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21st Century Literature All literally works written and published at the latter part of the 21st century (from 2001 onwards) Poetry- pieces of writing that usually have figurative language and that are written in separate lines that often have repeated rhythm and sometimes rhyme. language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. A Long History Of Poetry

Dung-aw – dirges (Ilokano) Bugtong (Riddles)   

Proverbs (Salawikain) 

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Pre-Hispanic times 

“Talinghaga” or Metaphors These metaphors convey the answer to the riddle e.g. Matanda na ang nuno, Hindi pa naliligo

used to express pieces of wisdom or beliefs that were important to Filipino Society. e.g Sa taong walang takot Walang mataas na bakod

Epics (Epiko) Awit or song– -One of the oldest form of Philippine Literature even before the Spanish Era

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-It encomes the culture of the past and forgotten. -Most of these songs were written using 12 syllables as meter. Folk songs enabled us to maintain our moral as Filipinos Theme – Native culture Different Kinds of Folk Songs Oyayi o ayayi – lullabies Diyona – nuptial/courtship songs Kundiman – love songs Kumintang – war/battle songs Soliranin – rowing songs Talindaw – boat songs Kutang-kutang –street songs Maluway – work songs Pananapatan – serenades Sambotani –victory songs Balitaw – Serenades (Bisaya) Dalit – hymns Paninitsit – (Kapampangan) "O kaka, o kaka” Pangangaluwa – dirges

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Long, episodic, chanted poems which told a story about a hero and his adventures Often contending with, and also being aided by Supernatural creatures and spirits Chanted orally at feasts and rituals to inspire and entertain

Examples of Epic: Agyu – Ilianon Alim – Ifugao Bidasari – Mindanao Darangan – Maranao Hudhud: Ang Kwento ni Aliguyon – Ifugao Humadapnon – Panay Ibalon – Bicolano Indarapatra at Sulayman – Mindanao Labaw Donggon – Bisaya Lam-ang – Ilokano Maragtas – Bisaya Si Biuag at Malana – Cagayan Tulalang – Bagobo Ullalim – Kalinga

Baybayin       

Badlit (Visayan) Ancient Philippine script derived from Brahmic scripts (India) First recorded in the 16th century Baybay – “to spell” in Tagacorrectly attributed to the name Alibata Arabic alphabet (alif, ba, ta)

Philipping Literary Tradition Spanish Era   

Pasyon – popularized by Gaspar Aquino de Belen Perpetrated by Mariano Pilapil Francisco ‘Balagtas’ Baltazar – Florante at Laura Ilustrados’ goal – National Identity a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language.

Arrival of the Americans   

English – medium of instruction/poetry Poetic Styles Free Verse - poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter New Criticism - It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, selfreferential aesthetic object.

Bikol Literature Bicol Region Historically known as Ibalon Ibalon – Ibalio – People from the other side Region V (6 provinces)  Albay  Camarines Norte

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Camarines Sur Sorsogon Catanduanes Masbate

Characteristics of Bicol Literature  Its root were from ancient folkways  Poetry includes charmed verses exploiting the possibilities of words in folk poems and narratives  Themes specifically deals about mythical content  Bound with early historical fragments which form parts of the people’s lives Bikolano Writers  Ricardo ‘Ricky’ Lee (Daet, Camarines Norte) - Palanca Awardee (1970 and 1971)  Mariano ‘Marne’ Kilates (Daraga, Albay) - poet  Mariano Perfecto (Ambos Camarines) Father of Bikol Literature/ Father of Bisayan Literature The Legend of Daragang Mayon Kristian Sendon Cordero  Enfant Terrible – A controversial person by being innovative and questioning of the establishment  Palanca awardee in poetry, fiction and essay  National Commission on Culture and the Arts Writer’s Prize winner (Poetry in Filipino)  Premio Tomas Arejola Literary Prize winner  Homelife Poetry Contest winner  Educator (Ateneo de Naga University)  Columnist (Bicol Mail)

Poetic Style Negative Capability  It was a capability to be face to face with uncertainty and not need to grapple with what that uncertainty could mean, but be comfortable just facing the situation. (John Keats,1817)  The artistic choice to live in the tension of mystery  Not just denying the need for correct answers, but denying humanity’s ability to fully understand any kind of phenomena  Looking at the brighter/darker side of events/phenomena Ex. Heartbreak, loss etc.

Representation and the Philippine Canon Oppression- Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control. Three (3) faces of power 1. the power to design and manipulate the rules, 2. to win the game through force or competition, 3. and the ability to write history. The Presence of Oppression  Most individuals fail to recognize (discrimination is often not visible those who are not in the midst of it)  The oppressed rarely have access resources that would allow them escape their maltreatment.

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Internalized Oppression -subordinate groups essentially give up the fight to access equality and accept their fate as nondominant group.

Totalitarianism - Political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority - Strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. - State-controlled mass media - Single party that is often marked by political repression - Personality cultism - Control over the economy - Regulation and restriction of speech - Mass Surveillance - Widespread use of terror History of Oppression in the Philippines - Spain - Japanese - United States - Filipinos Oppression in Literature - Florante at Laura - Noli Me Tangere at El Filibusterismo - Mga Ibong Mandaragit - Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas - Sa Dakong Silangan - Banaag at Sikat - Dekada 70 - Luha ng Buwaya - Ginto ang Kayumangging Lupa Cirilo F. Bautista - Born in 1941 - National artist for literature - AB Literature degree - MA Literature degree - Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for essay - Philippine Free Press Award - Manila Critics National Book Award - Gawad Balagtas - Pablo Roman Prize for the novel - Hailed as the Makata ng Taon in 1993 - Professor Emeritus of Literature at the College of - Liberal Arts, De La Salle University

Canon- belonging to a collection of work considered tobe valuable Canonical- Collection of works determined by society to have significant value and importance

Storm- A phenomenon that brings devastation, as well as creative, transformative potential. Formidable force that defines our geographic condition. - Wake-up call (Climate Change)

Philippine Literary Turns and Tropes Storm in Philippine Literature “May Bagyo Ma’t May Rilim” - very first published poem - written by “Una Persona Tagala” (pseudonym) - used the word ‘bagyo’ to praise the good writing of the friar-writer Francisco Blancas de San Jose - Memorial dela Vida Cristiana en Lengua Tagala “May Bagyo Ma’t May Rilim” - The life of the persona as he seeks the Christian God is tumultuous and stormy Proverb “Nang ang bagyo’y makaraan, saka pa mandin nagsuhay” (After the storm had ravaged, only then was the house propped) (Ironic Blitheness) Legend Mariang Makiling (Rizal) - one who loved to walk “after a storm” - ‘after a storm… running across the fields and whenever she ed, life was reborn ---- order and peace Myth (Panay) - Tungkong Langit and Alunsina - Myths from Paoay, Ilocos Norte and Sampaloc, Laguna (Powerful storms that created lakes)

Literary turn or trope – embodiment of current Filipino experiences of natural calamities Trope- Creative use of language – literature - They can change, turn, or alter language making it new and refreshing (literary) Figures of speech Simile - Figure of speech that directly compares two things. Explicitly use connecting words - (such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such as resemble) Metaphor - a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. Synecdoche - A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. Metonymy - used in developing literary symbolism it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention. Paradox - the use of paradox is not confined to mere wit and pleasure; rather, it becomes an integral part of poetic diction. Poets usually make use of a paradox to create a remarkable thought or image out of words.

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Paradox in most poems normally strives to create feelings of intrigue and interest in readers’ minds to make them think deeper and harder to enjoy the real message of the poem.

The Haiyan Dead Merlie M. Alunan -

Born on December 14, 1943 in Dingle, Iloilo Palanca Awardee for Literature National Book Award winner Sunthorn Phu Literary Award winner Ani ng Dangal recipient Poet Professor (University of the Philippines, Tacloban)