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Airport - Wikipedia
Airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities,
mostly
transport.[1][2]
for
commercial
air
Airports often have facilities to
store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off[3] or a helipad,[4] and often includes adjacent utility
buildings
hangars[5]
such
as
control
towers,
and terminals. Larger airports may
have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic
Sample infrastructure of a typical airport. Larger airports usually contain more runways and terminals.
control centres, enger facilities such as restaurants
and
lounges,
and
emergency
services. In some countries, the US in particular, they also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving general aviation. An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up. Airport distribution in 2008 An international airport has additional facilities for customs and port control as well as incorporating all of the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank among the most complex and largest of all built typologies with 15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area being airport terminals.
Contents Terminology Management Airport ownership and operation Landside and airside areas
Birds eye view of the Kolkata Airport Terminal 2
Facilities Airport security Products and services and VIP services Cargo and freight service https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Access and onward travel Internal transport Airport operations Air traffic control Ground control Tower control Traffic pattern Navigational aids Taxiway signs Lighting Weather observations Airport ground crew (ground handling) Safety management
Terminal 3 of the Dubai International Airport
Environmental concerns and sustainability Military air base Airport designation and naming History and development Airports in entertainment Filming at airports Airport directories See also References Bibliography
Solar s at the international airport at Kochi, India, the world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy.
External links
Terminology The aerodrome, airfield, and airstrip may also be used to refer to airports, and the heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, or short take-off and landing aircraft. RGIA Airport, Hyderabad, India In colloquial use in certain environments, the airport and aerodrome are often interchanged. However, in general, the term airport may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that other aerodromes may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, airport is a legal term of art reserved exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant national aviation authority after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements.[6] That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports.
Commercial jets wait for the "7am hold" to before departing from John Wayne Airport, Feb 14, 2015
In jurisdictions where there is no legal distinction between aerodrome and airport, which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision. In United States technical/legal usage, landing area is used instead of aerodrome, and airport means "a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging engers or cargo".[7]
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Management Smaller or less-developed airfields, which represent the vast majority, often have a single runway shorter than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Larger airports for airline flights generally have paved runways of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or longer. Skyline Airport in Inkom, Idaho has a runway that The enger terminal buildings at Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
is only 122 m (400 ft) long.[8]
Air bridges at Oslo Airport from an Icelandair Boeing 757-200
In the United States, the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are defined by the FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths. These include considerations for safety margins during
landing and takeoff. The longest public-use runway in the world is at Qamdo Bamda Airport in China. It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045 ft). The world's widest paved runway is at Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide. As of 2009, the CIA stated that there were approximately 44,000 "... airports or airfields recognizable from the air" around the world, including 15,095 in the US, the US having the most in the world.[9][10]
Airport ownership and operation Most of the world's large airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the stateowned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports – it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just Heathrow now. 's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through t ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru
The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is publicly financed by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg and the Federal Republic of .
International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India. In Pakistan nearly all civilian airports are owned and operated by the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority except for Sialkot International Airport which has the distinction of being the first privately owned public airport in Pakistan and South Asia. In the United States commercial airports are generally operated directly by government entities or government-created airport authorities (also known as port authorities), such as the Los Angeles World Airports authority that oversees several airports in the Greater Los Angeles area, including Los Angeles International Airport. In Canada, the federal authority, Transport Canada, divested itself of all but the remotest airports in 1999/2000. Now most airports in Canada are owned and operated by individual legal authorities or are municipally owned.
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Many U.S. airports still lease part or all of their facilities to outside firms, who operate functions such as retail management and parking. In the U.S., all commercial airport runways are certified by the FAA[11] under the Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 Part 139, "Certification of Commercial Service Airports"[12] but maintained by the local airport under the regulatory authority of the FAA. Despite the reluctance to privatize airports in the US (despite the FAA sponsoring a privatization program since 1996), the government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) arrangement is the standard for the operation of commercial airports in the rest of the world.
Landside and airside areas Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. The landside area is open to the public, while access to the airside area is tightly controlled. The airside area includes all parts of the airport around the aircraft, and the parts of the buildings that are only accessible to engers and staff. engers and staff must be checked by security before being permitted to enter the airside area. Conversely, engers arriving from an international flight must through border control and customs to access the landside area, where they can exit the airport. Many major airports will issue a secure keycard called an airside to employees, as some roles require employees to frequently move back and forth between landside and airside as part of their duties.
Facilities A terminal is a building with enger facilities. Small airports have one terminal. Large ones often have multiple terminals, though some large airports like Amsterdam Airport Schiphol still have one terminal. The terminal has a series of gates, which provide engers with access to the plane. The following facilities are essential for departing engers: Check-in facilities, including a baggage drop-off Security clearance gates port control (for some international flights) Gates Waiting areas
Kolkata's Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Terminal 2
The following facilities are essential for arriving engers: port control (international arrivals only) Baggage reclaim facilities, often in the form of a carousel Customs (international arrivals only) A landside meeting place For both sets of engers, there must be a link between the enger facilities and the aircraft, such as jet bridges or airstairs. There also needs to be a baggage handling system, to transport baggage from the baggage drop-off to
Terminal structures at Sheremetyevo International Airport
departing planes, and from arriving planes to the baggage reclaim. The area where the aircraft park to load engers and baggage is known as an apron or ramp (or incorrectly, "the tarmac").
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Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities.
However,
as
some
countries have agreements that allow travel between them without customs and immigrations, such facilities are not a definitive need for The apron from the top floor observation room, Halifax International Airport, Canada
an
international
airport.
International flights often require a
Terminal 2 at Mumbai's Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport.
higher level of physical security, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for international and domestic travel.
"Floating airports" are being designed which could be located out at sea and which would use designs such as pneumatic stabilized platform technology.
Airport security Airport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon. Since the September 11 attacks and the Real ID Act of 2005, airport security has dramatically increased and got tighter and stricter than ever before.
Products and services Most
major
airports
provide
commercial outlets for products and
services.
Most
of
these
Baggage is scanned using X-ray machines as engers walk through metal detectors
companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques Food court and shops, Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Canada
and restaurants and in the US amounted 2015.[13]
to
$4.2
billion
in
Prices charged for items
sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.
Duty-free shop at Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand
Apart from major fast food chains, some airport restaurants offer regional cuisine specialties for those in transit so that they may sample local food or culture without leaving the airport.[14]
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Some airport structures include on-site hotels built within or attached to a terminal building. Airport hotels have grown popular due to their convenience for transient engers and easy accessibility to the airport terminal. Many airport hotels also have agreements with airlines to provide overnight lodging for displaced engers. Major airports in such countries as Russia and Japan offer miniature sleeping units within the airport that are available for rent by the hour. The smallest type is the capsule hotel popular in Japan. A slightly larger variety is known as a sleep box. An even larger type is provided by the company YOTEL.
and VIP services Airports may also contain and VIP services. The and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class engers, frequent flyers, and of the airline's clubs. services may sometimes be open to engers who are of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract customers away from rival airlines. Shahjalal International Airport's VIP Terminal, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sometimes these services will be offered to a non- enger if the airline has made a mistake in handling of the enger, such as unreasonable delays or mishandling of checked baggage.
Airline lounges frequently offer free or reduced cost food, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Lounges themselves typically have seating, showers, quiet areas, televisions, computer, Wi-Fi and Internet access, and power outlets that engers may use for their electronic equipment. Some airline lounges employ baristas, bartenders and gourmet chefs. Airlines sometimes operate multiple lounges within the one airport terminal allowing ultra- customers, such as first class customers, additional services, which are not available to other customers. Multiple lounges may also prevent overcrowding of the lounge facilities.
Cargo and freight service In addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. Cargo airlines often have their own on-site and adjacent infrastructure to transfer parcels between ground and air. Cargo Terminal Facilities are areas where international airports export cargo has to be stored after customs clearance and prior to loading on the aircraft. Similarly import cargo that is offloaded needs to be in bond before the consignee decides to take delivery. Areas have to be kept aside for examination of export and import cargo by the airport authorities. Designated areas or sheds may be given to airlines or freight forward ring agencies. Every cargo terminal has a landside and an airside. The landside is where the exporters and importers through either their agents or by themselves deliver or collect shipments while the airside is where loads are moved to or from the aircraft. In addition cargo terminals are divided into distinct areas – export, import and interline or transshipment.
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Airports require parking lots, for engers who may leave the cars at the airport for a long period of time. Large airports will also have car rental firms, taxi ranks, bus stops and sometimes a train station. Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, Tokyo Haneda Airport, Tokyo Narita Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of
Recife International Airport in Recife, Brazil.
this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.
Internal transport The distances engers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways, buses, and
The New Delhi International Airport is accessible via Delhi Metro's Airport Express.
rail transport systems. Some airports like Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport and London Stansted Airport have a transit system that connects some of the gates to a main terminal. Airports with more than one terminal have a transit system to connect the terminals together, such as John F. Kennedy International Airport, Mexico City International Airport and London Gatwick Airport.
Airport operations There are three types of surface that aircraft operate on: Runways, for takeoff and landing Taxiways, where planes "taxi" (transfer to and from a runway) Apron or ramp: a surface where planes are parked, loaded, unloaded or refuelled.
Air traffic control Air traffic control (ATC) is the task of managing aircraft movements and making sure they are safe, orderly and free of delays. At the largest airports, air traffic control is a series of highly complex operations that requires managing frequent traffic that moves in all three dimensions. A "towered" or "controlled" airport has a control tower where the air traffic controllers are based. Pilots are required to maintain two-way radio communication with the controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. A "non-towered" airport has no operating control tower and therefore two-way radio communications are not required, though it is good operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on the airport's common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) for the benefit of other aircraft in the area. The CTAF may be a Universal Integrated Community (UNICOM), MULTICOM, Flight Service Station (FSS), or tower frequency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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The majority of the world's airports are small facilities without a tower. Not all towered airports have 24/7 ATC operations. In those cases, non-towered procedures apply when the tower is not in use, such as at night. Non-towered airports come under area (en-route) control. Remote and virtual tower (RVT) is a system in which ATC is handled by controllers who are not present at the airport itself. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports may subdivide responsibilities further, with
Airport tower.
clearance delivery, apron control, and/or other specialized ATC stations.
Ground control Ground control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. Conversely, after a plane has landed it will depart the runway and be "handed over" from Tower to Ground Control.
Tower control Tower control is responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only ing through the airspace must also Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.
Traffic pattern At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern commercial aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very different though.
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Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision. At controlled airports, a circuit can be in place but is not normally used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport; the destination airport can then plan a queue of arrivals, and planes will be guided into one queue per active runway for a "straight-in" approach. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.
Navigational aids There are a number of aids available to pilots, both visual and electronic, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the Standard visual approach slope indicator
runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually become the primary means for instrument landings.
Larger airports sometimes offer precision approach radar (PAR), but these systems are more common at military air bases than civilian airports. The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller tells the pilot his position relative to the approach slope. Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.
Taxiway signs Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and airport vehicles. Smaller aerodromes may have few or no signs, relying instead on diagrams and charts.
Lighting Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain or fog.
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On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs. Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have
Airport lighting.
embedded green lights that indicate the centerline.
Weather observations Weather observations at the airport are crucial to safe takeoffs and landings. In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, whether an AWOS, ASOS, or AWSS, a human observer or a combination of the two. These weather observations, predominantly in the METAR format, are available over the radio, through automatic terminal information service (ATIS), via the ATC or the flight service station. Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a
An automated weather system.
windsock can also be kept in view of the runway. Aviation windsocks are made with lightweight material, withstand strong winds and some are lit up after dark or in foggy weather. Because visibility of windsocks is limited, often multiple glow-orange windsocks are placed on both sides of the runway.[15]
Airport ground crew (ground handling) Most airports have groundcrew handling the loading and unloading of engers, crew, baggage and other services. Some groundcrew are
linked
to
specific
airlines
operating at the airport. Among the vehicles that serve an Ground operations at Berlin Tegel Airport
airliner on the ground are:
A tow tractor to move the aircraft in and out of the berth. A jet bridge (in some airports) or stairs unit to allow engers to embark and disembark. A ground power unit for supplying electricity. As the engines will be switched off, they will not be generating electricity as they do in flight. A cleaning service. A catering service to deliver food and drinks for a flight. A toilet waste truck to empty the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck to fill the water tanks of the aircraft. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
An aircraft tow tractor moving a KLM Boeing 777
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A refueling vehicle. The fuel may come from a tanker, or from underground fuel tanks. A conveyor belt unit for loading and unloading luggage. A vehicle to transport luggage to and from the terminal. The length of time an aircraft remains on the ground in between consecutive flights is known as "turnaround time". Airlines pay great attention to minimizing turnaround times in an effort to keep aircraft utilization (flying time) high, with times scheduled as low as 25 minutes for jet aircraft operated by low-cost carriers on narrow-body aircraft.
Safety management Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and almost every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency situations. Airport crash tender crews are equipped for dealing with airfield accidents, crew and enger extractions, and the hazards of highly flammable aviation fuel. The crews are also trained to deal with situations such as bomb threats, hijacking, and terrorist activities. Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose
"FLF Panther" airport crash tender in
material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings. Many airports are built near open fields or wetlands. These tend to attract bird populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of bird strikes. Airport crews often need to discourage birds from taking up residence. Some airports are located next to parks, golf courses, or other low-density uses of land. Other airports are located near densely populated urban or suburban areas.
Road crossing of (Shetland) A970 with Sumburgh airport's runway. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.
An airport can have areas where collisions between aircraft on the ground tend to occur. Records are kept of any incursions where aircraft or vehicles are in an inappropriate location, allowing these "hot spots" to be identified. These locations then undergo special attention by transportation authorities (such as the FAA in the US) and airport s. During the 1980s, a phenomenon known as microburst became a growing concern due to aircraft accidents caused by microburst wind shear, such as Delta Air Lines Flight 191. Microburst radar was developed as an aid to safety during landing, giving two to five minutes' warning to aircraft in the vicinity of the field of a microburst event. Some airfields now have a special surface known as soft concrete at the end of the runway (stopway or blastpad) that behaves somewhat like styrofoam, bringing the plane to a relatively rapid halt as the material disintegrates. These surfaces are useful when the runway is located next to a body of water or other hazard, and prevent the planes from overrunning the end of the field. Airports often have on-site firefighters to respond to emergencies. These use specialized vehicles, known as airport crash tenders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Environmental concerns and sustainability Aircraft noise is a major cause of noise disturbance to residents living near airports. Sleep can be affected if the airports operate night and early morning flights. Aircraft noise not only occurs from take-off and landings, but also ground operations including maintenance and testing of aircraft. Noise can have other noise health effects. Other noise and environmental concerns are vehicle traffic causing noise and pollution on roads leading the airport. The construction of new airports or addition of runways to existing airports, is often resisted by local residents because of the effect on countryside, historical sites, local flora and fauna. Due to the risk of collision between birds and
Runway in Congonhas-São Paulo Airport in Brazil.
aircraft, large airports undertake population control programs where they frighten or shoot birds. The construction of airports has been known to change local weather patterns. For example, because they often flatten out large areas, they can be susceptible to fog in areas where fog rarely forms. In addition, they generally replace trees and grass with pavement, they often change drainage patterns in agricultural areas, leading to more flooding, run-off and erosion in the surrounding land.[16] Some of the airport istrations prepare and publish annual environmental reports in order to show how they consider these environmental concerns in airport management issues and how they protect environment from airport operations. These reports contain all environmental protection measures performed by airport istration in of water, air, soil and noise pollution, resource conservation and protection of natural life around the airport. A growing number of airports are installing solar photovoltaic arrays to offset their electricity use.[17][18] The National Renewable Energy Lab has shown this can be done safely.[19] The world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy is located at Kochi, India. Another airport known for considering environmental parameters is the Seymour Airport at Galapagos Islands.
Military air base An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to engers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are colocated with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport, Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.
Fighter aircraft at an airbase in Lithuania
An aircraft carrier is a warship that functions as a mobile airbase. Aircraft carriers allow a naval force to project air power without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. After their development in World War I, aircraft carriers replaced the battleship as the centrepiece of a modern fleet during World War II.
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Airport designation and naming Airports are uniquely represented by their IATA airport code and ICAO airport code. Most airport names include the location. Many airport names honour a public figure, commonly a politician (e.g., Charles de Gaulle Airport, George Bush Intercontinental Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport), a monarch (e.g. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, King Abdulaziz International Airport), a cultural leader (e.g. Liverpool John Lennon Airport, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport) or a prominent figure in aviation history of the region (e.g. Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport), sometimes even famous writers (e.g. Allama Iqbal International Airport) and explorers (e.g. Venice Marco Polo Airport). Some airports have unofficial names, possibly so widely circulated that its official name is little used or even known. Some airport names include the word "International" to indicate their ability to handle international air traffic. This includes some airports that do not have scheduled international airline services (e.g. Albany International Airport).
History and development The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields.[20] The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings regardless of meteorological conditions. The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield,[21] although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Hamburg Airport opened in January 1911, making it the oldest commercial
The Kharkiv Airport in Sokolniki, Ukraine (1924).
airport in the world which is still in operation. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916, as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920 —to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports.[22] Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 engers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok, Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope. Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling enger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Airport in March 1920.[23] In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft. The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper The New Orleans International Airport enger terminal building in New Orleans (1960s).
direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and
direction. After World War II, airport design became more sophisticated. enger buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the facilities. But it also meant that engers had to travel further to reach their plane. An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing aircraft and serve to draw off excess water in rainy conditions that could build up in front of the plane's wheels.
The Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso, Somalia (2007).
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor enger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.
Airports in entertainment Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, enger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports
Washington Dulles International Airport, ostensibly the setting for Die Hard 2; the movie was actually filmed at Los Angeles International Airport
are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.
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Several computer simulation games put the player in charge of an airport. These include the Airport Tycoon series, SimAirport and Airport CEO.
Filming at airports Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is sometimes heavily restricted. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as engers, and be accompanied by a full airside holder and have photographic identification with them at all times. Filming is strictly prohibited in security, immigration/customs and baggage reclaim.
Airport directories Each national aviation authority has a source of information about airports in their country. This will contain information on airport elevation, airport lighting, runway information, communications facilities and frequencies, hours of operation, nearby NAVAIDs and information where prior arrangement for landing is necessary. Australia
Information can be found on-line in the En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)[24] which is published by Airservices Australia, a government owned corporation charged with managing Australian ATC. Brazil Infraero is responsible for the airports in Brazil Canada
Two publications, the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and the Water Aerodrome Supplement, published by NAV CANADA under the authority of Transport Canada provides equivalent information. Europe
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) provides an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), aeronautical charts and NOTAM services for multiple European countries.
Provided by the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (Federal Office for Civil Aviation of ).
Aviation Generale Delage edited by Delville and published by Breitling. The United Kingdom and Ireland
The information is found in Pooley's Flight Guide, a publication compiled with the assistance of the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Pooley's also contains information on some continental European airports that are close to Great Britain. National Air Traffic Services, the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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UK's Air Navigation Service Provider, a public–private partnership also publishes an online AIP for the UK. The United States
The U.S. uses the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), published in seven volumes. DAFIF also includes extensive airport data but has been unavailable to the public at large since 2006. Japan
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)[25] is provided by Japan Aeronautical Information Service Center, under the authority of Japan Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan. A comprehensive, consumer/business directory of commercial airports in the world (primarily for airports as businesses, rather than for pilots) is organized by the trade group Airports Council International.
See also Airports portal Airport terminal Domestic airport Environmental impact of aviation Model airport NIMBY World's busiest airport Lists: Index of aviation articles List of cities with more than one airport List of countries without an airport List of hub airports
References 1. Wragg, D.; Historical dictionary of aviation, History Press 2008. 2. "Airport – Definition of airport by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airport). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 3. "Runway – Definition of runway by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/runway?show=0&t =1422938979). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 4. "Helipad – Definition of helipad by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helipad). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 5. "Hangar – Definition of hangar by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangars). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 6. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 8 November 2018 to 0901Z 3 January 2019. 7. 49 U.S.C. § 40102(a) (2012) 8. "AirNav: 1ID9 - Skyline Airport" (http://www.airnav.com/airport/1ID9). www.airnav.com. Retrieved 2018-04-10. 9. "The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html). Retrieved 1 September 2015.
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10. "The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 11. "FAA" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/faa). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 12. "Part 139 Airport Certification" (http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/). FAA. 2009-06-19. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100729055419/http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/) from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 13. Gross, Daniel (7 September 2017). "Your Misery at the Airport Is Great for Business" (http://www.slate.com/articles/bu siness/metropolis/2017/09/why_airport_retail_is_booming.html). Slate. Retrieved 8 September 2017. 14. USA Today newspaper, Oct. 17, 2006, p. 2D 15. "Why do airports have windsocks?" (http://www.piggottsflagsandbranding.co.uk/updates/interesting-facts-industrial-wi ndsocks/). Piggotts Flags And Branding. Retrieved 29 March 2017. 16. Sherry, Lance (2009). "Introduction to Airports Design and Operations" (http://catsr.ite.gmu.edu/SYST460/IntroAirport sWorkbook.pdf) (PDF). George Mason University Center for Air Transportation Systems Research. 17. Anurag et al. General Design Procedures for Airport-Based Solar Photovoltaic Systems (http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1 073/10/8/1194). Energies 2017, 10(8), 1194; doi:10.3390/en10081194 18. "7 cool solar installations at U.S. airports" (https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/03/7-cool-solar-installationsat-u-s-airports/). www.solarpowerworldonline.com. 19. A. Kandt and R. Romero . Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports. NREL Report. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62349.pdf 20. Thomas, Andrew R. (2011). Soft Landing: Airline Industry Strategy, Service, and Safety (https://books.google.com/bo oks?id=m1JcWmb9Ik8C&pg=PA154). Apress. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4302-3677-1. 21. "College Park Airport" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531180243/http://pgparks.com/places/historic/airport.htm l). Pgparks.com. Archived from the original (http://www.pgparks.com/places/historic/airport.html) on May 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 22. "Sydney Airport history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090401043447/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyre s/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://ww w.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 23. Bluffield (2009) 24. "En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)" (http://www.airservices.gov.au/publications/aip.asp?pg=10). Airservices.gov.au. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 25. "Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), NOTAMs in Japan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105350/https:// aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/.do). Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. Archived from the original (https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/. do) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
Bibliography Bluffield, Robert. 2009. Imperial Airways – The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940. Ian Allan ISBN 978-1906537-07-4 Salter, Mark. 2008. Politics at the Airport. University of Minnesota Press. This book brings together leading scholars to examine how airports both shape and are shaped by current political, social, and economic conditions. Lopez, Donald S. "The inside Story Airports." Flight. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1995. 36–37. Print.
External links Airport Safety Challenges related to Ground Operations (http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Category:Ground_Opera tions) "Conquest of Fog" (https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA210) Popular Mechanics, February 1930, illustration and article on a modern airport in the 1930s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Airport Distance Calculator (http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Distance.asp?pn=0) – Research and Innovative Technology istration (RITA) in U.S. Department of Transportation Map of worldwide airports (https://flightconnections.com) Airport Visualizer (https://maththinking.com/airportvisualizer/) Worldwide airports visualized on 30+ maps Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport&oldid=874332207" This page was last edited on 18 December 2018, at 16:07 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional may apply. By using this site, you agree to the of Use and . Wikipedia® is a ed trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities,
mostly
transport.[1][2]
for
commercial
air
Airports often have facilities to
store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off[3] or a helipad,[4] and often includes adjacent utility
buildings
hangars[5]
such
as
control
towers,
and terminals. Larger airports may
have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic
Sample infrastructure of a typical airport. Larger airports usually contain more runways and terminals.
control centres, enger facilities such as restaurants
and
lounges,
and
emergency
services. In some countries, the US in particular, they also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving general aviation. An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up. Airport distribution in 2008 An international airport has additional facilities for customs and port control as well as incorporating all of the aforementioned elements. Such airports rank among the most complex and largest of all built typologies with 15 of the top 50 buildings by floor area being airport terminals.
Contents Terminology Management Airport ownership and operation Landside and airside areas
Birds eye view of the Kolkata Airport Terminal 2
Facilities Airport security Products and services and VIP services Cargo and freight service https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Access and onward travel Internal transport Airport operations Air traffic control Ground control Tower control Traffic pattern Navigational aids Taxiway signs Lighting Weather observations Airport ground crew (ground handling) Safety management
Terminal 3 of the Dubai International Airport
Environmental concerns and sustainability Military air base Airport designation and naming History and development Airports in entertainment Filming at airports Airport directories See also References Bibliography
Solar s at the international airport at Kochi, India, the world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy.
External links
Terminology The aerodrome, airfield, and airstrip may also be used to refer to airports, and the heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, or short take-off and landing aircraft. RGIA Airport, Hyderabad, India In colloquial use in certain environments, the airport and aerodrome are often interchanged. However, in general, the term airport may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that other aerodromes may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, airport is a legal term of art reserved exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant national aviation authority after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements.[6] That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports.
Commercial jets wait for the "7am hold" to before departing from John Wayne Airport, Feb 14, 2015
In jurisdictions where there is no legal distinction between aerodrome and airport, which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision. In United States technical/legal usage, landing area is used instead of aerodrome, and airport means "a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging engers or cargo".[7]
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Management Smaller or less-developed airfields, which represent the vast majority, often have a single runway shorter than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Larger airports for airline flights generally have paved runways of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or longer. Skyline Airport in Inkom, Idaho has a runway that The enger terminal buildings at Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
is only 122 m (400 ft) long.[8]
Air bridges at Oslo Airport from an Icelandair Boeing 757-200
In the United States, the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are defined by the FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths. These include considerations for safety margins during
landing and takeoff. The longest public-use runway in the world is at Qamdo Bamda Airport in China. It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045 ft). The world's widest paved runway is at Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide. As of 2009, the CIA stated that there were approximately 44,000 "... airports or airfields recognizable from the air" around the world, including 15,095 in the US, the US having the most in the world.[9][10]
Airport ownership and operation Most of the world's large airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the stateowned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports – it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just Heathrow now. 's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through t ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru
The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is publicly financed by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg and the Federal Republic of .
International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India. In Pakistan nearly all civilian airports are owned and operated by the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority except for Sialkot International Airport which has the distinction of being the first privately owned public airport in Pakistan and South Asia. In the United States commercial airports are generally operated directly by government entities or government-created airport authorities (also known as port authorities), such as the Los Angeles World Airports authority that oversees several airports in the Greater Los Angeles area, including Los Angeles International Airport. In Canada, the federal authority, Transport Canada, divested itself of all but the remotest airports in 1999/2000. Now most airports in Canada are owned and operated by individual legal authorities or are municipally owned.
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Many U.S. airports still lease part or all of their facilities to outside firms, who operate functions such as retail management and parking. In the U.S., all commercial airport runways are certified by the FAA[11] under the Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 Part 139, "Certification of Commercial Service Airports"[12] but maintained by the local airport under the regulatory authority of the FAA. Despite the reluctance to privatize airports in the US (despite the FAA sponsoring a privatization program since 1996), the government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) arrangement is the standard for the operation of commercial airports in the rest of the world.
Landside and airside areas Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. The landside area is open to the public, while access to the airside area is tightly controlled. The airside area includes all parts of the airport around the aircraft, and the parts of the buildings that are only accessible to engers and staff. engers and staff must be checked by security before being permitted to enter the airside area. Conversely, engers arriving from an international flight must through border control and customs to access the landside area, where they can exit the airport. Many major airports will issue a secure keycard called an airside to employees, as some roles require employees to frequently move back and forth between landside and airside as part of their duties.
Facilities A terminal is a building with enger facilities. Small airports have one terminal. Large ones often have multiple terminals, though some large airports like Amsterdam Airport Schiphol still have one terminal. The terminal has a series of gates, which provide engers with access to the plane. The following facilities are essential for departing engers: Check-in facilities, including a baggage drop-off Security clearance gates port control (for some international flights) Gates Waiting areas
Kolkata's Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Terminal 2
The following facilities are essential for arriving engers: port control (international arrivals only) Baggage reclaim facilities, often in the form of a carousel Customs (international arrivals only) A landside meeting place For both sets of engers, there must be a link between the enger facilities and the aircraft, such as jet bridges or airstairs. There also needs to be a baggage handling system, to transport baggage from the baggage drop-off to
Terminal structures at Sheremetyevo International Airport
departing planes, and from arriving planes to the baggage reclaim. The area where the aircraft park to load engers and baggage is known as an apron or ramp (or incorrectly, "the tarmac").
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Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities.
However,
as
some
countries have agreements that allow travel between them without customs and immigrations, such facilities are not a definitive need for The apron from the top floor observation room, Halifax International Airport, Canada
an
international
airport.
International flights often require a
Terminal 2 at Mumbai's Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport.
higher level of physical security, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for international and domestic travel.
"Floating airports" are being designed which could be located out at sea and which would use designs such as pneumatic stabilized platform technology.
Airport security Airport security normally requires baggage checks, metal screenings of individual persons, and rules against any object that could be used as a weapon. Since the September 11 attacks and the Real ID Act of 2005, airport security has dramatically increased and got tighter and stricter than ever before.
Products and services Most
major
airports
provide
commercial outlets for products and
services.
Most
of
these
Baggage is scanned using X-ray machines as engers walk through metal detectors
companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques Food court and shops, Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Canada
and restaurants and in the US amounted 2015.[13]
to
$4.2
billion
in
Prices charged for items
sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.
Duty-free shop at Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand
Apart from major fast food chains, some airport restaurants offer regional cuisine specialties for those in transit so that they may sample local food or culture without leaving the airport.[14]
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Some airport structures include on-site hotels built within or attached to a terminal building. Airport hotels have grown popular due to their convenience for transient engers and easy accessibility to the airport terminal. Many airport hotels also have agreements with airlines to provide overnight lodging for displaced engers. Major airports in such countries as Russia and Japan offer miniature sleeping units within the airport that are available for rent by the hour. The smallest type is the capsule hotel popular in Japan. A slightly larger variety is known as a sleep box. An even larger type is provided by the company YOTEL.
and VIP services Airports may also contain and VIP services. The and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class engers, frequent flyers, and of the airline's clubs. services may sometimes be open to engers who are of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract customers away from rival airlines. Shahjalal International Airport's VIP Terminal, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sometimes these services will be offered to a non- enger if the airline has made a mistake in handling of the enger, such as unreasonable delays or mishandling of checked baggage.
Airline lounges frequently offer free or reduced cost food, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Lounges themselves typically have seating, showers, quiet areas, televisions, computer, Wi-Fi and Internet access, and power outlets that engers may use for their electronic equipment. Some airline lounges employ baristas, bartenders and gourmet chefs. Airlines sometimes operate multiple lounges within the one airport terminal allowing ultra- customers, such as first class customers, additional services, which are not available to other customers. Multiple lounges may also prevent overcrowding of the lounge facilities.
Cargo and freight service In addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. Cargo airlines often have their own on-site and adjacent infrastructure to transfer parcels between ground and air. Cargo Terminal Facilities are areas where international airports export cargo has to be stored after customs clearance and prior to loading on the aircraft. Similarly import cargo that is offloaded needs to be in bond before the consignee decides to take delivery. Areas have to be kept aside for examination of export and import cargo by the airport authorities. Designated areas or sheds may be given to airlines or freight forward ring agencies. Every cargo terminal has a landside and an airside. The landside is where the exporters and importers through either their agents or by themselves deliver or collect shipments while the airside is where loads are moved to or from the aircraft. In addition cargo terminals are divided into distinct areas – export, import and interline or transshipment.
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Airports require parking lots, for engers who may leave the cars at the airport for a long period of time. Large airports will also have car rental firms, taxi ranks, bus stops and sometimes a train station. Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, Tokyo Haneda Airport, Tokyo Narita Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of
Recife International Airport in Recife, Brazil.
this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.
Internal transport The distances engers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways, buses, and
The New Delhi International Airport is accessible via Delhi Metro's Airport Express.
rail transport systems. Some airports like Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport and London Stansted Airport have a transit system that connects some of the gates to a main terminal. Airports with more than one terminal have a transit system to connect the terminals together, such as John F. Kennedy International Airport, Mexico City International Airport and London Gatwick Airport.
Airport operations There are three types of surface that aircraft operate on: Runways, for takeoff and landing Taxiways, where planes "taxi" (transfer to and from a runway) Apron or ramp: a surface where planes are parked, loaded, unloaded or refuelled.
Air traffic control Air traffic control (ATC) is the task of managing aircraft movements and making sure they are safe, orderly and free of delays. At the largest airports, air traffic control is a series of highly complex operations that requires managing frequent traffic that moves in all three dimensions. A "towered" or "controlled" airport has a control tower where the air traffic controllers are based. Pilots are required to maintain two-way radio communication with the controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. A "non-towered" airport has no operating control tower and therefore two-way radio communications are not required, though it is good operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on the airport's common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) for the benefit of other aircraft in the area. The CTAF may be a Universal Integrated Community (UNICOM), MULTICOM, Flight Service Station (FSS), or tower frequency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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The majority of the world's airports are small facilities without a tower. Not all towered airports have 24/7 ATC operations. In those cases, non-towered procedures apply when the tower is not in use, such as at night. Non-towered airports come under area (en-route) control. Remote and virtual tower (RVT) is a system in which ATC is handled by controllers who are not present at the airport itself. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports may subdivide responsibilities further, with
Airport tower.
clearance delivery, apron control, and/or other specialized ATC stations.
Ground control Ground control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. Conversely, after a plane has landed it will depart the runway and be "handed over" from Tower to Ground Control.
Tower control Tower control is responsible for aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only ing through the airspace must also Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.
Traffic pattern At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern commercial aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very different though.
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Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision. At controlled airports, a circuit can be in place but is not normally used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport; the destination airport can then plan a queue of arrivals, and planes will be guided into one queue per active runway for a "straight-in" approach. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.
Navigational aids There are a number of aids available to pilots, both visual and electronic, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the Standard visual approach slope indicator
runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually become the primary means for instrument landings.
Larger airports sometimes offer precision approach radar (PAR), but these systems are more common at military air bases than civilian airports. The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller tells the pilot his position relative to the approach slope. Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.
Taxiway signs Airport guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and airport vehicles. Smaller aerodromes may have few or no signs, relying instead on diagrams and charts.
Lighting Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain or fog.
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On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs. Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have
Airport lighting.
embedded green lights that indicate the centerline.
Weather observations Weather observations at the airport are crucial to safe takeoffs and landings. In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, whether an AWOS, ASOS, or AWSS, a human observer or a combination of the two. These weather observations, predominantly in the METAR format, are available over the radio, through automatic terminal information service (ATIS), via the ATC or the flight service station. Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a
An automated weather system.
windsock can also be kept in view of the runway. Aviation windsocks are made with lightweight material, withstand strong winds and some are lit up after dark or in foggy weather. Because visibility of windsocks is limited, often multiple glow-orange windsocks are placed on both sides of the runway.[15]
Airport ground crew (ground handling) Most airports have groundcrew handling the loading and unloading of engers, crew, baggage and other services. Some groundcrew are
linked
to
specific
airlines
operating at the airport. Among the vehicles that serve an Ground operations at Berlin Tegel Airport
airliner on the ground are:
A tow tractor to move the aircraft in and out of the berth. A jet bridge (in some airports) or stairs unit to allow engers to embark and disembark. A ground power unit for supplying electricity. As the engines will be switched off, they will not be generating electricity as they do in flight. A cleaning service. A catering service to deliver food and drinks for a flight. A toilet waste truck to empty the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck to fill the water tanks of the aircraft. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
An aircraft tow tractor moving a KLM Boeing 777
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A refueling vehicle. The fuel may come from a tanker, or from underground fuel tanks. A conveyor belt unit for loading and unloading luggage. A vehicle to transport luggage to and from the terminal. The length of time an aircraft remains on the ground in between consecutive flights is known as "turnaround time". Airlines pay great attention to minimizing turnaround times in an effort to keep aircraft utilization (flying time) high, with times scheduled as low as 25 minutes for jet aircraft operated by low-cost carriers on narrow-body aircraft.
Safety management Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and almost every airfield includes equipment and procedures for handling emergency situations. Airport crash tender crews are equipped for dealing with airfield accidents, crew and enger extractions, and the hazards of highly flammable aviation fuel. The crews are also trained to deal with situations such as bomb threats, hijacking, and terrorist activities. Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose
"FLF Panther" airport crash tender in
material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings. Many airports are built near open fields or wetlands. These tend to attract bird populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of bird strikes. Airport crews often need to discourage birds from taking up residence. Some airports are located next to parks, golf courses, or other low-density uses of land. Other airports are located near densely populated urban or suburban areas.
Road crossing of (Shetland) A970 with Sumburgh airport's runway. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.
An airport can have areas where collisions between aircraft on the ground tend to occur. Records are kept of any incursions where aircraft or vehicles are in an inappropriate location, allowing these "hot spots" to be identified. These locations then undergo special attention by transportation authorities (such as the FAA in the US) and airport s. During the 1980s, a phenomenon known as microburst became a growing concern due to aircraft accidents caused by microburst wind shear, such as Delta Air Lines Flight 191. Microburst radar was developed as an aid to safety during landing, giving two to five minutes' warning to aircraft in the vicinity of the field of a microburst event. Some airfields now have a special surface known as soft concrete at the end of the runway (stopway or blastpad) that behaves somewhat like styrofoam, bringing the plane to a relatively rapid halt as the material disintegrates. These surfaces are useful when the runway is located next to a body of water or other hazard, and prevent the planes from overrunning the end of the field. Airports often have on-site firefighters to respond to emergencies. These use specialized vehicles, known as airport crash tenders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Environmental concerns and sustainability Aircraft noise is a major cause of noise disturbance to residents living near airports. Sleep can be affected if the airports operate night and early morning flights. Aircraft noise not only occurs from take-off and landings, but also ground operations including maintenance and testing of aircraft. Noise can have other noise health effects. Other noise and environmental concerns are vehicle traffic causing noise and pollution on roads leading the airport. The construction of new airports or addition of runways to existing airports, is often resisted by local residents because of the effect on countryside, historical sites, local flora and fauna. Due to the risk of collision between birds and
Runway in Congonhas-São Paulo Airport in Brazil.
aircraft, large airports undertake population control programs where they frighten or shoot birds. The construction of airports has been known to change local weather patterns. For example, because they often flatten out large areas, they can be susceptible to fog in areas where fog rarely forms. In addition, they generally replace trees and grass with pavement, they often change drainage patterns in agricultural areas, leading to more flooding, run-off and erosion in the surrounding land.[16] Some of the airport istrations prepare and publish annual environmental reports in order to show how they consider these environmental concerns in airport management issues and how they protect environment from airport operations. These reports contain all environmental protection measures performed by airport istration in of water, air, soil and noise pollution, resource conservation and protection of natural life around the airport. A growing number of airports are installing solar photovoltaic arrays to offset their electricity use.[17][18] The National Renewable Energy Lab has shown this can be done safely.[19] The world's first airport to be fully powered by solar energy is located at Kochi, India. Another airport known for considering environmental parameters is the Seymour Airport at Galapagos Islands.
Military air base An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to engers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are colocated with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport, Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.
Fighter aircraft at an airbase in Lithuania
An aircraft carrier is a warship that functions as a mobile airbase. Aircraft carriers allow a naval force to project air power without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. After their development in World War I, aircraft carriers replaced the battleship as the centrepiece of a modern fleet during World War II.
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Airport designation and naming Airports are uniquely represented by their IATA airport code and ICAO airport code. Most airport names include the location. Many airport names honour a public figure, commonly a politician (e.g., Charles de Gaulle Airport, George Bush Intercontinental Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport), a monarch (e.g. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, King Abdulaziz International Airport), a cultural leader (e.g. Liverpool John Lennon Airport, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport) or a prominent figure in aviation history of the region (e.g. Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport), sometimes even famous writers (e.g. Allama Iqbal International Airport) and explorers (e.g. Venice Marco Polo Airport). Some airports have unofficial names, possibly so widely circulated that its official name is little used or even known. Some airport names include the word "International" to indicate their ability to handle international air traffic. This includes some airports that do not have scheduled international airline services (e.g. Albany International Airport).
History and development The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields.[20] The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings regardless of meteorological conditions. The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield,[21] although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Hamburg Airport opened in January 1911, making it the oldest commercial
The Kharkiv Airport in Sokolniki, Ukraine (1924).
airport in the world which is still in operation. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916, as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920 —to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports.[22] Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 engers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok, Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope. Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling enger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Airport in March 1920.[23] In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft. The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper The New Orleans International Airport enger terminal building in New Orleans (1960s).
direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and
direction. After World War II, airport design became more sophisticated. enger buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the facilities. But it also meant that engers had to travel further to reach their plane. An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing aircraft and serve to draw off excess water in rainy conditions that could build up in front of the plane's wheels.
The Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso, Somalia (2007).
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor enger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.
Airports in entertainment Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, enger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports
Washington Dulles International Airport, ostensibly the setting for Die Hard 2; the movie was actually filmed at Los Angeles International Airport
are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.
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Several computer simulation games put the player in charge of an airport. These include the Airport Tycoon series, SimAirport and Airport CEO.
Filming at airports Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is sometimes heavily restricted. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as engers, and be accompanied by a full airside holder and have photographic identification with them at all times. Filming is strictly prohibited in security, immigration/customs and baggage reclaim.
Airport directories Each national aviation authority has a source of information about airports in their country. This will contain information on airport elevation, airport lighting, runway information, communications facilities and frequencies, hours of operation, nearby NAVAIDs and information where prior arrangement for landing is necessary. Australia
Information can be found on-line in the En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)[24] which is published by Airservices Australia, a government owned corporation charged with managing Australian ATC. Brazil Infraero is responsible for the airports in Brazil Canada
Two publications, the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and the Water Aerodrome Supplement, published by NAV CANADA under the authority of Transport Canada provides equivalent information. Europe
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) provides an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), aeronautical charts and NOTAM services for multiple European countries.
Provided by the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (Federal Office for Civil Aviation of ).
Aviation Generale Delage edited by Delville and published by Breitling. The United Kingdom and Ireland
The information is found in Pooley's Flight Guide, a publication compiled with the assistance of the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Pooley's also contains information on some continental European airports that are close to Great Britain. National Air Traffic Services, the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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UK's Air Navigation Service Provider, a public–private partnership also publishes an online AIP for the UK. The United States
The U.S. uses the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), published in seven volumes. DAFIF also includes extensive airport data but has been unavailable to the public at large since 2006. Japan
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)[25] is provided by Japan Aeronautical Information Service Center, under the authority of Japan Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan. A comprehensive, consumer/business directory of commercial airports in the world (primarily for airports as businesses, rather than for pilots) is organized by the trade group Airports Council International.
See also Airports portal Airport terminal Domestic airport Environmental impact of aviation Model airport NIMBY World's busiest airport Lists: Index of aviation articles List of cities with more than one airport List of countries without an airport List of hub airports
References 1. Wragg, D.; Historical dictionary of aviation, History Press 2008. 2. "Airport – Definition of airport by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airport). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 3. "Runway – Definition of runway by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/runway?show=0&t =1422938979). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 4. "Helipad – Definition of helipad by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helipad). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 5. "Hangar – Definition of hangar by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangars). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 6. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 8 November 2018 to 0901Z 3 January 2019. 7. 49 U.S.C. § 40102(a) (2012) 8. "AirNav: 1ID9 - Skyline Airport" (http://www.airnav.com/airport/1ID9). www.airnav.com. Retrieved 2018-04-10. 9. "The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html). Retrieved 1 September 2015.
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10. "The World Factbook" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 11. "FAA" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/faa). Retrieved 1 September 2015. 12. "Part 139 Airport Certification" (http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/). FAA. 2009-06-19. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100729055419/http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/) from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 13. Gross, Daniel (7 September 2017). "Your Misery at the Airport Is Great for Business" (http://www.slate.com/articles/bu siness/metropolis/2017/09/why_airport_retail_is_booming.html). Slate. Retrieved 8 September 2017. 14. USA Today newspaper, Oct. 17, 2006, p. 2D 15. "Why do airports have windsocks?" (http://www.piggottsflagsandbranding.co.uk/updates/interesting-facts-industrial-wi ndsocks/). Piggotts Flags And Branding. Retrieved 29 March 2017. 16. Sherry, Lance (2009). "Introduction to Airports Design and Operations" (http://catsr.ite.gmu.edu/SYST460/IntroAirport sWorkbook.pdf) (PDF). George Mason University Center for Air Transportation Systems Research. 17. Anurag et al. General Design Procedures for Airport-Based Solar Photovoltaic Systems (http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1 073/10/8/1194). Energies 2017, 10(8), 1194; doi:10.3390/en10081194 18. "7 cool solar installations at U.S. airports" (https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/03/7-cool-solar-installationsat-u-s-airports/). www.solarpowerworldonline.com. 19. A. Kandt and R. Romero . Implementing Solar Technologies at Airports. NREL Report. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62349.pdf 20. Thomas, Andrew R. (2011). Soft Landing: Airline Industry Strategy, Service, and Safety (https://books.google.com/bo oks?id=m1JcWmb9Ik8C&pg=PA154). Apress. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4302-3677-1. 21. "College Park Airport" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531180243/http://pgparks.com/places/historic/airport.htm l). Pgparks.com. Archived from the original (http://www.pgparks.com/places/historic/airport.html) on May 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 22. "Sydney Airport history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090401043447/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyre s/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://ww w.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 23. Bluffield (2009) 24. "En route Supplement Australia (ERSA)" (http://www.airservices.gov.au/publications/aip.asp?pg=10). Airservices.gov.au. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-20. 25. "Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), NOTAMs in Japan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105350/https:// aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/.do). Japan Civil Aviation Bureau. Archived from the original (https://aisjapan.mlit.go.jp/. do) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
Bibliography Bluffield, Robert. 2009. Imperial Airways – The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940. Ian Allan ISBN 978-1906537-07-4 Salter, Mark. 2008. Politics at the Airport. University of Minnesota Press. This book brings together leading scholars to examine how airports both shape and are shaped by current political, social, and economic conditions. Lopez, Donald S. "The inside Story Airports." Flight. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1995. 36–37. Print.
External links Airport Safety Challenges related to Ground Operations (http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Category:Ground_Opera tions) "Conquest of Fog" (https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA210) Popular Mechanics, February 1930, illustration and article on a modern airport in the 1930s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport
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Airport Distance Calculator (http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Distance.asp?pn=0) – Research and Innovative Technology istration (RITA) in U.S. Department of Transportation Map of worldwide airports (https://flightconnections.com) Airport Visualizer (https://maththinking.com/airportvisualizer/) Worldwide airports visualized on 30+ maps Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport&oldid=874332207" This page was last edited on 18 December 2018, at 16:07 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional may apply. By using this site, you agree to the of Use and . Wikipedia® is a ed trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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