae Circae or Circes Atridae Circae Atrida Circa or Circe

Atrida

Epirus or Epiros Epire Epirum or Epiron

Voc.

tl

Stems in a

*^^®^

1 tigris

Phylli

Ace.

tigrim or tigrin

tigres or tigridas

Phyllida

Gen. Dat.

tigris or tigridos

tigrium

Phyllidis or Phyllid*

tigri or tigridi

tigribus

Phyllidi

Abl.

tigre or tigride

tigribus

Phyllide

In such words there are

many

irregularities.

PRONOMINAL AND SOME OTHER ADJECTIVES

29

PRONOMINAL AND SOME OTHER ADJECTIVES Some

33.

adjectives have the genitive singular ending

in -ius, the dative in

-i,

alike for all genders.

E.g. totus,

whole.

Singular. Pem.

Masc.

totus

Ace.

totum

Gen.

totius in

Loc. >

Dat.

toti in

>-t6t\im

totam all

all

genders

genders

toto

tota

toto

Abl.

Neut.

tota

Norn.

Plural.

Nom.

toti

Ace.

totos

totae totas

Gen.

totonim

totarum

jtotft

totorum

Loc.

Dat.

) >

totis in

all

genders

Abl.

Similarly are declined unus, one

;

;

nuUus,

ipsum

has gen.

ullus, any

none; solus, alone.

So ipse

(in old

language ipsus), ipsa,

ipsius, dat. ipsi for

all

genders.

Genitive.

alter

altera

alterum

uter utra utrum neuter neutra neutrum

one of two alterius tvhich of two utrius neither

Dative.

alteri

utri

neutrius neutri

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

30 34.

A

the same

few other pronominal adjectives are declined in that they have d instead of for the of the neuter nom. and ace. singular. Thus

m

way except

last letter

Siiigular. Masc.

Nom,

Fern.

alius

other

Ace.

alium

Gen.

alius in

Loc.

aliiad

aliam

alitid

alia

alio

genders genders

all

alii in all

Dat. "1

Abl. [

alio

Nom.

ille

Ace.

ilium

Gen.

illTus or illius in all genders

Dat. Loc.

Neut.

alia

illi

that

ilia

iUiid

illam

iUud

in all genders

)

Abl. f

So

iUo

ilia

iste, that of yours, ista, istud.

illo

The

plural

is

in all

like totus.

The demonstrative particle c6 was sometimes appended to those cases of ille and iste which end in s (e.g. illosce), and frequently in an abridged form (c) to the others (except gen. plural). E.g. Dat. Loc. neuters illud, istud become illuc, istuc. 35. hie,

this, is

illic.

declined as follows Shigular.

Masc.

Fern.

haec

Nom.

hie

Ace.

hunc

Gen.

huius

Loc.

Dat.

hie (adverl)) huic in all genders

Abl.

hoc

hanc (or

hujus)

Neut.

hoc hoc

in all genders

hac

hoc

The

PEONOMINAL AND SOME OTHER ADJECTIVES

31

Plural. Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

hi

Ace.

hos

hae has

haec haec

Gen.

horum

harum

horum

Loc.

Dat.

J

Abl.

i

The

Haec

his in

fuller

is

all

genders

forms hosce, hasce, huiusce are found in Cicero. nom. fem. plur. Plautus has also hice (for

rarely found for

hie), etc.

36. Is,

that, is

thus declined Singular.

Nom.

is

ed.

Ace.

eum

earn

Gen.

eius (ejus) in

Loc.

ibi (adverb)

all

Dat.

ei in all genders

Abl.

eo

Id id

genders

ea

eo

Plural.

Nom.

6i or

QBje

ed,

Ace.

eos

eas

eS,

eorum

earum

eorum

Gen.

ii

Loc.

Dat. Abl. i

)

V eis or lis in all genders

,)

and

is are

sometimes written

for

11, lis.

ibus, dat. abl. plur.

also occurs rarely.

-pse

is

sometimes appended, as eiompse, eapse.

ELEMENTAEY LATIN GRAMMAK

32

Idem

37.

(for

is-dem)

is

thus declined

Singular. Fem.

Neut.

eS,dem

idem idem

Masc.

Nom.

idem

Ace.

eundem

eandem

Gen.

eiusdem (ejusdem)

in all genders

Loc.

ibidem.

Dat.

eidem

Abl.

eodem

Nom.

eidem or idem eosdem

in all genders

eadem

eodem

Plural.

Ace.

eorundem

Gen. Loc.

eadem eadem eorundem

^

Dat.

>

Abl.

elBdem

or

isdem

in all

genders

J

38. Qui, who,

and

eaedem easdem earundem

ivhich,

indefinite pronoun,

what, any, relative, interrogative, is

thus declined

Singular.

quod quod

Nom.

qui

quae

Ace.

quem

quam

Gen.

cuius (cujue)

Dat.

cui in

Abl.

quo

Nom.

qui

Ace.

quos

quae quas

quae quae

Gen.

quorum

quarum

quorum

all

in all genders

genders

qua

quo

Plural.

.?/

>quibus

in all genders

PEONOMINAL AND SOMK OTHER ADJECTIVES

As

ablatives

plural, are

of

all

genders,

qui

in

sing.,

33

quis in

sometimes used.

genitive cuius is occasionally treated as an adjecand declined cuia, cuium, etc. As an indefinite pronoun, quS, is more common than quae in nom. sing. fern, and neut. plural. As indefinite and interrogative pronouns, quis (m. /.), quid (n.) are generally used for qui, quod, when not in agreement with a substantive.

The

tive

39.

Similar are the

compound pronouns Substantives.

Adjectives.

aliqui

aliqua

aliquod

some

aliquis

aliquid

ecqui

ecquaor ecquae

ecquod

any?

ecquis

ecquid

quis-

quid-

quinam quaenam quodnam. what ?

nam quidam

quaedam quoddam a

quicun-

quaecun- quodcunque whatsoever que

que quilibet quivis

quaelibet quodlibet any you

quod vis

quae vis

nam

certain one

like

any you will

Also like quis, quid

quisquis

quidquid

or

quicquid

whatsoever

quisquam quidquam or quicquam any at And partly like quis, partly like qui quodpiam some quispiam quaepiam quodque each quaeque quisque

all

—

PECULIAR INFLEXIONS OF CERTAIN PRONOUNS Personal Pronouns 40. The substantives called personal pronouns are very peculiar in their inflexions, nor are all the cases formed

from the same stem.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

34

Smg. and Plural.

Singular.

3d Person (reflexive).

2d Person.

1st Person.

Nom.

ego

tu

Ace.

me

te

no nom. se

Gen.

See below

Dat.

mihi

tibi

sibi

Abl.

me

te

se

Plural.

Nom.

Vnos

Ace.

nostrum vostrum

Gen. Dat.

1 nobis

Abl.

Singular.

or

med

;

vestrum

vobis

and ablative. tete rarely for te.

Accusative

quently used for se The forms

vos

and ted occur

—Sese

was

fre-

and ablatives

as accusatives

in

Plautus.

Genitive. m.ij,

mine

;

—As

tuus,

possessive genitive the adjectives thy, thine

;

suus,

his {her) own,

meus liber, w.y hook mea fllia, my daughter ;

my

:

worlc.

As is

\

meus,

were used as meum opus,

objective genitive the gen. sing. neut. of the

used, viz.

mei

{of

my

same

being), tui, sui.

—

Plural. Genitive. As possessive genitive the adjectives noster and vester (voster) and suus were used.

As objective genitives nostri, vestri, sui. As partitive genitives nostrum, vestrum, suorum. To all cases (except tu nom.) of the substantive pronouns the particle -met is sometimes added. For tu, tut6 or tutimSt is found. The adjectives often have in the ablative case -met or -pte appended, rarely in the gen. sing., e.g. tuipte, and ace. c.ff. meopte, suamet plur., e.g. suosmet, su&met. ;

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE

35

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE 41. From many adjectives two derivative adjectives are formed in order to denote the degree of the quality exThe simple form is called the positive. pressed by them.

The

comparative expresses a higher degree of the quality in

The

superlative

expresses the highest degree in a comparison of

more than

a comparison of

two things or persons.

two things or persons, durissimus, hardest.

The comparative quality

The quality

is

superlative is

is

possessed in is

as

durus, hard

;

durior, harder

;

sometimes used to express that the too

high a degree.

sometimes used to express that the

possessed in a venj high degree.

Ordinari/ Fmriiation of Comparative

and Superlative

42. These derivative adjectives are formed

from the

positive as follows 1.

The stem

of the comparative

is

formed by adding

ios to the last consonant of the stem, i.e. by changing the inflexion i or is of the genitive into ios. The s is changed into r before vowels and in the nom. sing. masc. and fem. (see

becomes 2.

§

24).

In the neuter nom. and

ace.

sing,

ios

itis.

The stem

is formed by adding consonant of the stem.

of the superlative

issimo or issima

to the

last

Thus— Genitive.

Comparative.

dur-us, hard

dur-i

dtir-ior

dur-issirtius

trist-is, sad

trist-is

trist-ior

felix (felic-s), happy felic-is

felic-ior

trist-issimus felic-issimus

Some last

adjectives form their superlative

Superlative.

by doubling the

consonant of the stem and adding imus.

These are

{a) Adjectives with stems ending in ero or eri, the e being omitted or retained in the comparative as in the

inflexions of the positive.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

35

pulcher, /(tw*, comp. pulchr-ior, siiperl. pulcher-rimus. So niger, black-, piger, slothful; ruber, red-, taeter, vS,fer, cunning celeber, famous acer, sharp foul saluber, healthful. ;

;

;

swift

;

dexter,

liber, free

;

raiser, wretched

So celer,

mus)

;

asperrimiis

asperior

asper, rough

tender; uber, abundant.

right (also rarely superl. ;

pauper,

The following

dextit6ner,

veterrimus prosperrimus

no comp. prosperus, prosperous

{h)

;

Also

v6tus, old

1:

j^oor

adjectives

whose

last

stem consonant

is

facilis, easy; similis, like; difficilis, difficult; dissimllis,

unlike

gracilis, thin, slender

;

';

humilis, low

;

as facil-is,

facil-limus. Irregular m' Defective Adjectives

(besides those

The

43.

named

above,

2, a).

following are either deficient in the positive

degree or form their comparative and superlative irregularly or from a different stem Comparative.

Superlative.

bonus, (/ood malus, bad

melior pejor

optimus pessimus

magnus,

major minor

minimus

Positive.

great

parvus, small multus, Tmieh

nequam

(indecl.),

plus wicked

(neut.)

nequior divitior

dives rich

dis

ditior

senex, old juvenis, young potis, p6t6 (indecl.),

senior junior alle,

potior, hcttcr

maximus plurimus nequissimus divitissimus (Cic. ditissimus Verg. (

(natu maximus) (natu minimus) potissimus

jyossible

(no positive)

ocior, swifter

ocissimus

frugi (indecl.), useful

frugalior

frug-alissimus

NUMERALS Comparative.

Positive,

egrens y

37 Superlative.

egentissimus

egentior

needy

eg-enus

benevolentior benevolentissimus maledicentior maledicentissimus magniflcentior magniflcentissinaus citerior citimus deterior, less good deterrimus

benevolus, wcll-ivishiiuj maledicus, evil-speakiuf/ magnificus, splendid citra (adv.), on this side

de

doivnfrom

(prep.),

extra(adv. ),externus (adj.), oi^^st'c^c exterior J

extremus extimus

infra (adv.

infimus, imus

intra

infer ^ (adj.

),

loio

),

posterus,

post,

next

(in

time)

f

posterior,

(adv.),

f

hinder, later

I

prae (prep. ), hefore prope (adv.), near

supra

inferior

interior

(adv.), loithin

prior

propior

super ^

(adj.).

postumus primus proximus supremus

superior

highest,

last (in time)

high

ultra (adv.

i

intimus post r emus

summus ),

beyond

ultimus, farthest

ulterior

Adjectives used only iu the positive

Many

adjectives,

which express a

state or quality Avhieh does not

readily it the idea of a higher or lower degree,

e.g.

material

{e.g.

aureus, golden), time {e.g. nocturnus, nightly), S2)ecial relationshij) {e.g. paternus, fatherly), have no comparative or su})erlative. In some others they are wanting without any such apparent reason. If a comparison

is

required in such adjectives, the defect

magis and maxime. mirus,

7nost

Thus magis mirus, more

supplied by adding

is

ivonde7fiil

;

maxime

wondcrfiU.

NUMERALS 44.

many?"

Cardinal

(quot).

Numerals answer the question " how Ordinal Numerals answer the question

"which in numerical order?" (quotus). Distributive Numerals answer the question "how many each, or, at each time?" (quoteni). Numeral Adverbs answer the question " ^

how many

Chiefly used in plural

above

;

times :

?

"

(quotiens).

inferi, the beings beloio

infers, the places below

;

supera,

;

superi, the

the places above.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GliAMMAll

38

1

Arabic Signs.

Roman

(adjectives).

1

I.

unw5,

2

11.

duo,

III.

4

nil. or IV.

5

V.

a,

um

ae, o

tres, tria

6

VI.

quattuor quinque sex

7

VII.

septem

8

Viii.

9

viiiL or IX.

or iix.

octo

novem

10

X.

decern

11

XI.

undecim duodecim

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 28 29 30

40 50 60 70

Xll. Xlll. xiiii.

or XIV.

XV. XVI. XVII.

xvin. or xiix. xviiii. or XIX.

List

Cardinal

Signs.

3

.

tredecim quattuordecim

quindecim sedecim septemdecim duodeviginti undeviginti

XX.

viginti

XXL

unus et viginti

XXII.

XXVIII. or xxiix.

XXVIIIL or XXIX.

XXX. xxxx. or XL. L.

LX.

LXX.

duo

et viginti

duodetriginta undetriginta triginta

quadraginta quinquaginta sexaginta septuaginta

of

NUMERALS

39

Numerals DISTRIBUTIVE

ORDINAL (all

f

(all

declinable adjectives).

primMS,

a,

I

prior,

(

secundws

urn

first

of two

f

\ -j

\ alter

declinable adjectives plural).

singuli,

ae,

a

NUMERAL ADVERBS.

s6mel

bim(for duini) bis

(for

duis)

tertiws

term

quartws quintws sextws septimws octavws

quaterni

sem

nonzis

noveni

decimws undecimMS

deni

duodecimvts

duodem

tQTtius deGimiis

term deni terd6ciens qu^term deni quaterdeciens quim dem quindeciens

quart?/s decini?^s quint(ks'

deciniMS

sext?is decini?is

septimw.s decimws

duodevicensimws undevicensiin?/5

(or

trim) ter

quinz

septeni

octom

undent

sem deni septeni dem duodevicem' undevicem'

quat6r quinquiens sexiens septiens octiens

noviens dSciens

undeciens duodeciens

sed^ciens septiens deciens duodeviciens (?) undeviciens (?)

vicensimws viceni viciens unws (more rarely pri- viceni singula semel et viciens mes) et vicensini?<5 alter et vicenslmz^s

viceni bini

bis et viciens

duodetricensimiAs

duodetriceni undetriceni tricem

duodetriciens undetriciens (?)

quadragensimw5 quinquagensimws sexagensimws

quadrageni quinquageni

septuagensimt*5

eeptuageni

quadragiens quinquagiens sexagiens septuagiens

undetricensimws tricensimws

sexagem

triciens

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

40 Arabic Signs.

Roman

Cardinal

Signs.

(adjectives).

80 90 98 99 100 101

Lxxx. or xxc. LXXXX. or XC.

octoginta

xcviii. or

octo et nonaginta

124

cxxiin. or cxxiv.

200 230

CC.

ducenti,

ccxxx.

ducenti

xcix. or

lie. ic.

c. CI.

nonaginta

undecentum centum centum et unu6

centum viginti quattuor

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1235

CIOCCXXXV

2000 4000

CIOCIOCIOCIO.

5000

100.

6000

lOOCIO.

sex

ccioo.

decem

ccc.

cccc. 10.

or D.

a

ae,

{ae,a)trig\nta.

trecenti,

ae,

a

quadringenti, quingent?',

ae,

ae,

a

a

IOC.

sescenti,

lOCC.

septingenti, ae, a octingent/, ae, a nongenti, ae, a mille mille ducenti (ae, a) triginta quinque

lOCCC.

lOCCCC. CIO. or M.

CIOCIO.

10,000 20,000 50,000

cciooccioo.

100,000

CCCIOOO.

1000.

duo

ae,

a

milli«

quattuor millia

quinque

milli^)^

Tociillia

millia viginti millirt

quinquaginta millia

centum

millia

NUMERALS DISTKIBUTIVE

ORDINAL (all

41

declinable adjectives).

octogensimw.s nonagensim«/6" duodecentensim/ts undecentensiin?t5 centensimwicentensimzis primws

(all

declinable adjectives iiluml).

octogem

Nl'MERAL ADVERBS.

octogiens

nonagiens nonageni duodecenteni duodecentiens undecenteni undecentiens centeni centeni

sin-

centiens centiens semel

gula

centensimiis vicensi- centeni viceni centiens

mus

ducent ensim as ducentensiiiKts

viciens

quater ducentiens ducem triceni ducentiens quaterni duceni

qvLSivtus

tri-

censiin?^6'

treceni trecentensimws quadringentensimws quadringeni quingeni quingentensiniM^' sescentensiin?^.'<

septingentensimi^s octingentensimz^s nongentensim^/.s millensimws millensimtis ducen-

sesceni septingeni

octingem

nongem

tri-

ciens trecentiens

quadringentiens quingentiens sescentiens septingentiens octingentiens nongentiens

singula millia milliens singula millia milliens ducentriciens tiens tensiniMs tricensi- ducena triquinquiens cena quma ni?/.s' quintws bis milliens bis niillensini?/s bina millia quater millensim?is quaterna mil- quater milliens lift

quinquiens millen- quintt

naillia

quinquiens milliens

sini?/6'

sexiens millensini?is s,ena niilli(6 deciens niillensim?/6' den« millift viciens niillensini?i>; vicena milli^t

sexiens milliens deciens milliens

quinquagena

quinquagiens

quinquagiens

mil-

viciens milliens

milliens centiensmillensimi/s centemt niilli(t centiens milliens lensim?fs

milli^t

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

42

Roman

Arabic Signs.

Cardinal

Signs.

(adjective-s).

500,000

quingentft

lOOOO.

1,000,000

millirt

deciens centum mil

CCCCIOOOO.

li(i

(a)

The

earlier

form

of ordinals in

For -ensimus, -esimus

ia

-imus ended

in

-umus.

often ibunrl.

MuUiplicalivc adjectives are formed with the suffix -plex, -fold viz. simplex, sescuplex {one and a half fold), duplex, triplex, :

quadruplex, quincuplex, septemplex, decemplex, centuplex. Others in -plus are generally used in neuter only, to denote a

Inflexions of

2.

Numerals

For mode of declension see § 33. In the used only with substantives whose plural denotes a singular, e.g. unae litterae, one epistle unae aedes, one house {set of rooms, or of hearths T) uni mores, one and the same conduct ; uni Suevi, the single tribe of the Suevi (or

Unus.

45.

plural

it is

;

;

the Suevi alone).

The

Duo.

and neut. are nom. ace. duo, gen. For the m. ace. abl. duobus. duos is also used. The fem. is nom. duae, ace. duas, Iti expressions gen. duarum or duum, dat. abl. duabus. like duodecim, duodeviginti, duoetvicesimus, duo is

duorum

or

ma'sc.

duum,

:

dat.

:

not varied.

Nom. and

Ambo,

both, is

ace. tres, n.

similarly declined.

trifi,,

gen. trium, dat.

and

abl.

tribus. All the other cardinal numbers

declined

:

so also

is

up

to

centum

are un-

mille when used as an adjective.

As

NUMERALS DISTRIBUTIVE

ORDINAL (all

<^"

declinable atljectives).

quingentiens

li«

centiens

deciens centena milli^i^

millensim^^s

{!))

The

later

form

n"*'^^^^ adverbs.

^''''"

tlTes'Tluralf

quingena mil- quingentiens mil-

mil-

lensimw!)

deciens

43

of

liens

deciens centiens milliens

numeral adverbs ended in

-ies.

magnitude twice, etc., as great as another. These are simplus, sescuplus, duplus, triplus, quadruplus, octuplus. Another

series is

binarius, containing two, ternarius, quater-

narius, quinarius, senarius, septenarius,

a substantive

has

etc.

declinable plural millia (more millium, millibus l)ut in the singular is rarely used except in nom. or ace. In expressions like caesi sunt tria millia trecenti milites, we must supply militum after millia. If the name of the thing, etc., numbered precede, it is usually put in the genitive, e.g. militum (not milites) tria millia trecenti caesi sunt. The other cardinal, and all the ordinal and distributive numbers, are declinable adjectives with o stems. The genitive plural of the cardinals and distributives is usually correctly

it

a

spelt milia),

:

-um for -orum (cf. § 16); e.g. multa praesens quingentum nummum aeris (for quingentorum nummorum), an immediate fine of 500 poimds of copper; pueri senum septenumque denum annorum, boijs of sixteen in

and

seventeen years of age.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GKAMMAR

44

Order in compounding Numerals

3.

46. In compound numbers, from thirteen to nineteen inclusive, the is usually prefixed to the larger without et, e.g. septem decern

smaller

(or septemdecim), septimus decimus, septeni deni, septiens deciens but in cardinals and ordinals the order is sometimes reversed, and in cardinals et is sometimes inserted, especially if the larger come first, e.g. decern septem, decern et septem, septem et decern ;

decimus septimus From twenty -one

(Sen.)

to ninety -nine the rule is that either the larger should precede the smaller number without et, or the smaller precede with et so viginti quattuor, twenty-four, or quattuor et viginti, ;

'four

and twenty.

usually comes

From a hundred ami

first

one upwards the larger

number

either without or (except with distributives) with

a conjunction.

Use of Classes of Numerals 47. The ordinal, not the cardinal,

year 1879

The

is

is

used in giving the date,

e.g.

In the

anno millesimo octingentesimo septuagesimo nono.

distributives are used

To denote that the number belongs to each of several persons or things, e.g. Caesar et Ariovistus denos comites ad colloquium adduxerunt, took ten companions each. (1)

(2) In expressions of multiplication, e.g.

bis bina ter

—

twice two

novenae virgines

thrice nine girls

deciens centena millia

ten times

a hundred thotisand

In these expressions the distributive numerals, millia, do not

mean a

million

to

taken each of ten times. Every other is expressed by alterni, day.

e.g.

deciens centena

each person, but a hundred thousand

e.g.

alternis diebus, every

ADVERBS

45

ADVERBS 48.

Adverbs and conjunctions are indeclinable words,

chiefly oblique cases of existing or lost words.

The chief pronominal adverbs of place and time and some others will be found in the tables following. Other adverbs, derived from adjectives and participles, end (a)

in 6, or rarely 6, as

certo,

certainly

raro, seldom

tuto, safely

in the first place

postremo,

quickly

cito,

;

;

;

;

naerito,

;

deservedly

vero, in truth

secundo,

;

;

primo,

the second place

in

lastly.

(b) in e, as

aegre, hardly docte, skilfully ; doctissime, most skilplane, quite ; recte, rightly valde, very. fully ;

;

;

(c)

in e, as

b§ne,

—

well

rn^le, badly

;

impunity

;

facile, easily

;

paene, almost

forte, by chance

-um, as priraum, for the time tertium,

;

;

impune,

;

saepe,

rit6, didy

;

quoque,

with

often

;

also.

(d) in

;

nimium, (e)

too

first /o?'

time

;

it^rum,

the third time

;

foi'

the second

circura, round

much.

in -ter, especially

from

i

stems, as

acriter, eagerly; breviter, shortly; duriter, hardly;

frequenter, frequently; largiter,

lavishly; similiter,

in like fashion.

denoting /?-07/?, as antiquitus, from of olU funditus, from penitus, ^rom the interim; deeply.

(/) in -ttis,

;

the

bottom

;

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

46

-tim, chiefly from past participles, as

(g)

partim, jj«7-//?/ cursim, swiftly sensim, gradually statim, imnudiately nominatim, hy name pauUatim, little by little.

furtira, steaUhily

;

;

;

\

;

Other noticeable adverbs are

mane, nuper,

lately

lisper,

foi'

demum, once

noctu, hy night hodie, to-day tempSri, in good tim.e quotannis, yearly semper, always paul-

ita,

thus

afresh

;

really

;

while

little

;

;

diu,

;

only, just

quando

lately

extemplo,

;

at

;

oppido, quite ; nimis, too much

;

;

;

enough

s^tis,

;

vix,

scarcely

non, not; immo,

at the

rather.

j^^^'^-

are the chief (pronominal) adverbs of time.

quamdiu j ^^""^ ^^^S' ^uoties

I tv/ien

quom,

time ago;

ideo, on that denuo, brevi, in few words profecto, ;

The following

49.

dudum,

;

;

therefm^e

nay

long

now; it^rum, a second time rursus, ; saltem, at least ; 6tiam., also

fortassis, fortasse, perchance; least,

;

foi'

itemi, likewise

ergo,

;

\

;

pridem, some

at last;

hack again

;

heri, yesterday

;

;

;

a

modo,

;

morning

in the

eras, to-mmrow

I

as long as

aliquamdiu, for some toties,

w?icn

nunc, 710W tunc \^^g^

Qnousciue,

turn

adhuc,

length of time till wJi en?

J ^'ow often? {as often as

so often

aliquoties, several times

identidem,

reatedlf/

nonnunquam

]

Bintehac, before this

aliquando

li.e.notun-

posthac,

quandoque

J

hitherto

after this

siibinde, immediately afterwards

nondum,

not yet

unquam,

interim K^,,„,,,;,,v, interea J ^

olim

J

sometime,

frequently

interdum, sometimes

{i.e.

occasionally)

alias, at another ti7ne

quondam

)

so/nc/mcs,

ever (after nega-

tives, etc.)

usque, i.e.

or hereafter

formerly,

ever (of progressive

continuance)

ADVEEBS

47 >i

m ^ o

ti

'^

^,r:

s i

all S I o pi

pi

a* o*

Hi

C

'^

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAMMAR

48

o a •

3

:^

5^ Si '* '*

-^

^

5

•«

-^

INFLEXIONS OF VERBS

49

INFLEXIONS OF VERBS 52. Latin verbs have inflexions to denote differences of voice, person,

number, mood, and

1.

There are two

2.

Two

3.

Three persons

voices,

tense.

the Active and the ive.

immhers, the singular and plural.

In the Imperative

(first,

mood

second, third) in each number.

there

is

no form for the

first

person

singular.

4.

Three

5.

Six

(ci)

Tnoods, Indicative,

tenses,

Subjunctive, Imperative.

in the Indicative

mood, active voice

Three denoting incomplete action

;

the Present,

Future, and Imperfect. {h) Three denoting completed Completed Future, and Pluperfect.

The Subjunctive has no

future.

action;

the

Perfect,

The Imperative has no

tense except the present and the future.

Verbs in the ive voice have in the Indicative only three simple tense-forms, those of incomplete action.

For the tenses

of complete action in the ive voice

participles in combination with certain tenses of the verb

of being are used.

E

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

50

53. Certain verbal nouns are usually treated in connexion with the verb. These are

Two

{a)

indeclinable substantives, called Infinitives (or They are

the Infinitive Mood).

The Present The

denoting incomplete action, and

infinitive,

Perfect, denoting completed action.

{h) Three verbal adjectives, called Participles, the Present and Future belonging to the active voice the Past parti;

ciple belonging to the ive voice.

A verbal

(c)

and

substantive and adjective, called the Gerund

Gerundive, usually classed, the first with the active, the

second with the ive voice.

Two

{d)

Supines,

i.e.

the accusative

and ablative

(or

dative) of a verbal noun.

The forms of the verb proper are often called collectively the Finite Verb ; the verbal nouns above named are sometimes called the Infinite Verb.

54.

Every

single

word

in the Latin (finite) verb

is

a com-

by itself, marking the person and number

plete sentence, the verbal stem being used not

but combined with suffixes of the particular form,

and

and sometimes

also the tense,

mood,

voice.

The

principles on

which

verbs are inflected are the which are found are due chiefly to the nature or ending of the stem.

The

same.

The order

:

all

diff'erences in detail

inflexions are attached to the stem in the following inflexions of tense, of mood, of person, of number, of

INFLEXIONS OF VERBS

The forms

voice.

51

of the present tense, indicative

mood,

singular number, active voice are the simplest, containing

only the verb stem with the sign of person.

All other

parts of the verb (usually) contain also signs of tense, mood,

number, and

Of these the signs

voice.

of tense

and mood

are placed between the stem and the sign of person, and the inflexions for number

Thus d^t

is

person, singular

meaning t

give.

sign of

and

voice are

placed after them.

the present tense, indicative mood, third number, active voice of a verbal stem

composed of d^- verbal stem, and and thus is strictly give-he

It is

the third person

:

which originally gives is the English equivalent, but English, having lost its sense of the meaning of the final s, now prefixes in addition the pronoun he {she, it), {she,

it),

for

as a separate

word

da-r-e-m-us

for the like purpose.

is

the

first

person plural, imperfect tense,

mood, active voice, of the same stem, da-, The sound r here denotes past time, e the mood of

subjunctive give.

.

thought (instead of fact), of others

m the speaker himself, us the action

with the speaker.

did-in-thought-I-they.

If for

Thus daremus analysed is give-us we have -ur (daremur), the

speaker and others are ive instead of active.

55.

The

classes, viz.

inflexions

may be common to

of tense

those which are

divided into two several tenses or

forms, and those which are peculiar to the particular tense.

The inflexions common to several tenses or forms may be referred to three forms of the verbal stem called the Present stem, the Perfect stem, and the Supine stem. 1.

The

Present

stem

is

very often the same as the

verbal stem, but not unfrequently

is

more or

less modified.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GKAMMAR

52

From this present stem are formed all the tenses and verbal forms which express incomplete action, viz. both in Active and ive voices Indicative Present, Future, Imperfect Imperative Present, Future Subjunctive Present, Imperfect also the following verbal forms

Present Infinitive ; Active and ive ; Present Participle ; Active (none in ive) Gerunds and Gerundive. 2. The Perfect stem is sometimes identical with the verb stem and with the present stem, but usually is considerably modified. From this perfect stem are formed all the tenses denoting completed action, viz. in the Active

voice

Indicative Perfect, Completed Future, Pluperfect

Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect also the Perfect Infinitive.

3.

The Supine

stem

verbal stem, and from

is

it

always a modification of the

are formed certain verbal nouns,

which the forms called the supines, the past participle and future participle active are generally treated in connexion with the verb. of

ive,

The

iDast participle

ive

is

used with certain tenses

form the perfect, pluperfect and completed future indicative, and the perfect and pluperfect

of the verb of being to

subjunctive, of the ive voice.

(See

§

72.)

EXAMPLES OF THE INFLEXIONS OF VERBS

53

EXAMPLES OF THE INFLEXIONS OF VERBS 56. Verbs are as regards their inflexions divided into principal classes

;

two

those whose stem ends in a consonant

in a vowel. The former may be called for shortness consonant-verbs, the latter vowel-verbs. Vowel-verbs may have a stem ending in a or 1, or e or Of these by far the most numerous are those with u. stems ending in a, and this class differs most in its inIt is in the inflexions of flexions from consonant verbs. tenses formed from the present stem that these differences are mainly found.

and those whose stem ends

First will be given the system of inflected forms of a consonant stem, reg-, ride, and of a vowel stem, ama-, love.

The English which corresponds most nearly to the Latin forms of the Indicative and Imperative moods is added. The English corresponding to the Subjunctive mood varies so much with the character of the sentence in which it is used, that none can properly be given here.

The quantity of the used by Latin poets.

final syllables is

marked

as actually

54

CONSONANT CONJUGATION

57.

Present Stem Active Voice Present

Subjunctive.

Indicative. Sing.

1.

r6g-o

2.

r6g-is

I am, ruling or / rule Thou art ruling or Thou

rgg-am r6g-as

rulest

Plur,

He

r6g-it

He

r6g-im-us

We are ruling or We rule

r6g-am-us

r6g-it-is

Ye are ruling or Ye rule They are ruling or They

r6g-at-is

r6g-unt

is

ruling or

rules

r6g-at

'

rgg-ant

rule

Future Sing.

Plur.

1.

r6g-am

2.

r6g-es

I shall or ivill Thou wilt rule

3.

r6g-6t

He

1.

r6g-em-us

We

2.

r6g-et-is

3.

rSg-ent

Ye loill rule They will rule

1.

r6g-el)-am

2.

r6g-eb-as

3.

rgg-eb-at

ivill

rule

rule

shall or will rule

Imperfect Sing.

I was ruling or I ruled Thou wast ruling or Thou ruledst He was ruling or

Plur.

1.

r6g-eb-am-iis

We or

He

r6g-6r-es r6g-6r-6t

ruled

ruling

ivere

We

r6g-6r-em

rgg-gr-em-tis

ruled

2.

rgg-eb-at-Is

Ye were ruling or Ye ruled

r6g-6r-et-is

3.

r6g-eb-ant

Jliey were ruling

r6g-6r-ent

or

I'Jiey

ruled

55

VOWEL CONJUGATION

Present Stem

58.

Active Voice Present

Subjunctive.

Indicative. Sing.

1.

2.

I am

loving or

I

TJiou art loving or

He

^m-^t am-am-us

He

is

We

are loving or

2.

am-at-is

Ye are loving or Ye

3.

am-ant

Tliey are

loving or

am- em

love

1.

3.

Plur.

am-o am-as

Thou

am-es

loves

am-6t

We

love love

loving or They

am-em-tis am-et-is

am-ent

love

Future

am-ab-o

Sing.

Plur.

I shall love Thou wilt love

am-ab-is am-ab-it

He

am-ab-im-us

We

am-ab-it-is

Ye will love They will love

am-ab-unt

will love shall or loill love

Imjperfect

Sing.

1.

am-ab-am

2.

am-ab-as

I loas loving or / Thou wast loving/

loved

am-ar-em am-ar-es

or TJiou lovedst 3.

Plur.

1.

am-ab-at

am-ab-am-us

He was or He

We or

2.

3.

am-ab-at-is

am-ab-ant

were

We

Ye were or Ye

loving

am-ar-6t

loved

loving

am-ar-em-iis

loved

loving

am-ar-et-is

loved

They were loving or They loved

am-ar-ent

CONSONANT CONJUGATION

56

Imperative Present

Future.

Mood

Rule (thou) Rule (ye)

Sing.

r6g-6

Plur.

r6g-it-6

Sing.

rSg-it-o

Plur.

r6g-it-ot-6

Ye

r6g-unt-o

They

j Thou shalt or must rule \ He shall or must rule shall or

must rule must rule

shall or

Verbal Noun-Fmins Infinitive Present

Participle Present

r6g-6r-6 S.

Ace.

Nom.

Gerund

to

rule

ruling r6g-ens r6g-ent-eni (m. f.), r6g-ens

Noni.

>

Ace.

(n.)

r6g-end-um ruling

ive Voice

59.

Present

Subjunctive.

Indicative. Sing.

1.

am

r6g-6r

/

r6g-6r-is

/ am Thou art

being

or

2.

ruled

being ruled

or Thou art ruled

Plur.

3.

r6g-it-tir

He or

He

1.

r6g-im-tir

We

are

or

We

2.

r6g-Im-in-i

Ye

is

are

being is

rdg-S-r

ruled

ruled

ruled

being

r6g-ar-Is

or r6g-ar-6

r6g-at-ur

«*

ruled

r6g-am-tir

are ruled

being

ruled

r6g-am-In-i

or Ye are ruled 3. r6g-unt-llr

They are being ruled or They are ruled

rgg-ant-lir

VOWEL CONJUGATION Imperative Present.

Future.

Mood

Sing.

2.

a,m-a

Love

Plur.

2.

am-at-S

ioi;e (ye)

Sing.

^"

Plur.

2.

I

<

He

am-at-ot-6 3,m-ant-0

3.

(tJiou

must love must love Ye shall or mwsi Zove They shall or must love

Thou

am-at-0

57

shall or

shall or

Verbal Noun-Fm-ms Infinitive Present

Participle Present

S.

Nom.

>

'

.

to love

d>IU-ans

lovimj

am-ant-em

Ace.

Gerund

3,ni-ar-§

am-and-um

(m.

f.),

am-ans

(n.)

loving

ive Voice

60.

Pn Subjunctive.

Indicative. Sing.

1.

am-6r

I am or

2.

am-ar-is

Thou or

3.

am-at-tir

He

1.

am-am-tir

We

or Plur.

or 2.

3.

being

/ am

loved

art being loved

Thou is

art loved

being

He are

We

loved

am-er-is or am-er-6

am-et-lir

is loved

being loved

am-em-tir

are loved

am-am-in-i Ye are being loved or Ye are loved am-ant-tlr They are being loved •

am-6r

loved

or Tliey are loved

am-em-in-i am-ent-lir

58

CONSONANT CONJUGATION Future Indicative.

Sing.

Subjunctive.

I shall be ruled Thou unit he ruled

1.

r6g-ar

2.

r6g-er-is

3.

r6g-et-tir

He

1.

r6g-em-tir

We

2.

r6g-em-in-i

Ye

3.

r6g-ent-ur

They will

1.

I was heing ruled or I was ruled Thou wast heing ruled r^g-eb-ar-is or r6g-eb-ar-6 or Thou wast ruled r6g-eb-at-iir He was heing ruled or He was ruled

or r6g-er-6 Plur.

will he ruled shall he ruled ivill he

ruled he ruled

Imperfect Sing.

2.

3.

Plur.

1.

r6g-eb-ar

r6g-eb-am-iir

We

r6g-6r-6r r6g-6r-er-is

or r6g-6r-er-6

r6g-6r-et-ur

were heing ruled

We

or

r6g-6r-em-tir

were ruled

2.

r6g-eb-am-In-i Ye were heing ruled or Ye were ruled

3.

rgg-eb-ant-tir

r6g-6r-em-Ini

They were heing ruled or They were ruled

r6g-6r-ent-iir

Imperative Present

Future

Sing.

2.

r6g-6r-6

Plur.

2.

r6g-im-in-i

2.

Sing. ^'

)

^

„_^

ThoiL shalt or must he ruled

r

^

r6g-It-6r

I

Plur. 3.

Be ruled Be ye ruled |

He

r6g-unt-6r

must he ruled must he ruled

shall or

They

shall or

Verbal Noun-Forms

rggi

Infinitive Present

Gerundive

to he

Sing. Norn. m. rfig-end-tis to f.

n.

rgg-end-a

r6g-end-um

ruled

rule or to he ruled

(used adjectivally)

VOWEL CONJUGATION

59

Future Indicative. Sing.

Subjunctive.

1.

am-ab-6r

I

2.

am-ab-6r-is

Thou

shall be loved

wilt he loved

or llm-ab-6r-6 Plur.

3.

am-ab-it-tir

He

1.

We

2,

am-ab-im-tir am-ab-im-in-i

3.

am-ab-unt-tir

The]i will he loved

1.

S,m-ab-ar

I was heing loved or I was loved

am-ar-6r

2.

am-ab-ar-is

Thou wast heing loved or Thou wast loved He was heing loved or He was loved

a.m-ar-er-is

or am-ar-er-S am-ar-et-ur

We

am-ar-em-tir

will he loved

Ye

shall he loved

will he loved

Im'perfect

Sing.

or am-ab-ar-6

Plur.

3.

am-ab-at-tir

1.

am-ab-am-iir

or 2.

am-ab-am-in-i Ye or

3.

a.m-ab-ant-'fir

ivere heing loved

We toere

were loved

am-ar-em-in-i

heing loved

Ye were

loved

Tliey were heing loved

am-ar-ent-ftr

or They were loved

Imperative Present

.

T-, Future

Be (thou) loved am-ar-6 Plur. 2. am-am-in-i Be (ye) loved 2. )„ _.^ CIf Thou shalt or must he loved Smg. „ V am-at-6r { tt .7.7 n j ° 3. \ He shall or must be loved j Plur. 3. am-ant-6r They shall or must be loved

Sing.

2.

-l

Verbal Noun-Fm'ms

am-ar-i

Infinitive Present

Gerundive

Sing.

Nom. m. am-and-us f I.

;4^ «„^ n am-ana-a

r.

am-and-um etc.

to he ) \

>

)

,

loved

,

^

i

7

j

or to he loved % , j t ,• (™'='' adjectivally)

^^ ^^^^

n

60

CONSONANT CONJUGATION

61.

Perfect Stem Active Voice Perfect

Indicative. Sing.

1.

rex-i

2.

rex-is-ti

I ruled or I have ruled Thou ruledst or Tliou hast

Subjunctive. rex-6r-im rex-6r-is

ruled Plur.

rex-it

He

ruled or

rex-im-tis

We

ruled

He

or

has ruled

rex-6r-It

We

rex-6r-im-us

have

ruled rex-is-tis

rex-er-unt

Ye ruled or Ye have ruled They ruled or They have

or rex-er-6

rex-6r-it-is

rex-6r-int

ruled

Completed Future Sincr.

Plur.

1.

rex-6r-o

I

2.

rex-6r-is

Thou

3.

rex-6r-it

He

1.

rex-6rim-ils

We

2.

rex-6r-it-is

3.

rex-6r-int

Ye will have ruled They will have ruled

shall have ruled ivilt

have ruled

will have ruled shall have ruled

[The i seems to have been properly short in the fut. perf. and long subj.

in ;

the

peri',

but there are

many cases in which this rule is not ob-

served.

]

Pluperfect Sing.

Plur.

1.

rex-6r-am

I had ruled

rex-is-sem

2.

rex-6r-as

Thou hadst ruled He had ruled IVe had ruled Ye had ruled They had ruled,

rex-is-ses

3.

rex-6r-at

1.

rex-6r-a,Tn-tis

2.

rex-6r-at-is

3.

rex-6r-ant Infmitii

le

rex-is-s6

to

rex-is-s6t

rex-is-sem-us rex-is-set-is

rex-is-sent

have ruled

VOWEL CONJUGATION

61

Perfect Stem

62.

Active Voice Perfect

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

amav-i

Sinff.

amav-isti amav-it

I loved or liave loved Thou lovedst or hast loved

He

loved or has loved

amav-im-us We

Plur.

loved or have loved amav-is-tis Ye loved or have loved Sjnav-er-unt Thei/ loved or have loved

or

amav-6r-im amav-6r-is amav-6r-it

amav-6r-im-us amav-6r-it-is a,mav-6r-int

amav-er-6

Completed Future Sing.

amav-6r-o amav-6r-is

7

3.

aniav-6r-it

He

1.

amav-6r-ini-us amav-6r-it-is amav-6r-int

We

1.

2.

Plur.

2. 3.

s^aZ^ have loved

TJiou wilt have loved will have loved shall have loved

Ye will have loved They icill have loved

Pluperfect Sing.

1.

2. 3.

Plur.

1.

2.

3.

/ had loved Thou hadst loved ^mav-6r-as He had loved amav-6r-at amav-6r-am-us We had loved Ye had loved amav-6r-at-is They had loved amav-6r-ant

amav-6r-am

Infinitive

amav-is-s6

to

have

amav-is-sem amav-is-ses amav-is-s6t a,mav-is-sem-us amav-is-set-is

amav-is-sent

CONSONANT CONJUGATION

62

Supine Stem Active Voice Supine rect-um,

to rule,

ace. case of

i.e.

rect-u, in the ruling, Part. Fut.

(Sing.

i.e.

verbal

noun witli u- stem noun with u- stem

ablat. case of verbal

Nom.) rect-ur-us

(m.) )

rect-ur-a

rect-ur-um Infin. Fut.

(Sing.

Nom.)

> about to rule

(f.)

rect-ur-tis,

(n.)

-S,,

)

-um

esse,

to be

about

to

rule

„

„

fuisse, to have been

about

to

rule

Supine Stem

63.

ive Voice Perfect

Subjunctive.

Indicative. Sing, (m.) 1.

(n.)

(f.)

rect-iis rect-ft

I have been or 2. rect-tis

Thou 3. rect-tis

He

rectum sum

am

rectus, recta,

rectum sim

ruled

rect-a rect-um 6s

sis

hast been or art ruled rect-S,

{she, it)

rect-um est

has been or

is

sit

ruled

Plur. 1.

rect-i rect-ae rect-a stimtis

rect-i, rect-ae, rect-a sim-iis

TFe have been or are ruled 2. rect-i

3.

rect-ae rect-a estis

Ye Imve been or are ruled rect-i rect-ae rect-ft sunt They have been or are ruled

sitis

sint

VOWEL CONJUGATION

63

Supine Stem Active Voice Supine

Part. Fut. (Sing. Norn.)

amat-um

to love

elmat-u

in the loving

amat-ur-us S,mat-ur-S,

(m.;

) about

(f.)

amat-ur-um

to love

(n.)

Infin. Fut. (Sing. Norn.) ^msit-XLT-XLS,-a, -Vim esse,to he about to love

„

fuisse,

„

about

to

have been

to love

Supine Stem

64.

ive Voice Perfect

1.

2.

3.

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

Sing.

-um sum

amat-us, -a, / have been or am loved amat-us, -a, -um es Thou hast been or art loved Umat-tis,

He

-a,

(she, it)

-um

est

has been or

amat-us,

5>

>j

is

-a,

»

J)

-um sim v

Sis

»

sit

loved

Plur. 1.

amat-i, -ae, -a siimus

We

amat-i, -ae, -a

simus

have been or are loved

2.

amat-i, -ae, -a estis Ye have been or are loved

3.

amat-i, -ae, -a sunt They have been or are loved

„

„

,,

sitis

,,

,,

„

sint

CONSONANT CONJUGATION

64

Completed Future SinL^

2.

„

„

.,

6ris

I shall have been ruled Thou wilt have been ruled

3.

„

,,

„

6rit

He

1.

rectus recta rect-um 6ro

(she, it)

will have been

ruled Plur. 1.

rect-i rect-ae rect-H

Primus

We

gritis

Ye will have been ruled They will have been ruled

6runt

shall leave been ruled

Pluperfect

1.

2.

3.

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

Sing.

recta rect-um 6ram I had been ruled, rectus recta rectum 6ras Thou hadst been ruled rect-us recta rectum 6rat He {she, it) had been ruled rect-us

rect-tis,

-3,,

-um essem

ess^t

Plur. 1.

rect-i rect-ae rect-a

dramiis

rect-i,

-ae,

-a

essemtls

JVe had been ruled 2.

recti rect-ae recta Ye had been ruled

Gratis

„

„

„

essetis

rect-ae recta 6rant They had been ruled

„

„

„

essent

3. rect-i

Particiiole Perfect

rect-US,

Infinitive Perfect (Sing. been, or to be, ruled.

-S,,

Nom.)

-um,

ruled.

rect-tis,

-ft,

-um

esse, to have

VOWEL CONJUGATION

65

Completed Future Sing.

-um

2.

„

„

„

6ris

I shall have been loved Thou wilt have been loved

3.

,,

„

„

6rit

He

-ae,

&

drimtis

We

„

„

gritis

„

6runt

Ye will have been loved They will have been loved

1.

amat-us,

-a,

6ro

(she, it) will

have been loved

Plur. 1.

&mat-i,

2.

„

shall have been loved

Pluperfect

1.

amat-tis,

/ had 2.

^mat-US,

-a,

-um gram

amat-us,

He

amat-tis,

-um essem

-a,

been loved -a,

-um 6ras

Thou hadst 3.

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

Sing.

-a,

esses

been loved

-um 6rat

{she, it)

had been

ess6t loved

Plur. 1.

amat-i, -ae,

We

-3,

had been

2.

amat-i, -ae, -a gratis Ye had been loved

3.

amat-i, -ae, -a grant They had been loved

-ae,

-a

essemus

,,

,,

,,

esset/is

4,

„

,,

esseut

Nom.)

amat-lis,

-a,

-um,

Pe?/ec^Sing. Nom.)

amat-iis,

-a,

-um esse,

Participle Perfect (Sing. Infinitive

amat-i

gramtis loved

beeny or to be, loved.

F

loved.

/law

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

66

OTHER VOWEL CONJUGATIONS 65. In some i-stems the

i is retained throughout as part only found in certain parts, not belonging to the original stem. To the latter class belong capio, take; otipio, desire ; f^cio, make; fodio, dig ; pS,rio, bring forth ; rdpio, seize ; sapio, have taste ; qu^tio, slmke the compounds of these verbs and of the obsolete verbs

of the

stem

specio

:

in others

(-spicio), see

QQ.

;

it is

lacio

(-licio),

draw.

Present Stem Active Voice Indicative

Present

Singular. 1.

Mood

trIb-u-O, assign cap-i-0, tale

aud-i-O, hear

m6n-e-o, loam

2. trib-u-is

cap-is

aud-is

m6n-es

trib-u-it

cap-it

audit

in6n-6t

m6n-em-us

3.

Plural. 1.

trib-u-im-tis

c^p-im-us

aud-imus

2.

trib-u it-is

cap-it-is

aud-it-is

m6n-et-is

3.

trib-u-unt

cap-i-unt

aud-i-unt

mdn-ent

Future

Singular. 1.

trib-u-am

cap-i-am

aud-i-am

m6n-eb-o

2.

trib-u-es

cap-i-es

aud-i-es

3.

trib-u-6t

cap-i-6t

aud-i-6t

m6n-eb-is mdn-eb-it

Plural. 1.

trib-u-em-us

cap-i-em-us

aud-i-em-us

2.

trib-u-et-is

cap-i-et-is

aud-i-et-is

mdn-eb-im-tis m6n-eb-it-is

3.

trib-u-ent

cap-i-ent

aud-i-ent

mdn-eb-unt

OTHER VOWEL CONJUGATIONS Singular.

67

Imperfect

1.

trib-u-eb-am

cap-i-eb-am

aud-i-eb-am

mdn-eb-am

2.

trib-u-eb-as

eap-i-eb-as

aud-i-eb-as

3.

trib-u-ebat

cap i-ebat

aud-i-eb-^t

mdn-eb-as mdn-eb-^t

Plural. 1.

trib u-eb-am-iis cap-i-eb-am-us aud-i-eb-am-us mdn-eb-am-us

2.

trib-u-eb-at-is

cap-i-eb-at-is

aud-i-eb-at-is

mdn-eb-at-is

3.

trib-u-eb-ant

c3,p-i-eb-ant

aud-i-eb-ant

mOn-eb-ant

Imperative Mood Singular. 2. TDI

Present

trib-u-6

cap-6

audi

mOn-e

cap-it-6

aud-it-6

m6n-et-6

1

rlural. 2.

trib-u it-6

Future

Singular. I'

\ trib-u

it-o

mdn-et-o

cap-it-o

aud-it-o

cap itot-e

aud-it-6t-6

m6n-et-6t-6

cap-i-unt-o

aud-i-unt-o

mdn-ent-o

Plural. 2. trib-u-it-6t-6

3.

trib-u-unt-o

Verbal Noun-F&rnis Infin. Pres.

trib-u-6r-6

cap-6r-6

aud-ir-6

m6n-er-6

aud-i-ens

mdn-ens

Part. Pres. (Sing. Norn.)

trib-u-ens

c^p-i-ens

Gerund (Sing. Nom.) trib-u-end-um cap-i-end-um

aud-i-end-um mdn-end-um

68

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

67.

Present Stem ive Voice

Indicative Singular.

Mood

Present

m6n-e-6r

1.

trlb-u-6r

cUp-i-dr

aud-i-6r

2.

trib-u-gr-is

c^p-dr-is

aud-ir is

mdn-er-is

3. trib-u-it-tir

cap-it-tir

aud-it-ur

m6n-et-iir

Plural. 1.

trib-u-im-tir

cap-Im-tir

aud-im-ur

2.

trib-u-imin

aud imin-i

mdn-em-tir m6n-emin-i

3.

trib-u-unt-tir

cap-imin-i cUp-i-unt-ur

aud-i-unt-ur

mdn-ent-ur

i

Future

Singular. 1.

trib-u-ar

2. trib-u-er-is 3.

trib-u-et-ur

cS-p-iar

aud-iar

m6n-eb-6r

cS-p i-er is

aud-i-er-is

cap-i-et-tir

audi

m6n-eb-6r-is m6n-eb-it-ur

et-ur

Plural. 1.

trib-u-em-Tir

cap-i-em-tir

2.

trib-u-emin-i

cap-i-emin

3.

trib-u-ent-ur

cap-i-ent-ur

Singular.

i

aud-i-em-ur aud-i-emin-i aud-i-ent-ur

mdn-eb-im-iir

mdn-eb-imini mon-eb-unt-ur

Imperfect

m6n-eb-ar

1.

trlb-u-ebar

c^p-i-eb-ar

aud-i-eb-ar

2.

trib-u-eb-ar-is

cap-i-eb-ar-is

aud-i-eb-ar-is mdn-eb-ar-is

3.

trib-u-eb-at-ur cap-i-eb-at-tir

aud-i-eb-at-ur mdn-eb-at-ur

Plural. 1.

trib-u-eb-a,m-

cap-i-eb-am-ur aud-i-ebam-

ur 2.

trib-u-ebamin-i

3. trib-u-eb-ant-

ur

mdn-eb-am-tlr

tlr

cap-i-ebamin-i

aud-i-eb-

cap-i-eb-ant-

aud-i-eb-ant-

tir

amin-i tir

m6n

- eb amin-i m6n-eb-antur

OTHER VOWEL CONJUGATIONS

69

Imperative Mood Singular. 2.

trib-u-6r-6

Present cap-6r-6

aud-ir-6

m6n-er-6

cap-imin-i

aud-imin-i

mdn-emin-i

Plural. 2.

trib-u imin-i

Singular. 2"

>

trib u-it-dr

Future cap-it-6r

aud-it-6r

m6n-et-6r

cap-i-unt-6r

aud-i-unt-6r

m6n-ent-6r

Plural. 3.

trib-u-unt-6r

Verbal Noun-Forms Injin. Prcs.

trib-u-i

Gerundive (Sing. trib-u-end us

68.

cap

aud

i

ir-i

m6n-er-i

Nom.) cap-i-end-us

aud-i-end-tis

mdn-end-tis

Present Stem Active Voice

Subjunctive Mood Singular.

Present

1.

trib-u-am

cap-i-am

aud-i-am

mdn-e-am

2.

trib-u-as

aud-i-as

3.

trib-u-at

capias capiat

mdn-e-as mdn-e-at

aud-iat

Plural. 1.

trib-u-am-U!

cap-iam-us

aud-iam-us

m6n-e-am-tis

2.

trib-u-at is

cap-i-at is

aud-i-at-is

mdn-e-at-is

3.

trib-u-ant

cap-i-ant

aud

mdn-e-ant

i-ant

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

70 Singular.

Imferfed

1.

trib-u-6r-em

cS,p-6r-em

aud ir-em

m6n-er-em

2.

trib-u-6r-es

cap-er-es

aud-ir-es

3.

trib-u-6r-6t

cap-6r-6t

aud-ir-6t

mon-er-es m6n-er-6t

cap-6r-em-tis

aud ir-em-us

mdn-er-em-tis

Plural. 1.

trib-u-6r-emtis

2.

trib-u-6r-et-is

cap-6r-et-is

aud-ir-et-is

mdn-er-et-is

3.

trib-u-6r-ent

cap-6r-ent

aud-ir-ent

mdn-er-ent

ive Voice

Subjunctive Mood Singular.

Present

1.

trib-u-ar

c^p-iar

aud-i^r

mdn-e-ar

2.

trib-u-ar-is

cap-i-ar-is

3.

trib-u-at-tir

cap-i-at-tir

aud-i-ar is aud-i-at-ur

m6n-e-ar-Is mdn-e-at-tir

Plural. 1.

trib-u-am-iir

cap-i-am-iir

trib-u-amin-i

cap-i-amin-i

aud-i-am-ur aud-i-amin-i

m6n-e-am-tir

2.

3. trib-u-ant-tir

cap-i-ant-iir

aud-i-ant-tir

mdn-e-ant-tir

Singular. 1.

trib-u-gr-er

2. trib-u-6r-er-is 3.

m6n-e-amini

Imperfect cap-6r-6r

aud-ir-6r

m6n-er-6r

cap-6r-er-Is

aud-ir-er-is

mdn-er-er-is

aud-ir-et-tir

m6n-er-et-tir

cap-6r-em-tir

aud-ir-em-tir

m5n-er-em-tir

cap-6r-emin-i

aud-ir-emln-i

mfin-er-emin-i

cap-6r-ent-ur

aud

mdn-er-ent-ur

trlb-u-6r-et-ur cap-6r-et-tir

Plural. 1.

trib-u-6r-emtir

2.

trib-u-6remin-i

3. trlb-u-6r-entlir

ir-ent-ur

OTHER VOWEL CONJUGATIONS

71

Perfect Stem Active Voice Indicative

Mood

Perfect

Singular. 1.

tribu-i

cep-i

audivi

mdnu-i

2.

tribu-is-ti

cep-is-ti

audiv-is-ti

m6nu-is-ti

3.

tribu-it

cep

audiv-it

m6nu-it

it

Plural. 1.

tribu-im-iis

cep-imiis

audiv-im-iis

2.

tribu-is-tis

cep-is-tis

audiv-is-tis

m6nu-im-iis mdnu-is-tis

3.

tribu-er-unt

cep-er-unt

audiv-er-unt

mdnu-er-unt

Singular.

Completed Future ni6nu-6r-o

cep-6r-it

audIv-6r-o audiv-Sr-is audiv-6r-it

cep-gr-im-

audiv-6r-im-

m6nu-6r-im-tts

1.

tribu-6r-o

cep-6r-o

2.

tribu-gr-is

cep-6r-is

3.

tribu-6r-it

m6nu-6r-is m6nu-6r-it

Plural. 1.

tribu-6r-im-us

us

lis 2.

tribu-gr-it-is

cep-er-it-is

audiv-6r-it -is

m6nu-6r

3.

tribu-6r-int

cep-er-int

audiv-6r-int

m6nu-6r-int

it-is

Pluperfect

Singular. 1.

tribu-6r-am

cep-6r-am

audiv-6r-am

m6nu-6r-am

2.

tribu-6r-as

cep-6r-as

m6nu-6r-as

3.

tribu-6r-at

cep-6r-at

audiv-6r-as audiv-6r-at

audiv-6r-amus

mdnu-gr-am-tis

mdnu-6r-d

Plural. 1.

tribu-6r-am-us

cep-gr-amtis

tribu-6r-at-is

cep-6r-at-is audiv-6r-at-is m6nu-6r-at-is

tribu-6r-ant

cep-er-ant

audiv-6r-ant

monu-er-ant

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

72

Subjunctive Singular.

Mood

Perfect

1.

tribu-6r-im

cep-6r-im

audiv-6r-im

m6nu-6r-im

2.

tribu-6r-is

cep-6r-is

audiv-6r-is

3.

tribu-6r-it

cep-er-it

audiv-6r-it

m6nu-6r-is m6nu-6r-it

cep-6r-im-

audiv-er-im-

m6nu-6r-im-iis m6nu-6r-it-Is

Plural.

tribu-6rim-iis

1.

us 2.

tribu-6r-it-is

cep-6r-it-is

us audiv-6r

3.

tribu-6r-int

cep-er-int

audiv-6r-int

it is

m6nu-6r-int

Phqm-fed

Singular. 1.

tribu-is-sem

cep-is-sem

audiv-is-sem

2.

tribu-is-ses

cep-is-ses

audiv-is-ses

m6nu-is-ses

3.

tribu-is-s6t

cep-is-s6t

audiv-is-s6t

ni6nu-is-s6t

audiv-is-sem-

mdnu-is-sem-

mdnu-is-sem

Plural.

L

tribu-is-sem-tis cep-is-sem-

us

us

fis

2.

tribu-is-set-is

cep-is-set-is audiv-is-set-is m6nu-is-set-Is

3.

tribu-is-sent

cep-is-sent

audiv-is-sent

mdnu-is-sent

SupiNE Stem

70.

ive Voice Indicative Singular. 1.

tribut-fls

Moor

»

Perfect capt-tis

audit-iis

2.

mdnit-tls »>

3.

sum es

est

Plural. 1.

2.

3.

tribut-i

capt- i

audit-i

mdniti >>

sUmus estis

sunt

OTHER VOWEL CONJUGATIONS Singular. 1.

tribut-us

C,y.

capt-us

mpleied Future

audit-us

m6nit-us

6ro gris

3.

„

grit

»

Plural. 1.

tribut-i

capt-i

mdnit-i

audit-i

3.

grunt

5>

Singular. 1.

grimus gritis

2.

tribut-us

2.

Pluperfect

capt-us

audit-US

mdnit-fis »

>>

3.

»>

gram gras grat

Plural. 1.

tribut-i

capt-i

audit-i

mdnit-i

2.

>>

3.

gramiis gratis

grant

»»

SUBJUNCTTVE MoOD Singular. 1.

tribut-us

2.

Perfect

capt-us >>

audit-US >>

3.

m6nit-us

sim

>>

sis

>»

sit

Plural. 1.

tribut-i

2.

capt-i

3.

5>

Singular. 1.

2. 3.

audit-i

»

tribut-iis

mdnit-i

simus

>»

sitis

>>

sint

Pluperfect

capt-us

audit-US

mdnit-us

>»

»»

»

essem esses essgt

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAMMAR

74 Plural. 1.

capt-i

tribut-i

audit-i

mdnit

i

essemfls

2.

essetis

3.

essent

DEPONENT VERBS 71. Deponent verbs have the inflexions of the ive

and have also a present and the gerunds and supines.

voice with the active meanings,

and future

participle active

The following examples are given (for brevity's sake) only in the first person singular, or other leading form sequ-, folloiv pr6ca-, pray ; vere-, fear. ;

Indicative Present.

Mood v6r6or

/ shall

prgcabor

v6rebor

sgquebar, Iioas

pr6cabar

vdrebar

or

Fidure.

I folloiv

prScor

s6c[llor,

am following

sgquar, follov)

Imperfect.

following or

/

folloiDed Perfect.

s6cutus sum, I

prgcatus sum v6ritus

sum

folloived or have

followed

Comp. Fnt.

s6cutus 6ro, I

prgcatus 6ro

v6ritus 6ro

have

shall

folloived

Pluperfect.

s6cutus dram, J had followed

prgcatus 6ram vgritus 6ram

Subjunctive Mood Present.

sgquar

Imperfect.

s6qiu6rer

Perfect.

s6cutus sim s6cutus essem

Pluperfect.

v6rear prdcer vdrerer prScarer prgcatus sim v6ritus sim pr6catus essem v6ritus essem

INFLEXIONS OF IREEGULAR VERBS

I^P

Imperative S6qu6r6,

Present.

folloiv

75

Mood

prgcare

v6rer6

prdcator

vSretor

(thou)

Future.

thou

sdcutor,

shalt follow

Verbal

Nouns

Infinitive. Present.

sequi,

Perfect.

s6cutus

to follow

esse,

have

to

prdcari

v6reri

precatus esse

veritus esse

prgcans

vgrens

pr^caturus

v6riturus

precatus

veritus

pr6ca,Tidum

v6rendum

pr6ca,ndus

vdrendus

fol-

lowed

Participles. Present.

SgQLUens, follow-

ing

sScuturus, going

Future.

to

follow

sdcutus,

Past.

having

followed

Gerund.

s6quendiim,

fol-

loioing

Gerundive, sequendus,

to

follow or to he followed

INFLEXIONS OF IREEGULAE VEEBS The

tenses of the verb of being are partly from a root

es- whence

s-um (for esum), and partly from the root fu-. am able or / can, is a compound of pote sunij

72.

Pos-sura, I

and usually it

to

a

compound.

retains the t before a vowel but assimilates

following

-s.

The

perfect

potui

is

not

a

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

76

Sing.

1.

sum, I am 6s, Thou art est,

Plur.

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

Present.

He

pos-sum, 1 can p6t6s, Thou canst can

possim

sis

possis

sit

possit possiinus possitis possint

We

can simtis pdtestis. Ye can sitis possunt. They can sint

TFe are posstimus,

stimiis,

Ye are

es-tis,

He

p6test,

is

sim

sunt, 2'hey are

Future. Sing.

1.

2.

Plur.

I shall he p6t6ro, / shall he ahle 6riS,I7io«twZ^6^p6t6ris, Thou wilt he ahle

6ro,

He

3.

6rit,

1.

6rimus,

will he p6t6rit,

We

He

p6t6rimtis,

he ahle

%oill

We

shall he ahle

shall he

Ye ivill he p6t6ritis, Ye will he ahle 6runt, They will p6t6runt, I'hey will he able

iritis.

he

Imperfect.

Sing.

1.

eram, /

p6t6ram, I could

u-as

essem

possem

esses

posses possgt

or might

Plur.

2.

6ras,

3.

6rat,

1.

2. 3.

Thou wast pdteras He loas p6t6rat

essgt

gramus. We iven pdtgramtis gratis, Ye were p6tgratis grant, Theyiven pdtgrant

essemtis possemiis essetis possetis essent possent

!

'

I

t. Perfect.

Sing.

1.

fui,

/ was or

pdtui,

2.

fuisti,

I

could or

fu6rim pdtugrim

might

have heeu

TJwu

pdtuisti

fugris

p6tugris

wast or hast heen

Plur.

He was

3.

fuit,

fugrit

pdtugrit

1.

ixAmXlsJVewen p6tuimus

fugri-

pgtugri-

fvABllBjewere fuerunt or

fugritis p6tugritls

p6tuit !

mtis 2. 3.

p6tuistis

pdtuerunt

or

mus

fugrint pgtugrint

INFLEXIONS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

77

Comp. Future. Sing.

1.

/

fu6ro,

shall

pdtufiro,

/

shall have been able

have been

Plur.

2.

fu6ris

3.

fudrit

p6tu6ris p6tu6rit

1.

fugrlmus

p6tu6rimus

2.

fugritis

p6tu6ritis

3.

fu6rint

p6tuerint

Pluperfect.

Sing.

1.

fudram, I had pdtufiram, J been able,

been, etc.

fu6ras fudrat

p6tu6ras p6tu6rat

fuisses

3.

fuiss6t

p6tuisses p6tuiss6t

1.

fufiramus

pdtugramtis

fuisse-

pdtuisse-

2.

Plur.

fuissem pdtuissem

/lac? etc.

mus

mus 2.

fugratis

p6tu6ratis

fuissetis pdtuissetis

3.

fugrant

p6tu6rant

fuissent potuissent

Imperative Present Sing, 2.

Future Sing. 2 and

6s, be

Plur. 2. est6, be ye

3.

esto

Plur. 2. estotd 3.

sunto

Verbal Nouns Infinitive. Present, esse, Perfect,

posse,

to be

fuisse,

to

have been

to be able

p6tuisse,

to

have been

able

Future, fdre or futurus esse, to be going

Participles.

p6tens, powerful, only

Pres. (s-ens or ens)

only in compounds. Future, futurus, -going

For the imperfect foretis, fSrent are

(3d person) fuat

is

subj.

to be

adj.

to be

forem, fores, foret, foremus, For the present

frequently used.

rarely used.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMATl

78

sum are inflected its compounds, viz. absum (pcrf. abfui or afui), am atvay. adsum or assum (perf. adfui or affui), am present. desum (de-est, de-eram, etc., pronounced dest,

Like

deram, etc.), am wanting. insum, am in intersum, arn among obsum, am in the way of. praesum, am over (3d pers. sing, praeest, some ;

;

times written praest).

prosum, am for,

benefit

(prod- before a vowel

;

e.g.

prod-es, prod-ero).

subsum, am

under,

supersum, am

above.

Of these absum and praesum alone have a present absens, praesens.

participle

73.

Indicative

Mood Malo Nolo

Do, Present Tense, give.

Volo,

(Ne-volo),

be loilling.

be unwilling.

(Ma-volo For

j

mag-volo), 2)refer.

malo mavis mavult

do

v61o

nolo

das dat

vis

3.

non vis non vult

1.

damus

vdlumus

noltimus

malumus

2.

datis

vultis

non vultis

mavultis

3.

dant

vdlunt

nolunt

malunt

1.

dS-bo

vdlam

(not used)

(not used)

2.

dabis

noles

males

Imperf. Sing. Perf Sing.

1.

dabam

nolebam

malebam

1.

d6di

vdles v6leba,m v6lui

nolui

malui

Present Sing.

1.

dem

Plur.

1.

Imperf. Sing.

1.

Sing. 1. 2.

Plur.

FiUiire Sing.

vult

SuiBJUNCTIVE

demus darem

v6lim v6limus vellem

Mood nolim nolimus

noUem

malim malimus mallem

INFLEXIONS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

79

Imperative Frese7it. Sing.

2.

da

noli

Plur.

2.

dS-te

nolite

2.

dato datote danto

nolito nolitote

Future. Sing. Plur.

2.

3.

nolunto Infinitive

d^re velle Future, daturus esse Present,

nolle

malle

Participle Present,

Future, Perfect, (

3^ERUND.

dans vdlens daturus d^tus

nolens

(not

iis(

dandum volendum

Gerundive, dandus 74. Fio

Eo (stem

i- ),

(used as jmssive of facio),

Edo,

Fero.

Feror,

become.

eat.

bear.

be borne.

go.

Present.

Uto

60

fio

6do

is

f is

It

fit

edis or es fers edit or est fert

imus

MimvLS

itis

6ditis

or

f6r6r ferris

fertur

fgrimus

fgrimur

fertis

ferimini fgrunttir

estis

fiunt

gdunt

fgrunt

ibo

fiam

edam

feram

fgrar

ibis

fies

edes

f6res

fdreris

fiebam

edebam

ferebam

ferebar

edi

tuli

latus

Sunt Future.

Imperfect.

ibam Perfect.

ivi

factus

sum

sum

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

80

Subjunctive Present.

gam.

fiam

gamus

fiamus

6dam

or f6ram 6dim 6damus or fgramus edimus

f6rar

ferrer

fdramur

Imperfect.

irem

figrem

6d6rem essem

i

fi

6de or es

ite

fite

6diteoresteferte editoorestoferto editote or fertote estote fgrunto edunto

or

ferrem

Imperative

ito

itote

6unto

f6r

ferre

fSrimini fertor

feruntor

Infinitive ire

fieri

iturus esse

factum

iri

6d6reoresse ferre esurus esse laturus

ferri

latum

iri

esse

Participle iens

edens

f6rens

esurus

laturus

Gen.

euntis latus

factus Gerund.

6undum faciendum

6dendum

ferendum

6dendus

f6rendus

Gerundive

-eundus faciendus (in comp,

)

Queo, nSquSo, resemble eo but have no imperative, participle, or Only the present indie, and subj. arc at all frequent. Quis and quit (pres. act.) are only used after non, as non quis,

gerund.

non quit

(tor

nequis,

etc.)

VERBAL STEMS

81

VERBAL STEMS Most verbs exhibit

75.

in the present stem the regular

stem of the verb without alteration, as

regere

reg-,

audire,

;

caed-, caedere

;

ama-, amare

;

audi-,

etc.

In some verbs, however, there changes

is

one of the following

:

{a)

Reduplication of the stem, as gen- makes gign6r6 for gi-gen-ere.

(&)

Lengthening

of the

stem vowel, as

ducere

diic-,

fid-, fidere.

Suffixing n, as tern-,

(c)

tem-n-6re

m or n before the

si-,

;

si-n-ere.

stem consonant, as

[d)

Inserting

{e)

Suffixing so or isc, as no-, no-so-ere

Flip-,

rumpere

;

splende-sc-ere 76.

The

;

tag-,

tangere

;

fid-, findere. ;

splende-,

pao-, p^o-iso-i.

perfect stem is in

verbal stem, but usually

final

it is

a few cases the same as the formed by

poposoi

{a)

Reduplication, as posoo,

{b)

Lengthening the stem vowel, as leg-o, legi

(c)

Sufl&xing

s,

as oarpo, oarpsi

(d) Suffixing either

u

;

;

or v, as trem-o,

tremui

;

ama-,

S,mavi. 77. itself

If

The

supine stem

is

formed by suffixing t (the supine

ending in -turn is here usually given). the verb-stem ends in a long vowel, this

retained, as

cretum

;

ama-, amare, S,mat-um

S.OU-, aotiere,

acutum. G

;

is

ore-,

generally

oresoere,

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

82 If

the verl>stcm ends in a short vowel, this vowel i or omitted, as

is

usually changed to

If

crepS,

crepare

crepitum

mone

monere

monitum

fugi

fugere

fugitum

the verb-stem ends in a consonant, this consonant

is

either retained, as carp-ere,

carp-tum rec-tum

or assimilated, as reg-ere,

If the stem end in d or t or two consonants, the being a liquid, the supine ends in -sum, as

flexum

flect-6re

(for

first

flect-tum)

plaud-ere plausum (for plaud-tum) sparg-ere sparsura (for sparg-tum) defend-ere defensum (for defend-tum)

The same change of -turn to -sum takes place also if a verb-stem ends in a short vowel preceded by d or t oi" two consonants,

as above.

fodi-o, fod^re,

fossum

prande-, prandere, pransmn mulge-, mulgere, mulsum senti-, sentire,

sensum

78. (a) Verbs with stems in a, e,

and

i

usually have

perfect in -avi, -evi, -ivi

supine in -atum, -etum, -itum (J) Verbs with stems in & or 6 have perfect in -ui, supine in -itum. In these verbs the fi, or § combines ^vith the initial vowel of the suffix in tenses formed from the present stem,

so as to

show a or

s6namus

e,

as

sonare

sonui

sonitum

monemus monere monui monitum

83

VERBAL STEMS

The root-vowel is almost always short. But there are many exceptions, particularly Verbs with stems in -u have perfect in -ni, supine (sometimes -uitum). Those in -ve have root-syllable lengthened and perfect in 1 simple, as vovere, vovi, votum. (d) Some consonant verbs whose root-syllable is short have perfect in -ui, supine in -itum, as fremo, fremui, fremitura. (e) Many verbs whose root-syllable is long, especially when this is because it ends in more than one consonant, have perfect in -si, and supine in -turn or -STim, as (c)

in

-utum

79.

carp^re

carpsi

augere sugere

auxi suxi

sentire

sensi

The following jtibeo

carptum auctum suctum sensum

are exceptions to {d)-

jussi

allicio

allexi

diligo

dilexi

tego

texi

quatio quassi

premo

pressi

coquo

coxi

aspicio aspexi rexi rego traxi traho

veho

vexi

divide

divisi

m^neo mansi cupivi rudivi

p6to

petivi

rudo

lino

livi or levi

eo

ivi

sino

sivi

queo

ctipio

sero

quivi sevi

bibo

bibi

findo

fidi

ago sedeo

egi sedi

scindo scidi

venio video

veni vidi

ELEMENTARY LATIN GKAMMAK

84

sorbeo arceo oportet

sorbui arcui oportuit

torpeo

torpui

sterto

stertui

sordeo

sordui

calleo

callui

palleo

pallui

panii

areo

ami

pareo

terreo

terrui

torreo

tornii

censeo

censui

ferveo verto

ferbui verti

texo horreo

cudo

texui horrui cudi

scando

scandi pandi

mando

mandi

strideo

stridi

pando

LIST OF The following

80.

*

w-

Exceptions to

IREEGULAR VERBS list

contains

all

the principal verbs

which may be regarded as somewhat irregular. N.B. (1) The supine is not much used, but is here mentioned wherever it or a perfect participle is known, as

—

this is similarly formed.

—

N.B. (2) Where the English translation as given here, whether with or without a preposition, allows of the immediate addition of an object, the verb is transitive (though it may perhaps also be used intransitively), e.g. arcesso, send for ; laedo, hurt, are transitive. Where the English translation here given requires the addition of a preposition in order to sitive, e.g.

make

sense with au object, the verb

noceo,

is

intran-

he hurtful. Pros.

Present.

accerso.

Perfect.

Supine.

Infinitive.

Stem.

actum

3,g6r6

Hg-

See arcesso

ago, do, drive

adlgo, drive

egl to,

compel,

Megi, adactum, adiggre.

other compounds, except

cogo,

com^tel, c6egi,

coactum, c6g6re.

So the

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

85

Pres. Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

Stem.

Lifinitive.

aio, sa?/

The following forms only

alsi

alo, nourish, raise

aiui

ango,

:

Pres. aio,

complete.

aptus

to

S-It,

subj.

used only as adjective.

is

amictum Umicire vex

apiscor, fasten

Ms,

Pres.

alg-ealgere S-lai6re altum (aiitum, post-Augustan)

clothe

throttle,

etc.,

The participle aiens

aias, aiat.

algeo, he cold

amicio,

are preserved

Imperf. aiebam,

aiunt.

a,mic-i-

ang6re

ang-

apisci

&p-i-

sum aptum

oneself, get

More usual arceo,

is

compound adipiscor, Udeptus sum,

inclose, keep

Hdipisci.

(artus, adj. arcere

arcui

arc-e-

narrow)

off

So

exerceo, exercise, exercui, exercitum, exercere. coerceo. i

for

arcessivi arcessitum arcess6re

Another form (perhaps of ardeo, he on audeo, dare

T^^ _

i

fire

(trans.),

(arsurus)

arsi

ausus

sum ausum

ardere audere

auxi

auctum

inf.

ardeaud-e-

avere

augere

aug-e-

bibgre

bib-

endov)

mio, drink For supine and c2i,A.o,fall

arcessi-

different origin) is accerso.

imperat. hail, also aveto, plur. ^vete,

augeo, increase

< (

j

also

bibi fut. part,

cecidi

potum, poturus

casum

caddre

occido, fall, occidi, occasum, occiddre. pounds have no supine. csiedo, fell, cut, slay c6cidi

caesum

occido, slay, occidi, occisum, occidere.

are used.

c^d-

The other com-

caedcaeddre So other compounds.

ELEMENTAEY LATIN GRAMMAR

86

Pren.

Present.

-cando,

Sttpine.

Perfect.

light

;

Stem,

Infinitive.

only in compoimds

accendo, accendi, accensum, accend6re.

e.g.

cano,

sing,

j^lay

can6re

(cantus,

c6cliii

(on liarp, etc.)

can-

subst.)

concino, sing together, concinui, concentum, concin6re. other compounds.

capesso, undertaJce capessivi capessitum capess6re

'.

\

cap6ssi~

(

capio, tah

captum

cepi

capere

concipio, concepi, conceptum, concip6re.

So

cap-i-

So most other

compounds. careo, be in want

carui

decerpo, 2^luc]c

off,

carere carp6re

(carlturus)

carptiim

nibble, 23luclc c&ri^si

C3i,r-po,

car-e-

carp-

decerpsi, decerptum, decerpdre.

So other

compounds. caveo, beware, be- cavi ware of cedo, give icay, cessi yield up c6d6,

(for

-cello, strike

cavere

cav-e-

cessum

ceddre

ced-

to be ohl imper.

give, said

cette

cautum

2nd

pers. sing.

The

plural

cSdite) only in early dramatic poets. (?)

only in compounds

:

celsus, adj. high cell-

percello, strike doivn, perctili, perculsus, percellere.

censum

censeo, coimt, give censui opinion

gvish, decide, see

The meaning decemo,

j

r

I

see is confined, to pres.,

decide,

censere

cens-e-

(

I

fut,

^^®"

and imperf.

decrevi, decretum,

tenses,

decernere.

So

other compounds.

cieo

)

-CIO

)

,

V stir ur) ^

The

..

ciVl

^„.

Cltum

f

ciere

<

(

stem is rare in the simple verb tlie compounds. i

ci-e-

-

-cire ;

01-

the e stem rare in

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

87

Pres. Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

cinctum clausum

cinxi clausi

cingo, gird

claudo, shut

Infinitive.

cing6re claud6re

Stem.

cing-

claud-

concludo, shut uj), conclusi, conclusum, concludere. the other compounds.

coeptum

coepi

coepio, begin

and

coep6re

So

coepl-

Plautus only. Otherwise only perfect stem in use, except that coeptus and coepturus are also

Pres. ind.

subj. in

used.

pay

cdlui

cultum

constilo, consult

constiltii

cdCLUO, cook

coxi

consultum consul6re constilcoctum c6qu6re c6qv-

c6lo,

till,

at-

c6l6re

c61-

tention to

credo. crgpo,

See do rattle

cresco, groio Clibo,

lie,

lie ill

crgpitum

cr6pui crevi

cretum cubitum

cubui cudi

cusum CUdo, hammer -cumbo, lie, only in compounds

crdpare crescSre

crgp-^-

ctibare

ctib-a-

cud6re

cud-

cre-

accumbo, lie up (at table), accubui, acciibitum, accumbgre. So the other compounds. ctipio, desire

cupivi

ctipitum

cup6re

ctip-!-

curro, run

cticurri

cursum

curr6re

curr-

The compounds sometimes accucurri, decucurri

dico, say

delevi dixi

disco, lear7i

didici

deleo,

blot

out

Compounds divldo, divide

;

retain

deletum dictum

retain reduplication,

divisi

do, ^we(seep. 78) d6di

the

e.g.

divisum

datum

cisely.

it, e.g.

delere dic6re discere

e.g.

accurri.

dele dlc-

dic-

edidici.

dividSre dare

The half-compounds circumdo, surround venumdo, expose to satisdo, satisfy ;

reduplication,

more usually drop

di-vid-

d^-

pessumdo, ruin sale, follow do pre-

;

;

ELEMENTAEY LATIN GRAMMAR

88

and the compounds with have consonant -stems, e.g. credo, credidi, creditum, credSre abdo, hide away, abdidi, abditum, abdere. The reduplication is usually retained in the compounds. For the ives of vendo and perdo, ruin, veneo and pgreo are used. But perditus and perdendus are in use.

credo, entrust,

believe

inonosyllabic

vendo,

;

sell

;

prepositions

;

Pres.

Present.

Perfect.

Supine.

Stem.

Infinitive.

ddceo, teach d6leo, he in x>ain ddmo, tame

ddcui ddlui

doctum

ddcere (ddliturus) d6lere

d6c-6-

ddmui

ddmS,-

duco, draw,

duxi

ddmitum ddmare ductum duc6re

edi

esum

6d6re

6d-

6m6re

6m-

lead,

d6l-6-

duc-



6do, eat

c6m6do has cdmesum and c6mestum. &mo,hny{ovig.take)

emptum

emi

So other

d>dlmo, take away, ademi, ftdemptum, adimgre. (1)

(2)

compounds except coSmo (coemi, coemptum), which retains e. The earlier compounds como, demo, promo, which make compsi, comptum, etc

ivi itum Compounds always omit v in 1st

60, go (see p. 79)

ire

sumo,

I

pers. perf.,

e.g.

ftdii

;

and

usually in other persons of perfect tenses.

veneo, 60.

he

for sale, perf venii, no supine, See do above.

f3,cesso, cause,

m^keoff

is

a

-i. r x itumfgre i rx

rx

)

•

I

facio, maJce, do

feci

factum

fac6re

compound

f

of

faccss-

[f^.^^^. f^cl-

For the ive in tenses formed from present stem, fio is used. prof icio, make progress, profeci, profectum, pr6fic6re. So the other compounds with prepositions. But calSfacio, make warm, tr6m6facio, make to tremble, etc., retain a.

prdficiscor, ficisci.

set

out (on a journey), travel,

prdfectum, prd-

LIST OF lEREGULAR VERBS

89

Pres.

Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

falsum

fallo, deceive, elude fgfelli

Stem.

Infinitive.

failure

fall-

farcire

farc-i-

rgfello, refute, rgfelli, r6fell6re.

fartum

farsi

farcio, stuff

rgfercio, rgfersi, rdfertum, r^fercire.

fassum

f3,t6or, acknowledge

confiteor,

confessum,

confess,

fateri

conflteri.

fat-6-

So profiteer,

profess.

f5,tisco

)

yaivn

fatiscor (old)

J

drooi?

def Stiscor,

to be

(fessus,adj.

weary)

worn

out,

-fendo,

strike,

off,

guard,

^^.^

fav-e-

fS-vere

only in compounds

defendo, ward

So

)

J

defessum, def 6tisci.

fautum

td;veo,he favourable favi

fatisc6re

f

\ fatisci

fend-

defend!, defensum, defendfire.

also offendo, strike against.

fSrio, strike

fgrire

(percussi,

percussum

are often used as perfect

(latum)

f6ro,&ear(seep.79) (tuli)

f6r-i-

and

ferre

supine.)

fer-

Perfect and supine are borrowed from tollo. affSro, bring to

attuli

allatum

aufgro, take away

abstiili

diffdro, j9w^ off offSro, bring to

distuli

ablatum dilatum oblatum relatum

obtuli rettuli

r6f6ro, bring back refert,

it is

afferre

auferre differre

offerre

referre

of importance (probably for rei fert),

impersonal.

is

used as

suffSro, endure, has for perf. rarely sustuli,

usually sustinui.

ferveo,

A

boil,

glow

r

I

fervi f^yu^i

consonantal stem

sum

is

ferv-6-

fervit, fervere) frequent in poets.

fisum

fido, trust fisus

(e.g.

fervere

used for perf, / have

fid^re trusted.

fid-

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

90

Pres.

Present.

Perfect.

Supim.

fix!

fixum

f igo, fix

stem.

Infinitive.

figure

fig-

)ast participle.

fidi

findo, cleave

fingo, form, invent finxi

fissum fictum

f 10, become (see p. 7 9))

The compound flecto, bend fleo,

weep

-fligo, strike,

infit, he begins,

only in

flexum fletum fievi only in compounds flexi

affligo, strike against, knock

down,

findgre

fid-

fingdre

fig-

fieri

fi-

tliis

one form

(poetical).

flectfire

flect-

flere

fle-

afflixi, afl3.ictum, aflfligfire.

So the other compounds, except profligo, put

to rout, profli-

gavi, profligatum, profligare.

M.o,flow

fluSre

fluxi

(fluxus, adj. loose

;

fluctus, sub.

fodi

ffidio, dig

fatur, he speaks

a wave.)

fossum fatum

The following only found

flugv-

f6d6re

fdd-i-

fari

fa-

pres. ind. fatur ; fut. fabor, fabitur perf. fatus est pluperf. fatus eram, erat imper. fare inf. fari part, fantem, etc. (no nominative, except in phrase fans atque infans, Plant.), fatus, ;

:

;

;

;

;

fando, fandus, and fatu. In compounds we have also -famur, -famini -fabar, -farer, etc., and in imperat. (act. and dep.), praefato, praefamino. ;

fdveo, keep warm, fovi

fotum

fdvere

f6v-6-

fractum

franggre

frag-

cherish

frango, break in

fregi

pieces

Compounds

as confringo, smash, confregi,

fringgre.

confractum, con-

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

91

Pres. Present.

fr6mo,

roar, snort

Perfect.

Suiniie.

fr6mui

fremitum fr^mere

frendo,^Mrt.s/i (with the teeth)

|

Mco,

rub

Mctii

frigeo, he cold

Infinitive.

f^-^^^

frendgre

I^Sclrm^^^^^^^

frixi

fructum

fruor, enjoy myself

Stem.

frdmfrendf^^^-^"

frigere

frig-e-

frui

frugv-

Fut. part, fruitums. filgio, flee, fly from

fugi

(fugiturus) fug^re

fulcio,

fulsi

fultum

2^ro2)

fulgeo, flash

A

fulsi

consonantal stem,

fundo,

poitr, rout

e.g.

fulc-i-

fulgere

fulg-e-

fulgit, fulgere,

fudi

fiig-i-

fulcire

is

found in poets.

fusum

fundSre

fud-

functum

fungi

fung-

fur6re

fur-

(an enemy)

fxmgor,

get quit, dis-

charge myself (of a duty,

etc.)

thou ragest

ftiris,

Only

furis, furit, furunt, furebas, furebat, furore,

furens

are found.

gaudeo,

he

gavisum

glad

gavisus sum, I

g6mo, g^TO,

sigh,

groan

carrij, perforin

gigno,

heget,

gaudere

gavid-e-

rejoiced.

ggmui gessi

pro- gSnui

g^mitum gestum

g6m6re

g6mg6s-

gSnitum

g6r6re gigngre

g6n-

gressum

gr^di

grad-i-

duce

gradior,

step

Compounds -grtio,

as aggrgdior, attack,

aggressum, aggredi.

only in compounds

congruo,

agree,

congrui,

gru-

congrudre.

So

also

ingruo,

impend.

Mbeo,

have

habui

Mbitum

habere

hab-6-

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAmiAR

92

So the compounds coMbeo, hold in, cohibui, cohibitum, cohibere, debeo (for de-hibeo), ou-e, debui, debitum, debere praebeo (for praehibeo), afford, praebui, praebitum, praebere. ;

Pres.

Present.

S^ipim.

Perfect.

haesum haustum

haereo, stick, intr. haesi liauriOj^rrmt/Zmiyliausi

Stem.

Infinitive.

haerere haurire

haer-ehaus-i-

(water)

hausturus (Cic.) and hausurus The subst. is haustus.

Fut. part,

(Verg.)

both in

:

later writers.

Msco,

gai^e,

jaceo,

lie

open the mouth,

j^cio, cast

to

hisc6re

speak

jacui

(jaciturus) j^cere

jeci

j

actum

hi-

jac-6-

j^cSre

j^c-i-

ablcio (sometimes spelt abjicio), throiv away, abjeci, abjectum, abicere. So the other compounds. Dissicio is for dis-jicio.

porricio,

offer (sacrifices), etc.,

porrectum, porricSre (without

perf.)

ico, strike

Present

ici is

rare (f6rio

is

incesso, attack

incessi

indulgeo,

indulsi

yield,

ictum ic6re generally used instead).

ic-

incess6re incessindulgere indulg-e-

intr.

inquam, say

f

inquu

inqvft- or

j .^^^^

The following forms only

occur.

Pres. ind.

inquit, inquimus, inquiunt.

inquam, inquis,

Fut. inquies,

inquiet.

Imperf.

Perf. inquiebat. inquii, inquisti, inquit. Imperat. 2nd sing, inque, inquito, plur. inquite.

iratum

iT&scoT, grow angry

iratus sum, I

am

angry

;

irasci

ira-

succensui, / (fired up,

i.e.)

grew

angry. jiibeo, hid

jussi

jvingo, yoke,

junxi juvi

jtivo,

help),

delight

Fut. part, jtivaturus.

jussum junctum

jubere jung6re

jfivare jutum Adjuvo has adjuturus.

jub-e-

jungjuv-a-

IRREGULAK VERBS

LIST OF

93

Pres. Present.

labor,

Supine.

Perfect.

lapsum

slip, ijlide

Ucesso, provoke

Ucessivi

Stem.

Infinitive.

lab-

labi

litum i6re

i

draw, only in compounds

-la,cio,

draw

allicio,

So

allexi, allectum, allicere.

to, entice,

locessi

laciillicio,

pellicio. elicio,

laedo,

draw

ellcitum, elic6re.

out, elicui,

laesum

strike (rare), laesi

laedSre

laed-

hurt.

coUido, dash

together,

So allido,

coUisi, coUisum, collid6re.

etc.

lambo,

Iambi

lick

(once) (

lavi

Iftvo, roash

<,

(

A

consonantal stem

(e.g.

l^vit, lS,v6re, etc.)

For compounds

poets.

lambSre lavatum lautum l^vare lotum

lS,v-a-

frequent in

see luo.

lectum

l6go, pick up, choose, legi

is

lamb-

I6g6re

I6g-

read

coUlgo,

collegi,

collect,

generally

Except that

(1)

to

others

;

perlSgO, read through

;

it

pleases

|

neglect,

;

perf.

neglegi.)

So compounds

r6l6gO, read again

pick up, suhstitute, retain e understand negl6gO,

intellSgO,

have

libet,

collig6re.

all6gO, choose besides

praelSgO, read (2)

coUectum,

:

-xi,

\^^ll^

e.g.

;

SUbl6gO,

retain

(Rarely neglexi. dillgo, esteem, has dilexi. in

;

e and

intellegi,

lib-6-

^^^

Only used in 3rd pers. sing. Also participle libens. stem vowel was in early times u e.g. lubet. ;

The

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

94 Present.

licui

liceor, hid for

licitus

licet,

it is

Supine.

Perfect.

liceo, be on sale

per-

licitum est

\

Only used

in

sum

stem.

licere

lic-6-

liceri

lic-6-

licere

lic-e-

licuit

\

mitted

Infinitive.

licitum

3rd

Rarely in plural.

peivs.

Liceto, licens,

licitus, also found.

lino, besmear

litum

levi

In post-Augustan

Avriters ,

lin6re

we have

linio,

li-

linitum,

linivi,

linire.

linquo, leave

linqu6re

liqui

The compound, r61inquo, more usual. liqueo,

be

clear,

r^liqui,

liquere

licui

liqu-

rglictum, r6linqu6re,

;

is

liqu-6-

fluid

liquor, melt, intr.

Idquor, speak luceo,

he light,

liqui

liqu-

I6cutum

Idqui lucere

16qu-

ludgre lugere

lud-

beam luxl

ludo, S2m-t

lusi

lusum

lugeo, mourn,

luxi

(luctus,

lug-e-

subs.)

trans. llio,

luc-e-

imy, expiate

Compounds

lu6re

lui

retain the original meaning,

and have past

part.

e.g.

loasli

lu-

(luo

= 13, vo),

diluo, dilul, dilutum, diluSre.

mando, chew mandi(once) mansum m^neo, remain, mansi mansum

mandSre m^nere

mandman-6-

aivait

emineo,

p>roject,

perm^neo

eminui, eminere (no supine).

retains a.

m6deor,

he a remedy -m6niscor, only in compounds

m6deri

m6d-6-

m6n-

Only perfect stem (with present meaning) in use. M6mini, / . Imperative memento, mementote. So also comminiscor, devise, commentum, comminisci. rdminiscor,

call to

miiul

LIST OF IRREGULAll VERBS

95

Pres.

Present.

Perfect.

m6reo, earn mergo, sink,

trans,

mdrui mersi

Infinitive.

meritum

m6rere merggre

merg-

mersum mensum messum

metior, measure

mdto, mow

Svpine.

(messem

stem.

m6r-6-

metiri

met-i-

met6re

m6t-

metu6re micare

mdtu-

feci)

m6tui

mgttio, fear

mico, quiver, flash micui

mic-ft-

emico, einicui, fut. part, emicaturus. dimico, dimicavi (dimicui twice in Ovid), dimicatum misceo, mix misSreor,

miscui

)

miscere

(in early

misc-6-

/

misSritum [are misertum rar

feel 'pity

miseret and

mixtum mistum

mis6reri mis6r-6j

writers) miseretur,

miser escit are

used impersonally.

mitto, let go, send misi mdlo, grind m6lui

mdnui

mdneo, ^oam

missum mittSre mdlitum m6l6re monitum monere

mordeo, Ute

mdmordi morsum

mdrior, die

morttius

sum Inf. moriri,

(mdritur-

mitt-

mdlm6n-6-

mordere m6ri

mord-emor-i-

us)

emoriri, several times in Plant, once in Ter,, once

in Ovid.

mdveo, move, trans, movi mulceo, strohe mulsi mulgeo, milk mulsi -mungo, only in compound

emungo, wipe nanciscor, nascor,

he

(nose),

motum

mdvere

m6v-6-

mulsum

mulcere mulgere

mulc-emulg-e-

mung-

emunxi, emunctum, emunggre.

gam horn

nanctum nactum natum .

«„„„,•„„,• nancisci

/

< |

nasci

nanc-inacgna-

Originally gnascor, whence agnatus, cognatus, prognatus.

But enascor, enatus.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

96

Pres.

Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

necto, link

togetlier

nexui is probably from nexo, nexdre, nevi and

neo, spin

nSqueo.

See queo

nit or, lean,

;

§

nectSre wliicli is

nect-

an early form.

netum(Ulp.) nere 74

strive

< I

Originally gnict or, kneel so also

Stem.

Infinitive.

nexum

nexi

:

Nixus

compounds.

gnict ^

niti

_

nisum g6nu,

ne-

knee.

Fut, part,

nisurus

:

generally in sense of lean-

nisus, striving. Conitor, adnitor,. enitor, have both forms frequently (in sense of bearing children always

ing,

enixa). -niveo, only in

compound

coniveo, shut ndceo, nosco,

the eyes,

nigv-

conivi, conixi (both rare), conivere.

(ndciturus) nocere ndcui know novi,! know notum nosc6re

be hurtful

n6c-6-

get to

gno-

notus only as adj. known fut. part, is not used. agnosco, recognise, cognosco, learn, have suj)ines agnitum, cognitum ignosco, forgive, ignotum. ;

;

nuptum nub6re

nubo, put on a veil nupsi (as

a bride), be married

7iod, only in compounds annuo, annul, annu6re.

-nuo,

obliviscor

(orig. cover

nub-

Part, nupta, 7narried :

but nutus is used as subst. nuabnuo has fut. part, abnulturus.

oblitum

with

oblivisci

ob-liv-i-

hlack), forget

occfilo, conceal

occului odi, perf.,

occultum occtil6re / liate (osurus)

ob-ctil-

6d-

exosus, perosus are used with an active meaning as participles, and with sum, etc., as perfect. -6leo, grow, intrans.,

only used in compounds, and

is

a different

abdlesco, decay, abdlevi, no supine, abolesc6re. Indlesco. adSlesco, grow up, addlevi, adolescdre, adultus,

So also

word from

is

61eo, smell.

abfileo, destroy, abdlevi,

up.

Hbdlltum, abfilere.

adj.

grown

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

97

Pres.

,

,

Supine.

Perfect.

Present. ,.

^,

Uddleo

{increase

^ offer {in ,

.N .«),

obsdlesco, wear out, adj.

worn

I.

burn

f

Stem.

<

adolevi

adultum

x j^ci^ji

a,d61ere

obsdlevi, obsolescdre, obsdletus,

intr.

So

out.

-J ^ sacrijice),

Infinitive.

also exdlesco.

6leo, S7nell

(intr.)

6lui

dlere

61-6-

dportet,

behoves

dportuit

dportere

6port-6-

it

Only used in 3rd

pers. sing.

See -pgrio

opp6rior.

orsum ortum

ordior, begin (trans.) drior, rise

Fut. part, driturus

from.

;

ordiri

ord-i-

6riri

6r-i-

gerundive driundus used as adj. sprung drimur, imperf. subj. The compound adorior has in pres.

Pres. ind. 6r6ris, dritur,

orirer, or6rer.

ind. addriris, addritur. ]^Si,ci8C0T,

pactum

p6pigi

bargain

compaciscor or comp6ciscor tum. j^&enltet,

it

compactum

lias

Rarely personal,

pftc-

or

compec-

paenitere paenIt-6-

paenituit

repents

pacisci

paenitendum

paenitens

is also found,

as adj. penitent. '^''''^

'''*'

^^^fl'

P^"""^

P^^^^

^^""^^"^^

dispando has dispansum, dispessum. sum. V&ngo, fasten

pegi

f

|

lit'

{

Expando, expan-

pactum ^ panctum ^^^^^^^

r

j

p3,g-

pang-

compingo, compegi, compactum, compingdre. So impingo. Depango, reoppango, oppegi, oppactum, oppang6re. pango, also retain a. parco,

be

sparing

pgperci

(parsurus) parc6re

Sometimes parsi in early writers. comperco, compersi, comperc6re.

H

pare-

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

98

Pres.

Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

pareo, appear,

be

Injinllire.

Stem.

parui

(pariturus) parere

par-6-

p6p6ri

partum

p^r-i-

ohedient.

pa,rio,

get,

bring

par6re

forth

Fut. part, pariturus. pclrens, a parent,

comp6rio comp6rior

is \^

(rare)

an old participle of tliis verb. ascertain, comp6ri, compertum, com-

)

pgrire.

r6p6rio, find, reppdri, rgpertum, r6p6rire. ]^3iSC0, pasture, feed

pastum

pavi

pascor is used of the animals depasco follows pasco.

compesco

(lit.

pasc6re

pfts-

feeding.

pasture together

confine,

?),

compescui, com-

pesc6re (no supine).

um

patior, suffer

pati

pat-i-

pS,vere

pav-e-

pexum

pect6re

pect-

pulsum

pell6re

pell-

perp6tior, perpessus sum, perp6ti. p3,veo, quake ivith

pavi

fear

pexi(once) pecto, comb pello, push, drive pfiptlli back

appello

of a ship, put in), appUli, appulsum, appelSo the other compounds. Bdpello always has

(esp.

I6re.

reppiili or reptili.

pendeo, ha7i(/, intr. pgpendi pendo, weigh, pay, pSpendi

pensum pensum

pendere pend6re

pend-e-

pend-

value

Originally hang, trans.

So suspendo, hang

up.

-p6rio, only in compounds, except peritus, skilled

pSr-i-

apdrio (ab perio ?), uncover, o^jen, ap6rtii, apertum, apgrire. exp6rior, try, expertum, exp6riri. 6p6rio (ob perio ?), cover, 6p6rui, dpertum, 6p6rire. opperior, wait for, oppertum and opperitum, opp6riri.

99

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS Pres. Present.

p6to,

Perfect.

aim

seek,

^

at

|

Only used in 3rd

Infinitive.

Suiniic.

p6titum

..

p6t6re

Stem.

p6tI

p6t-i-

The gerund and gerundive

pers. sing.

are

also found.

pinso

)

piso J plango,

^'

pictum

pinxi

pingo, ^aiwi J ^"^'^'

heat (esp.

j pinsui ( pinsi planxi

/ (

pingSre

pinsitum pistum

<

^.^ pins-

planctum

pins^re pisdre plang6re

plausum

plaud6re

plaud-

(

(

pis-

plang-

the breast in grief)

plausi

plaudo, clap (the hands,

etc.)

explode (hiss off, i.e. drive away by hissing), explosi, explosum, explodere. So the other compounds. plecto,

strike, 'punish (rare

except in ive)

plexum

-plecto, twine

plectSre

plect-

-plectgre

plect-

Compounds are always of deponent form. Only in part. perf. amplector, twine oneself round, embrace, amplexum, amSo complector, embrace. plecti. -"pleo, fill,

only in compounds

Compounds

pie-

compleo, complevi, completum, complere.

as

plicatum

yllco, fold

plicare

plic-a-

applico, apply, put ( applicavi, appHcatum |^ otinlicarp in (to shore) \ applicui, applicitum / So the other compounds the prae- Augustan writers used :

almost always -avi, -atum.

The simple verb

is

rarely

used.

pluo, rain

pono, place

I

^lavit p6sui

posivi often in Plautus. often in poetry.

pdsitum

postum

plu6re

pluv-

p6n6re

p6-si-

(simple and compound)

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

100

Pres. Present.

Compounds possideo.

posc^re

See s6deo p6tui

le able

pres.

pose-

retain reduplication, as depdposci, expdposci.

(see §

ind.

pdtes-

posse

72)

pdtitum

pdtior, he master

In

Stem.

Infinitive.

pdposci

posco, deiimnd

possum,

Supine.

Perfect.

p6t-i

p6tiri

almost always p6titur, potimur

imp. subj.

;

potdrer or potirer, and so througliout the tense.

potum

potavi

poto, drink

Fut. part, potaturus and poturus

potare ;

pot-a-

part. perf. potus, having

drunk.

prandere prand-epransum prandeo, breakfast prandi pransus, having breakfasted. pr6hendo, lay hold prehendi prehensum pr6lien- prehendd6re of Often contracted into prendo, etc. pr6m6re pr6mpressum press! prgmo, ^jress

comprimo, compress, compressi, compressum, comprimdre. So the other compounds. prdficiscor.

padet,

it

See facio

shames | ^^^J^t\jj^

Only in 3rd found.

pungo, prick

pers. sing.,

Pudens

gg^.

(ptiditurum) piidere ptid-6-

but gerund and gerundive are also

as adj. modest.

ptipugi

punctum

pungere

f 1

Compounds have quaere, »««., i«. quire

PUgpung-

for perfect -punxi.

quaesitum ^^esivi -» -i

conquiro, conauisivi,

quaerSre •»

('"^^f" quaes-1^

conquisitum, conquir6re.

So the

other compounds.

quaeso, quaesumus, prythee, are old colloquial forms of 1st pers.

LIST OF lEREGULAR VERBS

101

Pres. Present,

Supine.

Perfect.

quassum

qu^tio, shake, trans.

Stem.

Infinitive.

quat^re

concutio, concussi, concussum, concut6re.

qu^t-I-

So the other

compounds.

quitum questum quietum rasum raptum

queo, 6ea&?e(§74) quivi qudror, complain quiesco, rest quievi rado, scrajje rasi r^pio, snatchjiurry r3,pui

quire qu6ri quiesc^re raddre r^pere

qui-

qu6rqui-e-

radrap-i-

away, trans. arripio,

seize,

arripui, arreptum, arripgre.

So the other

compounds. See f6ro r6go, keep straight, rexi refert.

rectum

regere

r6g-

rule

Compounds as arrigo, raise, arrexi, arrectum, arrigSre. So pergo, continue, perrexi, perrectum, perg^re, whence expergiscor {begin to stretch myself out), awake myself, experrectum. surgo (sub-rego), rise, surrexi, surreetum, surg§re. reor, think

ratum

reri

reptum

repere ridere

rid-e-

rod-

ra-

reor has no present part. repsi

repo, creep

rep-

rideo, smile, laugh risi

risum

rodo, gnaio

rosi

rupi

rosum ruptum

rod^re

rumpo,

rumpere

rtip-

rui

-rtitum

ruere

rti-

hreak

ruo, tumble, dash

Generally intrans. in

saepio, salio

Put. part. (post-Augustan) ruiturus.

(

)

salt

sallo

saeptum

saepsi

tsalsum

j

saiui

salio, leap

saepire

salitum (saltus

,

saep-if

sal-i-

^^^^^"^^

tsallsaiire

sal-i-

subst.)

desilio, leap down, desilui, desilire.

salve, hail

!

also

salvete

inf.

So the other compounds.

salvere and

fut.

salvebis

ELEMENTARY LATIN GR A:\1MAR

102

Pres.

Present.

ssinciOy hallow, ordaiji

sancitum sSi^io,

Stqnne.

Perfect.

sanctum

sanxl

sancire

sanc-i-

sUpSre

sap-I-

(rarely)

have a savour sapivi

of, be

stem.

Infinitive.

wise

desipio, he foolish, no perf. or sup., desip6re.

rdsipisco, recover senses, rdsipiii and r6sipivi, r6sipisc6re. sarcio,

j^aff/i

sartum

sarsi

sarui (once) saritum

sario, hoe

Also written sarrio.

sarc-isar-i-

Perf. also sarrivi.

scalpo, scrape

scalpsi

scando, climb

scandi

ascendo, ascendi, compounds.

sarcire

sarire

scalptum scalp6re scand6re

scansum

ascensum, ascendSre.

scalp-

scand-

So the other

SCisco, eriact

scivi

scribo,

scrips!

scissum scitum scriptum

sculpsi

s6cui sedi

sectum sessum

s6d-6-

scindo,

tear, cut

^vrite

sculpo, carve (in

scidi

scind^re

scid-

sciscdre

sci-

scribere

scrib-

sculptum sculp6re

sculp-

stone, etc.)

s6co, cut

s6deo,

sit

s6care s6dere

s6c-a-

So the possideo, occupy, possedi, possessum, possidere. other compounds, except stipersedeo, refrain, circumS^deo, sit around, which do not change the e. sentio,

feel,

think

sensum

sensi

assentior, assensus

sum,

is

used

sentire as

sent-i-

deponent (besides

assentio). s6p6lio, bury

s6quor,

s6p6livi

s6pultum s6p6lire sScutum s6qui

sevi

sS-tum

folloiv

s6ro, sow, ptlant s6ro, put in rows

s6r6re

(serta, garlands) s6r6re

s6p6l-i-

s6qusS,-

s6r-

Compounds as cons6ro,>m, cons6rui, consertum, cons6r6re. serpo, crawl

serpsi

sido, sdtle, intr.

sidi

serptum

serpSre sid6re

serpsid-

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

103

sedi and sessum from s6deo are the usual perfect and supine, and so in the compounds. Present.

sino, put, leave off

situm

sivi

In subj. perf. sirim,

Pres. Infinitive.

Supine.

Perfect.

sindre

Stem.

si-

siris, sirit, sirint.

desiSram, perf. (Cicero and Caesar desitum, desindre. generally use destiti from desisto for perf.)

desino, desii

(2,

desisti, 3, desiit, pluperf.

subj. desidrim),

sisto,se^,stot/, trans, stiti(rare)

desisto, leave

pounds,

off,

destiti,

statum

sist6re

destitum, desistere.

The

being intransitive.

all

stS,-

So the com-

reduplication

is

retained.

sdlitum

sdleo, he ivont

solvo,

loose,

sdlere

s6l-6-

solvere

solv-

sum, / was accustomed.

Perf. sdlitus

pay

sdlutum

solvi

Perf. often sdlui in poets,

86no, sound

and

so in

compounds.

sonitum

s6nui

sonare

s6n-a-

In prae-Augustan poets

Fut. part, sdnaturus (once in Hor.)

sometimes son6re, sonit, sonunt. sorbeo, sup up, suck in

sorbui

sorb-6-

subst.)

absorbeo, absorbui, absorbere. (Rarely absorpsi, exsorpsi.) spargo,

sorbere

(sorbitio,

sparsi

scatter, he-

sparsum

So

other

sparg6re

compounds.

sparg-

sprinJcle

Compounds

as

conspergo, conspersi,

conspersum,

con-

spergdre.

sp6cio

(or spicio

T)

aspicio, aspexi,

pounds.

look,

only in Plautus

aspectum, aspicere.

sp6c-i-

So the other com-

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

104

Pres.

Present.

spemo,

Supine.

Perfect.

reject, de-

spise

sprevi

spretum

spernSre

spdpondi

sponsum

spondere

st^tui

st^tutum statu6re

spondeo, jpMge

Stem.

Infinitive.

sp6rspre-

spond-e-

oneself

Bt^\iViO,setup,seUl

statu-

(vjith oneself)

sterno, throw on stravi the ground, cover

stinguo

stratum

I

(rare), stam2),

exstinctum.

exstinguo, exstinxi, other compounds. sto, stand

statum

st6ti

praestO,

be superior,

''^'^''^ stertSre stingu6re

stertui

sterto, snore

strT stert-

stingu-

exstingu6re.

stare

So the

sta-

praestatum The other compounds

warrant, render, praestiti,

praestitum), praestare. have fut. part, -staturus (constaturus, Luc. Mart.), but no supine those with disyllabic prepositions retain e (also

:

in the perf.

(e.g.

circumst6ti).

stT^-po,makeadin

strgpui

Strideo,

stridi

A

hiss, screech

consonantal form

Augustan stringo,

struo,/ieaj9

^lp,

strSp-

stridere

(e.g.

strid-e-

stridunt, stridfire)

is

strictum stringgre

\

found in

poets.

strip, graze,

strinxi

draio tight

str6pitum str6p6re

build struxi

suadep, recommend suasi suevi suesco, accustom

L^j^-

structum struere

strugu

suasum suetum

suadere suesc6re

suad-e-

suctum

suggre tacere

sug-

sue-

oneself

Bugo, suck

suxi

taceo,

ta,cui

be silent

taedet,

For

it

taesum compound pertaesum t6tigi tactum

wearieth

perf. the

tango, touch

taciturn est

tac-e-

taed-eest

is

more common.

tangere

attingo, attigi, attactum, atting6re. pounds.

tag-

So the other com-

LIST OF IRREGULAE VERBS

105

Pres.

f

Supine.

Perfect.

Present.

stem.

Infinitive.

tectum -temptum temnSre -tempsi temno, despise (only in the compoiincl contemno) tendSre tentum \,&n.di0.t stretch, terul tStendi t6g6re

texi

tggo, cover

Componncb have -tensum

(rare)

detineo, detinui, detentum, detinere. pounds. tergeo, wipe

A

tersum

tersi

consonantal stem

(e.g.

tend-

occasionally.

tentum

t6nui

t6neo, hold

t6g-

tem-

tenere

t6n-6-

So the other com-

tergere

tergit, terguntur)

terg-ealso

is

found

sometimes. t6ro, ruh

trivi

tritum

t6r-

t6r6re ^

territum

terr-6-

texere

tex-

terrui

texo, weave

texui

textum

^'^^^

tmctum

(sustuli)

(sublatum) toll6re

So tollo,

'''"'

l'*'^''

lift

up, re-

tri-

terrere

terreo, frighten

/ tingdre

|tingu6re

*^^^ toU-

move tiili (in

by

latum (for tlatum) but as these are taken

prae-August. poets t6t\ili) and

are the proper perf. and supine f6ro, tollo takes the perf.

:

and supine of

its

compound

sustoUo.

The compounds have no tondeo, shear tdno, thunder

totondi tonui

torqueo, twist,whirl torsi torrui torreo, roctst traxi traho, drag

trgmo, tremble trudo, thrust tueor, look

perf. or supine.

tonsum tonitum tortum tostum tractum

tremui trusi

trusum

tutum at, protect

tuitum

tondere tdnare torquere

tond-eton-a-

torqu-e-

torrere trahgre

tors-e-

trdmgre trud6re

tr6m-

tueri

tu-g-

trah-

trud-

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

106 tutus, adj.

safe.

tutatus sum (from tutor) is generally used as perfect There is also a present tutus or tuitus sum are rare. with stem in -u (e.g. tuimur, contuor, etc.) ;

Pres.

Present.

Supine.

Perfect.

tundo, thump

tiXtiXdi

<

^^J^^

tunddre

contundo, contudi, contusum, contundgre. tursi (very rare)

turgeo, swell vado, go

Stem.

Infinitive.

invado, invasi, invasum, invad6re.

tud-

So pertundo.

turgere

turg-e-

vad6re

vad-

So other compounds.

vaieo, he strong

vMui

(v^liturus) vS-lere

vS.1-6-

v6ho, carry

vexi

vectum

v6li-

and gerund

Pres. part,

also used intransitively, riding.

vello, pull, pluck velli

vulsum

vell6re

vulsi, both in simple and compounds,

v6ndo, veneo,

sell.

is

vell-

sometimes found.

See do See eo

he sold.

veni

v6nio, come

v6reor,

v6h6re

he

awed

vergo, incline verro, hrush verto, turn

ventum vdritum

at

verri (rare) verti

versum versum

vSnire v6reri verg6re verr6re vert^re

So the compounds generally, but divertor, put up (at an inn), divert! diverti (inf.) rgvertor, return, perf. reverti, reversus, having returned.

praevertor, attend

to first, is

vescor, feed oneself v6to, forbid v6tiii

v6r-e-

vergverrvert-

diversum,

reversum, reverti

(inf.),

entirely deponent.

vfititum

Persius has a perfect v6tavi.

(perf.),

v6n-i-

vesci

vesc-

v6tare

veta-

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

107

Pres.

Present.

video,

Supine.

Perfect.

Visum

vidi

see

common

videor, visum, videri, very

vietum

vieo, plait (twigs, etc.) Part, vietus

Infinitive.

videre

Stem.

vld-e-

in sense of seem.

viere

vi-e-

shrivelled.

vincio, bind

vmxi

vineo, conquer

vici

Viso, visit

visi

vivo,

live

vixi

uleiseor, avenge

oneself

vinctum vietum

on,

vietum ultum

vmeire

vinc-i-

vine6re

vie-

vis6re

vis-

viv6re

vigv-

uleisei

ulc-

unggre ungu6re

ungu-

velle

v61-

avenge

ungo * unguo v61o,

)

>

unxi

grease

unctum

j

toill

vdlui

its

compounds nolo, malo

So volvo,

volvi

roll

;

see § 73.

vdlutum

involvo and evolvo sometimes have

v6mo, vomit

vdmui

vdveo, vow

vovi

urgeo, jJush, press ursi uro, burn ussi

volvSre perf. -vdlui.

vdmitum v6m6re votum vdvere ustum

volv-

urgere ur6re

v6mv6v-eurg-elis-

amb-iiro, ambussi, ambustum, ambiirgre, whence perhaps by a Avrong division eomburo, and bustum.

Other compounds (exuro, utor, avail

81.

oneself,

make use

etc.)

follow the usual form.

iisum

iiti

iit-

The following verbs (with many others) are used but some of them are also used, especially

deponents

;

the past participle, as ive adsentiri, assent apisci, get arbitrari, judge

also ive

:

auciipari, catch at

augurari, take blandiri, play the coax

as in

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

108

comitari, accompany; also ive ludif icari, make sport of medicari, npply remedies

coniininisci, devise comperiri, find out ive

contemplari,

usually

;

usually

co7itcm2)7atc

;

medicare

meditari,

meditate also ive

raeditatus

;

criminari, accuse mentiri, tell a lie mentitus cunctari, delay also ive dignari, think icorthy; digrnatus mereri, deserve, cam merere also ive more usually earn dominari, play the lord moderari, rule moderatus execrari, ciirse execratus also also ive ive modulari, modulate modulatus exordiri, commence speaking also ive experiri, try expertus also oblivisci, forget opinari, he of opinion ive fari, speak effatus also ive pacisci, bargain pactus also ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

f&teri, confess fenerari, lend money frustrari, disappoint sive gloriari, hoast gravari, take ill

;

;

also pas-

ive partiri, share ; also partire popular!, lay waste also ;

lare puniri, ptmish sectari, follow

hortari, exJiort imitari, imitate ; imitatus also ive interpretari, interpret interpretatus, also ive ;

make gifts lucrari, make gaiii

;

popu-

usually punire

sortiri, cast lots

testif icari, testari, declare, to witness ; also ive in

call pai'-

ticiple

tutari,

to

defend

vSnerari, worship

largiri,

xilcisci,

avenge

luctari, struggle

if

Some past participles are used with an active sense as deponents, though the usual form of the verb is active.

osus, exosus, p^rosus, having adultus, grown up Jmtcd cenatus, having dined juratus, having sworn conjura- placitus, liaving j^lcascd potus, having drunk tus, having conspired pransus, having breakfasted nupta, married occasus, of the sun ha.ving quietus, at rest sunk suetus, accustomed ;

t&citus, silent

SYNTAX

109

SYNTAX When we

82.

or

we 1.

speak

we

either

name a person

or thing,

declare something of a person or thing.

Names

of persons or things are in

Grammar

called

Nouns.

There are many kinds of objects, and therefore many kinds of nouns, as rex, king ; Roma, Rome flos, flower terra, land ; exercitus, cmny ; mens, mind justitia, ;

;

justice.

often not enough to mark out the particular we have in mind. Another noun is then rex Romulus, King Romulus urbs Roma, the

One noun

is

object which

added, as city

;

Rome.

Such an additional noun (or name) is called an attribute first noun, which in this use is called a Substantive.

to the

Some nouns are generally used as such additional names, and are therefore called Adjectives. They describe an object by some particular quality or appearance which it has, as albus flos, ivhite flower ; raagnus exercitus, great army.

Adjectives in Latin having inflexions for gender as well

number can be used by themselves, like other nouns, as substantives. Thus albus is white he alba, white she album, white thing albi, white males albae, white females as

;

;

;

alba, white things. Other nouns, i.e. substantives, are treated as having usually only one gender.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

110

83. 2. Naming an object is generally not enough. We wish to say something about it. Every complete saying

Grammar

(called in

The person

{a)

a sentence) contains at least or thing of which

we

two ideas

speak, called the

Subject,

Our

(h)

A by a

declaration respecting

complete thought verb, or

is

it,

called the Predicate.

expressed most simply either

(a)

by two nouns.

(b)

A verb contains in its personal suffixes the subject, stem the predicate, as curr-o, / run ; curr-it, he (she, runs; ama-raus, we love; ama-tis, ye love; splende-nt, (a)

in its it)

theij shine.

The

first and second person require no further definibut the third person is very vague. The name of the person or thing intended is usually added in the nominative

tion,

case, as

equus

run-he)

flores splendent, flowers shine.

(b)

;

When

currit, (the) horse runs (literally horse-he

the thought

is

expressed by two nouns, one

— usually an

subject, the other

to

make

it

attribute,

adjective

—

is

clear that the adjective (or other

but

predicate.

noun)

is

a predicate, some part of the verb

is

is

But

not an

sum

is

Thus equus albus may mean white horse, or horse is white equus est albus shows that albus is predicate, not attribute of equus. So Julius est consul, Julius is consul exercitus erat naagnus, the army was large ; Roma fuit urbs, Rome was a city, or the city was generally used.

;

;

Rome. If

the subject of a verb

is

expressed, the verb has

same number and person as the subject, e.g. ego amo, / love flores rubent, flowers are red vos (usually) the

;

fugitis, you are flying.

;

PRINCIPAL USE OF CASES

111

PRINCIPAL USE OF CASES 84. as

The

nominative denotes the subject of the sentence,

Julius regnat, Julius

The

accusative, dative,

reigns.

and ablative are principally used

with verbs.

The

accusative

action, e.g!

—

denotes the direct

Julius regit urbem, Julius

a verb's

object of

rules the city.

Carpo florem, I pluck a flower. Arant terrain, They plough the

land.

The dative denotes the indirect object, i.e. the person or thing indirectly affected by the verb's action. transitive verb has often such an indirect object besides the direct

A

object; an intransitive verb has such an indirect object only, as

Carpo florem tibi, I pluck Arant terram hostibus.

the flower for thee.

They plough

the land for

the enemies.

Flos splendet tibi. The flower shiriesfor Pater sum tibi, / am father to you.

thee.

The ablative denotes the instrument or cause or other attendant circumstances of the verb's action, as

Carpo florem manu, I pluck the flower He perishes from fright.

Perit timore,

with

my

hand.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

112

The genitive is used with nouns rather than with verbs, and denotes the possessor or object or class of a person or thing, as

Marci servus,

Marcus's

slave.

Floris splendor. The flower's Timor periculi. Fear of risk.

Portissimus militum.

hrightness.

Bravest (he) of the soldiers.

All these cases have other uses as well as those named. (See below.)

The

case of a declinable attribute or predicate

same as that of the substantive or

is

the

subject.

The gender and number of an adjective is usually the same as that of the substantive of which it is attribute or predicate.

NOMINATIVE 85. 1

The Nominative

Person or thing spoken

is

used to express

of, i.e.

the subject of the sentence

Dixit Claudius, Claudius spoke. Crescit amor, Love grows. 2.

Person or thing spoken to

Musa

veni, Come,

Audite Romani,

muse. Listen, ye

Romans.

In o stems the shorter form called the Vocative

Marce cave, Marcus, beware. Quid ais, Claudi ? JVluit say est

is

used

thou, Claudius ?

ACCUSATIVE

113

ACCUSATIVE 86.

1.

The Accusative

is

used to express-

Direct object of a transitive verb

—

.

Fer opera, Bring help. Urit flamma domos, Flame hums the houses. Aquilas fugiunt columbae, Doves flee eagles. 2.

Place towards which

Mitto vos

Romam 3.

domum, / send

you home. to Home.

veniunt, They come

Space over which

Pedem unum

processit,

He

stepped

foi'ward

{a

distance of) one foot.

Nix quattuor pedes 4.

alta, Snxnv four feet deep.

Time during which

Diem totum

stertebat,

He was

Vixerunt viginti annos, They ~).

snoring a whole day.

lived twenty years.-

Extent of action

Nos

aliquid Rutulos juvimus,

We

have helped the

Fiutulians somewhat.

Tremit artus, He

trembles all over his limbs.

Often with a substantive of like meaning to the verb

Cur non eosdem cursus cucurrerunt ? they not

run

the

same

fVhy have

courses ?

Itque reditque viam, He

goes

and returns

the road.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

114

DATIVE 87.

1.

Person to or for

Hoc

tibi facio,

/

whom

(indirect object)—

do this for

tjou.

Dat librum illi, He gives him the hook Nocet aqua saxis, IVater is hurtful to the Omnibus mors divitias aufert, JJeath riches (for, i.e.)

2.

from

rocks.

takes

away

all.

This dative is frequently used with the verb esse to denote the possessor or the agent

Possessor

Est mihi pater,

There

is

a father for me,

i.e.

/

have a father.

Longae regibus sunt manus,

Kings have long

hands.

Agent

Haec mihi sunt things spoken,

Hoc

/

have said

me

this.

Caesari fuit agendum, This was for

Caesar a thing

3.

dicta, These things are foi'

i.e.

to do, i.e.

Caesar Jmd

to

do

this.

Purpose for which (adjectival or predicative dative). An indirect object is often used in same sentence

Hoc mihi curae

est, This

is

a matter of anxiety to me. They treat poverty as

Paupertatem probro habent, disgraceful.

Bquitatum auxilio Caesari mittunt, cavalry as help

Rem

to

lliey send the

Caesar.

publicam quaestui habet, He makes

of politics.

a trade

ABLATIVE

115

ABLATIVE 88.

1.

Instrument or price

Gladio regem

He

ferit,

the

strikes

king

with

a

sivord.

Cornibus

tauri, apri dentibus, niorsu leones se tutantur, Bulls defend themselves tvith horns, boars with tusks, lions hy biting.

Vendidit hie auro patriam,

This

man

sold

his

country for gold. 2.

Cause

Maerore et lacrimis senescebat, He grief

and

Paene

timore, ego risu corrui, He from fear, I from laughter.

ille

collapsed

3.

all

but

Part concerned

Aeger pedibus,

III in the feet.

Mancipiis locuples, Rich 4.

grew old from

tears.

Manner and circumstances

NuUis impedimentis

;

in slaves.

usually with an attribute

ibat,

He

ivas

marching without

baggage.

Aequo animo hoc The

ablative

Latin

with

of

a

tuli,

/ bore

circumstances participle,

this

is

with an even mind.

very

especially

in

common the

in

ive

voice, as

Regibus exactis consules creati sunt, When kings had been driven out, consuls were elected.

the

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

116 5.

Quality or description-—

Qua

facie fuit 9 {Of whit face was he

like in the

face

?)

what

ivas he

?

Agesilaus statura fuit humili et corpore exiguo, Agesilaus was of low stature and small body (or low in stature and small in hocly). 6.

With comparatives comparison and (ft)

expresses both {a) the standard of

the measure

Quid durius est saxo ? quid mollius unda ? What

(h)

it

{!))

is

harder than stone

Tanto major caedes

?

fiiit,

what

than water

softer

So much

the greater

?

was

the slaughter.

7.

Place whence

Roma 8.

He fled from Rome. venit, The old man comes from

fugit,

Senex rure Place where stems,

is expressed by the locative and by the ablative in others

Rhodi negotiatur, He is trading Est Capuae, He is at Capua.

the country,

in -o

and -a

at Rhodus.

But sometimes an ablative is used, as Romae Tibur amo, Tibure Romam, At Rome I

I love Rome. Bellum terra marique comparat, He

love

Tibur, at Tibur

war by land and 9.

Time when

is

preparing

sea.

or within which

Aedes Kalendis vota

est, The temjyle teas vowed on

the Kalends.

Tribus horis rearhed Rome.

Romam

pervenit, In

three hours he

117

GENITIVE

GENITIVE 89.

1.

Person or thing possessing or causing (possessive

genitive)

Crassi Alius,

Crassus's son.

Hectoris Andromache,

Cornua lunae, 2.

Hector's {wife) Andromache.

The Moon's horns.

Divided whole (partitive genitive)

Portissimus Graeconim,

Parum 3.

prudentiae, Bid

Bravest of Greeks. (of) prudence.

little

Quality or description

Fossa centum pedum,

A

hundredfoot

ditch' (i.e.

in

length).

Vir consili magni, 4.

A

of great imUcij.

Object of action, after nouns

Vir tenax propositi, Timor hostium, Fear 5.

man

A

man firm of purpose. of the enemies.

Secondary object to certain verbs of accusing, ing, pitying, filling, etc.

onuit

ilium sceleris. He reminded him of

his

wickedness.

Accusat Marcum furti, He accuses Marcus of theft. Taedet me vitae, / am weary of life (lit. it irks me of

life).

Implent fossam sanguinis. They hlood.

fdl the ditch with

ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAaniAR

118

INFINITIVE The infinitive is an indeclinable verbal substantive, used in some respects as a verb, in other respects as a noun. It is found chiefly as 90.

and

1.

is

Object to a verb, especially verbs of will, power, duty, (The subject of the infinitive is usually custom, etc. the same as the subject of the verb.)

Debeo venire, / ought to come. Loqui didicerat. He had learnt to talk. Vincere scis, Hannibal victoria uti ;

nescis, You

understand winning, Hannibal ; you do not understand using a victory. 2.

With a

subject in the accusative, the

the object of a verb.

verb

is

(In English

'

two together being that

'

with a

finite

often used.)

Scio te loqui, / know of your talking. Dicit se abire. He says he is going away. 3.

Subject to a verb, either by

itself

or with an accusative

Certum est mihi dicere, / am determined to Te venire pergratum est. It is very pleasant are coming, or your coming

is

very pleasant

to

speak. that

you

me.

GERUNDS, GERUNDIVE, SUPINE 91.

1. The oblique cases of the gerund are used as if they were the genitive, dative, and ablative of the infinitive. The accusative is used only with prepositions

Avidus loquendi. Greedy of talk. Hi scribendo adfuerunt. These writing.

were present at the

GERUNDS, GEKUNDIVE, SUPINE

119

Caesar dando, Cato nihil largiendo gloriam adeptus est, Caesar gained glory hy giving, Cato by making no

largesses.

Haec ad judicandum sunt

facillima, These matters

are very easy to judge. 2.

The gerundive is used often in place of the gerund, when the gerund would have a direct object. The object

is

then attracted into the case of the gerund, and

number

the gerundive put in the gender and

of this

object

Consilium inibant urbis delendae et civium trucidandorum for urbem delendi et cives trucidandi, They were foiming a plan for destroying the city and butchering the citizens. Decernviros litibus judicandis creavit,if(3 appointed a commission of ten for judging suits. 3.

In the nominative the gerund is used as subject to est; the gerundive is used as predicate to what would otherwise have been object to the gerund

Est mihi ambulandum, / must walk

(lit.

Walkmg

is

for me).

Haec sunt agenda things

must

Haec

agendum,

These

est for Defendendum must be defended.

est

for

est

be done.

Urbs defendenda urbem. The 4.

city

The accusative of verbal substantives supine in -um) is used after a verb

in -us

{i.e.

the

of motion,

and

often has itself an object

Haec risum

veni. Come and

(lit.

to)

have a laugh at

these things.

Questum wrongs.

injurias eo, /

am

going

to

complain of the

ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAMMAR

120

PARTICIPLES 92.

The

Participles are verbal adjectives,

and indirect

objects.

The present and

and take direct

future participles

; the past participle is ive unless the verb be a deponent, in which case it is usually active, sometimes either active or ive

are active

Venio agros visurus, / am coming to see the lands. Vidit consulem exercitui imperantem, He saio commanding

the consul

the

army.

Consule interfecto, haec looutus

est,

On

the consul

being hilled, he spoke thus.

INDECLINABLE WORDS 93. Adverbs are used with verbs and adjectives

Bene dicit, He says well. Valde Justus, Very just (man). Res acute dictae. Sharp sayings (lit. things sharply said). Some adverbs are also used as prepositions. Prepositions are used with verbs in composition,

94.

and with nouns

With

in the accusative

cases.

verbs, as

venio, / come. devenio, / come down.

advenio, I come

The

and ablative

to.

sub venio, / come up. pervenio, I come through. evenio, / come out, etc.

principal prepositions

With ad,

accusative case only are

adversus, ante,

—

clam, unknown

to.

towards.

before.

apud, at. circum, round.

to.

erga, towards. ob, on of. p6nes, in power of. per, through.

WOKDS

INDECLINABL?:

.

121

post, behind.

ultra,

heijond.

prope,

extra,

outside.

near.

secundum,

intra, within.

following.

contra, against. supra, above.

inter, between.

praeter, beside. propter, near. trans, across.

infra, below.

juxta,

citra, on this side

With

near.

of.

ablative case only

ab or cum,

a,

prae, in front pro, for.

from.

with.

de, down from.

of.

sine, without.

ex or e, out of. With accusative and ablative sub, subter, under super, above is used when motion towards is implied, the ablative when rest at is implied in, in

The

;

:

;

accusative

In jus ducere, To lead into In jure res est, The matter

Sub montem

ibat,

court. is

He was

in court.

coming

the foot of the

to

mountain.

Sub monte

consedit, He

sat

down

at the foot of the

mountain. 95. Conjunctions

atque yet

;

or ac, and

;

et,

;

aut, vel, -ve (appended to a word), m-

neither,

nor

;

ne,

not, lest

Interrogative

answer no

An ;

;

;

affirmative

.

seu, whether,

or.

ni, nisi, unless.

;

ne (appended

nonne utrum

simple question

;

non, baud, not; nee or neque,

Negative particles

etc.

-que (appended to a word), autem, however ; tamen,

sed, at, but

.

an, whether

.

answer

a negative by non,

to another

expects answer yes

is

.

.

.

;

word) puts a

num expects or.

given by etiam, ita, vero,

minime.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

122

USE OF VERB INFLEXIONS. OF VOICE

INFLEXIONS

96. Verbs with active inflexions are of two classes, TRANSITIVE and INTRANSITIVE. Some verbs belong to both.

Transitive verbs express an action conceived in connexion with an object upon which it is exercised, e.g. amo, / lave moneo, / warn ; audio, / hear ; edo, / eat pello, I push ; rego, I guide ; tolero, / hear ; uro, I hum ; laedo, I wound. ;

But

not necessary that the object should be actuallyedo, / eat, does not cease to be a transitive verb because no food is specified. it is

expressed,

e.g.

Intransitive

(or

neuter) verbs express a

state of being,

or an action not conceived in connexion with

gaudeo, / rejoice

am

on fire

Such a

state

;

hurtful.

or action

may

affect

other persons or

things indirectly, and this indirect object in

an oblique

indirect object

for you; army. Qfl.

may

be expressed a similarly

case, usually the dative, just as

may be

expressed with a transitive verb,

mihi gaudeo, non

e.g.

object,

e.g.

noceo, / am

;

any

curro, / run; horreo, / shiver; praesum, / avfi at the head ; ardeo, /

as thereby affected,

praesum

tibi,

exercitui,

I rejoice / am at

for the

Verbs with ive inflexions are

of

myself not head of the

two

classes,

verbs which have also an active voice, and verbs which have no (corresponding) active voice. The latter are called viz.

deponents. In

(See

list

verbs which

on

p.

107.)

have also an

active

inflexions are used principally to bring

either the object of the action

the sentence,

or the

by making

occurrence of the

voice,

into it

ive

prominence

the subject of

action,

without

'

INFLEXIONS OF VOICE specifying the agent.

Gauls

a

Thus vinoit Gallos,

Galli vincuntur,

;

the

123

he co7iquers the

Gauls are conquered

;

vincitur,

victory is gained.

If the object of the action be a person or thing, i.e. if the verb be transitive, the ive may be used in both numbers and all three persons. Thus, laedo, I wound, may have for object me, te, eum (earn, id), nos, vos, eos (eas, Consequently in the ive we may have (ego) ea). laedor, (tu) laederis, (is, ea, id) laeditur, (nos) laedimur, (vos) laedimini, (ei, eae, ea) laeduntur, / am (being) wounded, thou art wounded, etc. If the verb be intransitive, and therefore express merely the existence or occurrence of an action, the ive is used Thus noceo, / am in the third person singular only.

I do hurt nocetur, hurtfulness exists, / go itur, going takes place, is suadebo, / mil give advice; suadebitur,

hurtful,

done

;

;

eo,

;

hurt

is

(being)

done

(being)

advice

will be

98. Besides the more usual case, in which the subject is acted on by others, ive inflexions are sometimes used in speaking: (1) of an action done by the subject to himself ; and more frequently (2) of an action experienced without any specified external agency, e.g.

—

cingor, accingor,

(1)

up; erigor,

raise myself;

I gird

myself; dedor, give myself

exerceor,

exercise myself.

(2) corresponding in English to verbs used intransitively alor, I feed; cornimpor, spoi7 ; deleotor, delight; :

findor,

split;

lavor, bathe

The simple import

;

moveor,

Tnove

;

mutor,

change.

of the ive inflexions is the

in all these cases, viz. that the subject

is

same

also the object of

the action.

Deponents have ive inflexions, but the meaning and construction of verbs with active inflexions. Some

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

124

deponents are transitive, e.g. fateor, / epulor, / banquet

some

confess;

in-

transitive, e.g.

99. In the

CONSTRUCTION of ive verbs several points

require notice. If a transitive verb be changed from the active to the ive voice, the following additional changes are required, if the sentence is to express the same fact as it expressed

with the active form. (a)

The

object of the active verb becomes subject to the

ive verb. (b)

Any word

of the

containing a fuller description

object (a secondary predicate) changes from the accusative to the nominative. (c)

The agent

(subject of the active verb)

is

put in the

ablative with the prep. ab.

laedit e.g.

Lucius

rera dedit

Marcum

wounds Marcus,

'

Druso adjuto-

gave Marcus to Dr^isus

Lucius

as a helper,

consulem esse

says

dicit f

laeditur

being

is

Druso adjutor

a Lucio

datus est consul esse dicitur

I

Marcus

-{

is consul.

wounded by

Lucius,

I

Marcus

Marcus

was given by Lucius to Drusus as a helper, is being said by Lucius to be consul.

An

not used in the ive except is required, except usually the omission of the agent. (If the agent is expressed, it will be usually in the ablative with ab as above.) intransitive verb

is

impersonally, and no further change

Persuasum

est

homini

;

factum est

;

ventum

vincimur; duxit. The man was persuaded; they came ;

we

are beaten ; he took {his wife).

it

est was done;

INFLEXIONS OF PERSON AND NUMBER

125

USE OF VERBAL INFLEXIONS OF PERSON

AND NUMBER 100. cate in

The

finite

verb contains both subject and predi-

the personal inflexions expressing the subject,

itself,

and the stem expressing the predicate. Hence, whenever in English an unemphatic pronoun is denote the subject without risk of mistake, the finite verb in Latin requires no addition for this purpose. This is so with the verb suflEicient to

1.

In the

or second person.

first

Thus curro, /

currimus,

run,

refer to the person or

persons speaking; curris, curritis, the person or persons spoken to.

But the pronouns may be added

curre, currite, to

for the sake of emphasis

or contrast.

Quod ego

fui

hodie

es.

ad Trasumennum, ad Cannas, id tu What

(Li v.)

I

was

at

Trasumennus {and)

at Cannae, that you are to-day.

Negat cuncta deny 2.

Italia,

negat senatus, negatis vos.

All Italy denies

(Cic.)

{it),

the

Senate denies

it,

you

it.

when

the same as the subject same number and person, (Very frequent.) the sense.

In the third person,

it is

of the last preceding verb of the

provided

it is

suited to

Venit Verres in aedem Castoris considerat templum versat se quaerit, quid agat. (Cic.) Ferres ;

;

;

comes into the temple of Castor; he examines the sanctuary; he turns about ; he asks ivhat he is to do.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

126

3. In certain verbs in the third person singular, where the fact of the action, state, or feeling is the prominent point and the doer is left indefinite. Such verbs are called

IMPERSONALS, and (a) it

may

shames; paenitet,

it

classified as follows pities;

it

me

piget,

taedet,

repents;

Miseret

facti pudet. (b)

be

The verbs miseret,

it

it

pudet, Ipsius

vexes;

tvearies: e.g.

alionim.

Intransitive verbs are sometimes so used, generally

in the ive voice (see § 99).

Cui parci potuit ?

Dicto paretur. to the

To

bidding.

loJiom cotdd

Obedience

meraj

be

is

shown

rendered

?

verb always contains its own subject in its personal separate word, usually called its subject, is, strictly speaking, in apposition to these inflexions for the purpose of closer

As

tlie finite

inflexions, the definition,

101. When the subject is expressed by a separate word, the finite verb is in the same number and person as its subject.

Te aerumnae premunt omnes, qui te florentem putas.

(Cic.)

All

troubles pn'^ss

upon you who think

yourself pi'osperous.

Exceptions {a) If the subject be a substantive in the singular number, but denotes more than one person, the verb is sometimes in the plural.

DiflEugiunt

equum.

alii

ad naves; pars scandunt rursus

(Verg.)

Some

part climb again the horse.

fly

scattered

to

the

ships;

INFLEXIONS OF PERSON AND NUMBER

The

127

if it follows a predicate, sometimes connumber. (This is rare, except where either substantive might be considered the subject.)

(h)

forms to

it

verb,

in

Amantium irae amoris integratio est. of lovers are a renewal of

Contentum rebus suis maeque divitiae.

esse (Cic.)

oivn possessions is the greatest

102.

When

the subject

(Ter.)

Quarrels

maximae sunt

certissi-

love.

is

To he satisfied with and surest wealth.

composed

of

one's

two or more

substantives, denoting different persons or things, but re-

garded as in connexion with each other, the verb in the plural

in the first person plural,

is

put

the subject contain the first person ; and in the second person plural, if the subject contain the second person and not the first. :

if

Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. If you and Tidlia are well, Cicero and I are well.

When two

or

more subjects require the same

(Cic.)

predi-

but are not represented as acting together, the predicate is usually expressed only once, and is put in the

cate,

number and person required by the

subject nearest to

it

in

the sentence. tu,

/ am

a good and wise man, and

so are

Vir bonus et sapiens dici delector ego ac delighted you.

to

he called

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

128

THE INDICATIVE MOOD AND TENSES 103. The Indicative Mood is the primary and ordinary form of the finite verb, and is therefore used wherever there is no special reason for employing the imperative or subjunctive. Not only facts but suppositions and commands can be put in the indicative mood, but only when the writer or speaker relies on the context, or evident sense, to guard against misapprehension, and does not care to mark the supposition or the command by the form of the expression. tenses of the Latin verb in the indicative mood be divided either (i) according to the time to which they relate, or (ii) according to the completeness or incompleteness of the action spoken of.

The

may

104.

i.

Time

to

which the tenses relate

According to the time to which they relate, the tenses are either primary or secondary. The p'imary tenses mark a state or action as going on, over, or still in the future at the time at which we are speaking, or at some time at which we assume that we are present and watching events. The secondary tenses mark a state or action as going on, over, or still in the future at some other time of which we are speaking, and which we affirm (by the use of secondary tenses) to be past.

MOOD AND TENSES

INDICATIVE

129 '

Active Voice PRIMARY. Contemporary.

Present

am

I

Future

Subsequent.

SECONDARY.

dico,

;

Imperfect;

I

saying. ;

/ shall

dicam,

say.

Subsequent

to

time but antecedent present to

some future

Completed dixero,

Future

/

/ said something had happened).

Aorist

{you, he will)

dicebam,

loas saying.

dixi,

;

after

{i.e.

;

shall

(you^ he will)

have

said.

event.

Antecedent.

Perfect; dixi,

/

Pluperfect;

I had

Juive said.

dixeram,

said.

ive Voice PRIMARY.

SECONDARY.

Contemporary. [

(

Subsequent.

Fut.

,'

{

Subsequent

to

time but antecedent present

to

some future

event.

(

I

shall {yoic, he

(

Aor.

will) be loved.

Completed Future

amatus ero

-^

{

being loved.

amatus sum, /

ivas

loved.

;

(or

fuero), I shall {you, he

will)

have

been

loved. (

Antecedent.

being loved.

amabor,

Perf J '

]

I

amatus ®^^' ^

/

(or have been) loved.

amatus

'*'''

^^"p-

?„':^)/i V

hadbeenloved.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

130

105.

The

ii.

Completeness or incompleteness of the action

present, future,

and imperfect tenses express incom-

plete action (and hence are sometimes called respectively

present imperfect, future imperfect, past imperfect).

laedo, laedor,

e.g.

laedam, laedar, /

bam, laedebar, /

/ am

wo^inding,

am

woumied;

being

wound, shall he wounded ; laedewas wounding, was being wounded. shall

The perfect, completed future, and pluperfect express completed action (and hence are sometimes called respectively present perfect, future perfect, past perfect). e.g. laesi, laesus 8UTD.,Ihave wounded, have been wounded; laesero, laesus ero, / shall have wounded, shall have been wounded; laeseram, laesus eram, I had wounded, had been

The use of a tense of incomplete action rather than of complete action implies Continuance of an action contrasted with

1.

its

con-

clusion. e.g.

dico, /

am

speaking

;

/

dixi,

have done

my

speech.

Continuance of an action contrasted with a single

2.

act. e.g. videbam, / was looking at vidi, / caught sight poteram, I had it in my power ; potui, I proved able. ;

of

Purpose or attempt contrasted with actual perform-

3.

ance. e.g.

saved

;

4.

servabam, I dabat, he

The

tried

offered

;

save;

to

servavi, / actually

dedit, he gave.

action itself contrasted with the resulting con-

dition. e.g.

/

venio, / am on periero, / ;

shall die

my way

;

veni, /

shall he dead.

am

here

;

peribo,

INDICATIVE MOOD AND TENSES

Present

106. The 1.

An

131

tense expresses

action at the time of speaking.

Hie ego Servium exspecto.

Here I

(Cic.)

am awaiting

Servius.

Nunc,

cum vos

2.

An

Romanos

intueor,

Now when I look

on you,

I

esse video. (Liv.) Romans.

see that there are

action in past time, but rhetorically assumed to

be present.

This

is

frequent in vivid narrations.

(Historic

present.)

Archaga^tho negotium dedit, ut argentum ad mare Ascendit in oppidum Archadeportaretur. gathus jubet omnis proferre quod haberent. Metus erat summus. (Cic.) He gave A. the duty of seeing that the silver was brought down to the :

sea.

A.

up

goes

into

bring out what they had.

the

He

town.

orders

all

to

There was the greatest alarm.

Vix ea fatus eram tremere omnia visa repente summissi petimus terram et vox fertur ad :

auris.

(Verg.)

suddenly ground,

to

;

/ had

hardly spoken

and a

voice is borne to

our

; everything

down we drop

be trembling ; sinking

seemed to

the

ears.

107. The Future denotes an action taking place, or (in verbs signifying a state) a state existing, in future time.

Subordinate sentences, qualifying a principal future sentence (whether such future sentence is expressed in indicative or imperative, or subjunctive of

and referring the future.

Naturam mus.

to the

same

(In English the present si

command, etc.), and usually

time, have regularly is

generally found.)

sequemur ducem, nunquam aberrabi-

(Cic.)

never go astray.

IfivefoUoio Natiire as our guide, we shall

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

132 108.

The Imperfect

tense expresses

A

continuous action action or time referred to. 1.

contemporaneous with past

Tuni Postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Marius apud primes agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha

cum

plurim.is erat, They attack the rear rank of tin At the time Marius was busy in the front, because Jugurtha was there with most of his men.

Romans.

In letters

2.

it

often denotes an action at the time of

writing as being past

when

the correspondent receives the

letter.

Haec ego scribebam. hora noctis nona. Milo campum jam tenebat Marcellus candidatus ita stertebat, ut ego vicinus audirem, / am writing :

this at

the ninth

hour of the night.

possession of the field ; Marcellus so loud that 3.

I

Milo is already in a candidate is snoring

can hear him next door.

Habitual or repeated action in past time.

Dicebat melius

quam

scripsit

Hortensius, Hcnien-

sius used to speak better than he Juts ivritten. 4.

An

action commenced, or attempted, or proposed in

past time.

Consistit utrumque agmen, et ad proelium sese expediebant. (Li v.) Each army takes up its position, and they begin to make ready fm- battle. 109.

The Perfect tense expresses an action done in As contrasted with the imperfect, it denotes a

past time.

single act, not a continued state

As is

contrasted with the present,

a fact, not a description.

;

it

denotes that the action

already completed.

An action which 1. AoRisT or Historical Perfect. took place in past time, either singly or in succession to other actions. So usually in a continued narrative.

MOOD AND TENSES

INDICATIVE

133

Postremo Catilina in senatum venit. Turn M. TuUius consul orationem habuit quam postea scriptam

Finally

edidit,

Then Marcus

Senate.

Catilina

TuUius

came

consul

the

into

delivered

the

a

which he aftervmrds wrote down and published.

speech,

vici, / came, I saw, I conquered. Lucullus per naultos annos Asiae provinciae

Veni, vidi, L.

praefuit, L. Lucidlus governed

many

the j^rovince of

Asia for

years.

2. Perfect or Present Perfect. An action already completed before the present time, so that the result, rather than the action itself, is present to the mind.

Membris utimur prius quam didicimus, cujus ea habeamus,

causa

utilitatis

before tue have learnt

JVe use our limbs for the sake of what advantage we

possess them.

110. The CoMPiiETED future denotes an action in future time completed at some point in future time.

Cum

tu haec leges, ego ilium fortasse convenero, JFhen you read this, I shall perhaps have met him.

Eum cum him,

I

videro, ivill

Arpinum pergam,

proceed

to

JFhen I have seen

Arpinum.

The Pluperfect denotes an

action in past time, done

before another past action.

Prius omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia temptatum antea secus cesserat. (Sail.)

He

resolved to endure everything rather than engage in

war, because (tvhen) attempted before

Hanno cum

it

had turned

out

ill.

qui postremi jam profligate proelio advenerant, vivus capitur. (Li v.) Hanno, with those who had come last, when the battle was already eis,

decided, is taken alive.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAMMAR

134

Future participle

active ivith the verb

sum

111. In order to denote Avhat a person purposes, or is destined to do in future time, especially if regarded from a point in the past or future, the future participle active is

used with the different tenses of the verb PRIMARY. Contemporary.

am

to) say.

dicturus

thus

to (or

dicturus ero, I shall he about to say.

eram,

ivas at the time

was Subsequent.

:

SECONDARY.

dicturus sum, I am about to (or mean to or

sum

I m£ant

/

about to

or

to) say.

dicturus

fui,

I was

(once) about to say.

dicturus fueram, /

Antecedent.

had meant

to say.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 112.

The Imperative Mood

is

used to express a

command

or request.

The PRESENT is used of the present time, or without any implied reference to a defined future time. The FUTURE is used with express reference to the time following, or to some particular case that may occur, and therefore

Cura ut well.

is

frequent in legal forms.

valeas.

Cogite oves, pueri, Take

Collect the sheep,

my

care to keep

hoys.

Cumi haec confessus eris, negato tum sane, si voles, te pecuniam accepisse, Wlien yon have itted this,

then

hj all means deny,

accepted money.

if you please,

that

you

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

135

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD The subjunctive mood

113.

is

distinguished from the

by expressing an action or event supposed, rather than as done or narrated. indicative

as thought or

This general modified in different kinds of sentences. In simple or principal sentences the subjunctive is used to express (A) supposition, or distinction

is

A

(C)

A

desire, as

(A) Velim, / should wish but volo, / wish. Videres, You would have seen ; videbas. You saw. (C) Vivas, 3fai/ you live ; vivis, You live. Amemus patriam, Let us love our country. ;

AmamTis patriam,

JVe {do) love our country.

114. In dependent or subordinate sentences the sub-

junctive

is

used chiefly after relatives (qui, quae, quod) and

the following conjunctions

(all

of which are also frequently

used with the indicative mood) si,

nisi (B)

ut, quin,

cum quod 1 15.

The usages

eight heads, the

dum

(D, E)

(F)

(G)

may be classed under two of which may conveniently be

of the subjunctive

first

taken together. If the principal sentence (A, B) Conditional sentences. has the subjunctive, the subordinate sentence containing The case is put as the condition has the subjunctive also. one not actual.

—

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

136

Si jubeas, faciam, If you should command, I shoidd Si jusseris, faciam or fecerim, If you slioidd have

I

do.

hidden,

should do or should have done.

Si juberes, facerem, If you should have been should have been doing (or

bidding,

JFere you bidding,

I

I

were

doing).

Si jussisses, fecissem, If you had bidden, I should have done.

Sometimes the conditional

particle

Roges me, dicam, Shoidd you Rogasses me, dicerem, Ilad

ask me, yoii

is

I

not expressed should say.

asked me,

I

shoidd have

been saying.

N.B. in the

that

—For

distinction's sake

in

we may call

the subjunctive

hypothetical subjunctive the subordinate sentence a conditional sub-

principal sentence

a

junctive.

116. The hypothetical subjunctive (A) without the condition being expressed, as

Velim, videres

is

(as above).

Quis dicat ? JVlio would say ? Illius impulsu moenia mota forent, By a him

(i.e.

often used

if he

had

bloiv

from

struck them) imlls would have been

stirred.

So also the conditional clause (B) is sometimes found with si, but without any principal clause expressed.

O

adesset, if he had been present would things have been if).

si ille

Frequently in sentences quasi, tamquam, etc.

!

{How

different

of comparison with ut,

si,

si consrQ esset, haec jussit, Scipio, a private man, as if he had been consul, gave these orders (i.e. as he would have done if, etc.)

Scipio privatus, ut ^

Quasi hoc mihi difficile sit As if this would be to me (i.e. You speak as you would speak if, etc.) !

difficult

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

137

117. (C) optative mid jussive sentences.

—Wish, command,

by the subjunctive

or duty are often expressed

Valeant cives mei, sint beati, May my fare well, happy may they he. Often with utinam, as

fellow -citizens

—

Utinam populus Romanus unam cervicem haberet (Caligula),

Quid

that the

faciat ?

JVliat

Roman people had

must he do

hit one neck f

?

In prohibitions addressed to individuals the perfect (not the present) second person is used, as

Ne

transieris

Iberum,

Saguntinis, the

men

ne quid

rei

tibi

sit

Cross not the Ehro, have nothing

to

do

CTun tvith

of Saguntum.

118. Frequently this subjunctive of command is in apparent dependence on another verb of willing or bidding, as

Nolo me videat senex, I do not want the old man to see me. Cave putes hoc ita esse. Beware of thinking this to be so. Nuntiavit patribus iirbem munirent. He took the message

to the

Fathers that they

119. (D) Final

by the subjunctive qui (quae, quod)

sentences.

ireve to fortify the city.

—A purpose

after ut, ne, quin,

Mitto legatum qui

dicat,

is

often expressed

dum and

/ send an

the relative

ambassador who

is to

say.

eum ut dicat, / send him that he may say, or send him to say. Esse oportet ut vivas, non vivere ut edas, You shoidd

Mitto

eat to live, not live to eat.

Scribebat Aelius orationes quas used

to

alii

dicer ent, Aelius

write speeches for others to deliver.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAE

138

A

special use occurs after verbs of fearing. The English use a negative, where the Latins do not, and vice versa, as

Timeo ut Timeo ne

O

dicas, I fear that you will not saij it. dicas, I fear your saying it, or lest you should say it.

puer, ut sis vitalis metuo, Boy, I fear you long-lived

(lit.

how

Timeo ne non impetrem, I fear 120. (E)

mark

will not be

yo^i are to he long-lived).

Consecutive

sentences

lest

I

should not get

express

actions

it.

which

or naturally follow.

This use is most common with relatives or with ut. a negative is required, ut non, not ne, is used.

When

Sunt qui putent.

There are people who think (such as

to

think). fit ut ei qui debent non respondeant ad tempus. It often happens (in such a way) that debtors

Saepe

do not answer the claims punctually.

Sometimes

Ut

in concessions

erraverim, legentes erred,

I

and indignant questions

non

decepi. Suppose I have

have not deceived readers.

Quamquam quid ut

unquam

(Can

it

be)

loquor ? te ut ulla res frangat ? tu te corrigas? And yet what am I saying? that anything shoidd break yim ? thai you

should ever correct yourself?

Sentences expressing the attendant circumwith relative qui and cum, in ordinary historical narration. The English translation often requires a participle or the adverb since or although. 121.

stances

(F)

chiefly

Peccavi qui a te discesserim, / sinned in leaving you (since I left y(M). Zenonem, cum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter, JJeing at Athens, J attended

Zenos

lectnres frequenily.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

139

Bpaminondas cum sivit

vicisset Lacedaemonios, quaesalvusne esset clipeus, E. having conquered

the Lacedaeraonians asked if his shield

cum

Pylades

{seeing

Orestes

sis,

you are Pylades),

that

was

Orestem ? ivill

safe.

Being

Pglades

you say that you are

?

(G) The

122.

dices te esse

subjunctive

reasons or definitions

and

is

often

used

reported

of

reported (or indirect) questions

—

fuerit abstinens, He praises (The being abstinent is Africanus fm^ being abstinent. the reason given by him for praising Africanus.)

Laudat Africanum, quod

Magna

proponit

He

offers great

king,

iis

qui regem occiderint praemia,

any loho should have slain the (qui regemi occiderint is a definition included reiuards to

in the proclamation.)

Ubi nunc sim nescio, / know not where I am now. (Ubi nunc sum ? nescio, TFhere am I noio ? I know not.) Rogitant me ut valeam, quid agam, They me how I am in health, what I am

keep as

123. (H) The subjunctive is often used in sentences dependent on another subjunctive, or on an infinitive, to show that the action is not spoken of as a fact in itself, but only as part of a thought.

Thus, a direct sentence has the indicative

Romulus ut natus soon as he

But

is

exposed as

in a reported sentence

Romulum Pumiulus

Si

est exponitur, Eomidus

is born.

ut is

natus

sit

exponi dicunt,

exposed as soon as he

Romulus ut natus

sit

They say

is born.

exponatur ferant

If Romulus should be exposed as soon as he gods would bring help.

opem,

di is

born, the

ELEMENTAPtY LATIN GllAMMAR

140

CONTRASTED USES OF THE INDICATIVE 124.

The

assumes a

mood

indicative

conditional

in

sentences

without making any implication as to

fact,

its

truth (. § 115).

Si

veneno wished

angry

te tollere volui, cur te iratum feci ? If I to take you off hy poison, why did I make y&it

?

Si deus es, tribuere mortalibus beneficia debes, If {as you say) you are a god, you ought to confer benefits on men. 125. or

fact

purpose

Misi

The

indicative

is

used after a relative to express a

a definition without

any

signification

quendam qui

dixit,

/ sent a

certain

Scribebat Aelius orationes quas used

Or

either

of

(. § 119).

to

alii

man, who

said.

dicebant, Aelius

write speeches, which others delivered.

of quality (. § 120).

Sunt multi qui eripiunt There are

many who

the purpose of giving

quod aliis largiantur, fad) take from some men ivith

aliis

(as a

others.

it to

Quern multi timent, necesse est multos timeat, man whom many fear, must needs fear many. 126. as, until,

Hoc

Dum

is

used with the indicative for lohile, is implied (. § 119).

A

so long

when no purpose

feci

dum

licuit,

/ did

this as long as

Dum veniunt amici, solus inam.bulavit, luere arriving he

Mihi curae anxiety

erit to

me

I was

allowed.

}Fhile his friends

walked up and down alone.

dum until

sciero quid egeris,

I have

It will he

learnt tvhat you Jutve done.

an

CONTRASTED USES OF THE INDICATIVE

The indicative is used with cum to denote the which anything hapjDcned, without implying any

127. t'liiie

at

sort of

141

connexion

(. § 121).

Cum Placentiam consul At

the time

when

the

venit,

jam abierat Hannibal,

consul reached Flacentia, Hannibal

had already gone away.

Hannibal subibat muros Eromani, H. was suddenly sally

Sometimes

cum

repente erumpunt when the Romans

coining iqy to the tvalls,

out.

cum

with the indicative means whenever.

Cum

ad villam veni hoc me delectat, Whenever I come to my country home, this delights me.

128.

quando,

own

The

indicative

is

have

used with quod, quia, quoniam, which the speaker gives as his

to express a reason

(. § 122).

Iratus es quod

eum

are angry because

defendo quem tu accusas, You I am defending the man whom you are

prosecuting.

Quando

te in jure conspicio

in court,

I will

say

hoc dicam,

Since

I see

you

this.

129. Relative clauses, which contain definitions of the must be carefully distinguished from dependent questions which are themselves the object of a object of a verb,

verb.

Scio quod quaeris, / know (the thing) which you i.e. the answer to your question. Scio quid quaeras, I your question is.

are ashing,

knoiv what you are asking,

i.e.

what

U2

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

OF REPORTED SPEECH 130.

When

a statement

is

directly made, a question

directly put, or a supposition directly expressed, the language is said to be direct (oratio recta). So also in a report which preserves the independent form in which the speech, etc., was delivered ; as Caesar said I am about to march,' '

:

etc.

When in a

a statement, question, or supposition

form which makes

some such word

it

as said, the language

or indirect (oratio obliqua)

was about

reported

;

thus,

'

said to be oblique Caesar said that he is

to march.'

131. (A)

The MOODS used

obliqua are the by an irregularity)

in the oratio

and subjunctive, never

infinitive

is

dependent in construction on

(unless

the indicative.

statements in principal sentences in the inin the oratio recta become infinitives in Those relative sentences in which the oratio obliqua. qui = et is or nam is, cum = et tum, etc. (being not really subordinate sentences), are properly and usually put 1.

All

dicative

mood

in the infinitive.

Questions in the indicative mood in oratio recta dependent on a verb of asking, put in the subjunctive, being in fact ordinary indirect questions ; but, 2.

are, if closely

they are part of the continuous report of a speech, they are put in the infinitive if of the first or third person in the subjunctive if of the second person. if

;

Quid Quid Quid

facio ? becomes quid (se) facere ? quid (ille) faceret ? facit ? becomes quid (ilium) facere ? (But rogavit, quid (ipse, ille, etc.) faceret for

e.g.

alike.)

facis ? becomes

all

OF REPORTED SPEECH

143

3. All subordinate sentences, as also all sentences in the subjunctive and imperative moods in oratio recta, are put in the subjunctive.

Darius, qui rex

Persarum

est,

advenit, Darius, who

is

the king of the Persians, is approaching,

becomes in a reported sentence

Darium, qui rex Persarum

:

esset,

They said that Darius, who was appvaching.

advenire dixerunt.

ivas the king of the Persians,

But in the apodosis to a conditional sentence the imperand pluperfect subjunctive are (in oratio obliqua) expressed in the active voice by the future participle with fuisse in the ive, by using the periphrasis futurum fuisse ut. The future participle with esse is used also for

fect

:

the present (and sometimes for the imperfect) subjunctive

and fore or futurura esse ut for the present ; (and sometimes for the imperfect) subjunctive ive. e.g. Si habeam, dem becomes dixit se daturum active

essesihaberet Si haberem,

darem

becomes

dixit se daturum fuisse si ha-

beret or habuisset

Si mansissem, inter- becomes dixit futurum fectus essem, fuisse ut inter-

ficeretur, mansisset. 132.

(B)

1,

The

tenses

si

of the infinitive are present, or

perfect, or future according as the time

would have been

present, past, or future in the oratio recta.

The tenses of the subjunctive are usually secondary, imperfect and pluperfect, especially in commands or

2.

viz.

questions especially

;

but the present and perfect are sometimes used, the verb on which the whole oratio obliqua

if

depends be in the present.

ELEMENTAliY LATIN GRAMMAR

144

133. (C) In ordinary historical s no other person than the third can in general be used. Thus

Instead of pronouns of the first person, the jironouns suus, ipse, and instead of pronouns of the second person, is, ille, are used in the requisite cases. The pronouns hie, this near me, and iste, that near you, are rarely found in oratio obliqua. (Nos and noster are sometimes used by Caesar of the 1.

se,

Eoman

generally.)

All finite verbs are put in the third person.

2.

The following tabular statement

134.

may

Eoman army

people or

the above

of

be useful

(A)

Mood

Principal Sentences.

:

Oratio Recta.

Oratio Obliqua.

Indicative

Infinitive.

In active,

future

j)art.

with fuisse, or souk times

(for

present or

imperfect) esse. Statements

Subjunctive (hypothesis)

In ive

\

futurum

fuisse ut, etc., or sometimes (for present or imperfect) fore or

futurum esse ut, lst& 3rd pers. Infinitive ^ , .i f Indicative i (2nd pers. Subjunctive J (Subjunctive Subjunctive -T-

,.

J.

f

-'

Commands or Imperative Prohibitions

•

|

Subjunctive j

«3

h' ^

f

Subordinate Sentences. Indicative ,^

,

.

^.

Subjunctive

)

>

d i iSubiunctive •

''

j

etc.

OF REPORTED SPEECH

145

(B) Tense. Subju7ictive.

Present

sometimes

Imperfect, |^

Future j Completed Future

)

Perfect

j

Present Perfect

Imperfect

Imperfect

ft/

p,

^

sometimes

Pluperfect,

(

Pluperfect

ortlinary

hypothetical Future

participle

with

fuerim Infinitive.

Present

Present

Future Completed Future

Fut. part, with

Perfect

esse

)

Imperfect Pluperfect

Perfect

,-

j

(C) Person.

se.suus, ipse (usually),

'

ego, meus, nos, noster, tu, tuus, vos,vester, iste, is, ille.

of the subject of the

sentence

what

is

:

is, ille,

of

not the sub-

ject.

hie,

nunc,

often

by

ille,

turn,

tunc

135. The above rules will be best illustrated following extracts

Oratio recta.

Oratio obliqua. (Is

Si pa-

cem

populus

cum

Helvetiis

earn partem

Romanus faciet,

in

atque ibi erunt Helvetii, ubi tu eos constituem atque esse valuer is; sin bello persequi ihunt

by the

egit)

:

ita cum Si pacem

Romanus cum in

fsiceret, itiiros

atque

earn,

Caesar© populus Helvetiis

partem

ibi futuros

Hel-

vetios, ubi eos Caesar constitutssei issety

sin

atque esse volubello persequi

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

146

Oratio recta.

Oratio obliqua.

perseverafeis, reminisci^or et

perseveraref, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helveti-

veteris

incommodi populi

Romani

et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod

improviso unura pagura adortus es, cum ii qui flumen tranaierant suis auxilium ferre non poterant, ne ob earn rem aut

magnopere

tuae

virtuti

aut 7ios AeB^iexeris. Nos ita a patribus majoribusque nostris didicimus ut magis virtute, quam dolo contendamMs aut insidiis nitrtmiir. Quare ne commisem ut hie locus ubi constitmws ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen capiat aut memoriam pro-

trihueris

dat (Caes.)

m^7^^

minus dubitationis datur, quod eas res quas vos

commememoria teneo,

(legati Helvetii)

atque eo gravius fero quo minus merito populi Rom. accidenm^

;

qui

si

alicujus

injuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuit difficile ca-

vere

:

unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii qui flumen transissent

suis auxilium ferre

non -poesejit, ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere tribueret aut ijjsos despicere^ se ita a patribus

virtuti

:

majoribusque suis didictssg, ut magis virtute, quam dolo contendere?!^ aut insidiis niterentur. Quare ne commi^^erc^ ut constitissen^

is

locus ubi

ex calamitate

populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen capered

aut memoriam pro-

deret.

Eo

mora^;is^ts

Quod improviso

orum.

sed eo deceptus

est,

(His Caesar ita respondit) Eo sibi minus dubitationis dar^, quod eas res quas legati Hel:

vetii commemorassewi memoria tenerei, atque eo gravius fer?e quo minus

merito populi Rom.

acqui si alicujus injuriae sibi conscius fuiscidissent

set,

:

non

cavere

;

fuisse

difficile

sed eo deceptu7»,

quod neque commissum a

quod neque commissum

se intellege^ai quare timeneque sine causa ret,

meret, neque sine causa

a se

intellegerei

quare

ti-

OF REPORTED SPEECH Oratio obliqua.

Oratio recta.

Quod

timendum putafeai.

147

timendum

Quod

putare^.

si

conturaeliae veteris oblivisci ^olo, num etiarn recentium injuriarum, quod me invito iter per

contumeliae veteris oblivisci vellet, num etiam injuriarum, recentium quod eo^ invito iter per

vim per quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod AUo-

provinciam per vim temquod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexasscw^, memoriam deponere posse ?

provinciam temptas^/s,

brogas vexas^ts,inenioriani deponere po5s^M)^ ? Quod victoria tarn, insolenter gloriB^mini, quodque tarn diu vos impune injurias tulisse ^ adrairammi, vestra

eodem ita

perti??^^,

sint,

sides a

Oum

tamen

haec

ob-

si

mihi dahimtur, uti ea quae ipollicemmi facturos intellega??;, et si vobis

Aeduis de

injuriis,

ipsis sociisque

item

quas

eorum

in-

si

ptassent,

Quod

mirm^entur, eodem -pertmere. ea ita sint, tamen

Cum si

obsides

pacem.

cum

fa,ciam.

ab

sihi

eis

uti ea quae polUceantur facturos intellega^, et si Aeduis de injuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum dentur,

intule?-i7if,

si

gloriarentur,

quodque tam diu se impune injurias tulisse ad-

Allobrogibus satisfaoie^is, vohiscum tulistis,

tarn

victoria

sua

insolenter

item

brogibus

pacem

MS

turum.

Allo-

si

satisfacicwi^, esse

sese

fac-

(Caes.)

(Tribuni militum nihil

Quid aut turpius quam auctore hoste de summis rebus capere conlevius

est

silium ? ^

eo

mabant)

agendum :

Quid

esse

existi-

levius

aut turpius quam auctore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium ? (Caes.)

is used for se because it does not refer to the subject of the which it occurs. 'Have carried off scot-free,' i.e. ^havc not been "pmished for.

clause in 2

temere

ELEMENTARY LATIN GKAMMAR

148

O RATIO

RECTA.

RATIO OBLIQUA.

(Litteras

Deorum immortalium nignitate,

meis

be-

consiliis,

militura, Veii in potestate erunt

patientia

jam

populi

Romani

:

quid de

praeda. faciendum, cemetis ?

misit,)

ad senatum

deum immortaliuni

benignitate, sim consiliis, patientia militum, Veios jam/ore in potestatepopuli

Romani

quid de praeda

:

faciendum

censerent?

(Liv.)

136. When an indicative mood is found in the midst of oratio obliqua, it expresses an assertion of the narrator, not of the person whose speech is being reported, as

Caesar per exploratores certior factus parte

vici,

quam

noctu discessisse,

est,

concesserat,

Gallis

ex ea

omnes

(Caes.)

(The clause quam Gallis concesserat is Caesar's explanation for the benefit of his readers the scouts would describe it to him otherwise.) :

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES 137. A simple sentence contains only one assertion. A compound sentence contains two or more assertions, one by the side of the other (co-mxiinafe), usually connected by a conjunction, or a relative, as

Rem

cognoscit et sententiam and gives his opinion.

A

dicit, Jfe hears the case

complex sentence contains two or

Avhich

one

is

principal,

more sentences, and the others subordinate to

of it.

sentences are substantival, adjectival, or adaccording as they take the place of a substantive, an adjective, or an adverb. Subordinate verbial,

138.

Substantival

sentences

may

represent a

tive in the nominative or the accusative case, as

.substan-

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES (n)

Gratum

149

quod venisti, Fo^ir arrival is welcome, you have come is welcome. venisse, / know of his arrival, literally I

est

literally that (b)

Scio

eum

him to have come. Scio cur venerit, / know the purpose of his coming, literally I knovj why he came a dependent question. Peto ut omnes poenas dent, / ask for the punishment of all, literally / ask that all may pay penalties. knoiv

(c)

;

((/)

Such 'sentences purpose or

as the last are

properly sentences of

result.

139. Adjectival sentences are always introduced

by

?.

relative adjective or adverb.

Hie est quern quaerimus, Adverbial

sentences

This

is the

qualify verbs

man we or

are seeking.

adjectives,

and

introduced by a conjunction or a relative adverb. The following are the chief ideas denoted by such sentences are

:

1.

Place, where, whence, whither.

unde, quo, Time,

2.

often

when, during which, {Temporal) with

as.

{Local) with ubi,

etc.

until,

cum,

ut,

after,

before,

as

dum, postquam,

etc. 3. Manner, quasi, velut. 4.

as,

as

though.

Purpose, in order that,

{Comparative)

lest.

{Final)

with

ut,

with ut, ne,

ut ne. 5.

Result, so that.

6.

Condition,

with 7.

quia, 8.

si,

dum,

if,

dum

{Consecutive)

provided that,

with ut, ut non. only.

{Conditional)

{Causal) with

quod, cum,

if

modo.

Cause, because,

since.

etc.

Concession, although.

quam,

ut,

etc.

{Concessive)

with etsi,

quam-

ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAMMAR

150

SEQUENCE OF TENSES 140.

Ill

subordinate sentences the time

is

determined

by the time of the principal sentence. Hence the present and perfect subjunctive are used in sentences dependent on primary tenses, the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in sentences dependent on secondary tenses. (The historical present, § 106, 2, is treated

sometimes as primary,

sometimes as secondary.) 1.

(a)

In dependent interrogative sentences

Vidi

(perf.)^

Video Videbo

;

/ have quid facias I see

>what you are doing

I shall see

J

we have

seen^.

)

what you have done quid feceris what you will do quid facturus sis / had seen (d) Videram ^ Videbam r quid facer es / ivas seeing Uvhat you were doing I saw Vidi(aor.)J ) ivhat you had done quid fecisses (e) what you weix going esses facturus quid (/) (b) (c)

"j

to

do

2. In consecutive sentences the sequence is the same, except that sometimes the perfect subjunctive is used after a secondary tense to denote a distinct historical fact, as

Inde factum est ut Galli urbem ceperint ent), Hence 3.

after

it

happened that

the

(not caper-

Gaids took the town.

In final and jussive sentences the present is used primary tenses, the imperfect after secondary tenses.

Occlusit portas ut hostes excludat,

lie has shut the

gates to keep out the enemy.

Occlusit portas ut hostes excluderet, He shut to

keep out the enemy.

the gates

NOTES ON SOME USES OF THE CASES

151

NOTES ON SOME USES OF THE CASES 141. Some transitive verbs take two accusatives, one marking the person, the other the thing aifected these are doceo, teach celo, hide posco, flagito, demand :

;

:

rogo, ask

Pacem The

oro, pray, as

;

te

;

omnes oramus,

JVe all p-ay you for peace.

latter accusative is retained

even after a ive

verb, as

Rogatus est sententiam, He was 142.

An

asked his opinion.

is used by the poets after a ive a part of the body, (b) a thing worn,

accusative

verb to denote

(a)

as

Tunica inducitur artus, His limbs are clothed with a Vestes induta recinctas, Clad in higli-girt robes. 143. (a) The dative is very common pounded with a preposition, as

Imponimus onera jumentis, But proper

in prose the preposition

tunic.

after verbs com-

}Fe place burdens on beasts. is

often repeated with

its

case.

(b) The following verbs may be translated by a transitive verb in English, but in Latin they denote a state, rather than a direct action, and are therefore followed by the

dative

am am rival. am coaxing. difiido, am distrustfid. displiceo, am displeasing. faveo, am favourable. fido, am trustful (so confido). irascor, am growing angry. adverser,

aemtilor, blandior,

ELEMENTARY LATIN GKAMxMAR

152

medeor, am

am

noceo,

nubo,

healing.

hurtful.

take the

marry

veil, i.e.

(of

a woman),

parco, am sparing. pareo, am obedient. place o, am pleasing. praesto, am superioi\ satisfacio, do enough servio, am a slave to.

for.

am zealous. am suppliant tempero, am spacing. sttideo,

supplico,

And compounds obsum, am prosum, am (c)

of

in

sum the

on behalf

such

:

icay

to.

adsum, am praesum, am

as,

of;

of, i.e.

of use

over;

to.

Other verbs take a dative of the person and an

accusative of the thing, which latter

is

often omitted, or

replaced by a substantival clause, as

credo, trust. ignosco, overlook,

impero,

pardori.

order.

invideo, grudge.

minor, threaten. persuadeo, persuade. suadeo, advise.

As hoc

tibi credo, 7 entrust this

believe

Crasso invideo Crasso invideo, I

you

loealth;

;

to

yuu; tibi credo, / / grudge C. his

divitias,

envy

Grassus;

frumentum, he orders coi'n imperat servo ut redeat, he orders the Gallis

of

imperat

the

Gauls

slave to return.

The dative of the agent is used in prose only witli gerundive, and sometimes ive participles, and adjectives in -bills.

NOTES ON SOME USES OF THE CASKS

153

144. Prepositions are required with the ablative

To denote an agent

1.

A

rather than an instrument, as

Caesare gladio occisus

est,

He was

slain hy Caesar

with a sword.

When

2.

as

—

Venit

means

with

cum duobus

company

in

He came

servis.

not hy means

with,

with two

3. To express manner, when no epithet (except in a few adverbial expressions), as

Dixit 4.

cum

prudentia, He

slaves.

is

employed,

spoke with fm-esight.

place luhere, with a common noun, or the neighbourhood of a town or country, as

To denote

interior or

In castris, in Hispania,

the

camp

;

ad Romam,

Usually

near

Bome

;

in

in Spain.

But with medius and totus 5.

of,

in

is

usually omitted.

denote place whence, under

to

the

same

conditions, as

Ex

Italia

De saxo

pulsus

dejectus

est. est,

He was banished from Italy. He ivas thrown down from the

rock.

145. The following verbs are followed by an ablative, which originally denoted the instrument utor, use (lit. employ myself) vescor, feed on (lit. feed myself) fungor, discharge (lit. busy myself); fruor, enjoy (lit. :

;

enjoy

myself)

potior, master est, there

is

;

nitor,

(lit.

wwk

there is employment,

lean

on

make myself to i.e.

he I



(lit.

myself)

So also opus need usus est,

powerful).

done with,

i.e.

I

;

want.

Oculi suo munere funguntur, The

eijes

function.

Luce fruimur, We enjoy Opus est nobis animis,

the light.

TFe require courage.

discharge their

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

154 146.

(a)

The

genitive

case

not used, as often in not really divided, is

is

English, where a jmrt of a thing,

denoted by an adjective, as

Summus mons. The Tota urbs, The whole

top of the mountain.

of the city. chart a, The hack of the jmper.

Aversa The following impersonal verbs denoting mental emotion are followed by an accusative of the person and a (h)

genitive of the object or source of the emotion

miseret,

pudet,

(me)

:

shame ; paenitet, feel discontent ; piget, feel annoyance ; taedet, feel weariness so also misereor, / feel pity ; but not miseror, / com(/) feel pity

;

feel

which takes an accusative as Paenitet te fortunae, You are discontented with your

miserate,

:

lot.

USE OF PRONOUNS 147.

Hie

is

the demonstrative pronoun of

person, iste of the second, ille of the third. is used of the nearer, sometimes " the latter "

more remote, sometimes "the former"; of

a

Avell-

known person

or thing

:)

(ille

iste

the

first

Hence hie ;

is

of

ille of

the

also used

something

despised or disliked.

Is denotes some person or thing named in the conwhere mere reference without emphasis is required.

text,

suus

are used with reference to the subject sometimes we should use himself, themselves, his own, their own, in English, but by no means always. Thus Caesar Catoni dixit verba ejus sibi dispheere, Caesar told Cato that his (Cato's) words displeased him (Caesar). Ipse is an adjective of emphasis if a pronoun of the first or second person is not expressed, it is understood to refer to the third person.

148. Se,

of the sentence;

:

Neque

sane, quid ipse sentiret, ostendit, Nor indeed

did he show what he thought himself.

USE OF PRONOUNS

The

155

pronouns quis, quispiam, aliquis, affirmative sentences to denote " some one " quis is used thus only in relative sentences, ; and after cum, si, nisi, ne, num. Sometimes, if the sense requires it, they can be used in negative sentences also, but this is rarely the case except with quis. 149.

quidam

indefinite

are

used

in

quidpiam dixerit, If some one has some time or other said something.

Si quis aliquando at

The pronouns quisquam

(subst.) and ullus (adj.), only in negative sentences and such as imply a negative quivis and quilibet, any you please, may be used in affirmative or, if the sense requires it, in negative sentences. Compare

any, are

used

:

Non puto quemquam hoc

facere posse, / do not think with Non puto quemvis hoc facere posse, / do not think that any one you please (i.e. every one) can do this. that

any one

at all can do this,

150. Uterque, each, is used of two only, quisque, each, more than two. In the plural uterque and quisque are used of two sets or groups, and of more than two of

groups respectively. Quisque is often used with se or suus, or with a superlative or an ordinal as pro se quisque dixit, each spoke for himself; optimus quisque, all the best people; decimus quisque occisus est, every tenth man was killed. Quisquis, quicunque, whoever, are properly used as indefinite relatives as quisets or

:

:

cunque hoc

dicit,

errat, whoever says

this,

is

mistaken.

But they are sometimes used when quivis, etc., would be more exact. Alius is other generally alter, the other of ;

two, or the second; ceteri, the another is

;

alter

one or two.

—

If

alter, the one

—

AUus

— alius

the other;

unus

is

one

—

et alter

alius is repeated in the same clause it is alius aliud videt, different men see

translated different different things.

rest.

:

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

156

The

151.

first

person

i)lural

used for

often

is

the

singular

Excurremiis legati ad Pisonem, / missioner

The second person For the (1)

would (2)

shall go off as

a com-

to Piso.

plural

indefinite " one "

is

we

The second person

never used for the singular.

find such expressions as

singular subjunctive

:

dicas, one

say.

quis or aliquis

si

:

quis dicat,

if one should say.

an impersonal non licet ire, one may not go. is qui dicit, one who says. (4) a relative with is (3)

:

:

USE OF CONJUNCTIONS Et simply connects words and sentences ; atque something on which more stress is laid -que generally adds something of less importance to complete 152.

adds

;

the idea.

As a junction

rule, is

if

there are three co-ordinate words a con-

used twice, or

else

not at

all

Summa jQde, constantia, justitia, or Summa jfide et constantia et justitia. Not

as in English.

153. Sed, verum, ceterum, autem, vero, at, and sometimes quod, are used as adversative conjunctions, to contrast the meaning Avhile connecting sentences and vero are never placed first in a clause.

Aut,

;

autem

used where the difference is important, or, sugaut, either hence aut vel, gest that two statements are mutually exclusive, vel either or (if you please), that both may be true, or that sive (seu), the choice is unimportant. Sive (seu) whether or, are used when it is uncertain or indifferent which alternative should be taken. 154.

vel, or, where it

— —

or, is

is

slight

:

— —

—

—

INTEREOGATIONS

157

INTERROGATIONS 155. In simple questions -ne suggests nothing as to answer; videsne ? do you see? nonne suggests an

the

answer

affirmative

:

nonne vides ?

suggests a negative answer

:

do you not

num vides?

yo^i

num

see ?

do not

see,

do

you? In alternative questions

utrum ? whether ? is often p, but sometimes -ne is used and sometimes no particle is employed the second is introduced by an. fixed to the first

;

Utnim hoc an

.

.

an parvi facts? Do

nescis do

or

this,

.

you

care

little

for

you not know

(Or

it?

nescisne

?)

Sometimes an introduces a simple question, when asked in consequence of something previously

An

putas

me hoc

Do you

dixisse ?

it is

said.

think, then, that

I

said this?

In dependent simple questions num loses its special and is only introductory an is similarly used, but

force, less

;

commonly.

Rogavit

num

puer

abiisset, lie asked whether the hoy

had gone away.

Nescio an

adsit,

/ do

not

know whether he

is here.

dependent alternative questions necne common than annon for " or not." In

is

more

APPENDIX A.

— KoMAN

Money

The earliest coinage at Rome was of copper (aes), alloyed with tin and lead. The chief coin was the as, which was supposed to weigh a pound, though no extant pieces quite reach this weight. and coins were It was divided into 12 unciae struck for the half-pound (semis), four ounces (triens), three ounces (quadrans), two ounces (sextans), and ounce (uncia). By degrees the as was reduced in weight, until in B.C. 217 it weighed only one uncia, and afterwards only half an uncia. In B.C. 269 silver coins were first struck, the denarius =10 asses, the quinarius = 5 asses, and the sestertius = 2 J asses. (Sestertius = semis tertius, a half -as the third, i.e. 2| asses.) After B.C. 217 16 asses went to the denarius, and therefore four to the sestertius and the value of the denarius was reduced to that of J^ of a pound of silver. For the time of the Republic the value of the sestertius was nearly 2d., that of the denarius about 8|d. Julius Caesar struck a gold coin called aureus, equal to 25 denarii. In reckoning money the sestertius was commonly used. ;

;

Up

to

2000

numbers are

cardinal

e.g. ducentos But when milia instead of milia sestertium, it was

sestertios accepit, he received 200

would have been used,

prefixed,

sesterces.

usual to say sestertia, the genitive plural being taken as a neuter singular and declined e.g. septem sestertia misit, he :

sent

7000

60,000

Forms

sesterces.

sesterces,

are,

like

however,

sestertium sexagena milia, found. In the case of

also

ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAMMAR

160

amounts requiring the use of centum milia, numeral adverbs were prefixed and as the use of these always implied centum milia, these words were usually omitted thus vicies sester;

:

tium = vicies centum milia sestertium, 2,000,000 sesterces. With such numbers sestertium was again declined, but only in e.g. sestertio decies fundum emi, I bought the the singular :

Mille sestertium = £8 10s. for a million (sesterces). nearly ; decies sestertium = £8500 nearly. (Translate Accepi estate

vicies ducenta triginta quinque milia quadringentos

et

septem nummos.

—

decem

Cic.)

was in early times at the rate of ^.y of the capital year of ten months (equal to 10 per cent for twelve months), or fenus unciarium. Afterwards interest was calculated, as in Greece, by the month, and the legal rate was Interest

for a

y^

of the capital (sors) each month,

12 per cent. This was Lower rates were denoted by names derived called centesima. from the fractions of the as, e.g. usurae quadrantes = 3 per cent higher rates by distributive numerals, e.g. quinae ceni.e.

:

tesimae = 60 per

cent.

The most common measures were Weight libra = J of a pound Troy. Length pes =11-6 English inches us = 5 pedes. Surface jugerum = about | of an English aci-e. Capacity sextarius = nearly a pint modius = nearly a :

:

;

:

;

:

peck.

B.

Roman Reckoning of Time

The year was generally described by the names of the two consuls who held office during it. It was commonly dated by the number of years that had elapsed since the foundation of the city, attributed to b.c. 753. Thus "in b.c. 63" would be expressed anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo prime M. TuUio Cicerone et C. Antonio consulibus. The year was originally divided into ten months, beginning with March the names were mensis Martins (the month of Mars), Aprilis (of op(.'ning\ Maius (of gnmth), Junius (of :

thriving

T>,

Quintilis, Sextilis,

September, October, Novem-

APPENDIX ter,

161

December To

months).

{the f/th, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth these were afterwards added Januarius {the month

farm work), and Februarius {of cleansing). After 153 the year was held to begin with January 1st. In b.c. 44, after the murder of Julius Caesar, the month Quin tills was called Julius in his honour, and in B.C. 8 the month Sextilis received the name Augustus in honour of the Emperor of beginning

B.C.

Augustus. The days of the month were computed from three days in The each, called respectively Kalendae, Nonae, and Idus. name of the month was added to these as an adjective in agreement. The Kalends were the first days of each month, on which it was the custom to proclaim (calare) to the people the name and divisions of the month. The Ides were probably the days of the shining (root id) of the full moon. The Nones were nine days (according to the inclusive reckoning of the

Romans) before the

Up

Ides.

the Calendar by Julius Caesar in b.c. 45, four months March, May, July, and October had 31 days, seven had 29, and o?ie, February, had 28. Every other year an intercalated month of 22 or 23 days was inserted after February 23rd. After the reform the months were made of the same length as at present, i.e. two days were added to January, August, and December, and February 24th (the sixth day before March 1st) was reckoned twice over in every fourth year, hence called annus bissextilis. In the four months originally long the Ides fell on the 1 5th, and the Nones consequently on the 7th in all the others the Ides fell on the 13th and the Nones on the 5th. The days of each month were counted backwards from the next chief day, the days between the Kalends and the Nones from the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides from the Ides, and those between the Ides and the Kalends of the next month from the Kalends. The day before was denoted by pridie, followed by an accusative. In all other cases the reckoning was inclusive: thus January 13th was "the third day before the Ides," March 25th " the eighth day before the Kalends of April." There were two ways of expressing the to

the time of the reform of

—

—

;

M

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

162 date in Latin

:

either the preposition

ante was omitted

alto-

gether, although the case remained the accusative, as if it were

present

tertio (die

e.g.

:

transposed, and into

the

by an

accusative:

ante) Idus

ante

e.g.

commonly written

Apriles,

Januarias, or it was put the ordinal numeral also

attraction

diem

octavum Kalendas

a.d. viii Kal. Apr. governed by another preposition, as ex a.d. ill Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., /rom June 3rd to August Slst. The civil day began at midnight and extended to midnight. But the natural day was from sunrise to sunset. This period was divided into twelve hours (horae) of equal length. At Rome the day in midwinter is rather less than nine hours long at midsummer it is rather more than fifteen hours. Hence a hora in winter was equal to about forty-five of our minutes, in summer to about seventy-five. The seventh hour always began at midday. The night was divided for military purposes into four watches (vigiliae) of equal length. The following table gives the days of the months for the Before that date, the dates in January, period after B.C. 45. August, and December would answer to those in April, etc.

Sometimes such a phrase

iii

Id. Jan.,

as the last is

;

January

(so

Aug. and

Ival.

Jan.

Non. Jan. a.d. iii Non. Jan. Vrid. Non. Jan. Non. Jan.

a.d. iv

6.

a.d. viii Id. Jan.

7.

a.d. vii Id. Jan.

8.

a.d. vi Id.

2.

4.

15.

Jan.

Prid. Id. Jan. Id. Jan.

3.

a.d. xix Kal. Feb. a.d. xviii Kal. Feb.

a.d. xvii Kal. Feb, iii Kal. Feb. Prid. Kal. Feb.

a.d.

March

(so

May,

July, October).

Dec.)

April

(so June,

Sept. Nov.)

Kal. Apr.

Kal. Mart,

Non. Apr. Non. Apr. Prid. Non. Apr. Non. Apr.

Non. Mart. a.d. V Non. Mart, a.d. iv Non. Mart, a.d. iii Non. Mart. Prid. Non. Mart. Non. Mart,

a.d. iv

a.d. viii Id. Mart,

a.d. vi Id.

a.d. vi

Mart, a.d. iii Id. Mart. Prid. Id. Mart. Id. Mart, a.d. xvii Kal. Apr. a.d. iii Kal. Apr. Prid. Kal. Apr. a.d. iv Id.

a.d.

iii

a.d. viii Id.

Apr.

a.d. vii Id. Apr.

Apr.

Prid. Id. Apr. Id.

Apr.

Mai. Mai. Mai. Prid. Kal. Mai.

a.d. xviii Kal. a.d. xvii Kal.

a.d. xvi Kal.

February is like April, except that Feb. 1 4th is a.d. xvi Kal. Mart, and so on to Feb. 28th, which is Prid. Kal. Mart.

163

APPENDIX

Relations b? Blood and Marriage

C.

proavus

proaviis

1.

avus = avia

1

avus = avia 1

1

1

1

1

pater = mater

amita

patruus

avunculus

patruelis

matertera

1

1

amitinus

amitinus

1

1

1

frater

ego

1

(?)

consobrinus

soror

1

filius 1 1

nepos

.

noverca == pater = mater = vitricus

socer=socrus

{step-

{step-

{father-

mother)

father)

in-law)

{motherin-law)

egw1

.! pnvignus nurus== fil US

fi

.1.

pnvigna

ia= gener

1

1

nepos

ne pes

nei)tis

D.

neptis

Abbe EVIATIONS

A Roman

had always two names, sometimes three, or even (praenomen) denoted the individual, the second (nomen) the gens or " house " from which he came, the third (cognomen) the family within the gens to which he belonged, if There was often also an agnomen, the " house " was so divided. The praenomina were coma personal or inherited surname.

more.

The

first

monly abbreviated

as follows

ELEMENTARY LATIN GEAMMAR

164 A. ipp.

C.

Cn. D.

Mam.

Aulus. Appius. Gaius.

Gnaeus. Decimus,

P.

Publius.

Q. S. or Sex.

Quintus.

K.

Kaeso.

L.

Lucius.

Sp.

M.

Marcus. Manius.

T.

M'.

Sextus. Servius.

Ser.

Spurius. Titus.

Tiberius.

Ti.

In old Latin C was used for C and tention to denote Gaius and Gnaeus.

G

alike

:

hence

its re-

Roman Writers

E.

The following

Mamercus. Numerius.

N. or Num.

dates of

Roman writers are

to be ed 254-184; comedies. 185-159 comedies. 106-43 speeches, treatises on philo-

T. Maccius Plautus, B.C. P. Terentius Afer, B.C.

M. TuUius Cicero, B.C. sophy and rhetoric, letters. C. Julius

Caesar, B.c.

;

;

101-44

history of his wars (other

;

writings not preserved).

Cornelius Nepos (rather later)

lives of famous men. ; 90-55 philosophical poem. poetry of various kinds. C. Valerius Catullus, B.C. 87-54 history. C. Sallustius Crispus, b.c. 87-34 rural and epic poems. P. Vergilius Maro, b.c. 70-19 Q. Horatius Flaccus, B.C. 65-8 ; lyrical, satirical, and moral

T. Lucretius

Cams,

B.C.

;

;

;

;

poems. T. Livius, B.C. 59

Albius Tibullus,

a.d.

B.C.

Sex. Propertius, B.C. P. Ovidius Naso, B.C.

16

— —

54 50 43

;

history of

B.C.

19

;

after B.C. a.d.

17

;

Rome.

love poetry.

16

;

love poetry.

poetry of various kinds.

Phaedrus (about this time) fables in verse. Of later writers the most noteworthy are the philosopher, ;

Seneca

;

the

satirist,

Persius

;

the epic poets, Lucan, Valerius^

and Statins the learned Pliny, and his nephew Pliny the Younger, who has left many letters Quintilian, who wrote on rhetoric Tacitus, the historian and Juvenal, the satirist. Siliiis,

;

;

;

;

APPENDIX

165

Prosody and Metre

F.

1. Metre in Latin verse consists in a regular succession of long and short syllables, and is not determined by accent, as in English verse.

A

2.

syllable

long, if the

is

vowel

by position. Diphthongs, and vowels resulting from by nature, as aurum, cogo (for c6igo).

either (1) long

is

by

nature, or (2) long

contraction, are long

3. Vowels are made long by position, if they are followed by two consonants, whether in the same word or in two different words, as pS.t6r est, but pater dat. But if the vowel was

may

originally short, the short quantity

mute

(p,

b,

same word,

c,

g,

t,

as aper,

d)

or

/,

aprum

by aprum.

followed or

be retained before a a liquid

(r,

I)

in the

4. Vowels are short which come before another vowel, or h followed by a vowel, in the same word, as ddus, trS-ho. Long vowels and diphthongs are shortened before another vowel in composition, as prdi^eustus.

Except sometimes in the genitives of pronouns in the genitive of e-stems in

-ei,

in fio (except before

-er),

-ius, in

and in

Greek words. In words of more than one

5.

a and e (a) (6) (c)

6

is

are short, except that

ablative of a-stems,

(c)

i

is

a

mensa

is

long in

;

imperative of a-verbs, a.ma indeclinable words, contra (but long in

(a) cases (6)

syllable, a final

of e-stems, facie

itS.,

qui^).

;

imperative of e- verbs, mdne adverbs from o-stems, docte (but b6n6, mSile). it is common in long, except in quS-si and nisi ;

;

mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi. is long, except in 6g6, cit6, du6, m6d6. (In later poetry some other words have o common.)

u

is

long.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR

166 6.

Final syllables ending in a single consonant, except

But

are short.

in

compounds of par

also in illuc, istuc 7.

Of

;

in illic, istic (nom.) it

is

dispar

;

s,

and

common.

final syllables in s

as, es, OS, are long is,

But

this is long, as

;

us, are short. (1)

when

nominative

the genitive ends in -6tis, is

6s, as

milgs, obs6s

;

-itis, -Idis,

the

with the exception

of abies, aries, paries. (2)

(3)

etc., from absum, compds, impds.

ab6s, is

in

(a)

etc.,

pen6s

(preposition), ex6s,

and abL

accusative, dat.,

plur,, as

omnis,

mensis. (6)

(4)

2nd

sing. pres. ind. of i-verbs, as audis.

compounds of sum). (d) 2nd pers. sing. fut. perf. and perf. subj., as a,mav6ris, where it is common. us in (a) gen. sing, and nom. and ace. j)lur. of u-stems. has (6) nom. sing, of nouns where the stem (c)

v6lis, nolis, malis, possis (and other

long u, as paius,

pMudis

;

virtus, vir-

tutis.

[There are many Greek words used in Latin poetry to which these rules do not apj)ly and some exceptions, not often occurring, have been omitted.] In monosyllables the following exceptions to the above rules die, hie (adverb), hie (proare to be noted e, me, te, se, ne noun), sie, hoe, hue, due far, en, quin, sin, non sal, sol ;

:

;

;

;

;

fur ; 6s, glis, vis, also 6s (ossis), but OS (oris). lar, par, ver, cur,

lis

;

grus, sus.

Notice

Wlien a word ending in a vowel or diphthong was by another beginning with a vowel or h, the final vowel or diphthong of the former word was omitted or slurred 8.

followed

over in pronunciation, so as not to count as a syllable in the verse. This is called elision. final was pronounced so lightly as not to prevent elision. Thus ilium habet, ipse adest, vive hodie are read

A

m

as equal to ill-abet, ips-adest, viv-odie.

APPENDIX 9.

The metres most usual

167

in Latin, verse are (1) Hexameters,

(2) Elegiacs.

The hexameter dactyl or a spondee.

by two short ones

verse consists of six measures, each either a

In a dactyl, one long syllable is followed v^) in a spondee there are two long dactyl is therefore equal in metrical length (-

;

In a hexameter the

first

syllables

(

A

).

to a spondee.

four measures or feet

may

be dactyls

always (with rare exceptions) a dactyl, the sixth a spondee. (The last syllable of a line, if not long by nature, is counted so for the metre.) There is always a caesura, te. a place where a word ends in the middle of a foot, either in the third foot, or in the fourth, or or spondees at pleasure

commonly

e.g.

;

the

fifth is

in both.

Pellibus] incubii|itl|stra|tis som|nosque pejtivit.

10. Elegiac couplets consist of a hexameter, followed

The pentameter

'pentameter.

consists of

two

by

a

parts, each answer-

ing to the first two feet and a half of the hexameter, except that in the latter half spondees are not itted. Thus

e.g.

Optima cum |

ca[ra||

matre

Printed by R.

&

re|licta sor|or.

R. Clark, Edinltirgh.

University of Toronto

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