1917 - Veg Oil 2j4b20

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THE ENGINEER clo not ('1\tail tlw

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tlll~' rrc•pnrntor~· rmwhinc·~

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do not vnr.'· with I h<' nature of thE' H<'<'cl !wing

THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- of the firilt divi~ion. On tlw olhN' hand, c·otton >-<'C'd dPn lt with, for hr tlw tinH' thE~ :-::eod rN\<'h<'R thE'm • MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. frequent!~· . unci palm kernels n<'arly always. rc.•quirP it ha" lost all it" outqtanding original physical f<•ature.<~, Xo. Til. •

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SPLI TTING

MAC HINE

R OSE,

DOWNS

AND

THOI'rlPSON

nncl plant nl'IP!l in th<' production of \'<'gPtnhl<' oil>~ mn,y (·fix<'x <'lH'h clc• ... igtlC'Cl to ciNtl \\ilh cnw partic·tthtt' c·ht"~" ~pr·c·iati ... <'d prl'j)l\rntory nuwhi rwr.v in " "" w· d t •s i~m l'l l c·cmv<'niently he• clividc•d into fo111' dns.-;c•:o;. Fil'l-lt we• nf xc·c•c t. 'l'l11• ltutc·hinc•"' of f he· sc•c·otH I di' i"'inn Hl'l' fot· t h•• I r•c·111 llll'llt of <·c·t·tni n illljlOf'll\111 oil -lw:u·in,g hn,vc• wh1\l tony lw c·nlle>d the prc•ptu·n.tory rmwhitwr.\, .... .. tlw plant. that is to xn~. "hic·h llt>n l... with tltf' -;ec>d ..... IIliis or fruit as rN·<•h•C'd frorn the• gro" c•r,.;, and rc•cluc·ps 1 hc·IIJ to 1\ fc'r"' SllltuiJlc• for trNltnwnt in tlw :-.ub-;c•q uc•nt oi I re>covc·r~ pro<·<'>l'l<'"· Xc" d. Thi"' is not xo HHtdl •• c-onc·C'rned "ith th<• production of the oil a.."l "ith tlw production and tr<'atm<.> nt of the cak<.>. Of tho machinC'r) in the prc:-paratory class it rnay - - _ _t.=::!l h<' said that ther<• arC' three distinct cli\·if.!ions. I n I I' the first of the"'e "e ha,·e the machint>" ancl applianc·E>"' ~--- 2 31 - - - -..1 u..,PCJ in the separation of the oi l hE>aring portion of 6 t I he natural p roduc·t from the non -oil hNuing portions. M from secondar~ 011 hearing portions "hich it i. . I oI I I ~ Ill! d<· .... i~d to treat apart from thf' fir... t. The port ion~ ... thus sE'parated have in gf'nE'ral to be prc•parecl for I he• 0 0 g• 8 (\ 0 lo 0 pr<>s."!N; by cnL"'hing, i-!hredding. and otherwise reducing lo ..~ tll<'rn to a JON\1 of suflic·i<'nt lin<'rl<'<;"! to prespnt tlw I 0 minute oil vesic•lc•"' in th<' be.~ t form to the aC'tion of l o--o• tlw prE' s. The> machine" thu.-; Nnplo~·pd form tlw ,..., "' lo s<•c·on 't h<'fore it goes into the pre"'~· The-.o manipulations include th<' I ;...J hC'ating of the mc>al to a suitabl<> temperature and " its rough moulding into !!lab or cake'! for inHt>rtion "tthin th<' pre"'~· It will be nnder...tood, of cours<•. l SwAIN St. that this i"' a gE>rwral outline on I~, and that all oil · lwnring vegetabl<' product" do not nes~rily requin· Fig. 2 MAGNETIC SE PARATOR POR CO PRA.'I. ETC. ROSE. DOW NS AND THOMPSON t lw "hole run of t h<> applian<.'<'"~ t httR in -<'1 VI's " hn t ('\'<'r t hi' -;c•c•d or Ruh.,tnn<· t'"~· HPfor<> doing Hn wo ~irc to nu\k<' two nut h('ing tn•nt <·d. ThP olfH•hin<'" of t h<· third fr('JH'l'l\l l'l'lllllrl\~ \\ hir·h II 1\V 11\'0id fl('C't\SjO I\ for • No. IT. nppe:tred Fobruar)' lOth.

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mi'l\tndC'r... tanding. In t h~> first place C'~>rtain of t hf' maclunh ct~ ... t·ri lwd twlow art' -..mtubh· for trt:a tin~ sub-.tancc•-.. utlwr than that Jllf•ntaon(-'d in the- !wading undt>r wh1ch tlwy uppc•ar. ~l·C'o ndh, thP fac·t that any g'l\·en machine i'i mP.ntlo ned a ... b£-mg made b'

FEB.

2.1 r 1 , ol 11 t wn"' pc•r minutr•. A mort• o r lc s:; N10iC'al -..IH 1'1 llll'tul Jwptwr i-.. fht •ll "' t•r tlw knan .... Tlw kJJI\t'"' pu-.-1 thruugh O JW IIIIII?" HI thf' -..icJ<'.., uf tiJi.., laoppt·r Thrt·l' bt-111 plutt'-. 11r knt'f'..; urt' attnc·IH·cl to tlw m ... aclt• of t ht• hoptwr tu act a-. guid e-. f(Jr tl w

I111n1 pnul h y a

23, 1917

\\l't~ht.

nntl on tl(·en ...ion clo not ...r, ruplt• to di ... IHIIII'-.t JWnny. ~lony brt·,tkdo\\ 11 ., .,f u•:H· hiflt •r.' IUJ\'t• ht•t•Jl c•,HJo-Pd " ·'' tlw undt•ll'<'ted prt•..t'th'l' of _-.uc·h fort-i~n 11u1ttt•r in th~ 111 utt·rial t rt•a t t·d . part acularl~ "'0 m the ca-.P. of mills hand lin~ c·opru, and ot lwr ~ ub ... tance, "hich a, part of thA pn· para~o~: proc·e~., ha,-e to be ground. To remo,·e • t ht• ohwc·t to nablt' sub• tancC'~ re~ort is conunonlv wadt· to hand pu·king th1 tnaterial heforP. anvthing , . ,.,,. 1... tlww to 1t. Tlus proct-ss i.s :-olO\\ and 'rnonot onous, -;o that 1t i-; not surprising that modf'rn pru<"tic·t• HIIOuld c·nll for scnnC' IIIC'<'hanic·al mc·an:-. of Jll'rforming tlw opt•rnt ion. An appliun('e o f this nature, a magnetic RE'parator, tlltt rm ns and Thomp»on, Limitc•d, i'l illu-.. t rall'tl in Fig. 2. 'l'lw material t o be~ tr<>ntf'd is dc•li\ f'ro•tl 011 to a " luping l'llwet metal tru y !iUpportc-cl on four flt·'\ihlt • s pri11g rorls A and rapidly ,·ibrat<'d b~ m ean, of a c·ount·c·ting-rocl B, and Rhort- throw trank ,haft Tht• s laukiug ac·IJCitl o f thiH tray diHtribute- the rraaterial uniform!), unci furthf'r c·au"<"' the htoe.,·~ iron ingrt•dwnt,; to sink h~ gnwit~· to thC' bottom of tlw bat<·h. Sorrwttlrlt•-.. tlw tru~ c·an lw rnadf' in the form of 11 sc·rt·<·n, wlwn 1t will ...ern• tlw additional purpo... 6 of st·parating an~ fint-- impuritie..;, ;,and, <·hips, and ~ oil-bt•aring suhstance. The materJQJ ll'U\'ing the trM foil-.. on to u pO\H'r-dri\'en magnt>tic harr,.J 0 Ruch ancl c;\l(·h a finn doC's not nC'c<>sQ&::-ily mean that nuts ancl l<>ad tlwrn to the c·<>ntrc of thf' h o ppPr. pro\ iclNl "it h "'"' t-ral r<m..., o f s tuds, each row Iwin~ it is mndC' onh· Tlwr<> thc·y arc• cau~ht hy tlw kniH'" and ore• cut and mount('(! on n !o.C•paratt• c·omrnutator I>E"ction of till' . In. that firm. c·arriPd dcm n\\ ard .... to fall on to t lw bru e platc• of t lw barn·l. Tlw ncm-tuagtwtt<· tttatf'rial is c·arriNI ruund PRF.P \H \TOHY ~r \('fll~F.RY FOR COPRA. rn1whinl". About 2 horst•-powc·r i., required to dri\ c• tlw hurr<'l und drops ofl at tlw front into a ... uitablt' Tlw <'Oc·oa-nnt'i ns gat lwrt>d ha\'e first to hP this lllfl<'hitw. Its o11t put mU,\' lw rc•tltrnPd nt hoppt·r. Tl w iron tnt rutlt•rs art> c·arrif'd round to the split opc•n. ThC' split nut-; art> thE'n SE't in t h<' sun, pln<'Pd in n kiln, oftl'n of rude constn1et ion or. 8-'l iq now bf'Nnning tlw practice, deposited in a I I light 1,\' built. gal\ ani c•d iro n h ouse beneath the fl oor I 7Hoppu ~clju3tm~ • I I of~ hwh s t earn-h t-o ting pipes are disposC'1l. In eit lwr Scrr: w e ~ ~ of tht>se wavs tht- 1noisturC' contaitwd in the Ac·sh of --------(() • I I the nut, amounting to nhout half tlw o riginal wc·ight ~ '( r. i\ ') of thf' Rt>sh, is clrivc•n ofT nnd t lw ftC':-;h itsE'lf becorr'l<'S r-c r ~ -1 loosen t>d frot11 t lw s h e>ll. ThE" d r it'd fl er.~h-<'opra i..~ }~ 1.: thE'n exportc•cl. C:rt•nt c·arc• il-l nt>c·essary in c·arQ ing out the dryi ng proc·t-s>~ , for thC' •natE-rial can rc>adil.' lw ~ ---~ ---.$. --~ --- ~ :.. s poilt b y attc·rnpting to drivf' ofT the• tnoisture too rapidly, with the rf-'"!u lt that the flf's h i."l di!-,c-oloHred / / ..- _,_ and the oil rE'C'O\ c•rt•cl fr01n it i'i dinic·ult to refint>. On t lw other hand. tlw not ural moiblure in the• fl<" h ~ must n o t hf' allowNI t o rc•ntain undut_,. long in -1 With thf' o il in t lw fl('sh after thE' nut., ha\'1' hc•en split . If this is p<'rmittf'd tlw \\at<'r \\ill h y dro lise th<> oil. ~ 131 /0\ that i.'l to say, it will pnter int o dtNnical combination 10\ ~ • with it and E>plit it up into two elemt>ntc;, namely . / glycerine and free• fatty ac·icl. • The splitting of the nutq wa.c;, and s tili is, frt>que ntl.'· performed s imply "ith a. hammer. ) for e scientific Sw"'" Sc. means arC> now, ho\\ ever , b<"ing introduced. In Fir. 5-SHRE DDING AND CRUS Bl HG ROLLs-CRAI G Fig. I WE' giv<' t h<> gf'ne-ral arrangement of a. ma.c·hine for thf' purpose made hy Rose, Down<~ and Thompson, LimitE-d, of Hull. This machine deals 2000 nut s pC'r h our. Jt will, in fact, Rplit thE' nutq ha<'k until the>~· rc•ac·h a p o int at which tht:> '*'<'tion of thP with nutl'l aq gathered, that iH to say, it treats them a.~ fa!-olt as ont• man (•an fc•NI t ht•m to it. hn.rrt>l to whic·h t hc•y arE' adht>ring i-. automatiC'all~ with their out<•r husks s till on. By m eans o f thre<> The c·opm as rpc•eiv{'d at the oi l mill in this or Rome• clf'mng~wti'INI for a monwnt to pt>rl'!)it thC'm t o drop circular knives hnving saw-like t eeth, and spacNI at other c·ount ry is in t II(' fonn of lumps of con;';iclPrahle> off. Tlw Hi?.c• of mac·hin<> illu!'ltratE'd ha.~ an output 120 deg. apart, it Puts through hus k, RhPII, and kerniC' size'. Tht>14C1 hiWCl t o lw n•chl('f'cl t o thE' form o f " nwal " of from 1 to q t o n s pc•r h o ur. It i. drivt>n from the and dividE-'s t he• \\hole· into thrN' parts. The knivf?s h ,v vnrioul'l ~o~hrN ldinf_rH oncl grinding~. BPfor1• doing slllnll pullc•y nt the c•ttcl of tlw Ahnltt>r c·rank "haft, "llic·h xhurt is rotutc•cl Hl :300 rc•volutions pE'r rninute.. Ahout a hor~P - J>O\H'r ix uh"orh<>d in driving tile llltH-hitw. The• c•tJrrc•nt rc·quirC'd for thE' magnetic hnr-rPI is 7 arnp(•rc•s at ·W 'olts. and can h<> c·onvenit>ntly "iiiJlplit•cl h~ 1\ "II lit II ht-11 -cl rivc•n cl,\·narno prm idt>d for t IIC' purpo,;c•.

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Pir. _4-SBREDDING- AND

CR USHING ROLLS FOR

COPRA,

ETC.

A. F . CR AIG

are mountC'cl on thrt><' shaftA forming a ttiangle in so, h owc•,·c•r, it il-l nN·c·ssar .y <·losc·h· . to f'xamine tlw plan, and gc•ared togethc•r by lwvel "hPe ls. One> rnat<•rial for it is freiC'nt ly fonnd to c·ontain an odd of the knifP s hafts i-, d r ivc•n O) spur" hN•I and pinjon 11~!-mrtttJc•nt of sc·rap iron, stiC'h as harnHtPr hl"nd:-;, Tlw native' and from a belt -driven c·ountershaft carrying a Ay-wlwPI. bolts, nut.,, horxP'IhOC''I, nl\ils, &<·. The knives arP 1ft. !;in. in tliaulC·te-r , nncl run at a.bo11t othc·r gat h t> rc•rs of pnllll nut~. coprn. and ~o on. are

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I': S FOR HEDl.TI ~(': <'OPRA. &c.

Thl" rNltwtion of copra a'l import.,.cl t o th<> form of nwnl forth(' prt>....~ rf'CJIIIr<•-. ... pc·c·inl c·on ... icll'rat um. The c·oprn is gc·twrall~ rc•c·c•i\'f'd in pi<'cf'... o f -..w·h a ... i7CI that it hns to lw rPclii<'Pd in t hrt"f'. fo ur. or ,., <>n fin• ..,,.pnratt- .... tngc·~. l"sunll~· thE>..;c• rl'ductimh ar,• t•ITt•c·lt·cl h\• 11wnn-.. of rolls. F o r I lw fi r.... t rc•d uc·t inn, hcmt•\'t•r. rolls mu~ he• dispc•tlsc•cl "rth ancl n prt·hruinun lm·ak111g nuwllirw. Fig. 3. ns made h~ ~ (nnlm t' • •\lliott nncl C'o .• Limitc•d, c,f Xottingharn, tN•d in thc•ir pltH'P. Thi'l machin(• i..; c lainlE'tl to h t- c·onsiclt>rnhh c-lwapt>r t hnn l'oll.., hoth in first c·ost anti in mnintc•nnrwC', nnd to run without nttf'ntion so long '"" it is fc·cl c•vc•lll,\ . Tlw ('thing of 1hf' machine is a Nlst iron hMrt•l ri h bN I in t<•rna 11.' to p rpven t t hf' coprn rotating As a mn=-." within it. Thf' ca.sing c·ontoin'~ n powC'r-drivc>n x('gmPnta l worm having a coar<:C' pit<·h nt the.- fped E>nd and a fin<:'r pitc·h at th<' dt>liwr~ (•nd. At t lw Ia I tf'r t-nd ther<" i'i fittt>d a hardt>ne-cl twr·fomt c•d ..,l (>t'l plnt e th.rcH1gh whic·h thf' partially hrokc•n c·oprn i., fo rc·c•cl hy t ht- worm. A four-hlaclt·rl knift> rc•, oh (',; agttilhl tlw worm ..,jcJt• of thi.., plait• nncl c·u t .., t lw c·opr11 n,; it pa«st>" through t lw pt>l, orat 11111-.. ht•..,Hit>s H ....sr....t ing i h pn-..,...ag<> through t hc•..c• hot.·-.. Tlw \\orrn ~ haft ,..., fittt>d \\ith Hoffmann 111111 thnht ht'aring:-.. Tlw J><'rforat<>d plat<> c·an he• rf'ad1ly c·lwng{'d nnd Oil I' "it h !-.lllllll<•r holf'-. suhstit utt>cl for 1t. Th1s chang<> JWnnih of the mac·hinC' hf'ing u ...ed \\ ith c•qual ruc·ility for thf' hrC'aking of palm kc•rnels. Thf' nml <>r1nl as t hu-.. di..,intE'gratNl is n t'xt redurl'd n. <,I PJI furt hc•r h~ nwan:-. of roll ... whi('h -.;hrecl and cru... h it. A "'c•t of rolls suitahlc• for this purpo...f', a'i madt• by A. F . ('raig and <'o., Litnitc>d, of PaisiE'y, l'i illust ratNl in Figs. 4 ancl .). ThE' exampl<' lwrt' rE'pres<>ntNI ha'i two pail':-; of rolll'l, the upper pair of "hl(·h iq fhtt(•cl longi t uclinnlly, thP lowf'r pair b<>ing plain Tlw roll..,, ns i.., \Nilll, arc• of c hiliNI C'Mt iron ancl are h~·clraulic·nll~ pl't•ssed on to 1-llf'f'l :-.haftl'l. OnP roll in <'ll<·h pnir runs in fbo•d h rnrin~s. tltf' othPr running in ,.Jidmg bent·ing" "hic·h arc· acted upon b) relief

F EB.

33, 1917

bprtng>; ,alm~ '' ath 1~ ('\\ l. of tnntt•rtn l (11'1' hour, ll_'<' n _ >ll:. t~ro 4< in. lon~. fhc lo\H' l' rolls un• <'tH'h 11m. m dttllll<.'t<'l'. and nut a.L nhout l l'<'\ ulul_ions p t·r minute. Til(' upper roll .... tHo of dafT<.·n·nl daumctcr:-. und r o tate at

:w

THE ENGINEER

171

1 .\bouL 15 hml·w ho~<'·PO\H'r is conl"wned in dri,·ing n beL of rolls of th<' ~o-izo m<•ntio n<'cl in thi» pnrnszrnpJ.i. A t-<•l of rolls mado h) ~IaniO\'<', Alliot L and 'o., Limilt•d, for tlu• :-.utll<' purposo as tho abO\'O i-; n ·pn·~"<' nh·d in Fig. li. Jn this c·asc ther<' an· llu·t·c p t\lr" of dulkd <.·ast iron rolk .\11 Aix arc of tho NUll(' :-.i:w, t•ttda bt•mg 15iu. in dinut<'l<•r nml :Juin. long. Tlw l\\ o top pHlf'l{ nrc "Pimlly fhatt•d all(.! arc dri\ cu from

and in lh<'ir dri\ ing <'oH .... utu<' frotn ' to 10 brakt'l ltot'l'-(' · j>O\\ C'r .

Tlw finn! r('(ht<'t um of till' lllnl<•rtal lo llll'al of tlw prop<•r dc•gr<'<' of fiH<·tu•s.-; i .... <·nrriecl out in powerful m ils, of "hi<· !a an l'~ampl<• mado by :'ll<'s..... rs. Manion•, .\llwll ,, tllw.trnt C'd in Fig. 7. The t\C:lion n•quircd i-; om• of roll111g not of grinding. Tho fh e roll,., in tit<' mtl<'hitw illu .... tm.t<•d arC' ~>ta<:kt•d Y<'rli<•ally, and • un• drl\ <'n po~it t\ <'I) hy lll<'atL'i of a doublo lwlicnl gear·\\ h('(•l nl <'a<· h <•nd of <'ll('h roll. Tho rolli> rotato t\L <' rnal<• s id<•s of Lhc• rolls. T he IO\\ (\sL roll1-1pincll<• <·ntTi<•s t\\O fas t awl two loos<• pull<'.\"· .\ si ntpl<• b<'ll shifl<'l' is provicl('(( wJtieh J>Cl'lllits o[ tho t" o lwlts bc•iHg utuvt•d sintultan<·ously. This twoids tlu• r·i~->k olh<'l'\\ iso pt·csc•ul of <'Hit.siug dnmn~n by ta·;ut ... millillg lhn <'npll('rtd :-.JWN l of tit<' largt' l' roll is thw.. nbouL thr<• ltrfnc<'>-4. Fnlling h<'l '' el'n tho plain lo\H'r

ALLIOTT

tltc• l)('lt puiiC',\ tlL ll11• ···~Ill - hand end o f the madull(.' lh1·ouglt double• h r-lical gNu·ing. Thl" two rolls m c•tu:h of llws<' uppc•r pau·,.; rotate' aL dtff<'rent t-pe••d,.. "'o lhnL tho adion J~>- a Hlll'C'ddmg and grinding o tw. Tlu' l\\O lowN' roll~" aro plain and ar<' s<•parat<'ly driH' II <1ll'IJIUtl ~-'Jl<'<'d s by tllC'. b<'ll pull<'y at the• ldtluuul l'JIII uf llw ••tudtittt•. Tlw ultl.lcrial at. tlus point

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Lill,..l'l'd, J'H)Il' "<'I'd, uwl "1111ilar :-.nwll "<'<'ds t'C'CJIIU'I '<'1'.' ltttlt- " lu·c·tul pr<•pnrnt 1011 for pn'""i"E!· Bt·~ oml 'C'f'l'l'lll llg to 1'('1 110\ (' fOJ'('IJ!II IIU\llC'J' :-.uch :-.1'('11,.; JUt\ l o ul ~ lo lw 1'1'11-.IH•d IWl\\l'<'ll roll"' to l'Oll\l'I'L llt<'JH to llll'ttl "L II(ahll• fol' (>l'l'S"IIlg . •\n uppltn1w<· fo r >-<'I'<'<'HIIIE! IJJl"-<'C'C l and :-.11111lar "''I'd "• lllHd<' h ) Ho . . c·, I )O\\ " " Hlld TIVHII I hOH, Lmlllf'd. -l'<'cl • 1~-> cl<·lt' <'J'<'d . I 11~"-idc• tilt· M'r<.•cu is a fa,.,t mO\ m~ paddl<• \\ 1111'11 throw:-. tit<• seed agaiust tit<' intc•rior "-l ll'htc·<· of Ill(' :-.t·I'< 'l'll. The• st•t•d is d<'liv<'l'<'d lo thc..• •mu·hitu• 111 the ori!iee• A, nnd is <.·arricd into lJI(I s<·r<'<'ll h) lit<' nC'liou of 1t 1-' ltorL '' or•n fixed on till' l'tHI of tlt<· pnclclll'·slmft. Tho s<·n•etling sc..trfHco is foml('d of (H' J'fOntll'd :-.111'1'1 :-;l(•t•l ttlld ('0\'CN the HCl'(Wil frttlli('WOI'l< ft·u•n tlw lim• ll B lo tlu• line '<..:. 'l'h<' screened S<'<'d falling lhmugh lh<• p<•rforations coll~;>cls \\illtin tlw '1'1'·:-.t•c·ltoJH'd ltoppl't' for111<'cl b y the lower \\tdls of t !l(' IIIHII\ l'tl"iug nucl i .... C'tlrric l'l' 11111\lll(', the hCl'C(.' U ttL 1 ~. and lit<' ciJst'llttl'gtHg \\ot'lll alabout 4 2. On o<·c·Hston tt :-.c·l'<'<'ll of lht:-; l,,-p <' i~"> required t o deal '' ith Hl'<'d,., or oliH•t· Midi lllt\lcnal o f 'ary111g t'IZC, and t o ~'~'ptH'ttl <' a b tttch into l" o portion" b estdf':; lh<' huling~o-. F or lll" lunco, thl' lcft-haucl Jaalf of the »Cl'l'l'lll'd s1u·fm·<' nuly b o per fo rated , ,in. Hlcsh, and

A

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Ftc. 7- FlNAL BEDUCTIOB ROLLS- MANLOVE, ALLIOTT

rolls 1t ,, .-.ttlJ farther r cdu cl·d b) a cru,..hing action. Each of tho four roll>! is provid<..d "ith a ...crapcr workmg agam.... t 1ts lo\\ cr portion. Th feed hopp< r co~istd of a. trough formed O\'er th(: ,..mall<Jr of t h< two top roll.... At thll front a fi::-..cd plato extt-nds from it to thu 1trfncc.. of the roll. At the back a hingod plato. ad)ll .tabk b~ m<'an. of on~;. or t\\ o Rcrt:ws nnd hand "h( f 1-.. }wrmJt , tlw q wtntity of mater1al pa, ... mg out of the hopper to be regulated.

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Fl1. 8- SC&EEBINO MACHIB E

IOORr•. per Mm

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FOR

LINSEED, ETC.-ROSE,

" DOWNS

AND

'j.. • "

TBOliU'SON

is r olled r at hor than ground. A:; b e fore, tho rolls tho raght-hand p ortio n ~ in . The hopper iA then uro fitted ~ tth ....crapH,;. Tho foed hopper is provided thvtdcd by a purtihon t~uc h ali at C, und tho di.s\\ ath an adJ u:-.tablc s hutter und a power-drivt:ln ftcd c hu.rg ang ,, orm ~~ nutdo m two corre::.p ondmg portion.~:~, In this way the roll 'duch cn,.,urcb tho mutenal bt:a.ng deliver~d e\'cnly one rJ~ht, tho othl'r ldt-hunded. ulong thl.! length o f tho roJI,.., an tmportant itum m hn< r .,t:wd ht•~.;d,., uru deliYcrud through the orificf:l D, bUCC" ,..:>fnl \\ orkmg. Thht< roth. are made in 'a n o us thto war,.,(or Hl. E, nnd thu tallmg~ e.t F. A F>tlt of rollH t-.ttitahle for crushin~ linseed , &c. 1 ,..tze.oo~ to trt~at from 12 to 20 cwt. of material pf:lr hour,

172

THE EN G INEER

made by )fanlove, Alliott and Co., Limited, of Nottingham, is illustrated in Fig. 9. The rolls are five in number, measure l6in. in diameter by 42in. long, are stacked vertically and are quite plain on the surface. As usual, they are ground with great truth and are forced on to their shaft by hydraulic pre ~ure, being thereafter keyed at both ends. The lowest roll is driven at both ends and is provided with two additional pulleys, from which belts are; taken ~ to similar ~:tized pulleys, at each end of the third and fifth rollA. The bearings for all the rolls except tho lowest are free to slide vertically in their housings. Consequently the pressure exerted on the seed being reduced increases with each step in its descent from the hopper. The second and fourth rolls are driven simply by the friction between them and their neighbours. Tho com;oquont slip of these rolls is

•

•

•

Pic. 9-R OLLS FOR LINSEED, ETC.-llllABLOVE, ALLIOTT

relied upon to give the grinding action which, to a sm.a.ll e::\.'ient, should accompany the crushing action of the machine. l\Ieans are provided whereby the two upper rolls may bo held slightly raised so as to increase the feed. Additional means are also provided whereby if de ired the dead weight of the rolls may be assisted by the action of tightening screws and springs. The capacity of the rolls illustrated is about 15 cwt. of seed p or hour.

BRITISH RAILWAYS IN 1916.

•

NoT since we dealt with the figures for the year 1913 have we reviewed the annual reports of the railway companies of the United Kingdom. Those for 1914 and 1915 did not afford the usual satisfaction to be found in their s tudy, for the reason that the receipts as returned were not the actual receipts, but were adjusted so that the companies received, in accordance with tho agreement arrived at in 'eptember, 1914, and as modified in February, 19 15, the same net amount as in 1913. By our undertaking a study of the figures for 1916, it must not be unders tood that any change has been made. We are led to do so by the hope that the present year may see the~ termination or modification of the present relations between the railways and the State. A study of the financial results will also act as a. reminder of the magnitude of the business done by our railways. During the present weok many of us have, in connection with the War Loan, been talking in hundreds of m illions, and the noble sum raised, £700,000,000 of new money, provides us with a scale by which to measure the expenditure on our railways. Thus we find that last year the eleven principal companies consumed between an eighth and a. n inth of that colossal swn. With a. view further to impress upon our readers the va'ilneSl:l of the business done by the railway companies--points that must be considered, if the p re-war relations of railways to the State and to each other are to be disturbed-we have given in the review that appears elsewhere in this issue some of the varied items th.a.t are to be seen in the general balance sheet which concludes each report. Take the London and North-Weotern for example. We find that on December 3 1st lru>t that company had £564,005 in cash at the bankers and in hand, £2,538,337 invested m Government securities and £250,084 in other railwa) companies. The value of the stores and materials on hand was nearly three millions sterling. Trac.Lc.•r owed £ 1, I 30,013, and the l~ostmas l or - ( :c>ut-rul, .1:71 ,:H).). I u lh~ c:otnpan.\ ·,., 1>8.\ •ng~> hank "err i !J l ,iHU, and !.4,224,309 m the s uperannuation anrl p'ro\ 1dent fund..,, and in the general renerve fWld , £1,100,000. As to the figure.-; for receivt:., expendlture and net receipts, we would $&y that the only actual figures are those that s how tho expenditure. Anomalous though it may t>ound, it is the expenditure figures

that detcnnine what Hhall be shown for the grol'S and net receipt·. To undenstand th.i , we must remind our readers that the Go"emment guarantees the companies the Rame net receipts that they had in 1913. Two sets of figure: are therefore known- the actual expenditure for the year, and the net receipts in 1913. From the latter is deducted th& 25 per cent. of the fin;t \\ ar bonus-taken, we are told, by the deputy-chairman of the Fume s Railway , as 6! per cent. of the net receipts-and the remainder, added to the actual exp<>ndituro, become the amount of receipts s hown in tht> report. But whiiHt the Hum shown for receipts is thus a. fictitious one, the amow1t given as net receipts is the actual sum provided by the Government for distribution. The term "actual s u.1n " is open to modification, as it is more or leRs an estimate, provi~ionally agreed to by antA repref'lenting tho Government and representing the companies. " ' ith such vast business transaction.<> as between the two parties, financial disputes mu.'lt continually arise. Whilst the istration of the railways is left to a large degree to the companies themselves, every pound is more or le crutinised by the Treasury, which may, for instance, query the n ece sity for an item of expenditure. A it is quite out of the que ... tion to dihpo:e of all these mattC'r:;; hy the end of the •year, the amount shown as received from the Government i" an agreed provisional swn. Xo oth<>r course is po,..,ible, nor could any other method have been adopted :-;o ~atihfactorily for arriving at the amount due to the companies for distribution among the proprietors, for payment of fixed charges, &c. But in one particular it is unfortunate, i.e., the receipts do n ot Rhow the busine s the companies aro doing. That the amount shown is altogether out of proportion to the amount of traffic carried was revealed at the ~ l idland Railway Company's annual meeting on the 15th inst. The chairman told tho :-;hareholders on that occasion that there wa an increase of £113,000 in the enger receipts for 19 16 ovt>r thol:le of 1913, and of £65 1,000 in the goods receipts. But when we compare the report for Ia t year with that for 19 13, we find that the n et receipts are £ 134,323 lower. Another company thai furnishes further proof of this anomaly is the Furnc . The deputy chairman, speaking on Friday last, said that the company carried about 5,000,000 tons last year. W e find that in 1913 it carried about 3,400,000 tons, and yet the net receipt. for 1916 are about £3000 lower than in 1913. orne idea of the greater cost of \Vorking the railways may be judged from the fact that the eleven com. panies, the reports of which aro reviewed in this issue have increa ed their total expenditure from £6 ,15 1,597 in 1913 to £7 ,764,613 last year. This increase is mainly ed for by the greater cost of coal, material and labour. The last item covers the war bonus, which was until eptember Ia t 5s. per week to men and 2s. 6d. to boys, but is now double those ~:;urns. The point may be raised that, owing to scarcity of labour and material, and to tho companies boing engaged on other work, less money is being spent on the repairs and renewal of the track, locomotives, rolling stock, &c., and that therefore the expenditure s hould be lower. This is so, but any amount so saved has been added to the e:-.-penditure and p laced to reserve. More remains to be said on this subject, and we shall revert to it in a. moment, after we have dispo ed of the n et receipts. These, we would say, were, for the eleven principal companie.'1, £35,835,631 for the year 1913. When the financial arrangement was come to between the Government and the companies in eptember, 1914, there was a. proviso that s hould the net receipts for the first half of 1914 be lower than tho e for the first half of 19 13 there s hould be a. corresponding reduction in the amount to be paid b y the Government for the year 19 14-. This ca.u.~ed the net receipts for tho eleven companies for that year to be £35,008,286. In February, 19 15, this proviso was withdrawn on condition that the companies paid 25 per cent. of the war bonus to the staff. This gave b etter results for the companies, and tho eleven railways referred to had their net receipts increased to £35,113,581. In September last a further bonus was given, but the companies no more than the 25 per cent. of the original s um. For 1916 tho net receipts of the eleven companies totalled £35,273,777, an increase which is principally duo to a concession made by the Government during tho year. There have, in fact, been two concessions, b oth, however, long overdue. Taking first the one that has contributed to an increase in the amount of the n et receipts. We would again refer to the agreement to pay net receipts as in 1913. ince that date most of the companies have brought capital works, such as new lines, widening:;, &c., into use which are earning additional money-additional for the tate, of course, and not for the companies. But whilst the State ha.s had the benefit of the moneys so earned the companies h.a.ve had to pay the interest on the capital. This, hownver, the Uovernmcnt is now refunding, by paying mtPr(•,.,t on \\ u rk~ brought iulo u."e ~uwe 1912, and Jt 1~ tlw pa~ mPnt of thA intPre!St that s for the tDC'rca ~e m thP uot rcce1pts of 1!)16 over 1915. As, howe' or, the ele' en compaiUes alread) referred to had their total capital increabed by over fifteen nulhons sterling in the two years 1914 and 1915, and the total increases in their net receipts for 19 16 over 1915 is only £16,000, it follows that the question cannot have been

FzB. 23, 1917 dbpo cd of, and that further such sulll.b may 00 e _ pccte~l. The other concessi?n relates to u;o vcx~l q_uestlon of arrears o~ ~tenance and renewal. As has alr~ady been sa1d, owmg to scarcity of lahour and matenal, and to the companies' shops ancl rue 1 being engaged on. other work, maintenance and newaL-, have got mto arrear, and, sooner or lntf'r must be overtaken. B y the time that mornt·nt arriv<>s labour and material will be d ea rer than tht>r would have b?en had th~ _work been taken in han;l ~t the usual tlme. Prov1510n to meet thti! need ha~. m fact, been made by the re erves already indicat~l but more ha!i been sought from the Government and in the reports now appearing large sums are enter<'till outbtanding. It may, in conclu.'3ion , be remarkrd that the present reports are very much emru culated even \\hen compared with those for 1914 and l!H5: No d<>tails aro given as to the capital expended during t~o year, ~ncl of tho prop?·~ future capital expeu. d1turc>, whilst all the statlStteal tables are omitted. This is commendable economy, as it 58.\'e.~ clerical labour, pap<>r, printing and po tage.

r:.

WATERWORKS IN SOUTH AFRICA. H .;u. TMoE <.:ornmissioner in outh Africa. has forwartlud to the Board of Trade Journal exLract.s from the local Press, frotn whteh the following notes respecting proposed water and irrigation works in South Africa. are taken:A Board of Engineers, appointed by the Cape Town City Council, ho.s made a. report on the augmentation of the water supply of tho city to tho following effect : In order to obtain an addition to the city's water supply ae early as poiSSiblo, tho Board recommend the enlargement of the Muizenberg reservoir. This measure is only designed to afford o.n incr~a.so in the present supply until a. larger work can be completed. It is estimated that by the enlargement tho storage capacity of the reservoir would be in. crca.sod from 20,000,000 to 200,000,000 gallons; the cost. of tho work would be £205,000. In addition to t.hts makeshift proposal, however, the Board recommends t.be carrying out of a. larger work, known as t.he Wemmer Hock scheme. The cost of this scheme is estima~ a.~ £600,000, and, when the piping is completed, it is believed that Cape Town will have a. water supply, even during the very driest season, of 7,000,000 ga.llons per day, as compared with about 5,000,000 at present. · The East London City Council bas resolved to ask the ratepayers' consent to a scheme for the a.ugment.a.t10n of the water supply of that city. If; is proposed to duph. ca.t.e the present pumping plant, which pumps water from the Buffalo River a. few miles away, and to construe~ a storage reservoir in such a. position that the water can gravitate to all parts of the city. The capacity of the storage reservoir is to be not less than 200,000,000 gallons. The construction of a water-bome sewerage scheme is also contemplated. The cost, including service reservoirs and other o.cceiSSoriG~;, will be £102,000. The Sanday's River Valley has been constituted an irrigation district under the Irrigation Act of the Union. The total area of Lhe new district is 21,6751 morgen (1 morgen - 2. 11 acres), and it embraces three irrigation schemes. lt is stated that at le&.at 20,000 morgen of rich agricultural land could be irrigated by the river. The idea. is to construct conservation works higher up the river. About £500,000 h&.a already been spent on imgation works in the district, but development work has been hampered by lack of major conserva$ion works.

ALTERNATING STRESS EXPERIMENTS. WE givo in \\hat follows an abridgment of the paper read by Dr. William Mason, D. c., of the Uni,·ersity of Liverpool, at tho Institution of Mechanical Enginoon., on Friday la.st. The paper dealt with Alternating trllb:i Experiments on Stool, and began with a description of a machine built for the purpose. The machine used m these experiments is illustrated in Lhe paper to so small a scale that the details are followed with difficulty, and it may be sufficient to say that the specimens are held by squared ends in chucks which are ed in gimbal.ll. They may be subjected to torsion or bending stresses or both. For tho former alumin.iwn levers are attached rigidly to tho chucks. One lever is coupled to the mechanism of tho machine and receives a. slow reciprocating motion tending to rotate tho specimen on an axial lmo. The end of the other lever rests betwoon the end.t; of two helical springs '"hich resist movement. These springs prefls against a. fu.ed block of exactly the same width at~ the head of the lever, and not till the whole initial com pres· sion in them has boon balanced by the torque does further compression, with movement of the lever end, begin. Bending is effected by axial extended levers projecting from the chucks ; " the bonding movement given by -.hom to the specimen is regulated by control ~;prings in a manner similar to that already described for the torque.'' In conductmg a test the control springs are screwed up by a calibrated amount to give the required torque, and the amplitude of the t\\isting or bending le,er is regulaW nrl nf th" Sl)f>l·unPrl, Just. t.akt-.-. up t-hA irutu~l load on the ~;pnngN anrl no 10ore. Tlu" adJustment 1::. ~ffe-ct-ed by observat-1on of t.he hne of bghl· between the ends of tho sprmgt~ and the fixed block referred to abo,·e. Accordmg to the author 1t "' uot of unportance that the mo\ ement should be me&.aured with much accuracy, and at a very slow speed it is allowed to vary slightly in order to a..v01d the inconvenience of frequent readjustment. The sprmgs, it may be ment1oned, have a. stiffness of 11 lb. per mch

TJfE

U12

EXC:I ~'" EEH

\\til he· tntf"rt·~ting tolwnr \\lmt tlu· rc• ... ult-.. hnvc• hc·c·n. :-\o fur. '' t• ltu\ ,. o11h 11 fc·\\ i~trlu·uttw.... . 011 t ltl' THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY· MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. C'ulc·dcmitut 111111'1 ,\ "'"'' t·ngitw .. ""''' lwo·tt tuk•·H fro"' ,,, 1\ • J•u c·n~l'r \\ orl-mg nud p111 1111 I u t lu• I rtut... port of l'lll: l'\lt\ 1'111:\ \I \I ' III~I : H\' t"' "'""''". goocl .. nnd lnttutt ion-.. TIH• FurtH' ,. c·urrif'tl tH urh• • fifty thotL..;ontl fP\\t·r pa-.-.l·nf(t·r~ an .Tnnuan·. l!lli , I'AI,M fRilll'. thnn in .Tontulr). Hllfi, th<> Xorth Stafforcl,.hirt· hu-. " ' E ll()\\ (•(Ifill' tO U ~t•(•f IIIII I of Ollr " lllljl C'f COn· t•xpi-rtf'nC'Pd a rc cluC'tt(ll\ of 20 pl>r c·t·nt. tn tt-. trtl\ PI, c•t•ming "hiC'h 1lwr.. 1-.. 11111C'h da .. c·ll~ .. ion nnd 'nrlt'l _\ und t he• ;\Jar;\ port nnd 'nrli 'lli• of 2:; JH'r c·f'nt.. '' 1111 ... 1 o£ opiuwu. Uc•fort • prot·t•t•dutg tu rnnk• · Hll\ rc·· t lw C: r1•at X ort h hf HC'ot land hn-. lcn~l uhout mw -t l11rd 11f it .. IH,okinf(>~ From thP THIT \ alt• tt .... rt•JIOrtPd that t h(• nnulbt•r of pn-.-.t·n~c·N hu" di•c·rc·nwd ll\ 12 pt·r c·t-:nt.. t lw rc•c·t•tpt-. front fnrp ... hn\'(' inc·r•·••"' t1 12~ pi r c•f'nt., h11t till' trnm 111tlt ;tp:P ltMIIH•t•fl rl'diHI'd It~ !J 1 pc· r c·1·11 t.

)fARCH 2, l !Jl i ;\Jc ~~r. ''""'"". Alliott. :-ludt n hun~h IIIII) \\IIJ(ft 1111111d • Hlut~tl 1-t }lh. 111111 lltf'lhllrP ohout J•> 1llfiJl L' -Ill , I ' ·' J (1111 . Hr·ro~... r ro111 till' I" ric·urp 13 p 11{ J() puhn oil iN 11bl.linr•d, \\ hilc• fnmt IIH• k1·n~t·l I•' n ; 111 11 dillf'fl' lll oil. 11<.11111 kt•rttf'lllil, i ... rr·c·O\ f•rt!l} • •() ..., •Ill!(II I,, ) • • I lu • rapid dt •tr>norotiCIII wluc·h tho f>f•ric·un, I rr . • I I . • • ., I IJ'S H rt•·r t Iu• f rurt I" gut wr"' • 11 1~ nnpraetinnhl~ t(l 1 t lw "holt· fr111t tn Europ<• for t rc>at mflnt. 1n gf!n,_~;r tlu•r< fort•, t he• prnc·llc•(• 1-. to rt•c CJ\'(•r I lw palr11 rnl frcu~ tlw p< rwtii'JIHI or lll ar thc• plnntntiCin-. 111 Afru·n, anti

Payment by R esults. TH ~Rf: hn\ f" hN•n mnn;\ lo(i~rn" for ouw t i11w pn-.t t hnt thc1 nch nnt n~c· . . of pll) nwnt h~ rf'- hi'i long-c·xpPC·tc•d spPi·c·h in tlw H ouR<\ of ( 'ornrnons a wC>c•k or 'iO ago had an,\ drrpc·t :\Iini'itf'rtal 1mpport bf'<>n ~i' t•n to th<' "'Y"t c•rrt. 'fr. Llo\(1 C:f'orr.tc• c·on,.id<>rl•cl tlw matter onh• 111 • C'CIIlnf'ct ion \\ tth "hip~ arcb, hut Jw wa" a\\arC', of c·c,ui'M', that ht'i rf'marks ar<> c•quall.\· applicahiP to c·ngin<> ring \\Orks of otht>r kind!ool. Ilc> told the• How.•· t hnt wht>revf'r pa.' n wnt, by re"ult'i hnd bN·n intro . duc-c-c l there wn" 1111 inc·rpa"t> in t lw o utput, '"ionwtimc·-. nf t\\ f'n t y, <.onwtittlh of thirt~, nncl lo(OrnP tiniC''~ of 1 'c•n fort.\· p<>r c·<•nt. \\' P do not know '' hc•n('(• hi' di·rivt·cl }u-.. fi~11rc·~, hut thc>~ - rnllwnl \\CHtlcl clc•prc•c·ntt>, hut thP H ou...c• nf Cornrnon"' \\CHthl lw lwhind t lw C:nvi•riHnc>nt in clc•prPC'ftting nn) nt t c•mpt to p1·nn li- grf"at folly c,f thf' pnst unci th(\ rf'n<;on \\h) tlw f(·ar of pioc•c1 rnt~ had hitt<'n snto the workman'-t mind. \\'hils t \\(· may rc·~rrc·t that thc> Primo :\Jinio.;tf'r made• no n lln,..ion to t lu· c·onclition undPr \\ hi(·h piecc> rntf"~ may he lc>git irnn t Ply lmY<>rf"cl st'i, for exnmpl<>, whPn n Ill'\\ IJIC•t hod ifl in t rnd IIC·Nl- wc• wplro11w h(1th hi 'I s up· port o f pnyrnc•nt h.\ r<>'iultH and hi'l dirN·t wnrn ing to f'ntp loyc•r-. thnt c·utling tlw rntc•-t c·ould not lw I Ol(•rat N l.

E

c

D

B

A

•

P11. 1G-PAL.1111

FRUIT,

PERICARP,

NUTS,

SHELLS

AND

KERNELS

tnnrks nn it. \H' may clirN·t tlw rl'tHic· r·"~ ottc·ntion tn ..;c·rHl llw nut" or lu·nwl~ o\·C'rsraq for trPntmrnt • to Fig. 10. Tn tlti-. "(' gi\'<' nn tllu:-.trt~tion \\ hic·h HI h!IIIH'. w<> hnvo haclprl'par('<.l fnr tlw purpose• of 'llllming thf' 'fREATMENT OF 1 II£ PALM FRIJIT. fruit of th<> oi l pnlm and it" i·wnpon<•nt purt-t. At A \ 'ntil rc·c·i·ntly, anrl "''" to a c·onstdt·mblt• c·'.tf'nt, tho whcJlc• fr·uit. a'i gntlwr<·d from thi' trN•. i'i .,.Jum n. Tlw hhtlJH' und "'t.c• of tlw fr111l nn•, at will hc· llottl't'd, tht• produc·twn of pulm wl "n" in tlw lttmtl .... (If thr <.ornC'\\Mt arrPgulnr. On tlw UVi•raw• tlw frt11t i. . nati\'1'"'· Tlw m<>thod tlH·\. u~ , hy follcming tt , from a half tu two-third~ tlw rwric·nrp i'i to"'' S('C·n. Tit(• J>f'ric·arp Juts a "IIIOOt h of tho po~siblc• oil .\ ic>lcl, b11t tlw oi l obtuim•d iH apt to A Eoard of Fuel R~search. out C'r ~ urftH'I', h11t on the· \\ lloll' <·on-'ii"'t" Clf n IIIH'" of hn\"<' cli•vf"lopNI in it Pl<•rfl('llh "hic·h lei\\ c·r itq c·ornA ST I·:P '' hic·h in o ur opi n ion ~hot~ l cl hn,·c• fihrN; hiiiN\J'i'cl "it h a tl1ic·k •\ c•llow oil. or, 11aor1· nwrl·iul vnhw. Tlw frui t '' lwn ripe• i~ dc·libc>ratt>l~ hN•n tnkPn many yt"tlrl'! ago wa-t the nppointrrwnt c·orrc·ctly . fnt. At (' thl' nut" \\ hic·h tlw JH'riC·nrp ullrmi•cl to fprmPnt in tlw prc·sc•nc<• of \\nlc•r, flO that tlw hnrcl rwric·nrp 1\1{\,\ bf' s()ft('rl<'d nnd r<'adi l ~· during th<> mcmth of a Board of FnPI Hc>sc>arl'h . -.11rround,. nr1· " ho\\ n. '' lui•· nt 0 and Jo: rr•s1 ·•·c·t 1\ paro t 10n '" e.fle<'t<' ating tlw soft c•n('(l fruit to H pulp. and t he• Privy C'ounc·il for Sc·ic•nt ifiC' and JncJu,.t rw I t lwrl·afli•r pic· king out the n11h from tlw '''H""' by hand. Hhc•arC'h on t lw rt•c·ornrnPndution of it'i Ach i..,on• The pulp i'i tlwn boilf'd in \\Ut<·r. and th<' oil. ra,ing tn ( 'ornrnit tef'. The• Dirc•ctor of tiH' n c>w B on rei i· the top, is skimrrwd ofT. T hi1>4 method of workin~ incltiC'P'i h\• clroh• Ri'l in tlw oil that iH to HI\\. tho oil Sir (;<'orgt> Boi Ih.\ , a nd hi.., c·ollt•ftguP" will hi' Si 1 • c·ornhirws ''it h watc•r, uncl '"' <·hanged frolll n rwutral ('hnrle"l Par~ooons, ~ J r. Ric·hard Thrc•lfall and, ' ir Richnr• ' ('(mclition to an ac·id one~ b~ tlw hrl'akinJ.t ''"" 11 of at.... J{('(lfllA..\'I)P, the ('hie•£ Jn.-.pc·C'tor or ~finf''i. This it c·cm-.tttut.ion into frf'<' ~1.\ <·<•rinc• ancl fr<•t• fut I' B<'id. ihc·lf i.., a ... trong <·OJnbination, hut 1t JS c·orl.'liclc·rahh Onc-e· In• clroh• "I" i-. -.tnrt('(l tt iH liabiP to c-cmltnnr, '-O -.t r~• ngt henf'd h~ tlw r<·taining of ProfPssor \\'. A . Borll'. thnt frc•qw·nt I) pal Ill oil i-. r('N•ivc>c.J at rio; t•:urop<>an of I lw I mpf'rial C'ollege of , 'cic•n('(• nnd T edmolog_\. dc· ..tinntton c·on t aininj.{ as IIHH·It 1\s 5 0 JWr c·<·llt. of frpc• ns c·oruw ltn n l. The dutieR of t lw Board nre to in c·lt~dr fntt •' t\C'i11'1. Thf" c· nc>c>e-tsary, on an industrial t-cale. Su • ohta111 I lu• full ·'·i<·ld of oil frolll t hf' JWrtC'orp. mul to C:N,rg<• Beilhy, "ith t lw assistance• of hi"i Board , 1 do ~-oo '' 1thout c·a1L"iing tlw otl to dt>COfllJHl•w, or, to IH" to lw re . . p on..'iihle for t ht> drawing up of Rchc>mC's c1l tlw t<'c·hnic·al tc·rm, to h,, drolys<>. It is oh\iou-t that tn r<>-tf'nrch, and wlwn thE',\' have !wen a pprovc•d h) the· prPvc·nt h ~ droly~- c·ti•d to a AdviRor v 'oun c·i l n nd the C'ommittc>e of the· J>riv\. trC'att•wnt whic·h in no ''ay c·olls for it'i hc·ing plM·c·d ( 'ourwil he will I><' givf"n authori ty to corry thNn into in <·ontnc-t \\it h \\ atc•r in on\' form. ThiH, tlw ic!Pnl • (•fTc•c·t, and is , morf"over, to ha\'c> direct aC'C'P-t-. to thP prO<'~'"'"·'"' c·onunonly 'POkE'n o f as thf'" dr) " nwthcxl. Lord Pre~iclent, "hoi. tht> r p...,pon..ihl<> ;\lini.. tf'r. J t "til ('Prtf\11\ •· cln• " rnf'thod-.., notnhh· 0 (:c•rmOll OOP, lunc• • he• rc•nwmherecl that in 19 15 the Briti,..,h Ao;soc·iatiot . b<"f'n propos('d, and hu' c· rt•(·C·avNl -.c111w nppltc·atton ... whic·h hn,·c· not <·Orrtc• up to t lw iclc>al ,.;tnndnrd. fur Ill nppointed a rt'prc· . . <•ntntivf' committc>C' to inquirc• intc, 1sO!rl(' stag1• or otlwr \\tltl'l' m· -..tc·l\111 hth IH·•·II u-.Pcllo 1he• (jllf''ltion of ftwl cc·onomy. :'\forc·over, the• lt\lc• as-ti-.1 t he• rc•c·ovNy of 1 h1· oil or tlw '~I'Jllll'nl ton of t ht· C:ovc>rnroent nppointecl a Coal <:muwn•ation ('olll · pc• ri c·nTJ> f rw 11 t hf' n 11 t. rnittee in 19Hi, unciE'r the chairmanship of Lord H a ldanE>, and, in ndclition both tlw iralty and SEPAR~TJO N vfo' TilE PERJCARP. Ftc. 11- BUNCB OP PALM FRUIT tho ;\Jmi-ttry of ;\lunit ion" ha,·e lwen making te ... ts and Tlw c·hi<'f diOic·ult' undo11htC'Clh· lic>.., 111 t lw c•flc•c·tivf' • im·c·'ltigation-. into tlw ...ame que . . tion. It i.'l hop<'d "c>purntwn of tlw fH'riC'urp \\lthout \\Uttan~ for 11 to t hut t ht> whol<· lllf\'~s of infor mation ll<'CJILirecl b.\ t he•...(• a rc> indiC'atNl t hc> fragnwnh of tlw nut "h<>IJ-. nwl I he> ...oftc•u. Pit lwr In . nt\tural dc·tc·rioration or II\. frru wn· nut kernc>IH. Tlw ~-<arn plc> of fruit from '' hic·h t hf• tntwn in pn"wnc·(' of \Httc•r. \\' hat ma~ IH• c·niiPd a \'O rio us bod if'"~ "iII bf' collated h) t lw new Hoard , or·iginalphotogt'ttph rc•produc·C'cl in thi-. c•ngnwinr.t \Hts c·c" n proru i!'\c• proces" mn y fir..l he dl'"~\'ri lwd. T hf' nnd that, a'i a re ... ult , ~orne excec>clingly useful r<•'iult-. preparc>cl was kindl.v suppliPcl to uq by A. F. ( 't'tli~ nncl maC'Ititwr.' for thi-. proC'C''" ha'i been c.,uppliPd h)' \\ ill lw obt ainNI. It i!'l e timat('d thtlt if 1.'\'en pre-.f'u t ( 'o., L irnttl'd, ( 'al<>clonia Enginf' \\'ork~, Ptu..,Jp~. \\'<· ;\Ianlov1•, .\lliott and ('o .. Lirmted, of :\ottinghan1. kno\\ lf'd~t> were· sy.. t<>mat ically npplit>cl to the u ...c• of were fortunut<' in ..,<•curing thh sample. a.s tlw fnut and \H' nrc• infonnc>cl thnt good, if not ulc•nlh sati-.. ftwl therf' ''ott lei he on annual "a\'ing of -.emil rapidly <.let{'raorat<•.., aft<'r lwmg gatlwrf'cl, ancl i-. fuc·ton, rc•-.ults ll.ll\.C' lwf'n ohtainecl \\ 1th at. l 'nrh·r A hunc·h of this trwt hod o f \\ orking t lw fruit fre . . hl.\ Wlt lwrc>d 1-1 .;0,000,000 torh, tand it may well he that unclf'r the th<>refc>rE> rarc·h• sf'c•n in thi" countn. • guidn nC'f' of 'illl'lt a Boa rd a~ tlw prP"~<>nt, if it lll' palm fruit f\'i tokc•n clown from tlw trc>c> is ._fum 11 in tnkc•n to n rntl<:hinc' pro\ Hlc•d with a r~>voh mg -.haft. gl\c•n n. r<>a~cmnhl ,\ frc·c hnncl, C'vc·n thi-t h ugP HI\\ ing Fig. II . for thr· ori~inol of \\hic·h ''" MP indt•lolf'clto on \\hic·h nrc• lli
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nlly r C'ouc·(ld, it; lll t\ c·A~A pre..._, twrl pr,.""lU'C' a pplied to nuh t\ro h~t\rrl l o b('gtl\ to C'rsc k. Th" ott S.\\ S..) i , o f COW'bO, of good qualit.), uuL

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lhcn pla('(•d I t hf' table. Ia o.l<'a.c1 tlH') srf' ~ ho t.. out tl u·ouglt ltniC'... it uutil Llt(l rounrt the upetandiug lip of thn llttwhiH(I t·tt.RiHg, and whlc·h flow · t\ro thus c·olle<·tf"d sepa.rale l) fro11a thn pcricarp. in quantil) Any oil which way be set.. {reo dW'ing tho bt ripping of

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1ng lht• "PPM portio ns of tho hruJooh ·. Tlw bru-.1• Hpi nfiiP"' r ot at<' in twar i u~s lixNI t n lhc> ('t'-"i11 ~. anrl jarC' drivr n through ht ' \ 1'1 gC'ariug fro111 a. ,..haft journ.allNi •·ro.....,." i ...c on tlaC' 11tai n frtUIII' of llrt• II UU' hinc . Tht> ca..-.ing i ai!'>O jou.rnallc•cl lo l hi~ c·ro-.." "'haft, o t hal it and, "ith it. tht> bru>~hC'-. 111ay b<' -.t•t longitudinall)· LQ any d ired inc·lination. ft. i" fix€·d in pcJ.. tl lo n Ill tJ~ Other CJ1U h,\' Tn('QJI.H of holt.-! J)6."'"'t•d tiU't ii Jjllt Oil(' o r o tJwr o f A. Rerie:-; Of holt•>; roruwd in n proj •c·tiou l)ll lhf' majn frame' . A t tlw driving Ntd of tlw 11uH·him· th (•t\.SiJl~ i~ provideiug c·au._e., the nut~> to trttv<'l d o" n Lht>-.<' groove~" t o til<' o utlt·t <·ud, and 111 r-o doing th<•\• t\1'(1 lurll (~ct ami brus lt<•tl ~11 tn·er b•v l h<• brrt.Hh hristi C'~ , \\ h.i<'fa fo rm, as it \H'r~, til<' fow•t h ~id <• o f tho grOO\('>l. Tit pc·ricarp fruf,{IIWnl" rt' lllll\. l'd hy tl w bru.~J w-. ftdl into a h opJWI' lwhH•<·n tlw rnuiu fruuw upnght ~. 'l'l w cleanC'd nut., t'lllf>rginJ( frm n tlr1• ('JI({., o f I lw grOII\ ('"' 1'\ rc ('littght in ll i-('paral • ho pp<•r . Th~> 11tttch.iu1• ' "' dP ... i~ed n ()urinall.v l o tlt·ttl "at It ahn ut 12 t '\d . of nut ,.; AA~. t :J4,000 uut-. JWr h rHLr . • Ti ll' It'll gr·oovt•s h ol d ut n ny Oil<' tiut(' 41)0 1111 h. I 'l'lw nuh Ht't• iu ('OIIlac·t \\it It tltf\ IH'II"Iu·" fn r nhou t. I I 1-f'l 'tl lltf ,.. l'tU' It . H.\ nlkrmg f hn iawi11 1H I ion of t h v l, ru,..,h f' ... tttll l l'tt.'-iug tlw n11l put <'ttJI lw udju-.tl'd "•lluu , ., r1tHil hlltlt ". Tht• L\\O hru ... lw.... rt'\ oh t• 111 nppo, ltd t( 1rPc·tJnll..... uwl H f l' 1' 0\ l'rc•d \\ tt It " \\ 1n · ,.Jo t It ' fnruwd of ll'tll lwr·. in \\ hwlt t\ffl li\.f'tl Jll't1Jt't'l 111{.; \\ ll't':, ci '> mdJl'llll•d 111 llw .,l,.l•l l'l t, F ag. l G. '1'1t EA 1'M ~N'l' 0 J1' 'I'U E N UTI:;.

Tlw JWI't(•ttrp tlmR l'N'O\ ('red i-. prt•....,.,l'd u l wwt•. Th~> 1111h u"' l' lc•t~ul·d h) tlw bru..,Jung lltttc·hii H' ttrl' flJ' tPrl f' ttl wr mtlurulh. o r 1:\rtali('Jal h. to lo0'-('11 I ltf' l,r•rnf' l I ~----......-1 \\llhin tlw ,..11('11. Tl u·) Jut\(' llwn t o I){' l' l'ttl·kf'd o p c u I Hurl tht• kc·rrwl -.<'parated from tlw ~ hf•ll fragllt f'nt-.. I • ,\ <' nwki"~ twd ,.,eparatiu~ Jmlc h.inf', llttult · b,\ ~ ' "'" . . r~"- . Craig, o f PniHI ~y, it; ill w~lmlod in l•'i.l(. I li. 'l'lu· hnpp('r of th.i>! rua.chino i;; '-<'<'-'4hapC'd in ~-;c•c liou , and '"' provid<'cl intenl&lly with an in'' rlccl vo ·MMp(·d Pic. 12- PAJAPAI' S DEPEIUCARPUf G IIACHIIIE t- urface, "hich divides tho nut into h' o Hl rC'arrb. 1-:adl tluc·h t-lr •arn pa."'"' '" d own a pipe A c·a."'l on Uw doC'-. n ot n•pr1•-.<'nl thl' full o il c·onl nl of tllC' pl•ricurp. t h(' p<.-ricurp is Mh t)L ugtli n" l 1t c·r • ·n J l ttud f11 "'" u" tl) out icl<' of a. HCHli ·<·ylindric·ul cru-mg. whkh C'OIIt8.ill.., a d ruu t tlri' <'11 at a. high s pet'd, abou t 1000 rt •\ olulioat'> TIH' half prc>"o.,('d nmlPrtal i~ ther for(' boil<-d up ~,·ith d own the o utlet .}. The nu t~<~ a.~ thoy l ea.vt~ tl w dc·rw r·•car ping lltttt'llllll' pC'r 111inult•. Th<' nut-. ftd l into the inlc,r to r of li m \H\If' l' t o rt'('O\ 1•r thn rC'mainlng oil , ttnd lo compl<'l(, the> ~c·parnlio n o f thf' poricarp from t hn nut~. T lw llltty havo 8 1111lll portions o f t) l(' p<'ri('arp ,..till ad lwri ng tlrum;; unci ur· • ~ hot o ut by <:<•n lri fugal fol'Cl' llu-o ugh otf ,..k.j mmM Oft t h(l hoi lin~ W8 t ('I' iK nat W'ally Of tUl tnfPrlor qualil)" t o thsl rnnning from llw prl'>t~. rfh~el ISO Te. l.h Palm oil L'- a. q• r ' Hduablc "'ub lAnce>, awl \\Ould lw D .- • n /6 I -.t rll m o rC' ,..o '' "'r~ rt po .... ~ibiP t() nhtsin it in ~nod 1 nuriJt ton in lar~n t\nd rc>gulsr ~ uppli <'~. ( 'on,.,C'· 1 quPnth· \\t' fi nd tl u-tl trl ll<'h A.tl('ntion hM bl'l'll, anrl"' bf'tn.li( , rl~"' otf"rl t rl the' d P~ign o f t~ ~a t iRfac tory d PpPrt · ,•ttrpmg ma.<'hinC' for palm fnut whic·h will p~>rmrl thP wholP perkarp t o hP treat N I h.' a. l rnl) dr.v pro . I Tn \{p ..-.l'fl. A . F . Craig. or P al lf"y. \\'f' Ar~ lOOPhtPrl for th" part•c·ulttn. and tlltL~tra.lion<> "lurh 0 0 0 0 0 0 I '=if 0 0 o , ",. art> f'nabl~>d I o ~n P o f t h~>u· ·• ( 'aiPrlorus. rlr) pror P-.... ~:mrl o f Ow rnat· lunfl>o'l rlP-.rguPd l o giYo it pffN·t. ~./ 24 - r:"""- : Tho rlf'pPnr·arpm.li( ma<'hinf' ""''d unrlf"r I hil'l prn('p.. ,. ... t\J , .. th"' patPntPd in vl'ntinn of. 1r. J:f. ( :. 1-"f\irfH:.. , HW! '" .... JIJ~tratPd i n Fr_lj(. I ~ . rn I· ·~· l.l \\ (' _1;!1\ n t\ wnrkmg I ' r" drawang o f tlal' ~"'' ' lll\·c>nttnn . a-. l' ttfl'il'rl out on -~ ~ ~.... prRrt wal hw·-. In \IC'...... r-.. C'ruaJ!. Tht> maduut ~ 'ton._t ... t-. p ......,.nttHih oft"'' part ... , IIAIIaf>l)' · ~ rotalu1g tAhlt• \ . Fig. I~ . ttntl a rolallltJ! t·o' f' r R , lhf'l formf' t' • ruatnlltJ! q uwkly 111 ow• d irr·t·l ion amd thl' lattC'r Jt •• ..)o" h in 1ht• oppot-a t £' dirp(· t 11111 . Tho tahl<' c•ttrrif>" I o n I It ,..Ni,..., o f '''""''I) M Jl~U:tYI c·tlf'\ f'd h lttriC'l'l or abrHrl ~'l'fl ( ·. r ,J I l'hP •..,, 1' 1' , ~ for111 fld ""'t}' A t-t·rif'-. of wirlt>r "'JliU'Ni 0 0 ., , o 0 •• o u ppo...1tf•l\ c·un I'd rth-. 1>. 'J'hl' fn ut i... ft>rl int o I"" s ..... &t (0\l'r tru:o u,li(h lht> nnnu)u-. 1-;. Hnrl pn...,...iJlg Olll\HUd -. (Pte. 13- DEPEIUCARPUf O .ACHillE FOR PALM FRUIT- A. F. CRAI G Tlw 111 -.1rr p(>f'<'l of 1t.. pl"rac·a.rp II\ I"" hladf"- ( '. 1 ounlt·r N an AI. ,,.,. of l hP hiHdl'" ('and t hP nh"' D ha..,, of f'O IIr...('. tUl lluportaut mfftH'JII'f' 0 11 thP F~tnpptn~ "'' 'Ifi lL Tht• l• ln-.t·Hf'rl pC'rll'arp ftl ll ~ hPt Wf'Pn t lw \\tthi n th£' rrl'f'JliiiA.rlliC'l'> of tllt'tr "'ltr ll-.. T o J'l 't 'tl\t'r r-lnh 111 t h 11 dr'tll tt IWI'tphery. • ' I rth.11rg (l)rc·, b l y . . ,.,.11 pnrtinn" tlw nut ~ ma..' hP ptl~'-'<•d thro u~h tlw H~Hin~ nlcrl hru-.11 mschin<' ill us trstNI in l•'i_g. 14. Tht ~. ~< 111'11 >- HrP t'l'llt'kNI n p l'll , Hncl \\ ith tlw l pltu:lt• 1", "lut:ll , tu Cm:thttLt llll' tOO\ C· ltk th d <'p<'n <:srpin~ ma<'luau.· ubo' d f'-.t' rtht•tl, ,.., lh fool of ti t I:~L'-i ug-,, "h uc lltC.) ua cuwluctcd o n

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a114 1&-PAL• JfUt B&OSBllfO ) KACBD&-CRAJO

th . Craig, or Ptu l ~>y . It COn.l t ' lfl tofo th th t , nc :o ft ~ or' lmdrJr al bru..h• • 3ft . long und ubout • Th;-11 fti(Url'' lmiJIY th i m . m duu n• t• r. r (•\Oh llllZ: J(ltb\ ltlf' at :100 rt·\O· 11'anttr... J • •t~Jh' fh ··· , H' ",

ment o f tlw p rit arp, i ..team heated. It will bo ID..Bdo bv )[

n otJ od that th"' t co.m) rl t Cal o l:r:t mb b n JO( rf• ( hlln hi\ If I Itt I n cC" h \ (' part Of t hf<> b}adt Ttw n11t f\H· tno Jnr A t o p6 bel\\ ·n the bladt- on lutaon.; per 1nmut • b ne&th a l.a.,mg o r

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tbe our run .1 1 ahr•ut ll .hOO t ~ tbe In lt.e 11ntl ~f)mtt lm t numbu as few at t

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194

G INEER

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expenditure the factory can be readily fitted for ported palm oil to t~ value of £2,326,842. In the treating the kernels, so making it possible to fill in the same y ear ~ported palm kernels to the value of £3,314,27 , while oth er countries, including otherwise idle period, and to keep the staff together. our own, took together kernels valued at £1 91 g- 4 A PALM A.~D PALM KERNEL OIL FACfORY. The outbreak of war greatly affected matters ' ~ · In Fig. 17 we give the general lay out of an African 1914 our imports of palm kernels were va.lu~ ~ mill working on Messrs. Craig's " Caledonia. " dry £ 1,411 ,92 , and_i~ 1915 at about £2,500,000. Ev:n • system. Tho equipment of this mill include ' pre- so the palm frwt mdUJ:itry may yet be said merely t 0 bo in its infancy.

inclined tray, the bottom of which is formed with a. special surfa.co. At the lower end it is overhung on swinging Jinks, the pivot points of which can be varied to give the tray the required inclination. At the higher end it is journal led to a. short-throw crank shaft driven at. 250 revolutions per minute. The bottom of the tray is not perforated. The shaking action, combined with the special construction of the

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THE STEAMSHIP KILAZZO. . 1\ 1/

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m erchant ship, which po:»e~ rnan:.• mt.erestmg features, and "-'hich is intended cbiefty for the transport of coal and petrolewn, was recently laWlched by the :Naval Construction Company FiaL an Giorgio {rom the l\Iuggiano yard. This \"6SM>I which has been named the Milazzo, bas been buil~ for the <:ompagnia. della. N'8\rigauone Ueneralc· ~taJ.U:lna. I_t is claimed that it_is the larg&t boat of 1ts kind which has yet been built, and it is furnished with. bomowh~t bpecial a.rrangei?ents for the quick loading and dif;c·harge of cargoe.-,, mcluding permanenL cl<'rricks, whkh differentiate it from the ordinar\' tank 'teamer or collier. · The keel was laid in 1914, and although the Jt'ist. 'an Giorgio is excf'ssively busy with Go,·ernment. work, it was thought that it would not be advisable to delay its construction owing to the war. Tho Volturno, a similar ve.ssel, but with twin ere"~ ~ being built in the same yard, and must by now' be very nearly, if not quite, completed. The principal dimensions of the )lilazzo a re:•

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pcrpcndicuJtlrs 150m. ( s..y 492ft. 2tn.J lAmgth ovorall .. 156m. (say 51Ht. l Otn. J Width out.11id c framing . . . . 20m. (><3y 65ft. 7in.) Depth of h o ld . . . . . . . . 10 . 32 m. ( say 33ft.. lOui.) .He~Aht of str\Jcturo 0 11 quarterdeck . . . . . . . . . . 2.40 m. ( tilly 7ft,. lOin.) l'llt>an i:rnmer.,ion when fully loaded .. . . 7 . 92 m. (say 2!ift.. ) Cross tonnage . . . . . . . . 11,477 tons Net tonnage . . . . . . . . 75S7 tons Deadweight. ca{>acit.y . . . . 14,240 tons Fuel ( included 111 deadweight) .• 1500 tons Radius of action .. .. 8400 mil~ Capacity of d ouble b ottom for petroleum . . . . • . . . 3970 cubic metros Capacity of ballast tanks for salt water. or, if neces...c:ary, for petro leum .. .. .. 620 cubic melr63

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Fie. 16-PAL• KUT CltACKiliG Aim SEPARA.Til(G .ACIIIJfE--CRAIG

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bottom surface, results in the kernels being ed to one end of the tray while the shell fragments to the other . Falling over the en ds they are collected in hoppers. The shells can be used as fuel, eith er under a. boiler or in a. gas producer. In general the kernels are shipped to oil mills in Europe or elsewhere. Their pre1imin!'IJY treatment closely agrees with that accorded to copra, much t he

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liminary screens for removing any sand or other material which the natives may be tempted to mix with the fruit, three depericarping machines, three brush machines, six combined nut cracking and kernel separating machines, three reducing mills, three sets of shredding rolls, three heating kettles, and threo crushing presses. The latter are of the ba.r cage type, to be d escribed in a. later article, and have

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same shreddmg and rt:ducmg rolls uewg used to convert them to the form of meal. Certain considerations, however, have led the fact ories in Africa to contemplate undertaking the work of recovering palm kernel oil within their own walls. The chief of these is the fact that palm fruit is n ot a.va.ila.ble..all the year round , so that during the " off " season, if palm oil alon e is dealt with, the expensive presses and oth er plant must lie idle. By a. little additional capital

KERKEL

OIL

LA_R UE

IIILL-CBAIG

each thre& c::echons, namely, a preliminary, an intermediate, and a fini shing press. Equipment is also provided for sealing up the palm oil in tins as soon a s it has been expressed from t h e perica.rp. The design of this factory is such as to enable it to deal with about 50 tons of fresh fruit daily, or with the k ernels d erived from about 100 tons of nuts. As showing the importance of oil palm fruit, we may remark t hat in 1913 the U nited Kingdom im-

The propelling machinery consists of a. qua.druplee~.-pansion engine of about 4000 indicated horsepower, supplied with steam by two double-ended and two single-ended cylindrical boilers, working at a p ressure of 14 kilos. per sq. em. (say 200 lb. per square inch}. The designed speed, when fully loaded, was 10 to 11 knots with an indicated horse-power of 3000. In actual service we understand that the consumption of coal for the main engines has worked out at 0 . 65 kilos., or 1. 4 3 lb. per indicated horse· power, the average da,ily consumption of coal for all purposes being 54 tons. In addition to the 14,000 tons of coal in the hold, there is room for 4500 tons of petroleum in the double bottom. The whole cargo of coal can be loaded or unloaded in 48 hours, and during this time the petroleum can also be pumped in or out, so that one service does not interfere with the other . The general structure of this ship differs so essen• • tta.lly from that of other cargo steamers of the same capacity that it was impossible to follow the standard rules. The Shipping engineers from t he I talian National , from the British Corporation, and from the Bureau Veritas were requested to collaborate, and have evolved a design which is considered as perfectly satisfactory. The whole of the interior is divided into nine compartments by eight water-tight bulkheads. The two at the extreme ends, fore and aft, have capacities of 250 cubic m etres and 70 cubic metres respectively. By itting sea water into these the trim of the vessel may b e regulated. The central compartment contains the engines and coal bunkers ; the other six, as mentioned above, have a. volume of 14,000 cubic metres, and are the holds for the coal. These holds are of the f ull height, from the plating of the double bottom to the upper deck, without interposition of any lower deck or tie bea.ms between the sides of the ship. Amidships, above t he upper deck, is a deck h ouse, and above this are the officers' cabins. There is also a forecastle, and a. quarter-deck at the poop. The hull is built with 177 ribs, the central ones being 900 mm. apart. This distance diminishes to 875 mm. and to 6 10 mm. at the ends. The ribs vary, both as to type and sectional area.. They may be divided into three classes, those of the engineroom, of the ca..rgo holds, and the extremities. In the engine-room the double bottom extends ovf:\r the whole bottom o f the ship, reaching from side to side of the hull. The framework consists of channel bars, 43 1. 8 rom. by 10 l. 6 mm. by 17. 4 nun. by 12. 7 rom. These, starting from the double bottom, are ed to the sides of the vessel by brackets or knees, made of sheet steel, 12 rom. thick. They continue to the upper deck, where they are connected with uprights, 100 rom. by 100 mm. b y 12 rom., which the framework of the deck-house. The

• •

MARCH

•

9, 19 17

THE EN G INEER.

2 1:3

k ern els are di tinctly s malle r than the Egyptian. the general arrangement of a cot.t.on . Peel de-lint.e r. TBB PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- The en graving is facsimile as to t.he size of t.he s Pecls . 'L'h<'l seE'd deliverecl to th@ machinE" at A is aclmitted MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. I n this country it is a common cust.om in the by a powe t··cl1·ive n feed r oller in an e ven s tream into No.

v.•

PREPARATORY M:ACH1 N F.R Y (rl)ntimm l )

C'OTTON SEED. COTTON S EED , as we r E>m ark ed in our $C(·ond article, is, s o far as t h e oil m illing indus try is concer~ed, of t wo varie t ies, on e b eing t h e bla c k Egypt.tan seed , the husk of w hich as 1·ecei\·ed is prac t.ically free from adh erin g cot.ton fi bre a nd

p roduction of cotton seed oil s imply to reduce the seed as received between rolls a n d t.hen to press the l'E."~ul tant. meal in tho usual way. I n this wa\• the• husk!'! a n d, in t.he caqc of tho Americau seE."d. the acll1ering cotton lint p a:-;s into t.he cake. Thcr<' doe:; n ot a ppear to be any serious agric ult.ural objcct.ion Lo this cotu·se, for cotton Ret>d cake is in gn>at favour a s a cat.tle food. An exct>ssiv<' amount. of lint. in the case of the AmC'r ican sE:>od. s uch aR is som<>l imc:>s found

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t.h e o ther t he white American. or Ind ian s eed, t.o whic h quite a cons ide ra ble quan tity of cotton fibre may b e adher e n t. T he " white " seed is w hi t.e m e r ely b y virtue of t he adhering lint. I n F ig. 18 we reproduce a photograph of some sam p les of t h e t.w o varieties of cotton seed , kindly supplied to us for t h e pu1-pose of this artic le b y R ose, D own s a n d Thom p s on. L hard and tou~h, the Ame rican b eing, if anyt.hi ng, hardc>1' and t oughe r t ha n the E gypt ian . The oi l.bearing k <"r··

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l'l<'l' ~ a.n oi l mill ii' nlrno~t indentic·al wit.h n <·ot.t.on _gin "" ntllnh<>r u s unll _v lOCi. nnd nr'<' ~J>tH"C'cl npart. on t.lw t lw

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nels E. Fare soft yellow o r w hitish bodies which c·an employed by th<' cotto n grow~r- Tn l•'ig. I ~ '"' gh·< ;; haft. J) ))\' tn<'an.; of t.hin ('t\sL iron dis t.nnc·<' wn ..... lu•r·s. ~adily be cru sh ed b etween t he fingers. 'l'he Ame rican a d rawin g , the originAI~~f wlu c h wo. ~ R_uppllc~l to. u:-; Tlw ~nw ('\ lind<'l' nms 1l l· :n:; l'l'\'ohrt ions j)C'I' 1\\11\\ll.t•. • No. IV. appl'nr('d Mn.rch 2nrl. by Hose, Oown.; nnd J hompRon. l.rrnl t l'd. " lHl \\Ulg T ht• "l'l.'d in t.lw R(IC'd h o-.r i..: c·h111'1Wd 11p h,\ t.lu• '-!\ \\~ ,

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T II tho teeth of "hu·h <·ut<·h on tlw lmt OlUI rl'lllm t' 1t. in great part from the sef'cb. The de-tinted ;.N:d escape from the qhoot E under t~e control o.f a hinged regulating b oard, n ot s hown m the drawmg. The lint adherin$t to the ~w .... i picked off the t e · th b' a c1rcular b1·u-.h muuntt.:d on the shaft F unci ~ ~'ohing at c.lhuul 1360 '' \ulution ... ~r witHllt• From tht-. bt"\1-.h t lH• lmt "'dl·flt·!"tt•d into a fltH• <: h~ mE-an .. of 1\1\ iur dmught prnclltc•t•cl by u fan on '' '" ..,hAft H . 'l'lw clr·nugh t j.., r<•gull\tt•d hy t hf' chlmp(·r· .f

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~L\RCH 9, 191 i

-.lot t ' ·d Iwad-. of hnlt ... nHI mt ing imH\rd-. from tIll' dL-.c ftangt•.... In '""''· t lw fiaug<'d ciiscs ar<' E>nclo-.ed w1thin a ... tat ionan -.heet mNal ca.sin11: to prE'\~nt accident-... A ....irniltir method t-. adopted for ecuring th<' · brea-;t ,. kn.i\'c-, in place In this ca"E' the s lot· h•·•l•lt·cl bolt-. tlrf' nttnrhe·tl '" t.n ........ ,.. projf'ctin$t front 1111• 11111iu fra111111!.! _ ' I III' f11r1 lw1 I I t•,t l 1111' 111 111 I Otlull -.,•t•d l't' lj\111"1"' ll O -.p•·<·i!11 rt ' llllll k. It 1-. c·ru-.llt'd. pn·pantton to 1''"'''"'"1,1!. in roll-. <·lo-.l'h -..unlltll' to or· id<·utic·al \\lth t lw

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.\ sllO<'hiw• fen thi-. purpo-.e, a ca tor ...eccl .,hellt•r rnado by Ro ...e, D owru. and Thomp on. Limited· i.:; repr E> ...ented m Fig. 22. The seeds are fed into ~ smhall hopp~r ..lAbat the to~ of the machine, and are t encc carr1f'u y a rotatmg worm betwE>en a ir .. 1 ciJ-.C'.., H lht· cli... hlnc•f' bNween the-.t> 111' ,. pa . '• · IHII Ill' 1"1'1-{11 Illlt •d II\ till' IIII'Hlh llldlC'Bt('("l tO -. 111 1 s· (\ · ,• • ,. 1 1111· 11tt·nh. llw pod-.. 1uhlwcl ht•l\n•t·u t lw d•-.<· '• 1to\ ., p 1 lw1 •· out• ·r· C't1 ... 111~ bmken . ancl e-.c·aping. fall thr , ., . I . . ( II~1I .l ..,pt•c·ttl I cI ...,tr1 >utwn c t>n cf' mto thl' hop(>f'r t' a 1 1 lwnc'<' pa;t 11 lungE-d r <'gulating ftap. ac·ro-.~ ~~:. c·ht~ n• w l V rnto Mwther hopper E . \\' hilt• thP , 11'f'a 111 , ... c·ro-.... ing t lw l'htuuwl )) it meE'b a hla ... t uf 111 . tmm t IIt' fan .1'· . '1' 1H' f o r<:<> of thE' hla-.t is rc•guhut•dr "'" I hnt Ow l1ghtt'1' matf'nttl only, thE\ fra,:mwnb uf tIll' ouH•r hu-.k. rna.' lw l'un ·ied awa~. as a t (:, illln 11 -.111 1Hhlt· c·olh•c·t ing l'll»mbf'l'. Tlw hea' ie1· pora 11111 ,, t lw ht'Hlh \\lth \\ h ut hu-..k ma~ ~et adht>r<• to th 1• 111 P:'"'"' fro111 tlw hup1w_r E_ to a pair of 1"1111... H. tlu: dhtHIH 1· tlpurt of \\ h1ch s... can•full.' adju ... tt>d I n , 11 j 1 n •quirc'llli'llh. l.A'tl\'in$t the...<> I'Oils. th(' hl'alb lliH( hu ... k fl"llgnwnt-. ft1ll nn to a shaking ....E'parator .J Lt'l\\ ing l hi-. ot K . t lw material in cl<''-'<'t>nding mt•c·t~ 11 hltt-.t of'" !' from ll -.t>.(·oncl fan L . This bla-.t rarr 11., ,\\\ u~ "11 h •t d o\\ 11 thf' pa...sag<' ~[ thE' lightp1• frag . ••u·nt-. of tlw m•lt-r pod yE-t remaining in the> ... tre8111 hut i... not -..utn <· l(•ntl~ ..,trong to pre,·ent the bean~ fn1111 tl.-.. . <·t-suling mt o tlw hopper X . T h<' .,peed, of t IH' 'tliiOih part-. of thi-. mac-hint> ar(' rn1Hked 011 tIll' dn\\\ mg. Tlw 1''-lllllplt· illu-.tratc>d ha-. an 0 111 . p111 of Ill 1 C> :?II 1'\\ I. p<>r hn ut·. and a b-.orh-. li to hrakc· , .. ..... , •• , )()\\ 1'1' •

•

UE(OitTlC' \TING C.C TOR .'EED.

Fir. Zl-cASTOR SEED- PODS,

•

nn r<'d into n .. <·mHIC'Ih('l'" L, a C'a<~i ng <'ontaining a re,·oh ·inS! t·~ linch·ic·nl c·ag(• of "it·<• c lo th, o n which thC' lint c·ollt>ct-.; a~ n 1'011 ancl fl'om which it is removE'Cl from I inw to t irrw. Thi" machine ab"orb~ from 4 t.o IH·nk<' ho•·"t'· tH•\\ t'r, a nd <·an tr<'at from:~ t o 20 t on~ of -.et•cl p('t' t \\ t>nt.' · fo ur houN. according to the natun• oi t lw -.pc·cl and tlw P:xtent t o "hich it i dt>:-.ired t o cit•· lint it . On t lw 8\'Prage it ma.'' be expectt>cl that round ahuut :W Ih . of lint \\ill bP obtained from a ton of -..ef'd. Tlw pr(•...('nCE' of iron particle.:: amon$t-.t tlw -.c•t•cl ft•d t o thf' machine ha ... to bf' guarded agtftn:-.t. ht•c·au-.<· of tlw \'f'n· clf'-,tructi,·f' effect su c h material • \\Ould hnn' o n tlw --a" teeth. It i", thercfo•·<', n c·omnwn praNicf' t o t-mbocl~ in the . eed box a ::.erih of C"IN·t•·o- magrwh O\'f'r which t h e <;eed i. comp('lled t o pn....... b('fore it rf'acht>, the AAws.

BEANS

AND

KERNELS

•

t.h 0:-.(' u ...etl f o t· Ii rt-.c•c•cl or ('\ ('fl c·opl'tl flnd !) rmll'.

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(' VTOR . EED.

Til(• cl ....t ingui ... hing fC'llt tll't ' of c·~btor ...e<.•d o ... an. o il -lwaring ... ub ... taiH'<' liP... in tht> f~c-t thtlt tlw portion \\ hi<'h c·nrTi<·'-' t lw oil is enclo-.f'rl within two outf'r C'a ...ing-.. Fig. 21. p•·~:-pared from ...arnplt•-. kind l ~ ... upplil'cl )), Ro-.<'. D own-> and Tho mp ...on. Ln 11itt•d. -.how ... t lw -.pf•d 1\ncl it-. c·omponPnt (Mrt -..

Tlw mac· him• ju... t. clt•-.c·ribed rt'm O\"t'' t he• outt•r hu-.k of t lw 'l't•cl. DuubtlE> ...s it may rt•m ovp sonw uf t lw ill I\(' I' ... twll th "el l. but for thi.:; purpo~e it " thlll\ I to pa "" t lw -.t•Nl thr ough a speC'ial decorticating rntwhinc.> tl ftt•r it has gone through the shell<'r. .\ c·Oill hin<'cl d E>cor'tictttor and ::;eparator for <'tblor st'l'd, mnclt• b~· R o,..,e, D o wns and Thomp,;on, i-. illu-.trnte NI roll nn f'n flml unitt>el to ,.

A

I I

DECORTICATI\'"G COTTON . EED.

F o llowing Am... rican prac tice, it is b Pcorning common i~t thic:; countn·, in .orne ca es. to rernO\'f' • the hu:'lk-. or c-ortex of the . eeds b efore cnt;~hing a nd pre c:;ing thE'nl. I n t.his way tho kE'rnel::;, or " mE'ats " as t.h('y at'<' C'aiiC'd. alone> are pre. eel. The advantagt> ... • Re,:s of t his praC't.iC'E> li<' in t.he freed om fr o m eli coloration of the_ oil , ot hE>rwi. o liable to be produced by t he ·olo unng 1~atu:• 1· in the hu ks, the impro,·ed qua lit~· ·---- ---of tlw <'nk<>, and the increa eel output of oil ohtai nf'<.l from a pre -,,., of gi\·cm size. A deC'orticating mac hine for cotton . eed. made b ,· R o. E', DO\\'" and Thomp on. Limited, is .::h own i;1 s('(·t ional E'lf'vt\1 ion in F ig. 20. The machine rnay be de:-.cribNl a-. <'Othi... tin~ of a rotating ba•·rel ca rr}·in~ t~n knive-. cro .......,\ i-.p o n it.. periphf'r_ , . , and of a fixed ~ .. hrE'a-.t " c·arn ing thre(• -.tationan k.nh·e. :;inularh 5/IRn.,._ dispO"t>d c·r o ....,,~-i~e. ThE> :-.eecl i.J.; fe~l on to the bMs·~l from an O\'Prheacl hoppt-r by mean"' of a po~er-dri,·<•n fluted ft>ed roll, \\ o rking in conjunc tio n with a hand regulated . hutter across the hoppe r mouth. The " breas t .. i.J m a d e in fo ur :..ection.-;, the divbion,., being coincident "ith the plane of the central line~ o f the thn>e •· brea-.t ·· kruves. The seed falling on to the r o tating barre l is caught be twee n tlw t•ota.ting and fixed knh·e.... 'fh<' hu k and k e rne l-. toge ther are c·a.rriNl r o und to t h e lower edge of t lw " breas t " and are the s·e collc>cted. This mac hine' is made in .....veral s ize,.,. That s ize illus trated ha 1111 out.put: of about 10 c·wt<;. per hour, and to drive it. absorbs somt- Hix lwakp hol'l>e-p ower. The> knift• barre l in thi-.; ca"e runs at 1500 r e,•olutioru; per minut.f'. • Consid E"rable mc>c·hanical intere::.t a.t.tach e. to thE' met h od adoptC' in thE' -..izf' of ~"<'f'd cle li,·ered to thE' machinE' for treatme nt. Hf'c·ondly, the knh·e... have to be E'n ihremo,·abiC' • • • • Fir . 22 CASTOR SEED SHELLE R-.o that they rna.' bf' taken o ut and sharpen ed. Third!~ ' thE> knh·C'~ mu.-.t bf' ra~tened in .... Olllt' particularly 1-E'C'\tre matmer, to with.-,tand the centri- .-\t .\ tlw ..,t•t•d "' gJ'O\\ n i-. sllu-.trat<>d . Tlw pod. it fugal fo r<'e o n them a.ri-.ing from thE-ir high s peed of will b<' ~nth<•r<·d. j._ in thrt'<' -.ect ions, B . ThE' s'E'OlO\ at rot at ion. T o fulfil the,e r equirements . no attempt, of the> hu,.,k ( ' from f'ithe r of these sec ti on>~ t'E'\"t•al:-. it will be seen, is made to fLx the kni'·e ~ directly t o t lw a clec>p-c·olo url'd pret.t. il~ -marked bean D . ThE' C'ortex barrel it"'elf. The barrel is simply lotted allow or· ..,he ll B of tlw'le bt-an.., i-; thin a nd brittle. and the knives to pa through it. ln each side frame of f'nc- l o:-.E>~ the "hit <' oil-bearing kemf'l F . Tlw engra\ . t he machine a c ircular central h ole is formed. Through ing i.., ftH•-..imil(' ll" tf1 sizf'. • these holes the e nds of the knive project.. B eyond S JI E LLI ~G . each fra me a flangt-d and s lot.t.ed ruse is fixE-d to the barrel s haft. ThC' <'nd'! of t.h p knh·e. a r e carric>d Tlw ril·... t RI·<'P iu thl' prt> ptll'at.ion of t-lw S<.'C'C l for through the . Jot.., in thc>s<' elise" and nrf' gripped in IH't>...s ing i"' t.lw l"l' lllO\ n l of t h•· out C'I' s h<'ll o r pod.

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ROSE.

DOWNS

AND

Sc.

THOMPSON

ptu r of '<'rti<·nl -.ult• fmm<'-. . The fs-ame.. r<' f<'~n· ~-p •· ing-... bl'ing \\ithin th<• main fl-ames. and four . at a lcm C'r h•, E>l. lwiug external to them. T he 1-<'par~tor i-.. v1bratt-d by m t-ans of a p air of flexible connectlii(Z· 1·od ... lying o utsid<' the main frame. , and coupled up to n s hm·t-t.hro\\ c·1't\nk :~haft. extending aero,;..:; tht> main framt>-> at th~ right -hand E-nd, as t~een i~ the t-II' HLt inn~ in t Jw <>ngnwi ng. An air trun~ w1th l\ f1\n nt. it,., foot i... nr1·angl"d bE>t\~C'f'n th<' mnm framc>-~

•

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•

TH E

at the crank ~haft end. This trunk has four sepluatt• orifice:.. the bla,ts from whjch can b e cont r olled independently by shutters operated by racks and hand wheels. The shells and kernel falling from the roll travel unde r the shaking action from one tray to the nE'xl in t-hE' series. Th(· kern<>lR <"omplet<> thE' whole cour·,e, and ft~-11 off tlw st'par·a tor t~-t the 1·i~ht. -hond tmcl o f thE' lowE'~t tnt~· . Thf' li~hter' portion-. of tht•

E

(i T NEE R

T

21 5

) l iddleton and Co., of Sheep,car F oundry, Lee d flap and ]>0\\"E'r-chi Vl'll r('('d r·oll. The c-racking rolls 1:11'(' in. in diameter, liJ'(' of c·n-
blown from a fan nt the foot. Th<' k<'mc>J-., or· tlw majority of them, succt>ed in pas:.ing nero"" thi" trunk, and fall into an outlet hoot. The lighter portions are carried by the a ir blast into a cluAt chamber. At. the< fool of thi>i chamber 1s a part.rtlOu 2ft.. high. thf' poAition o f ,\]1J(·h is urlju~tc·d RO t httl Oil\ kerrwl:o~ ('HI'I'il'd O\t'r \\itl1 the· hlust. , hull f,lll on. o 1w :o~i
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Pulley ~ 100 r~vs

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lwuns, th<> :-.lwll fragments. under· the ac·tion of tht• nit· bla ·t. fail to c·omplete th<• ''hole course, and M<' c·urriecl off m t'r tlw left- hand encl of one or· ot ht>r of the tra~n into a , ·ertic·nl pa-.,.,tlge. from the foot of '' hich the~ are cventuall~ di~charged. D oor:-. un• JH'O\' idt' air· blast. The output of the size o f n•ac·hine illustrated i:o~ 20 c:wt. of bean· pC'r hour. !-;even brake hor·sep
SEED

DECORTICATOR

AND

SEPARATOR- ROSE,

DOWNS

AND

Sc

THOMPSON

Iat'<' nutt>d. und arE' drivt>n t\t differential »J)N'd-.. jour·nalled in horizontally 1-!liding bt>aring;;. •

I

Tl w~ 1 thC' ot.hE'r. Th<' uuwlu1w illu-..tmtNI cnn dt•nl "1th tlw 7~ C\\L of -;cf•d p<•r how·. ond uh-.cll'h-. in ih dr·iniiJ.!

cl i1-1tance bet ween t lw J'OJI, bE.'in~ rt>gula_tE'd b~ ~llt't\n,., o f a pair of wed~c-ht•adNI bolt-s. A pa1r of \\CightNI lwll-cnwk Je,·er:. sPI'\'(' to reg_ulatt> thC' prC';-.ur:t· C'xt>rted hy the r·o lls on tlw ~<·ed m the manner mdr <·at.Nl in Fig. 24. l<'r·om tlw ~racki n g rolh1 the• l~c·r-r w l -. und huxks fall on to a sht\kmg ~eparator earned on spri n~ rods, and vilwat<>d by a s h ort-th_t·ow <·r·an l< :-~haft r·unning at 2:)0 r<·volut.ion:-~ per mmutc. On the :-~haker the char·gC' i-. tosst'cl about, and thosl' portionR of the c i·ack<•d ,lwll-.. which rna,\ ~ f:'l bl• udher-ing to tht'ir ker·nel:-. an• i!<'parated tll<'t'<'from. T oward" the Jo,, f'r t·nd of t lw -.hakc•r t lw t'IHHI!<'

n.hout t hrP<· hor..c•- po" PI .

============================ tho Nortl1 H ntt>olt sluue:-lwldcw:. 1111 lltP :!2nd ult., )[r. \\' illia.m \\'h itC'IIl\\', the chairm l\n, >o~Ud I hut whih;t. it was truC' that thot·<· '' ouJd pmbahl.> lw g-1Nll dumg<>s in the poRition of t·ai.lway cornpani<•s nft!'r tlw ,,a,r they ha.d no <·<'rta.in information on tin• lllll.llf'r unci llllL'lt bt< prepared ror \lhi.rnall'ly l't'"llllllll~ ill full tlu•ll r1•sporu ibilitie>s to th<1 public·. He was un.ahlt• -to ~1wnk 8'-i fr{'('))' Q.S he t-.lWuld J1k<1 .-tbOUl ~OIUE' Of lllf' !IIIIlS tallcJ cJ,., f•]c,pmc>nt'i c;f uulu"l nul lrfc· nn tlw )\ur 1l1 Bnt 1-.l1 ,\oJHtf:S:.nw

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Fi,;1. 24 and 25

t ht' cast or ::.t>ed kernel from rt" inn<'r o r- -.;econd c·o' to ring J"i not. b\ an' means unl\ E.'r... al. 1t j,.. more ot· le-.s • • n<•c·e-.;sar;\. if a good, ciPJr quaht_\ o f hot-dra" n oi l ts U<' iretl, but for man~ purpche-. tht> oil obtain(•d h,\ pressing the bean-." ith onl.\ thP outt>r pod rt>ntO\ <>cl i" found sufficit>ntl,\ good to ju,.,tif,\' the pr·actice. Anot.hflr• <·astor seed d<·c·orti('fl tor made by Rob<' d • •

CASTOR

pa~-.E;>-.

SEED

DECORTICATOR

AND

SEPARATOR

ROBERT

on to a J><•rfomtl•d por·tion of th<' bot tom. Throup:h this tlw -.hell-., kl'rnek and du ... t PH""· 'ticks. portion" o f t ht> out(•r husks and _oth<'r' larp:c>~;ized extrtlneotr'l mattC'r acro,.:s rt. t\nd ttrt• di"<'hnrg<'d through an <>penin g in the bottom into u Mh oot.. The Ah('lls. kC't'rWIM, and du,t leavi ng the t-~hAker· fall into n t.runk. up "hic-h a blnst of ai 1· i"

MIDDLETON

My~:>te>m,

but the dirN•tors \\!'r<' ,:tiving a.tt<>ntiun to tlll'm. Obviou!'!ly. the prO\ 1-.;wn of I(OOdt~ a.nd ]>8">'-('ll~e>r hhll 11111,. Rlnmting yards and -..H hnj:es. must 11\\ oh <' <•on-..Hit•rubl<· ca.p1tal expendtturP. T o for<'Wt' "he-r<' 1111(1 he)\\ thnt e>:..p<'nditurt- ought to h<' inrurr·t•d was no Nl".Y nmltt•J. '1'1\e- task was tht' mort• dilli<'ult in that. to a lo.r~t' r'tt•nt. the-y l1a.d to adopt ~'">~till_~.t l11ws nnd wol'ks t u Ill ' " nnll nntlr('amed of ronclit l()ll'l.

TJIE

240

E NC I ~EER

t·n t irfln l,r,ppt:·r .. ifnnW ,,.,.r the "P ning

~fARCTI lli, 1!)I 7 h~!t \\N·n

THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- tl11• hH1 n,IJ., j., (itlf~l \\itla tl•1• u ... nal p11wt·r dti\1·11 MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. ft·1•t! n,IJr•r and ltand rP,I!IJIHtl•d ft·r·d .. }.utv·r. AIJ,,ut XCJ \ I. • PREPARATORY A~D

ROLLS

l£AC'HJ~T::n Y (<;l>n/ln>vtl)

OTBF:R RErHH'TION MAf'HJNERY.

,.,.n

THE pr"'<'('ding art ir·lr-.. lH,ulrl hll\"1"! &!i t ltP. rf!ndr·r !;I)TO'' idr a r,{ hr,w (!t•rt.nirt irr,pr,rtant nil-lw.urir.g , ·eflt•tahll'· .. uh..tanN• .. aw prf>pnrt·~l f11r pr#-.....ing. l.md rJ£ t hn tlf• ... iflll and \\Orking r,f t h1• "l"'c·ial mad.int>ry u ..t-d ft1r thi.., pTf•paratit,n. \\'1· havf! by no rnt·an .. ''"hnu .. tr•tl thi ... ~c·titJO ,,( t111r ... uhjP.d, hut Wfl rnu ... t. "''" t·t,m·hula it hy dos~rihing th1· Nm... trur·titm c,f a ff!\\ adcliti,,nal and mr,rc· or Jr• .... "PN·iaJi..t.o(l rnac·hint• ..

tl'!n tc,rlo; of materiAl l'an bt· trt•atf'd per day fJ! tNI houri ·with th~e roll . To dri,·o th,.m rf'quim About four hor..P-powPr. Siroilar rr,ll~ are madr· b~· ~ft• ... r ... Middlt·ton fur trPating c·r,pra, palm kt•mf') ,., ,\;c·., but (f,r "'''c·h Jwa,·y matt·rial tWtJ pail-' ,,f rfJll", cmr• oiJt,vt• t hf'l r,tht•r, or~> providNI. \\'lJilo it j,.. f!NH'mlly tnu> t hnt rt,JI ....,wh a tJ,,. a how~. and t hr1;oe prt•,·i'"'"IY dn' aring o.,.('f•d .. , ~~· .• tf1 t "'' frJrrn r,{ rnr·al, it j., tt, hn m,t~·d that , ·uricmq t,tht•r fnnn'i c,( c·nt.. hing M di .. iutt•$,.rrating mac·hinc·ry art• Jrtllllt· nncl an· in t•mplc,yrnt•nt . Thut t•ITtJrt .. ..),r,tdd •

•

FiJ I. 26 and 27- BORIZOlJTAL : SEED! ROLLS

AlfD EDGE

R OIIIIER RO BERT

fnr thf' rNl uc·tion of \'nric,n'-1 prt·parecl or unprc·- hf' maclP to prc,\'irlr• a lt t rnn.ti\'P mPanq of rNltwing pnrl'll I'!Pf'd ...., fruit, &c·., to thr• ftirrtl o{ ntf'al. sN•d to mf'al i!i to }')(> f•XpN·tl•d, frJT the prat·tir·~ tJf \L-.inj:{ r()IJR invr,lw•.. , rrwrc· f"·PN·ially in t hf' c•a'if' ,,( IJOR JZONTAL ~EED RO LL.. ht!a,·y material -.uc·h M C'Opra. and pallfl kf'mf'l'-'. Thf' rc,n.~ P.mployPc) ft,r rPduc·ing copra. palm t Itt• *'"J>i>ndit urP. ()( a Nm idt·rahlc· amount ,,£ pO\H•r, kr•mt•J.., lin'-P.P-<1, cotton P.('(). <'aqtfJr sePrl, and RO on. and r(•.,ult-. in the -1pa<·e tx·c·upiNl by tht· rc'lluc·in~ nrt·, J!f•nl'rally c;~aking, of muc·h thf' -.orrw clP"i~'l'l plant heinf{ gTPatf>T fWTMP" I han it nPP.tl he. \\"1• \\hntt·\ c•r th~ rnatf'rial trPntNl rna\· he·. In t1ur haH• alr<·IHiy illu.. trat<·d ,,,. frJrm of altf'rnatiw· t11 • third nrtidP WP iiJu.,.t ratNJ and dP'«'·ribE'
.,--,

MJDDLETOJI

NlgP nmnc•r illn<.t rntNl wa<~ (}pqignNl tn dt•nl with ahout (()ur t(JO"' ,,{ c,Jn·c·., pc·r duy. and ah..nrh.. in ib clri,·ing ah(Jnt f•igltt. hc,r-.t·-pr,,H•r. OthP.r altPmntivh to tht• Mdinan· rr,Jl., t.akf· lht> fnrrn of "PN·ial f!Tinding r,r r!'duc·ing mill-. And l)j.,. in t t•wa t()r,. GRI N TH~G

AND

REDt"CJ~G

llttLS.

A -.pP<·ial frmn r1f grinding rnill -.uit a hiP arncm~ c,thf'r thing3 for fint·h grintlmg pahn kPmrol!o; and t·opra is illuFitratNJ m Ftg. 2 . Thi" rnac·hiw· j., mat e h.v Ro~. Dt,wnq and Thomp...nn, LimitPcl, hf H ult. It t•(Jntainq two pair" o{ finc·ly flutPd rollt r-4, th•· !waring~ of.. ,~dait·h ..art• nr·t l·d "P'Jfl lwr~ztmt all\' .. '"' .. "JiriOf!-; Whtt·Ja Jlf'I"JIIIl tJ11• l'tJ lJ<:r.; ttJ .. .frin· and tUkf> '

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FiJ. 2&--SPECIAL

t ll(•) Ql) frr(JIII"nt ly nrr·. Ti t€',\' nrP. () { crullP a,·y, r,r if any hard fnrt•ign «ub... tanc·r· i... r•ut·l111rtiMNI in t ltP t>PP.cl. 'fhP. rr,JJ'"' are dri\"!'n h\ } 1c•u\' \ ' r·n4 irnn f!Paring and nm at frorn 0 to I 1111 n·n,llltinrt.. pt>r rninutP. A -.tN I "'''l'llpt•r is pro\ rdNI fr 1 r t·ac·h n,ll nn d i-. ltc·ld u p to rt .. "t1r·k 1,~· nu"llf ~"- of o. pnrr c,f fc,rgt·d ll·vl·r'"' fi nd c·u-;t u·on \H·i~h t.... Till' _ _ • :s... ,. 1f•f>~Dr•·«l \l.m 11 !Jth . 11'1

GRrliDilfG

MILL l. WITH

CONCAVE

PLATES- ROSE.

DOWlfS AND

in""" fnr rPdawi ng ,,jl 1-.N·d -., fruit.&(·., tr, rw·.ll !..llitahlt• ftJr prc·...'4 ing. As c·rnpl r,~ c·d at the· oil rnm, I ltc· Nlgc· runnf·r difff'r-. in nc, h-"f nt ial r·c•.;pf'C't frtnn t ltl· ftH·rn ll"'t·d in rnan~· t1t hPr indu-.t ric•,.. Edgl' nmnc·r... 1\rl' to }Jt• fcJuncl in f'u•plt,~ rnr•Ht· in c·h()(·r,Jatr• und c·tmfN·· tir,nc•ry fa(·tMi,..... for rnixing rnortar. in papPr nJII-. unch·r t hf' narnr· ,,£ •· kr,llr·rg~m~;· ftJr n•dur·ing •· hrr,kt• ,. papt•r t() pulp. and ~>l~f'" lwrf·. An c,il mill Pdgt• runnr·r, a-. (·c,n.. truc·tr•d hv Hr,bl'rt :\Jirldlc·t"" awl C'o .. of LN·cl-., j.., il111strnted in Fig. 21. It ''IHI· .. i ... t • a-. u ... ual r,( two ...trmt·., rnount•'fl on an nxJ,., wltir·h j., r()t atf'tl in a ),c,nztmtul plnnr• h~- mf'arh c,f 11 1 ,.f'r lwnl shaft, "luc·h j., ..,,.t . . ,rnt•\\ hat IIC'i\rt·r llfll' ,,f tl w '
TBO MPSO ~

with thP f(•C'rl. ThP mnlf•rinl i~ fNI from t hf• hopp,.r at thr• top to tl11· o rwru11g ht·tWf'P.n t bf' ftr..,f pnir of roll.... and t hc·nt·t· pa ....., .... through an iutc·rrnc>diaiP h(Jppf'r to t ht· ...N·ond pair of r oll.... T lw ~pt·C'iul ff' rial rntht pa ..... lwf(Jrf" It proN·P.d ... fo.rt lwr c111 it ... "c·hursP. Thr> P'' . .ition of t lw uppf"'r c·onc·av,. phllt• j., n•ljnstNI by mc>nn,., of t wo ... r·rt•wNl r()([.., prt,,·itlt·rl with ... pring-. anrl hanrl whN·I> Thr· t\HI lnwc•r plntc·.. art· .. i111ilarl~· l1f'lrl up t o tl wtr \\'flrl< and adj11-.t 1·d 11.\' ntt•an'i c1f wc•igh tNI l•·\ Pr .... T IH' di ... r·lu1rg«· hf tlw wutc·rial t nk,.-. phH·P J-inaultanc·ou-tl\· frt•tn (•uch .. idl"l of tho lower pair of •

•

MARCH

16, 1917

TH E ENG I NEER

241

rolls. Tho mac hiuo illust.rat.<'d has l:\11 output. of from con r a ves. AILhoug h t hC' powor con s umed may n ot. treat ed. Tho roll::; of ea ch pair run at. dilTc l'<·ut.ial :Jo t.o 40 c wL. of palm krm.t•lx or copra. por ltour. b o IC'ss Lo any exte nt. '' o1·Lh conxidering, t.ho concave speeds, about. !50 and 80 rrvolut.ion..., p e r rninuto, ll.s bl'lt. pullc·y ruus u,t, 300 l'C \ o luLio n s per uunuLr . a t'l'a.ngollleut. n ·sult.s in u. <:on siden\.blo saving in Lhd s t> that t.ho a.cLiou is pa.rtl .v tt t r al'ing aw l p artly a. crushing on<'. In u.cldit.ion, t.h<' diff<'l'c>u<·e in s p<'<:'rL-.. lwoicls any t<'nd t' nc·y of LIJc roll~; to l)('conrc· c·logg<'rl • • with t.hr ma.L<•t·ial being l'<•duc·od . Tho mt~.c hine i ... marl<• in two forms. 1n on<'. l·h<' ligh Lcr , a c·onca' P plat<', hing<'d nnd t~< lj w;t.ablc•. i..-; fitt.cd lwnt>ut.h onn of Lhc lower pair of rolls. l u t.hc otlwr forrn, iul <'udfld for an innc•as<•d outp11t., t.hrcc• c·on c:avC' plat.C's a.r·~ pl'OVirJC'd. 'l'hC' llll:t<'ftlll() iJiw4rat,pfl is ('l;lj)H•hlo of g•·ind ing a t.on of C'opm (H'l' tltl.~. Jt.s d r·h ·ing ab,.orbs ttbo ut !i hor:; ··pO\\ cr. Tho bolt, pulk~ ruill! aL 2.50 r evolutions . • J>I SJ NT J•:<.: RATO RS.

-

Quil·t> >:on , Lilllit.c>d, i~ illus trat..N I iu Figs. :~()and :31. This Il llit' hill<' j,. lwrl\\ n as 1'\ d is in t.c>grat or. H <·o111pri,.cs tt t'in•tda.r tas inl! \\ it..llin whic·h t.he r·c rc>voh-cs at. a lrigh ·RJH'<•d a disc· t'ttl'l'y ing folll' flat -bat· bt•at.<'t· ar"'"· Eac·lr s idc· of t.Jw tas<' int01'ior is fittt>cl \\it h <·hill<'d iron sf'gnrc>nt..al lim·rs t,lrf' surfat·o of whi(')r is \Htvt•d. Till'!'(' " imilarl •\' •W tW E'd c hillt>d iroH liucn,; arC' di" JH>l'C'd rmuHI l·h<' t.op half o f t..lw p<Wiphery nf the• <·usl'. \\ hilc• tlw lcl\\'t'J' half of t hC' p t•l'iphC'r,Y ib fonrH'd b~ H ba•· s(' l 't'('l1 i11 t.,, o pnrLs. 'l'hC' r~ tat·f'r·ial Lo I)(' trc·ated is fed int.o the c·tlsing fro111 a hoppc>r. the I f<'cd lwing "onwt,irn<>s . as iu Fig. :30, a"sist.ed b y a fJO\\'E'r·dri' <'H worm. F alling 0 11 to t.he t>'XLJ'<'mit..v of t h<' n <'H t.c-r 1\1' 1111-i. t.l w muL<>rittl is t.hrown violl"n t.l y against t.hc> <'hjll('d i nm ''a wcl pla t.es or· against. t.l~fl ~ d h) the hlo\\ s \\hith it. (.bus l"td'ft>rs t.o a d c>grcl' o f fin<>tu>Rs s utficit>nt. t.. o f'nable it t o thro ugh h<'t·W<'f'n t.he bars of t he s<'l'<'<'ll. [ t \\'J ll b<' not..ic·N·I that t.h <> liner ancl R('rct-n R<'g ments are cl<':o:Jgnc>rl t.o b e rRsil~· r<'placca biC'. The> si'Lc of mac hine tllus t.rat..f·d in F'ig. :m J,a,. a n o ut.put. of :!-l c·wt.. of copra. nr· I:HIC'h like maL<' rial prr hour. Tlw lwH t c r ~ t· rninlll•<'· Twc>ttt·~ -<>ight brake hor~>c- powor is a.b~>orbcd in dri,·illg tho lJJ..a,Chine.

...

•

••

•

SPECIAL LISJ!;S FOR TIIESE r.I AC B J NE~. Fig. 29-RED UClNG MI LL AND CAKE BRE AKE R 'J'Ir<' spc>dttl fo rrns of rt> r,v de. cribed in t.ltis ad.idc . with t.l10 C'xt·<'pt.iou p<'rhaps o f t.he About 2-1 bra k e h o rse-powc>r ts rcqLurt-d to dri,·c s pacE' occ upied by the> machine and econ om.isel3 in ro Us illus trated in l•'ig. :W. c~tn be> a nd are u sed for ot.h er purposes t.ht\ n t.hat o f r<'d ucing veget.ablE~ oil· it. Its r o lls a r fl 16in. long an(\ l 2in . in dianw t<>r. capit.al e-xpen d iturc and upkeep charges. Tho object of fitting the con cM·o plates b encaLh Anothe r fonn of r educing mill with conca.ves, made b earing s ubstan ces wholly or partially to the form of m eal s uitable for pressing . Thus the dis integrator • ju~>t described has b!i'en , we are informed . s uccessfully applied t o the re duction of ovet· 250 differ ent kinds I I of material ranging from broken c r ocke1·y, iron ~ ·~. ',If 1· 4 '2 tw·nings a~d wood shavings to coal, shoddy, cork 4 a nd bone . 'Vith s u ch uses we are n o t here concerned, -T '·6"2 }. " but it may b e n o t ed that even in the oil mill, • alternative uses for the machinery described are " "'f found. For examplo, oil cakes from which it is ~ r"3 d esired to recover a. " second expression " oil may be ., . , ,_ -- _.. ''J:. ·4-z Pulle)' 9 once more reduced to the form of meal b •v means of • 10 ~ ror6 b A uto Fee d . (\I ~~~P. the reducing mill illustrated in Fig. 29. When u sed """ Spd./700 R . '11. . 100 RP M . 0 Lhus as a cak e brt>al<e1·, this machine cau d eal 'nth ..... ? , about 3 tons of material per hour. Again, the cakes .5 J" . tak<:'n f•·om the pre ·~> n earl y always hav~ their edges l ... c.. we ll saturated with oil. for it is n ext to impossible to • ,S I I pre ,-ent som e o f tho oil from lingering b~hind at tho , "' , " ' ' 1 · 4 _J 2 ·0'2 ----.....,::; s 2 - - - - - -2 . 6'4 - - ..f eclgt>s of tl1C' cak e . P artly to improve t he appearance o f t.h e <·ake. bnt <'hieAy t o a \·oid wal'>ti.ng oil, these SwAIN Sc " T HE EN GINEER" edges are t.rimmcd off in Rpli'cial machines. The F"lg. 30- DISI.NTEGRAT OR-ROSE, DOWNS AND T HOMPSON mate1·ia.l thu~ r<'c·ovor ed is r edu<·ed again to the form o f m eal and J'Otumc d to the k eLtle for mixture 'vith the r o lls o f t.his madun<' j:, c·lf><\1'. Each <:on<:ave i.t1 th1s caso b y Robort l\lidcllot.on and 1o., Leeds, fl-esh meal. A ~ uiLt"~>ble machine fol' reducing the oily is in iL!i c tkcl. c>C'puva.lc>ot. to tlw provi.,..,ion o f an is shown in Fig. 20. This mill is fitted with two pairs edge pari.t1~:; Lo tucttl t,.., Lhe ed ge rutUter, ~hown in additional r oll o r· pHir of rolls. Thus in the caso of of t.oothed rolls bwJt up_ of plates keyed and b olted Fig. 27. Finally, in tho manuft\ c Lw·e of cowpoWld

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1

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•

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' Fig. 31-DJSINTEGRATOR , SHOWING

DEAT ER

AR MS,

WAVE D

PLATES, AND

BAR

SCREEN

the machine illustrated in Fig. 28 the ma.torial is tog"ther on mild s teel shafts . Tho d egree to which the 1 foecling cakes-a. process sometimes carried on at the reduced to the same extent as it would bo if it were t eeth of each pair of rolls inte rmesh is adjubtable oil mill and sometimes in an entirely separate ed between four pairs of ordinary rolls without to give the required finenes.s to the material being establishment de,·oted solely to the work-the special

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,

242 grinding mill shown in Fig. 28, or the disintegrator, }'igs. 30 and 31, is of great service. The term " compound cake " has boon UBed to denote a re-formed feeding cake m.ade from a mixture of genuine press cake and of extracted meal, that is to say, of the meal left after seed has been extracted with chemical solvents. As commonly used, however-at least in this country- the words d en ote a re. fonned cake, made from pure linseed, cottonseed or other press cake and one or more other ingredients, the addition of which is regarded 88 increasing the food value of the pure cake. Among such added materials ma.y be Joe~tioned locust beans, rice, peas, sugar, ginger, lentils, salt, &c., besides other preos cakes such as cocoa-nut or palm nut cake. For reducing these materials to tht> required d egree of fineness preparatory to adding them to the pure cake material the machines mentioned can conveniently be employed.

EER

MABCB 16, 1917

do n ot a.flord the slighteot tsuppCirt to any tsuch con- the EmpirP a nd our Allies from di.sa.ster, and he hoped cl usion. I t was obvious, th,,refore, that we mu'lt that tep8 would IX' taken to eOBure that the men look to some otLer source for the fund out Clf which who built up th~> British mercantile marine to thP these vast colonial and foreign investments have en ormous proportions which it attained hf>fore the been ma.de. That source is the income arising from war would b~ gi'-:en .every reasonable facility and interest on investments abroad, the earning-s of the !rood from legu,lallve mtcrference in order that tb shipping indutstry, and of the great banking and might ~e.,torc the Brit·i.-.h m er chant tlePt to 1t~ form~ mercantile hou.ses engaged in international finance. pre-errunence. Unle our position in the carryin Shipping plays a preponderating part in the invest· trarlf' of .the. world iA re-established, the outlook meat of capital abroad. On tho ba.~Sis of t he e&tim.ate the E mptre JJJ very grave. Although it would appear framed by Sir Norman Hill the total earnings of the to ~>? a. n Pce ..tmeots abroad, and thercforA tho character h88 be~n gC'n<"rully welcOJned, n ot onJy by it~ own centre of tho world, and it was a lso necessary to take !-'nd direction of our foreign trade, bad bc>('n largely , but by tho,e of other engineering societios into consideration the great financial and mer- m the hand8 of Gerrnan·.Jewixh U...,u.ing hou.'lC"l. 1t to whom au. htvitation bas been given to take part cantile h ouses which employ ed many millions of w~ a 1nattor of urgent public importance that the ~l the <.LU-cw-...ioM at which the' n C'\\ policy is being capital in finan cing international trade. The a.cti vi- B~tish Trade Bank, which L(Jrd Faringdon'11 Com. maugura.ted. The fact , t()O, that these meetings, ti~ of the.-w in&titutionB would not be possible without rruttee recoTO.IllCnded, sh ould be e2,ta.blishNJ S..'i quickly at "'hich comntf'rcia.l tCipic!i a.rf• to b e debated, are the facilitiC!> a.fforrled by Briti.<~h shipping. u nder - as po....ible. The fact that although tht.'i r :corn. t o bo open to th(} ljre."~'i, ib a fw-th e•· indication of the writing wa.:. one of the minor callings d epending mendation wa.s rna.de ix months ago no f'flective reality of tho nc:m. m ovem ent, by which technical directly upon the shipping indw.try, involving :.tep-1 had yet b een taken, made it difficult to a void •wcieties are t() bE·com e tho a.l lie!i of the conunorcia.l extremely large financial operations, and producing the conclusion that thero are important financial cuginEJer. At th(• (ir.;t of the:.e rn.eetingt>, which wM a great incom e to Great Britain, no t only from the interests in the City of London which do ROt regard Jwld on Monday la"lt, :Mr. Edgar (;rammond intro- underwriting of British Bhips and their cargoes, but the propo~ bank with approval. The ideal economic p olicy for this country at thP duced the Rubject of F oreign Trade and its Relation of foreign cargoes carried in British bottoms between foreign ports, and of foreign vv...sels and their cargoes. pre...ent time is to consolidate the Empire by mea.M to tho lnv~ ·trucnt of Capital Abroad . The Preoident, in opening the proceedingB, refon·cd He was sat isfied that tho revenue from the under- of a moderate tariff, a nd to endeavour to r wne to tho change which had como over our attitude writing of ship:> and their cargo&~ in a n ormal year our old position in international trade a a n d Antwerp, R otterdam, ancl perhaps even Hambu rg between 1830 and 1840, when the IM:am engine and gen erally appreciated that the value of exports and Bremen, would benefit at the experuw of Lj verp<~ol, the factory had transformed England from an a.gri- Bhown in the J3oa.rd Of rfradO retUl'Il.I:J was f. o. b. and Glasgow, B ristol, and London. )lr. Duga ld Clerk ~id that our engineering activi?uJtural to a rnanula.cturing country , that our foreign the value of the foreign iuve&tments. Take, aga.i.n, ltlvedtments 8.6Sumed any consid ·ra.ble rnagn.itudo. the stimulating influence which these investments ties had a lways been world-wide, and he h oped that ~tatiJ.tics dPrived from the annual report of the have exerted upon the shipping and the 1>h.ipbuilding nothing would be done in thil; country to confine our (;~nerw of Inland Revenue s howed that for indu.st~. I t il; only necc sa.ry to examine the trade developments within the limits of the Empire. the year endl'd April 5th, 1914, the amount of income growth of shipping with Argentina, Canada, Aw,tralia., We JOW.t not be m.U;led by the saying that we were from British, colonial, and foreign investments India., or South Airica, to see at once that so fa r as merely the carriers for tho rest of tbP world, because amounted to £118,113,703. 'fll.i.t> annual income, the shipping industry is concerned, it has gAined tha t fact had a great deal to d o with our having capitalised on a basis of a yield of 5 p er cent., or enormously by the economic dcwelopment which ha..i b ecome the manufacturing nation for a large part twenty years' purchase, would repre~:>Gnt a. total capital followed the investment of British capital in the of tho world. While a certain amount of co·ordina. &um of £2360 millions. I t must be ed, remote part.li of the world. This in turn has reacted tion in manufacturing was necessary, we did n ot want too rigiclly to adopt the ~rma.n system of endea vour· however, that this forms only part of the total on shipbuilding and a.Uied industries. The volwne and character of our foreign trade ing to plan everything in advance. income accruing to Great Britain in respect of its )[r. Harold Cox a lso depre<:ated any exce ive foreign and colonial investments , and there is ground after the war are matters which a1Iect us all very for the belief that the incom e from other sources closely. In the past we had n o national economic co-ordination in ind\Lc;try and trade. \\'bat was amounts to at lea.~St £95 millions, which, capitalised policy save that of unrEn>tricted internationalism. required was a. large, broad policy of Imperial expanon the same basis, would give an aggregate capital The ordeal of battle bas shown the weakness 88 well sion, rather than the p olicy of the tied h oiJ!i8. We sum for our investments in the Overseas D ominions as the advantage of this system. For several centuries sh ould beware of int roducing too much State control, and foreign countries of £4000 miUions. It was it was our p olicy to throw out from the centre our or of arlopting any measures which might set up instructive to note that these investments bad been dif!erent sources of strength. We threw down all friction b etween ourselves and our Allie<~, or affect fairly evenly divided between the Overseas Dominions barriers which restricted the freedom o f trade, our t rade with n eutral countries. I t was nooessary and the rest of the world, the totals for the y ear and allowed ourselves to become dependent upon to avoid the danger of using the force of our arms to 1913 being £ 17i0 millions for British Dominions, foreign supplies of foodstuffs and raw materials to d eprive the p eople of the Empire of the chance of Colonies, and Po~ion.s, and £1784 millions for the extent of three.fiitbs of our annual requirements, selling their goods in prruitable markets. One heard foreign countries, mainly outside Europe. In the and at the same time allowed ourselves to become referen celi at t imel to what was tt'rmed tho blind early years our principal invcl>tments abroad were dependent upon for supplies of commodities growth of the Empire, but it was quBlitionable if this made in Europe, but as European countries developed, which were vital to the conduct of our greatest in- was n ot rather better d efined as the triumph of the and the yield became less remunerative , the far- dustries. , on the other hand, pursued an instinct of our people, and be would rather trust to seeing men who directed the channels into which economic policy of centralisation. X otwithstanding that for the cultivation of trade relationB overseas British capital fiowed perceived that Canada, the vast growth of her population, she, by means of than to any m ethod evolved by p oliticians. lfr. W. H. Ellis (:~Iessrs. J ohn Brown and Co.) AU8tralia, Argentina, Chili, and other distant the intensive development of her agriculture, became countries offered a greater chance of profitable to a very large extent self-ing in the matter expressed the opinion that a good deal o£ the talk investment. , and to a lesser d egree , of food supplies. For many years she set her face which was heard as to the limitation of the power of invested their surplus accumulationB largely in Russia., against the emigration of her people, and it is only our en emies in trade was premature. Any ruthless Turkey, Austria, the Balkan States, and other parts within a comparatively r ecent period that she has p olicy in that direction, although it would help us in attempted to carry out a policy of colonial expansion. those portions of the world which we can dominate of Europe. It is true that our old policy brought many economic to some extent, would inevitably throw other counUnder present conditions Great Britain bas no reason to regret having invested her savings advantages. Our investments abroad have proved tries into the arms of Genna.ny, and make our position in the development of countries which are in the of inestimable value during the war. They have been as competitors very difficult. One very necebS&ry rna.in r emote from Europe. The great bulk of the our real war chest, and without them it is difficult reform was associated with the representation of capital invested abroad by Great Britain has been to believe we should have been able to finance our British 6.rms abroad, and it would be well to give applied to the construction of railways, irrigation Allies and to provide for our own expenditure. consideration to the question of co·operative repre· works, dooks, and harbours, or to the development There bas, of course, been a great change in the sentation to avoid inter-competition, and to en ore of mines, nitrate fields, tea, coffee, and rubber plant&· geographical distribution of these investments during that if a contract came to this country that it bould tiona, oil6.elds, and every other conceivable form of the war. Broadly speaking, we have sold between be placed at a fair price. Another question which be enterprise calculated to increase the world's supplies £500 and £600 millions of our American, Canadian, hoped to see tackled was that of devising measures of food and raw materials. This policy haB not been ' outh American, and Japan~ investments , m ostly, so that enem y shipping should not be allowed to condu cted on selfish lines. The additional supplies however, at good prices, and we have borrowed come into British ports on any which were o f food and raw materials Lave been made accessible about £400 millions in America and elsewhere. On more advantageous than those inflicted on British to the whole world, and it i:. difficult to b elieve tho other band, we have made new investments shipowners. On the subject of the proposed fon:na.· that the industrial development of during abroad to the extent of nearly £900 miiJions b y way tion of a n ew British Trade Bank it was necessary, the past twenty years would have been possible of loans to the Overseas Dominions and French, in the first pla.ce, to b e satisfied that the great banking institutions of this country were either unwilling or had it not been for the enterprise and ability of Russian, Italian, and Belgian Treasury Bills. I t was the magnitude of our mercantile marine, unable to grant the necessary facilities. British investors. l\Ia.ny people &till appeared t o Sir John )lcCa.ll (Agent-General for T~) entertain the belief that our invet>tments abroad and the fact that through its use we were able to ba.d been made t o some extent, at least, by means call not only upon the Empire, b ut the whole world. commented on the fact that, while the Domm1on of the export of g old and silver, but the official r eturns for supplies of food and raw materials which saved r epresentatives had been pledged to place contracts

{,!

MARCH

23, 1917

THE EN G INEER

261

THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- Lh roug h t.ho h ott om of t,hfl l<ettl<> a nd is s upportNl on t.h<> m eal , a nd facil itate's Lhr HuhsE'quen t flow of oil an extf"•·nal ball thrust b earing. This con.c;iderably front it. The 111eans p•·ovidPd for with<.lra·wing a MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. reduce::; t.he powf'J' r eq uirecl to drive the agitator. charge of m eal from the kettle and delivering it to Xo. \'II. • :\£ 1-; Af. KETTLES AXD )[O ULDIXt: )[ACHIXE •.

\ YE. have-. n ow df'scribed t.he :;pecial prepara tory

maC'hmer,\· 1n UR<' for th<> prc>lirni mH v l·rNltment of c·<>l't ain t~ piNJ.l oil-henri ng n·gc-lnhlC' Hubstance~. 111\tu<·l~. GO JH'tt. lin:o~PC'< l, p u ln1 fruit.. pahn l l'llPI~. c·ol t on ~<'NI and c·~\,.tor :o~C'NI. ' l' lw 1natc>r·ia l, wht\b-'V<'t' iLH <wiginnl fonn, is, ns dol i\'<'I'NI fmn1 t.lw pr'<'f>n•·sttOJ'Y llllwhinP•·~· so fn.r dN;c•·i lwcl, in t.lw form of " m Ntl. :. 'l'lll' nC'xli ~>~t· <'J> in Lh<' p•·oc·c>~>~s is t.o h eat t.hi~>~ meal if t haL iH to say, the> oil is. aH it. mor·(' u:-~uall y is than not : to he> <'X prf'ssecl h ot. Tho heat ing of the.> mea I iH commonly conducted in a steam " kettle." and iR, of course, carried out. immc>cliatt!' l ~· boforc.> the pre~s ing takes place, so t.hat. t.he matf'J'ifll wh('n plaC'C'CI in t h<' prt>HH may s t.ill be> hot. The• heating of tlw m <.'al grf't\t.ly fttc·ilitt\tt'H the C'xprC'ssion of t.he oil fi'Om it,. fo t· it, f'C>s ultH in tlw rupt.uring o f the minute vessels o r :'lacs in. which the oil iR naturall y conta ined within t hC' meal. I n ~"~O fM a::- it d oes t.his it clirect.Jy re l i t-\'<'~'~ t lw pre'is <1f a C'OI'I'E'KI>CHlding a 1noun j, Of \\ 01'1<. rJl a deli t.ion , t IW hN\t.ing of t.ht- nwnl na turulh• r·c•duc·c•s thC' 'i-;c·osit •\' of • tlw OJI , and t.hC'rl'fo•·e t'<·ndE't'K its flcm C'~tsit• r. A third c·f)'l'(·l o f hc-at.ing is nl:-~o to be• not c·d . An, ulbumirHHI'I 1111\ll pr· preH\' llt in tire· 11\C'OI will lw c.'oogulotc•d or· sc,lidific·d during tlw h<>tl t.in{! pi'IIC:I•ss. nnd will t. hC' r~b~· lw ltll'gt•l.' n·t n i1wd within tlw <'H k<> IC'ft. i 11 tlw Pl'l'ss nnd \\ill not fl m' 1\Wil ~ with t he• oi l. The· hC'tl (.ing

the preliminary cake moulding machine can be gathered from l."igs. 32 and 3:3. At the foot of the kettle, an orifice, opened and closed by a sh u t tet·, is formC'd. B rnf'ath this. a flAt board iR hnng whereon a s t.riclding box HC<' Fig. :J:l open at the top a nd bot tom, t'l\11 bt" I' Ull. '!'he shut t <>r it~ arranged I v h P a ut oJnaLicall y opencrl \\ ht-11 tho ::~trick l i n g box is JHIKhC'cl bt>rwath it, and c·loxc>d when it, is withd nlWJI. ThC' xtt·i c· ldin~ b ox " ith itr.; <·hargo iMpu lle>d em t.o t.lw tab I<' of the rnou ldi ng machine H<'<' Fig. :J4. Tlw agitat or ~ haft ca rTiex at. its foot a pair of arms, which he-lp to t.he mea l ft·om t.hp lcett.lc- through thE' orifi ce into the Ht rickling box. TheRe.> kettles are made in various sizes, t·anging, Hay, from 1ft.. Sin. diameter by !ft.. :lin. dec.>p to 6ft.. diamc.> tet· b~· 2ft. 8in. d<'c>p. In ~o rne inHtanr<>s. lwo a re ar·ranged , one.> on t.op of Llw ot.lwr. Suc·h a pair, m ad e.> hy :\Ic>sKJ's. ;\f an lovC'. Alliot t. ix rii10\\ rr .l<"ig. :Ja. This al'l'angement not. only simplifieR t h e driving g<>ar r<>qnirecl; but also facilitates the working ancl enl'$UJ'CH that. th<> meal d eJi,·erE'd to the presse~ s ha ll bC' at nn t>vcn t cmpe1·uturc. B oth l<e•Ltle>x ar·<> "tetlin jtlC'kC'l<'d. Tlw up1Wr on<' t·c-rc·ivC's t lw Jr'leul in t.lw first. ins ta rwc•. ll u\ ing hf'l•u lll'u t ed t.o a c·(•rttlin clc•gT('(', Llw rrwnl is di,.;(• ht\r'g<'d fr·orr r Lhc· "PIH''' t o tlw lowc·r kc, tt.lt· tl11·ougl• u s liclf' iu tlw hc,ttorn of I he fo n11t't'. \\' lwn JrPu lc·d, rC'rLd.' foe I ht· p r·1·~s. it. iH withclrO.\\Il fro111 t.lll' lttlll·r· in t l11• us ual \\IW . l ~otlr l<(·ttlf's cottta in ngi t a.ti ng ~<·ar·. · The eng.·a.ving. Fig. :~ 4 . KhOWH n. 111C'nl hNLI . in~ keLtlo and m oulding machine' mndf' b~· Hohr •·t )-l iddleton and ('o .. Leeds. '1'11<' view is here given, as it. s h ow>~ very c iNt.rl~· thE' rc.>lati ve Hituation('l in uHc of the l<et.t.le and thE' moulding machine. The dr·iv ing pullc~· of t.hiH kettle runH a t. ahout I :30 revo luti o n~"~ and t·h<' agitat.or s haft. at a bout :JO r·evolutions. , 'ornE' three horsc>-powc.>r or HO i'i <·onAu med in driving it. \\'hen the meal is I o he PT'CKHt'd cold a heating kf'tt.le iA, of COlll'liC', n ot req uir·ed. It is convenient.. howe,·er, to provide a •· receiving pan " fo •· the meal, from which the mou lding rnachines rna.,v draw thel1· >~up ply. T he kett.le i t.sc.>l f act.s as Kuch a r·f>cei ving pn.n when hot pre:o~H ing is b(· ing followPd, a nd wit.h tlw Kteam shut off fron1 tlw jaci ~C' r'\'C when <·old pr·eHHing is tHiopted. If cold p rPHsi ng is. howevE-r. the rule ratlwr than the exc<>ption. i L ix clea.rl,\ not d e::~iJ·abl c to s pt-nd roorw y on a kC't.t l<' whe>n a s irn pie,., chi" a per rec(•ptacle wi ll RPI'V<' the put·poH(' ('qua.lly well. T ho arrangement of a 5ft. ()in . recei ing JHUl, by :\Ianlove. Alliolt. and ( 'o., L irnitc>d , is giv<>n in Fig. :35. ThiH pan rnay be d esc•·ibC'u as a kettle without the s team jacl< f' t::~ and ot.hcr hE'ating adjuncts. J t conta.iru; a modified form of iftir ring gea r, tho purpose of which iH simply to ens uro proper deli very of tho meal t o t.he outlct!i at Lhe foot of the vessel. Fig. 33 DOUBLE KETTLE - MANLOVE. ALLIOTT 1'het·c ar·e two s uch outlets in this example, each contr·ollecl by an independent shutter and meal box, I t \\ ill be noticod Lhat a perforatod box SlllTOunds t he agitator s ha ft wh<>re it es through t he kettle and each se1·ving a separ·a.to m ou lding machine. bottom. This is for t.hf' ission of qaturatc-d s t.c.>am \\'c now paiis on to de~crib<' tho <·ons t.nlC'ti on and

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Ph :. 32

MEAL

KETTLE

MANLOVE,

S

ALLIOTT

propc>r of tlw 111e>a l i:.. t-ITC'ctcd u ~ua ll y h) n wans of a :..tf'am jacket, ~lli'I'OltJH i i ng thE' kettle'. Fr·eq uen t ly, it will b e found that a little steam is, in aclclit.ion , adruittecl direct. to the rne>al whc.> n in th<> kc.>tt.le. The object of t his, h o\\ e\'er, iH not so much to heat thC' rneal as to " te>mpc-r " it so as ft~t·llw r· to facilitate the f1 ow of oi I. Th<' meal i.-; withdr&\\ n fr·om th<' k<.'tt.le in convenient nmounl~. and i:-; immediately rough -m oulded in a rnachino into r·cct a ng ular· or othe•· s haped s labs or c·akeR of a sizE> suitable for the p•·e. s in use. As quickly as ma de thf'se c·al<<':'l El l'<' tak<'n t o the pre.s, so that they 1nay be.> pre;;scd befo•·e they lose thei•· heat.. The• c·akes, a fter pressing, a rc.>, of coul'. e, thoAc known to fat·mer:-~. They a•·e very commonly c>itht>r oblong ()I' oval, and, as trimmed, van· in sizE' fro111 abou t • 2 1in. t.o 26in. long by 1 lin. to J3in. wide. A l ) pica l w<>a.l h eating kettle, made. by :\Ianlovo, Alliott and ('o., Limited, of ~otLingham, iA illustrated iu F ig. 32. The kettle is a C~'linch·ical iron vessel j~c·kc-ted round itR s ide and bottom fo•· heat.ing l-.Leam nt t~ prf'ssl ll'C' of a bout 7.; lb. and contai ning power· 1 lr·i' t>n HI i n·ing gen•·. The sL<'am jacket. r·ou ncl the £.~ide j.., t'O\'C'I'ed \\ ith a layc>t· of non -C'onduct ing material, t·r~c·lo:..NI \\ ithin a shPet m c>tal c·nsing. 'flw t op of the 1<<'1 tic· iH ope>n , c•xcept for the> C'ast iron bridge' \\ hich 'ipa n'l it and c:a•·rie>s the driving g<'ar. The bottom of the k ettle \\ ith its stc>am jac·kC't is Jnadc> r<:>adily dt'lac ha blc fr·om the- rest for •·encwal purposel'l, as Lhis pnr't iH that \\hie· It iH moRt s uhjc.>c·t<'d to wear. The r.horough agitation of t h<> m eal in l ht> ket t.lo is JH•c·c's~r·y, not on!) to attain uniforrn Jrc•nt.ing, bu t ttiHo to ptovC'nt it h<'<:oming disc·olour('(l. .\ feature of the> apparalul:! illm•tra l ccl in F ig. :32 lies in tilE> ftlc!i t.hat tlw ' t>rtical agitator shaft is c·fU'riecl

-

• Xo Vl. nprH•ared ) l ur ch 16th.

Fu~.

34 - KETTLE

AND

MOULDING

MACHIN E

RO BERT

MIDDLETON

to the mtl'l>~ in thC' ketLI<'. Tlw ncllnission of s uC'h workinj! of the m e-al mou lding Jllac·hinc-~.... T h<' ob je<'t sLearn l'(''llll ts in t.he ruoi .. tl'ning or .. l<'rnpPr·ing .. o f of the~e machine'! is t.o prP'~'l t.h(' menl inLo t.hC' fot·m

262

THE ENGINEER

•

M ARCH

23, 1917

o f a cnke, RO n~ to fac il itat<' t.h<' filling of the main pressec;. The moulding prec;sure ('mployed mns t not. exceed that o.t which oil will commence t.o flow from the meal. The n earer it app1·oactw~ this amount, however. the less will b e the work required Ruhsequently of the main press, while tit~> grc·at<'r the

:\fonlding machin<>R are obtainabll' in varionFI forms. hloc·k i ~ r·onnt <'r·ha.lanc·c· ssun· re-.t.ing upon a Hliding t.abiP, whieh fo r t.he tim~ bPing ll('Cumulator, if there be s uch- provided for the· i"' in it,.; Pxti'PnW forward po~-oition. B e fore the "orking of the main prcsc.;e:.. They arE' c;ometi nw-. -.tric·kling box i'! pullPd a.c·rosc;, the wood block 18 dec;igned to be operated by hand, the n ecessary forC'(• I• ft <'d np u nd a. t.ray of o.;hPPt st Pc>l i"' placed on top of tlw sliding tnhiP. On•1· t.hi-. tray is plac·c-·d a. length of " pn•ss lntgging," 1\ WCJV<'n 1111\.t r•rial. t lw naturP and , f11nc·tion of whic·h ·will h<' c•xplainNl in du~ cour..;P. 2-8 dia. Pulley /.JS Rev ~/min 'rh<' '" ood bloC'k i'l t he>n lowf't'Nl hnrk on t.o thP !';liding S "Belt tnhiC' nncl t.hf' c;t•·ic lding hox mn ont AO aq to fill tho I • holr> in tlw hloC'k with weal. On hinging back tho wo(l() hlock, a gauge n t.he table is . ~ pushed ovf'r, it movf'R a levf'r opPrating t.he \•alve of L • • "'· " ' I ~~----------+-------!----! 14 ·G ~ . .... .. -----~t----._., ,1 t.he hydrauU c ram, so cam;ing tht" head o f the latter to rise again.c;t the underside of thf' tray, lift it off the • • ~'++----G~o·J: " :j table, and comprec;q the meal against thP fixed heart of the machin('. The table mt>anwhile iJ.; withdrawn : ' • and made r eady for moulding a second c·akt>. The> . ~--.----1-----.---...n ~. ~ r" _ :. llf ..t r& , lll-.---~-~..,.. ,... . l'&rn is lowt-rPd by operat.ing tht> \'t\lve 1<'\'('r hy hanrl, ancl the cakt> and bagging ed on t.he t.ray are r• ..___, rc:>moved to th<> pref':'~<'S. The prt>ssure employt-d in the h~·draulic cylindt'r is from :500 lb. to 600 lb. pPr "quare inch. The above form of machine is thought by some to suffer ~ro~ a. diRadvantage in that the rn<>al during th<" s Wlllgmg up of the wood block, and during thn 1novement forward on to the ram, is liable to be shake n • with the coru equt>nt production of a misformed cakf'. A moulding machine designed to o,·ercome thi., object.ion, made by MeR. r s. :\lanlov~, Alliott, i.e; shown in Fig. :37 and also in Fig. 35. J n this ca;;e, the head of the machine iH hingt-d so that it rna.~· be Rwtmg over nnd thus pt>rmit th<" m<>al to be moulded while ktill 'i11pportt>d round the four· <>clgt's b y the woocl('n frarn<> • o1· block. The tray and bagg:ing arE' plnc<>d direc·tly Ja_qqe d on top of t.he ram hE'ad, the wood frame i" swung down Bolls ancl the st1-ickling box i.<~ ad\'aneed to fill thE' fr·am<' wit h mt>al. Th<> framE' is t.hE>n Ji fted up and again 1 lo wered a.ftrr th<> end F~ of the bagging haw• lwcn t.urned ov<'r. Th<' head is thereafter lcm·c•rNI so ao.; to t'nter tho hole in the wood frame, and i:-. loc·kCJd in this position by m eans of t.he s pring rod . h0\\1\ at the --+ --- '7'1+1 front. of the machine in Fig. 37. Pr<''>Ruro is then applied within the hydraulic cylinder to cornpre:..'-1 tho tra.\, hagging and mt>al again-.t the machinE' head. ThP wooden frarn<>, b<>ing pi\'OLE>d, lifts s lightly while t hili is oc·cul'l'i ng. Ja.gged Qtuck, t>asy operation h<>ing \'ery desirable in a Bol~s meal moulding machinP, it is natural to lind that E'ffor ts have bE'e n directed towards making the action Jno!'e automatic than it. is in the machine-; of the type SWA IN Sc. d<>scribed above. • An automatic- more correctly a semi-au tomatii g. 36-RECEIVING PAN AND MOULDING MACHINE8-MANLOV E, ALLIOTT • meal moulding machin<>, made by Rose, Downs and ThompRon, Limited. is illw~trated in Fig. :38. Thi-. preliminar y compression ot the meal in the moulding b eing appliNl through a RCrew. OC'rns ionnlly they 1nachine consis t R of two moYing parts, namely. a machine, the lcRs will be the height of the main press are workf'd b y l'tPam presHure. horizonta!Jy s liding mea<1uring box A and a ve rticalh· A h ydraulic moulding mac·hine o f a. u~ua.l t~·pr, sliding moulding box 13. The Jt10vement o f the I)(JX(;s 1·equired for a given output. The mouJd ing machine must be r eliable- and quick in its action. As each made by :\-fanlove, Alliott. a11d Co .. Limited, iti is effect.ed hydr·a.ulically, and is cont.rollf'd from the.> N\ke is form ed in it, the cake is taken away to the illuRtrated in Fig. 3U. As will have bPE'n gat.h<'rf'd handles 0 and D r esp ec·ti,·ely. E indicat.p the lowt·r· • p rE'RS and a SUC'cceding <'ake moulded. The prcH al1·eacly, the moulding ma.<~hin(' is plac·Pd ciO'If' b psidt> face of the ht>ating kettle. The e nd:-. o f the moulding mo.v hold sixt.E>en or more cakes, and n ot till t.hese t.hP ket.t.le RO that tht> f':tric·k ling box fill<'cl wit.Jr rt wHI box B are op«"n , RO t.hat t.ht- wmal tray and bagging • C'akes are a ll in pla('C' can the pt·ef':sing be> commenc·ed. may he readi ly drawn O\'er on u, it. Ju tlw c·ase ma.v be s lipped into t.h e box. Wit,h tlws<' in po..,ition,

.

~

(l, ?J ~'

I

1

~~~~; ; ; ; ; ; ;~ ri*~~'if-~ r 11

~~

~

ii

i

~

!

I

I

• Pig 1• 36 and 3'7- 0RDilfARY

Thfl moulding machine must work regularly and q uickly, for it is not desirable to ha"e a considerable clifTerence in the tN11peratures of the first and last rakr>s p laeed in th e> press. \\' here cold prPM>ing iR in fo1·ce, the moulding machine C'an, of courf':e, h<> wor·ked more leiijur ely than is desir able with hot meal ·

AND

SPECIAL

FORMS

OF

HYDRAULIC MO ULDING

MACHINES- MANLOVE,

of the mac hine s hown in Fig. 3G, the> kettle woultl b<> arranged on thf' right-hand sidE'. The strickling box l<>Lwing • he !=;upporting hoo.rcl of the kettl e pa,..:o~es on to thE' hard-wood hloc·k Ol' f1·tune Rhown nt the front of th<' ma(·hinf', h<>ing guidc•d thereon by the upHtanding <·rlgf'-. f>f t llc block. 'l'lH·

ALLIOTT

the m<'aHuring hox A is mo\'Nl intn it!'~ C'Xtl'<'ln<' lr ft· hand position and a C'harg<' of lllf'al i:-; "it.hclmwn fi'Olll the k e t.t.l<' and i~ gatll<'r<'d int.(l t.he hul1• F in the box. T h<> mt"as nring hox i'> thPn 1110\'Pd 0\'(•1' to the right.. An~· <~urplu s nwAI "t1111ding JnOI'C' I lu1n {in. OhCl\'(' tire• Javel (Jf the tr,p {Jf tlw rll<'l\'-~Hring box is H\\ <· pl ofT by

•

23, 1917

MARCH

THE ENG I NEER

the edge of the oblong boss G on the entablature H . , 'uch surplus m eal is catTied back on to the plain rear portion of the m ea. u.ring box, a nd th~Me ca n bfl !iwept into t.ho hole F on the ne xt strokE'! . The meal in the hole F , a s tho mea Huring box ad,•anc·t>R, fall s into the moulding box, whor e it. restFI on t op of tho t.ra.y and bagging a.h·ea.dy there•. Thl'} mPasuring box 111 now roturned t o its extromo loft ·ha nd position, the bagging is fo lded over a nd the m oulding box is t·aised ~>o a.s to compreRR t.he meal a gains t the boss G.· Care , M we have already said, iA requi1·od t o HOe tha t the pressing is not t·tJ.rried so far that oil will be forced from the m eal. This effect is sccw·ed in this machine b v limiting the upwa rd. movement of the moulding bo~ by means of the twts a nd washers on the endR of two rods J attached to it. The machine iH HOmi-autOJnatic in so fa r as the movement of the measuring box is concerned. Th<' right-hand enrl of the h ydraulic: cylinder operating Lhis b ox iH consta ntly open t o h) draulic proRs ur~ t.hrough the pipe K . B y rC>a.son of the presf'nce of t.l-te piston-rod, the working a.n·a. ou th is side of th<' piston is lesR than it. is on t he other. H ence, if thl' ~t~.me h ydra.ulic prossu1·e is itted to hoth ~id es o f t.he pi~; ton , tho moa.slll'ing box will be w ovcd to th · I

I

Un

J

· -

•

L

2G3

being twice that of a corresp onding moulding machine of the ordinary pattern. We have referred a.bovo to Lhe " press bagging," in which the cakes a.s moulded are wrapped before heing placed in thP press. The tra.yH uAf>d during tho •noulcling operation are simpl y for Rupporting the formed cake while it is being carried to 1\nd placed in the presR. They are not insertecl in the press with the cake. The bagging, on tho othor hand, is ~o inserted and is not st ripped from the cake until the pressing is completed. This bagging if-! made of wool , camel-hair, or alpaca, the first-named being the generally preferred material. It is commonly obt.ainable in different widths, varying from lOin. to 13!in. and weighing respectively 12 ~ oz. to 17 oz. per yard nm. It is not simply a wrapping for the cake. I t fulfi ls in r ea lity a. most important function, for without its p1·esence the yield of oil from the meal would b0 co n.~iderably reduced. Were its use discarded, the Row of oil from the moa.l would cea se as soon as the applied prf'ssure consolidated the mea.L and closed up the interstices through which the first portion of the oil might rw1. 'fhe oil wotLld, in fact, have to travel tt.ny thing up to half the length of the cake tl11'ough t ho 1110 &1 iLl;clf. With tho ln•ggiag in uso au oa.s}

ol' KelUr

INSTITUTION OF MEOBANIOAL ENGINEERS. AT the meeting o f the l Mtitutiou, helrl i11 London la.'lt Friday evenin,g, two papera, both d ealing with the hl'at, treatment. of forgingFI, were presented and disCtL'i!:led . The first of these, hy ~ir William Beardmore, Bart ., entitled " TKE H EAT TREATMJ>;N'J' 011' LARGE FORC:tNG ~.''

in the author's absence read by the Secretar y . lL will be fo und reprinted in full elsewhere in tht.~ i~;~:~ ue. The second paper, by Mr. H . H . ARhdown, of Els wick Works, wa.s entitled wM

" THE HgAT TREATMENT 01" HTgP.;I_., FORIHNOS, "

We hope to r<'print this paper in an early iRsue. 1' ir Robort H adfield, the fin;t speaker in t.he diS· cw;sion, romarkNl that his firm had long paid very special attention to the heating of ingoU; and forgings. They real ii!erl it wa~ absolutely uece. ary to take the temporaturo during cvory ~; tage of the heating, not only o f t he furnace, but. of the ingot or forging being heat.od . It wa.os found eminently do~;irablA that the forging Hhould not. be placed colrl in a hot. fu.rnacA, huL thal the temperlltLtre of the lwo Hhould risa togo tltor. 'J'hili ol>l;or vance was particularly neco~~ary

I n

n

1

I;i

!-'

...

m --~-- -

[fF' ----

-1

•

~~·

End

Floor

Elevation .

/..me

I

['r i ll

T

Il ]I

...,..

I

I

I 7}

f'ront

·

PI an

I

I

- -4-11

L •

.

•

S WAIN

Fig. 38-SEMI-AUTOMATIC

MOULDING

lii!ACBlRE-ROSE,

DOWWS AND

se.

THOM.PSON

• right. Whon t.he box upproach es it.s extre~e right-band position, a. gudgeon L atta.cbec~ t o 1t ~o;trik e~; the end of a. lover M coupled up wtth the hand lo C a.nd the valve N which this handle controls . 'l'he left-hand end of the h ydraulic cylinder is thm:1 Het to exhaust, and the m eas uring Lox automatically moves back again to the left. . The moul~g box must not of course, be raised unt1l the mea.su.rmg box is fully ~ut of the way. To preve~t accid~nts, the e nd of the rod on which the handle D 18 fixed 18 formed with a cam incline on which the roller of a plunger P operates. To fit the top end of this plunge: a hole i~ formed at Q on the underside of the m ea surmg box. fhe handle D cannot. thus be moved until the measuring box occupies its extreme left-hand position. The machin~; illustrated is capable of roughmoulding the meal to meet the requirements of eight l G-cake pre.r;ses. I t is worked from the low-pressure accumulator installed for the presseR or by any other 80urco of h vuro.ulic power at a. pressure of about 700 lb. per ~qua.re inch. Th~ f~cts that its a ction ~s automatic to the extent mclica.ted, and that tt dispenses with the use ~f a hin~ed wood' f:a.me, ~ke it it is claimed, espe01e.lly Rwtable for msta.Jla.ttOn where labour l b unskilled and result in its capacity

pas~:~a.ge

outwards is provided for the oil. The oil , in order to rea ch the bagging, does not require to travel through the meal for a. greater distance than half the thickne~~B of the cake. The expression " ba.g~g " ar?t~e from t~e £act that formerly, before moulding machines were m~roduced, the meal was filled into actual bags which were placed without further work into the .press. This method of working suffered from all the elisa? vantages which the preliminary formation of a pa.rttally compressed cake of even thickness and uniform size is intended to overcome. The method is still occasionally employed, notably in the <:B.Se of ~anuall y operated presses a.nd in other. small mstalla~10ns specially intended for export t o otl-seed producmg areas.

tho Panama Canal was compleLod less than tbroo years ago, it has ~oon discovered that corrosio,n has seriously affected certaw parts of tho lock ~chUlory, rendering extensive renow&J.s necessary. As .mJght almost have been expected, electrolytic action betwoen diasim.ile.r motnls in tho ~·o.lvcs cont rolling tho lock water supply has played an important part in the t rouble. ALTHOO OR

El evation .

m the case of manganese st.eel, which was a very bad conductor of heat. An ingot of that steel , if placed cold in a hot furnace , wa very liable to d evelop cracks. In the same way the cooling down of the ingot or forging should be equally carefully supervised . Forgings should not be thrown down in a heap to cool. Each should be separately and Rimilarly ed , so that thf:' cooling conditions might be similar. • teel makers in general could not expect to get good and uniform results without a knowledge and supervision of t.he temperatures to which their materials were subjected . This remar k was pa.rticu · larly applicable to t he case of nickel-chromium, man ganese, and other special steels. Dealing \Yith failure by so -called " fatigue," it. was often ~:~ta.ted, he continued, that steel parts subjected to coTV~ta.nt vibration would develop crystallisation on a largo scale. H e did not believe that. The large crystalliF!ation often seen in specimens broken under fatigue wa.<;, in hi.r; opinion, not a development but an original " disease " in the metal, and wa.s due to improper heat treatment of a. local or general nature. 'teal properl y heat t reated would not show it. In his concluding remarks he dwelt. on the future oi the electric hooting furnace. , 'uch furnaces, he held, would come more and more into general use - and that on a. la rge scalo u.r; t.ime won t. on. They permitted of an improved cont.rol o f tlw temperature .. a.nd the establishment of unifon n <'Oil· ditions. The steel produced would be of an it~tprovetl qu~li ty , because of the control which the w;e of sul!h furnaces would permit the s t.eel makers to exerciJ!e over the crystallisation of the metal. Dr. Walter Rosenhain, of the ational Physical Laboratory, said that he wa.s in thorough agreement with nearly everything contained in the two pape~. Sir William Beardmore's paper d escribed a. method of obtaining uniform heat t reatment for unequally proportioned forgings, namely, one in which the :;mailer sectioned portions were insulated, a '! by asbestos coverings, during the earlier stages of t.he treatment. An alterna.ti\·e method, known as th1-1 " double heat treatment " method, consisted first of beating the whole forging to a.s near a uniform temperature a s possible, then removing it from the furnace until the smaller sectioned portions a nd the outside layers of the othor portions bad cooled down t o some point below the critical temperature--say, about 700 deg. Cont.- and finally ro-hon.ting tho whole to the correct heat treatment temperature. In this way the interior of the larger sectioned por tions was given a start o"·or the moro easily bea.tod lightor portiow . H e rle~ired to warn steel ma.kere asains~

A PRIL

G, UH7

TH E ENG I NEER

:307

Inn st tll lttt«·r t \ p<· of od IJI'l''"• low\\ rt u" tlw • <·ug1• TBB PRODUOTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- and .othe r tuh aotugo::; attondaut. upon t\ vortic·ul po~utton wero early recognised, and dovolopm(lut pres'i, ' Hornotlung of a r(•\ «•r ... ion to thu ea.rlic-,t frJtlll MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. follo\\ Od in that cliroc tion. The earlier vertical No. \III. • PRESXES.

As '~ u explained in our fin-.t articlo, vogetahlo oil.., are exlracl~d fr~m the proporly propar<>d oil-bNuing ~ubs~n~es 11\ Nllwr of t.wo wayH, ono being by the a.pphcatJ~n of prc~-.ure, and th~ oth~r being by the u."o of chenucal soh•·nh. \\ 1th the h~tlt•r method we ~-> hall doal in a. H\I<'eding a rtic le. Tho formC'r, tho p~e. '>uro method, and tho rnachinory roquirod for i t, will be d ealt. with (ir!it, as it. is undouht«• EVI.::LOI'M I•:XT OF 'I If!:: OIL Pl{El'iS.

A '~orcl may porhaps ho -.aid a" to the historiC·al

prC''iS<'-l ~'·oro d o igncd to doal with tho oil-moat in bagH, J U!->t a-; m tho ca.'ie of the• Dutc h pres'i. Tho pre:o'i<·" ''NO provicl(' ! or circular boxe.., of llll'tal. one p<•rforatecl all O\'er, being placed within I ho olhf'r, '' hich was uiiocl to catc·h the ex pros ed oil. 'l'ho bags of meal, with a mc·tal plate between each , \H•m deposited witrun tho inner, perforated box, and tlw "holo, r~ting on tho head of the hydraulic ram , \Hl'i forced upwards againqt tlw ovorhPacl entablaturo of the prN1s, a c ircular bo~:~:; o n tho underside of '~hich cntt•r('d the p<•rforated box and <''Wrci.'led tlw n(•ce>~..,ary rNl<:tion on tho JOC'al bags. Jt \HlS soon fo und that ttu ~ method of working could bo improved upon if cndt bag of meal wcro prt•RSed in a Hoparatn box, and as o. rc ·ult tho " box pre'""·" with four o r HO Ht•par ato 1-!CNl boxc~. carno into favour.

dovolopmeut of tho oil pre""· Thn ancient.-. n"cd pre.-J~C'i oporatNl hy wcrlg<~,... or lew·r-.. The C: rcoks )IODI~RX JlYJ>RAlLH ' J>RE 'SES. and H.orMn.'l, in tho recovc•r.\ of olivo oil, employed H(·rew pros:;o-. which followocl clmwly in design tho ' p to lhi"' point it wa!i univ<•rsally ilw cUHt()Jn to lL."U8;1 for~ o f win(' pres.... The scrow t} po of pre s prc•<~'l tho rnt>al in bags. ThP"C bap:s wNo a source o f pel"lilstcd m uso fo r man} centuria~. and may Rta ll be trouble and c·xpen. C' , for the.\ were• rcaclil~ clamaged, -;aid to be in emplo.\ ment in the shape of certain s m all l\nd had con...,tanlly to be rNwwod . Th('ir employhand-powor prestws having t\ capacity of Sib. t.o J 0 lb. ~n<,nt, h owc•v<.,r, ''as dictated largely by the c·onvonof seed per chargo, and t!Upplied for trial and oth er t<•nco which they providC:ld in chnq:.,ring the' preH'i "ith purpos~. In tho scvonlt'Onlh conturv the Dutch rrwal. \\'ith the dev<.'lopment of the mC'al moulding •· '>lttrrtlwr " prf'.....,. ''tt-" innmted. Although in prin- o r forming rnachinc>, modem oxamplP'I of which were•

of h ox pr<">~ 1s to be• oh'iN'VNI. Tho c·agc pre·-.,., derives its narno frorn 1IH' fact t.hat, rn placo of Uw horizontal platc•s of t hn Anglo-Am<'ricun H_vstern, tiH"re is RuhstitutNl n c·irC"ular--.N·tioned <'tlgH built up of finely HpucNI upright har:-. J nsid<• tlu!i c·age tho rnc>al is pluc·«·d in lnycws sc·pnrn,tc•cl fro rn ono anotlwr b) rriC'an'i of press c·lotlt'l and disci'! of rn<•tal. The~ c·akf'-; turnocl out b) thi'l form of pre-.., aro c·irc ular. Tlw 'i)litern hus rcct•ntly come· into extNt"~JVO Ub<', and ' " pnrticularly adapted for prt>-;sing c·nstor l'lOOd , copm and othor Hub!itan co~ of u vc•ry oil) nnluro, whic·h o.rc• cornrnonly pressocl t\\ i(;('. 'flw..;e t '' o t y pe•-; of pl'(·-.s, tho Anglo-Amoric·an nnd tlw c·agc•, at prC>-.c•nt Jwlrl tlw field. T) pH:al oxnruplo-. of ouc·h will H O\\ be d o.'i<·rilwcl and illustrated. 'I YJ•IC' \I. \ '\C:I.O-.\ \II·~Hl(',\:-, JIHESSES.

In tlw <'ngra' info( on pngo 30!) wc> reproduce• n dru'"mg kindly prc•parC'd oxprc>~sly fo r the purpo..,c•-; of thi.., nrticlo by J\Tunlovt•, Alliott t:utd ('o., Li111itt•rl, of ~ ottingharn ,.;howing nn Anglo-.\mcricuu oil pres" t~tul nomo of i~ d<'laib. This o'nmple cortsi...,h of a cust u on hood uncl hottorrt, unitc•d by fo ur forgc>d ~; tof'l c·olumn:; ha ... ing buttrc•"'l·throadc>cl nut'l at each ond, a c·ast stool C.\ Iinder resti ng within the bo tto m c·asting, and a hollow cru;t iron ram s upporting a Nl'>l iron tabh~ or head. The bottom ca-.t mg i-; tlangNJ nil round to form a tray in v.luch thP C'xprC:~s eel oil i-. caught. Between tho top an(l bottom casting:-. fiftefln. Hteel prC':-lS plato:-~ nro arranged horizontally. The e plates pro' ido spac<·-; for s ixt<>on cake'!, ouch -.pace, , .. h<m tlw pln.tos are full y dropped, being 2~u t. u1 depth. Each pinto is hun~ from tlw ono abo\ o h.\ 111cans of four on\1 rnild steel links s lipped over squa.n· headed ht ndAs<'r<'" <•cl into the plate odg<•s, the topuw"t plate of all bc·ing hung :,.imilnrly from t lw t op Ct\.'-lting.

Ftc. 4G-SM ALL ANGLO AM ERI CAN PRESS, ETC.

Fie.

3~BATTERY

OF FO UR

ANOL()-AMERICAR PRESSE5-MAlfLOVE,

dplc' it. ''a.s but o. revival of the wt·d~o pre~-; of the unciPnls, it pla)<·d an important part in the de\olopment. of the indW:Jtry, pc•rMLt('(l of an oblong wooden or ca!;t iron hox c·onte.ining a p<•rforated double bottorn. A hag filled \dth meal wa.s placed nt. each <~nd of thCl hox, h<,t.wcNl perforated iron plates. Tho ~pace bot \\Ccn the two bag!:$ wa'i filled up with wooden block" and wrop:e'i. Over the box WQ.'I (•rccted a framework on '~hich wn.'l swWlg a balk o f tirnber a;orno 16ft. long hy ~in. or HO ~:;quare. Thi'i halk was liftN l and allo" Nl to fall on one of tho wedge:c~ m tho box by mc>an~ of a n •volvmg shaft. .\bo ut fiftc•en blowl'l a minute were delivered on to the \\edg(;, the height of fall of the balk being about 2ft. A blow delivered on t\ "econd and inverted wedge loo~:~oned the blockb an Sing wa~ completed. The d evelopment by Brarna.h o f the hydraulic pr~ received appltcation in the oll-,eod cru...,h.ing industry curly in the ninetoonth contury. Tho fil'l:lt hydraulic oil pr~M woro ltt.tle more t.han Dutch pr~& in which hydraulic power w~ :;ub::>titutod for t hat obtained from \H:dg >~ and a falling \\( t~ht. Hori.GOutal oil pn·~:.c~ coutmucd in lbo for biJJul' <·om.ideraiJiu tiruf', but llu• t·c•onolu\ of floor ,puce • ~(1. vn. ap~ared llarcb 2JnJ

ALLIOTT

illustrated unci cl<•scrib('cl in thC' prc>ccdiug nrticlc·, tt nC'w direction wa.~ given to tlw <:volution of the 011 pre-."· The moulding machine permitted tl•c• rnE>al to bo handled and placNJ in tho proH'I without. tht' use of bag.... The cake's, r ough forrned, had onl) to lw wrapped in pre:;s cloth." a nd taken to tho pre-;s on a tra}. \Ye have already explained that the function of the preHt~ cloths iR, not only to providn t\ filtering mc·dium, but aiHo to OfiLabliHh a pa!'!Bago out warda for the oil when tho meal closes up under prO!<"'IIrt'. Thi.., function wa"', o f courli<', also fulfilled h~ tho oldft\.'l~uoned bag-;, hut in conlrru;t with th<''iO the prf'-.-. cloths aro fur loss r eadily damaged, and can b<> rc•nowed simply by c utt ing off le ngths from a roll of c loth. 'Vith this development boxe.-. W(•r(· no longt'r reqwred in tho press, and were r eplaced h.} n serie.; of horizontal plate:;, between which the r ough formod cake!:$ could be placed u.nd pre:;sed. This ~:~y~>tern of pre,...'i, the Anglo-American, as it. iii universally called, wai introduced into thit! country in 1873 by Ro::>e, D owns and Thompson, Limited , of Hull , and was at. fi~t. applied only to tho crwhing of lin.~eed and Himilar small oil·b(laring seedH. To-day it. is in oxtonsivo emplo)ment fo r extracting oil from many kincltl uf I'OOcl"i, nut.,, &c. In u common "'lW it i, pro\ldOO \Hth pluto.-. ::.ullicicul to J•wkc ,.ixlouu t·t~kt., nt em•· prc-.,iug. r oJJrC'""'ntrng 1:\ total <·har((u of, Hit~, :320 lb. of Crthlwd b~t:d .

'l'o tho innor aidCl of <'ach of Uw fo ur c·olumn,'i of t lw prc•'>-s 11 fln.t, :-.quaro-cclgecl runrwr or gludo i-. p11UH>d. 'l lw \\tdlh of tlw plntc•s '" n lcw"e fit lwl\\C'f'n tlw-.c• g•licl(l-;, \\ hilc• o.;quarH-Iwadc•cl studs, a;crco\\Nl into till' plttlc N lgt•s, ougng~• tlw outM £•1<·os of llw guid«•..;, nnd pr<'\'(:'olll the plate" rtiO\ ing IC\ngth" i...c. Tlus ""'t hnd of !:!up port mg tho plnt<•o; "ocurc•-. tho r N fllirocl condtlro11 , narnol}, tlu).t the plat , when prc•-;-;ed upwa.rcls, Hlwuld c·l oso togc·thcr w tthou t frictwn, o r t\t least. wi 1hou t. cumuJativo frictional r~istnnc·o. \Voro this condition hl•riously departed from there would boa danger of tlw upper cake'! being le..;::; tho roughly pre.'i.'!Od than tht· lower. The pro::;s plutO!:$ are <·orrugat.ed in the rllt\IIIH'r t~ho'' n i11 tho ~ngraving. The e corrugationH, t\'i \H•ll a.s the longitudinal ridge-1 which aro raised on tlu· plate, a.ro intcnclod, B'i far 11"1 po-.sible, to prevc•nt tho meal from ~;preadi ng when the pre!'lsuro is applu•cl. If a brand mark iJi r equired o n the fini shed cnl<~· th11 de:iired lottor , &c., are raised o r sunk o n o ne Hid o of c1ach pre>~'! plate. 'fhe press platC''i are in the in~-.tn r~ c·o ill ustratod of 'iteol. They aro froquently rolled to tho rc>quirocl formation. Occasionally the~ aro built "P from fltec•l plate:-!. \ V hen u. brand mark is req ui rt•d on them t hc'V aro <·ommonh• made of mull cable c·fht • •ron. Tho l'arne pr •s::;o~ may not, hc)\\C'\'Or, ahHt}.., bo uo;ccl fo r one cln..,.,; o r q ualit.y of 11utl I' nul. (} ndPr thoso circww;tance"!, to avoid having to chungo tl11· plate · t o obtain moroly a difforont brand tnark, plate:, are made m whith the brand mark 1"1 fom1ed on a removable portion. The ram of tho pro.; illustratod on pago 309 is 1Uw. in diamolor. Tho working pro~~:~uro lS 2 toru:~ per Kquare inch, bO that tho total force cxt•rtcd 1~> oom o 100 torL.... Thb gl\o about ; -ton pt•r "
THE ENGINEER

308 mi.xed with glyceru1o, to pro' t·nt tho liquid from freczm~ too readily. Frequentl~, ho" ever, tho working fluid preferred is oil, and, if po · ible, oil of the sam<~ nature as that being extracted, the reason being that any lcal hown in Fig. 39, whE.>ro 1\ battt•n, made bv :Me ;,r:.. )lanlove, Alliott, is ill us. tratO<.I. The fourth pre~ ul. this view is represcntt•d "ithout Jts plates. The pressc;, are entirely separat(•. Somt'times, howe,·cr, they arc to be found pro,·id<' being unloaded. Tlw prcsse:-. illustrated in Fig. 39 are of the same l'l ize and gt.·nt.~ral d esign as that represented in tho engraving on pago 309. One secondary point of difference is to he noticed in the arrangement made for ing the plates when the ram is lowered and the pres i,., rt-ad~ for charging. Instead of tho links s hown ill tht> drawing, the long edges of the plates are formed with two projecting ears. The gap between these ears is tho same on all the plates, and fits on to a vertical flat bar fixed between the top and bottom ca tings on each sido of the press. The breadth of the ears clecreas<'>J from plate to plate downwards, so that they may pas-; farther and farther down between a. pair of inclined bars similarly fixed, and with ~Steps cut on their facing edges. This '' ladder " arrangement, as it is c·alled, has the advantage that it di:.penses w-ith the need for a ny additional means of fixing the position of the plate . Xo runners are required on the insides o f the four columns, for the inclined bars definite!~ fix the position of the plates cro swise, while the V<'rtical hars fix their p osition lengthwise. J rustcacl of :-;olid ears four pins are somet iuws t o be found on lh{l long edges of the plates fuHilling the same fw1ction. 'l'h<' above examples may ho tak<•n as r<>pr<'.:;enting the standardised de~ign of Anglo-American pressc•s. Ttus standard de ign, it may be repeated, uses a ra111 16in. in diameter, and a working pr~ure of 2 tons per square inch on the ram. It turns out at one pre.o;l>iug sixteen cake,, each weighing from 10 lb. to 12 lb. \ 'arious other izel:> of press are, however, made, ranging from a t\\ elve cake to a. twenty cak<' pre:;s. The pressure employed in the e presses is in g<'neral the standardised 2 tons, and as a rule the diameter of the ram in inches il:l equal to the number of cakes made at one pressing. For sp ecial purposes pre:>ses using 3 tons per square inch are made in the larger ~:;izes.

-

A PRIL

6, 1917

moto1· b~ ih o\\ n dut<"il, 1.md the operal1o11 ,,r sl.t>t•nu~ u. performed b~ di,cngagiug one or other of th~:~ b\ 0 clutche -, a.llowin~ one chain to run freely while tho machine is dri\'en roWld it by the other chain. • The firm of Clayton and huttleworth, Luuiteu Lincoln, recognisutg tho advantage of the caterpilla~ system and the urgent dt>ma.ncl for tr·actors of Ulli; de~cript.i on both for military and agricultural purpo1--es, ha-; de igned m collaboration with the ) [unition.s )led1anical Tran'> port Department of the ) l inistry of )lunitions a machine which differ· funclatncntally ft·om the Holt, and contai.ru; !'le,·era.l or·igina.l f~ture,, a s will be seen from tho illustrations given oolow and in a upplement. It is a. p etrol-driven tractor in which proved motor car practice ha,., been largely followed b oth a-> regard'! the moti,•e mecha.ni...,m and tho sy:-;tem of control. That is to ·ay, a. six-cylinder vcrt.ital petrol l'n~ine, through the mediurn of a clut.ch and gc·ar box, transmits motion to a worm driven axle and diff('l t"ential gear which, in... tead of driving road wheels, gi' l'S motion to the r·oa. en·es two pw·po~es. Fir~:>t for ~:;teering, and becon.illy to enable the machine• to adapt itself to the contour of the road, or rather land over which it i.'l travelling. The Clayton and ' huttleworth rna.chine differs {rom the American machine in that, instead of the bracket being rigid with the main frame of the tractor, it is pivoted so as to allow freedom of movement vertically. The bracket or carriage which carries the front t.eering whe~l is ma.de of rolled channel , 7in. by 3in., pre · ed to hape and s tiffened by cross channel.,. It has a. certain a.mottnt of free vertical movement against s tiff steel springs, and can b e raised clear of the ground when d esired by means of a. hand \\heel worm gear a.hd segmental racks and pinioru from the driving :-;eat. The possihl<' vertical movement iH about 15 Jeg. above ancl below tho horizontal. ::)trong helica.l prings t.c•nd to keep the road wheel Oil the groWld ancl act as cu~;hions against. shock.-> duo to bwnping on the grottnd, a floating connection betwoen the s pw· lifting pinions and t.he ~;egrnental rack being pro,-ided on the tra.ns,·el'be bhaft. The front wheel i~ carried in a tee! ca.bting having a. projecting arm to which is attached the s teering nut. This casting is bored out and the axle forging which connects the front end of the carriage or boom pas::.es through the A CATERPILLAR TRACTOR. cent.re, and the main pi,·ot pin is placed in the cent re The bearings of the front wheel are THE road chain or caterpillar system of rottd of the \~heel. traction, although by no means novel, is regarded h y two bronze rings, l l in. J.iameter and 3in. wide. many people a one of the developments in r oad They are dust and dirt proof and are lubricated by

from ih hi_gh oil c·ont<•nt , ('OIIUHonJ~ r<',.,ulh it: lhf'l meal ~-oprcad ing l•XCl'"'"'' d.\ , ho" t.wer the pn~ ....., plat<•,., may b~ shaped . If the ~->preadiug is excessh e more oi I wi 11 be left u1 tho cake> than is d e -irable or profit· t\blo, so that the cak es will probably h a ,·e to bo again reduced to meal, and pross(•d a second time. Rcconcl <'X pression oil does n ot , however, command ns hi~h u price a first expros.-;ion oil. Consequent)~, as n ~eneral rule, it is tho oil se~;d crusher' endeavour to oxtruct a., much oil as possthle at the f:in.t expre-...wn. A second disadvantn~t' of the Anglo-Amoric:an sy:-Wm of press is, lik~ the fir-.t, of importance onl~ "hen \ 'l'f\' oily material is boiu~ handled. In forrnin~ ' . such material into rough c·akc-> in th('l moulclm~ machino it is difficult to carr) tlw compression as ft~r a-; it l'lhould go without. oxpr<'l'biug some of the oil ft'Ottl tho meal. If this unclosirable expression of oil is to be avoided, tho rough cuke· put. into the main }H'('s"' must bo less compres-;c•d, and consequently th.id.:<••· than wmal. As a rClsult tho press has to bo mad<· tallc•r by a corr&pondiug amount, and the mov<.m wnt of the ram has to be incrcasNl in order to Jtlake good tho deficiency u1 the preliminary compression of tlw meal. t-'nder the high hyclraulic pressures in usc tl•<· latter item reacts w:tfa.\'ourably on the upkeep charg<' ... of the press generally, and of the ram and valve... in particular, and, in addition, increa ·es t he amount of pres!:lure fluid used at each movement of the ram. It. will be gathered from the..'le remarks that thE\ Anglo-American type of pre!'IS is best adapted for dealing with seed, &c., containing a moderate amount of oil. For very oily seeds a press is required which, in the first place, <> the layer of meal round it · edges while pressure is being applied t o its faces, so that the meal may be evenly pressed and pre,•ented from spreading, and which, in the econd place, will be able to work without the assistance of a separate:> preliminary moulding machine_. ~uch an appliance• is the box cage type of press, "Juch, 10 several -.cribe typical oxampl<>s of cage presses . For thE" present we need only 1-1a~ that the cage type of pre»'> is itself not wholly free frotn disadvantages p eculiar to its de,ign.

.

S)L\LL A....''WLO-A)lERICAX l'LAXT. As a contrast to these regular sized presses, "e iliU~>tmte,

in Fig. 40, an Anglo-American press, by ) (e,srs. )fanlove, Alliott, which is built to a v ery sma!J ~o>calt•. The engra "ing s hown a complete self-contain(•d plant, comprising a. set of four high-chilled reducing roll~;, a heating kettle with s team jacket, meal moisten· ing arrangement and agitating gear, a meal moulding machine, and a twelve cuke press, operatt'lcl h~ h ydraulic power. The plant is capable of dealing" ilh about a ton of seed~ontaining not more than 3.5 to 40 p er cent. of oil-per day of eleven hours. \\'ith the exception of the moulding machine, which is operated by hand, the entire plant is dri,·en from the belt pulley at the right-hand end of the o,·erheacl countershaft. The hy draulic p ower for the press j, ~> upplied b y a horizontal pump mounted on the press head, and clri,·en from the kettle agitator s haft b~ means of an excentric and a connecting-rod. It. will be noticed that the press plates in this example arc• coupled together by two !'lets of" lazy tongs." About to 10 brake horse-power i.'l required to drive the whole plant. For treating \'Cr} oily material similar --mall sized plants are mado with a press of the cage t} p(•. In both forms two presses cqui\'alent in output to the on e ~;hown in Fig. 40 ar~ ~:;ome times ~:;upplied , :-o that the whole plant may be run more or le.ss (·ontinuousJy.

•

•

I

LI:.llTATIOXS OF THE ANGLO-.UlERICAX :lYSTE:\J.

Tho Anglo-American type of p ress is undoubtedly t\11 ~ftici<mt piece of machin('lry, and possesses certain well marked advantages. Thus, it is comparatively sirnplo and s traightforward in d esign. Running in conjunction \\-ith a modern mea1 moulding machine it is easily and quickly loaded. It is equally easily unloaded after the meal has been pressed, although in thi." connection it is to be remarked that the stripping of the press bagging from the cakel; taken from the presl; may im·oh·e coru iderablo labour, so much so that in ~:;ome mills it has been thought advisable to install :-.pecial machines which permit the stripping to be pcrform(:,d mechanically instead of by hand. At tho same time the general design of thi::; type of pre~:;s is not altogether freo from disadvantages. One obvious drawback lies in the fact that the cake of meal ts pre::.sed only on its two faces and not simultaneously round its edgc:s. Thi.s defect i:s partially compensatt::d for b ) corrugating the pre:.:; plates in tho manner we have explamed, so a:. t~ prevent or reduce the tendency of the meal to spread. This expedient IS more s uccessful with some materials than with other:;. Thw, i! the material ueing crushed is castor~eed, copra, palm kernels, or s uch like s ubstances of a very oily nature, the mobility of the material, arising

CLAYTON

AND

SHUTTLEWORTH

locomotion which has been brought about by the wa.r. Such, of course, is n ot the case. Tractors with this fundamental system of propulsion have been known for many years, but until the present war the main idea. of distributing the weight of the machine over the road surface by means of a. chain track has perhaps not received as much attention as it de. erves on this side of the Atlantic. That it has advantages over other methods the "tanks " used by the milita.t·y authorities have clearly d emonstrated. The one g1·ea.t advantage ob-viously is the distribution of the weight of the machine over a. very large road s w·face, giving better adhesion, especially on very soft and uneven ground. In fact, for such conditions the •· car.erpillar" system seems to be the only feasible method of d&igning a. self-propelled machine. )[any caterpillar tractors are already in use for hauling heavy loads such as guns on both our own ~:;ide and on that of the enemy. The Holt lll3chine, which originated in America., has been, and is being, extensively used for s uch ptu·poscl>. In this tractor each road chain or track is independently driven from the

CATERPILLAR

TRACTOR

means of a. grea e gun. A platform on the bracket is provided for men to s tand on when s tarting the engine. o much for the construction and f\tnctiom> of this important feature of the tractor. The transmission system is ,·ery stout and sub· s tantia.l, and is built up in one unit. A multi-disc clutch with seven steel c;lll.,cs alternating ''-ith Ferodo friction material transmits the revolutions of the crank s haft through a. double leather disc universal t to the gear· box, which provides for three forward road s peeds of 1;i, :3 ~, and 5 miles per hour, and a re,·et-se speed of 2 miles per hour at an engine speed of 1000 revolutioQI:). The gear wheels are of heat· treated, oil quenched ~>teel of 120 tons tensile strength. The gear sha.fts are mounted in bearings of the H offman roller type. The gear box, instead of being split, has large end covers to permit withdrawal of the gears. The change speed mechanism is del>igned so as to dispense with cross shafts, the gears being engaged by selector mechanism and gate conta.ine_d in the gear box itself. The change speed lever 1S directly above the box and on the left-hand ~:;ide of

400 - TON

•

ANGLO - AMERI CAN

>

HYDR AlTLIC OIL PRE SS

"0 ~

.MANLO\'E ALLIOl'T AND CO., LIMITC:D, NOTTT i\G HAl\1 1 ENG lXEERS

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0 <0

A PRIL

THE EN G INEER

20, 191 7

thl' Hup plt•nwnt.

Tho b t\1'>

t\l't>

of T

~ection

349 "ith,

not L\\ ist or hend an cl l bat the ~pn('('o; How thi ~ i., onl~· add that the cages of s tmtlar prc.,-.;pg made by othPr firm.., are con -.,t.ruc·IPd on the ..,amc• prin<'ipiP. J nuawdintt•l.\ u,ho,·•· tlw C'ILgc·, at-. ,.ho\m in tlw sc•ctaonttl t•lt·,·ntHm in tlw Hupplt•llwllt. a (') lin dric·nl cn"'t u·on Jwncl h ,.,Jung fa·ou1 the> und rr.... id<" of tlw lop co ... tmg of t.Jw p a·e>~s. Thi"' lwacl is motmte effected b,· • menn-; of a laancl wheel and pinion engaging with t~ ntck on the ]a(•ttcl. Tlw rn.ck j.., slulk in t.o the t.op of t.ho lwn ~<' aall't\1\'! t.hc' hN\d cnu bl' lwough t. dll't'!'ll,\ O\ t•a· t.h11 c•t\gc• '' lwn C'\'C'I'~ thing i"' rc·uch foa· pa·t·-<-
to~ hall

THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- ho\\ O\ cr. t.ho h orizontu.l limb rc•duced to a. mt:ro b~t.'' <'~n t.lwan ~ha ll rcmam <·on.,tant. MBNT OF VEGETABLE OILS. fillet on e1ther •nd\•. The bars are 210. deep, "hile the secured "e ha\'C explained. \Yf' need Xo. I\:.• l'RF.SSF. (r.ut~liiiUtd )

H .\\ 1 n cJp-;(·t·tlwd ;uul dt~<'u ...-.t rel="nofollow">d in oua· pt'l'<'l' <'. (' \(:1-:

I'RES~E~.

In cont.ra-.t. "ith t.lw Anglo-ArnNican type of pr<'s>~. t.h(• th.•'!ign of \\ hich has r0ached a notabk dl-lj..,"l'f'<' of standtndi..,ntinn. t.lw cagt' t.ype of prE'ss is 111nch.• in llHlll) forta\~ "hic·h awe• sufficit•ntly di ~ tinct. t.o anl xaaninat.ion, • • hm' t'\'t' a'. it. \\Ill lw f 011 nd t.hl\l. t.lll' d i fl't•a•t•nt. forrn"' dtllt·a· tnoa·t• us t't'W\I'cl" t.lw ~l'lll'rnl na·n\1\gPnwnt of Uw IH'''"- t\1'<'<1 fm· llti-. Mlt<·lt• 11\• )h•-.-.r-.... ){nnlm <·, .\lliott.. of Xnttinl.!·

fillets mc·a~ure ~ 111. The face:1 of the 6JJets are macluned 'er~ hghth so as t o lea YE' alternate high and Icm pnrlaons n t. .)u 1. c·c•nt r P-. t h 1'011ghout. tht'i r \\ holt• h•ngth. 'J'Iw bar.. "lwn lhSt'wblecl thu. b eat• tlgain':lt llwtr· n<•ighb l, \\hi le bPt.\\ ('PI\ t.lwso heat·mg noint~ nnrrow spaces M <' lc•ft Tho "iclth of t.he>~e spares is made to s uit tlw c lu"'s of s<•t'cl t.r) be prel'!'ied, and ranges from 1/ cmth to 1 /~ 1 th o£ an inch. These !!paces hEwe to 1 hfl sufTki<•ntL,v lar·g<> to allow the expressed oil to flow nwny frc<~l,\ t.hrough them, but not so larg<' that t.t tC Hwal niHo can pu."'l! out. of t.h() cage. Externalh• tho ba.J':I ure Kt.ifT<•ncd b\' a !'lcrir~ of weldless • RtN' I l'li\)?H. ' l' ha·c•c1 \'('rtical t.ie rod'l I~ ing just. outsidr> thn rm~ tmitC' t.lw top nnd bot.lom c·u.~tings of thP c·aga•. On to t h<''-<' 1\t'll slippNI n a\untb<'t' o f f<'l'l'lllr,.; \\llic·h. rittiug bl •(\\1'1'11 llll.l t• ing~. hold tlw ... t· ~lt th<' pm pp a· d i-.t mwn np:u·t. Hua·a' < n ncl rinJ.:" tlwn• i-; n <·~ landl'ic·nl lugging of slwN stN•I unitNI to tlw top mul bottom <'ll-.t.Ull.!" of tlw c·ngt•. '1 E Ill OD OF \\ 01!1-:J \I; or A ( '. \<:F. l' R ~:~:-;. ' l'hi-< lugging P~'~'' cnts th<• • ' ' ()J't··~Nl oil f1·om ....pta... tnnl-{ Tn Ftg. -1 4 \\U gi\t• n. 'it'\\ of t\ p a·('-.~ o f the 1\ pP and lwl P"~ to g11 idu it 111 to tlw collf'<'tmg t rn~ b<•lo\\ . l n Ft~. 11 Wl ).!1\ t• 1\ \ 11'\\ of t '' o ... nutll cngt• pa t•-. ... t•., -.lum 11 111 t lw Stapplt•anl'llt n ... tH'I unll~ tll'l'llltgt•d an

•

Fil!. 41

T W O S MALL

CAGE

PRESS ES- MANLOVE,

hnrn "'IHl\\ ing t hf' ('(ll\ ... t.a·ll(·t ion of a cng<' pr<'""' n.-; waclf' h,\ t ha-< fia11t . Lakt• till' .-\np;l<>-.\ ntc>ric·nn pa'<'""' h) tlw -;ttntt• anuk<•a·... il lll..;trnlt•d in otll' prt'\ iuu,.; tit1.i<·l<'. I hi-; Nlj(l' J H't·~~~ i-; ) )I'll\ idt•d with U ('tl'-~ l• il'l111 lac-t\d . fo111' fo rgt•d - <·t·l c·olttllllh '' it.lt hut t.a't'"" t ltt·c•nct .... 1\ c·u ... [. > <•l 1'\ la11dC'a' unci n c·n ... l in111 a.un. Till' • hot tont of 1lu• Jll'l"•" I'< fornwd solull,\ \\a tit till' c·~ li11dc•a· 11 pnu·t.ic·1• fn·qut•lll h follo\\t•d nl- f tlai ... ll'lt.\ . .Jta..t nhfl\1' llto• 11'11\ folll' ... plat 11111fl'., 1\1'1' holtt cl rotnad 1lh• c·ollllllll" 111 pro\ idc• ... , "I'' wlal·rl'!lll t l w l'tll.!l' 111 ih lo\\t-.1 JH"'atwn 11111\ n· ... t. 'J Ill·:< 0\:-.THt•c I H" OF 1 liE ('\C.E.

Tlw c·n~t· c·on ... ,... t .... fia ... t. of 1\ c·tt-.l -.tc•t•l top pi1•c·c• nnd 1\. <'•hi ..,lt•PI bottont p~t•c·t·. lmn·. l c·t·nt rnll.\

1\lld fonawd \\llh fottl t·lla...oii'CII'I\I'I'"'"ItHhh ('IIIIC'II\t'd to fit 1111 lo tlw ,,, ....,. c·oltllnll-< Hd\\l't'n. tlw ...c• l\\!1 c·n-.(111~" urc· llll'llla~c·d 11 ntnn lwr of \l'rll!'al rollt•d ... tt-c·l lmr.... till' c·ud ... of \duc·la 1111' nwkt·d 111 fit 111111 fill l\llrltalua· n 1·c·...... in llw I op and hot torn <·t~"lm#.(·"· 11 ... (•lo•tu h "lao\\ 11 in t lw "t•c·t ao11HI l'lt'\lltaon $!1\'l'll 111 • No. \1 11. appeareo Aprll oth. -

ALLIOTT

Fir:. U -

nuul<' h~· ) J!'.,- .\ nglo· '\aawric·nn pa'"""' tlw pn'"'"'" 't' on tlw c·nkt•s ,.., II\IIC·h Jp.,.., tlu\11 tltt• pn•...... lln' in tlw c·~ luult·t·. 'J'Iw pr<'"'"' ll't'. rn faC't, j.., ll" \\I' - <•cl hut 1\\o tlurd ... of t\ ton J)('l' " .t to IIIIJHI ... -
REVOLVING~

CA OE

PRESS

CRAIO

nn oil mill. l t. ,\ill lw notiN·d thnt thl" pr·('s'l iA dis· fHI"t'd nhout. lwlf t\ho\C' nnd ludf lwlm' tlw \\ol·kin~ floot· lt•\ 1'1. tt ud t hu.t. ·~ lwnt.ing kt•l.llt• is pltu·t•d c·loSt' lws idl' it.. \\' ht•ll t.hc' <·ttg<• i-< t't•st.ing cm it.s bot.toaal stop" t.lll' top -;tlrftl<'t' of it" IIJ rel="nofollow">JH'I' <'''"ling i-< lt' \ l'l ''at h Uw ~ \'t\blt· prc•...,. }IC•tv l r1111 bac·k out of t.tw Wt\~ Uw :-t.t·i<·ldinf! box \\alh t\ c·htlagc• of nwnl c·tUt tlw"' lw pnll<•cl O\f'l' ln di"'c·htu·gt• ,..., <·cutt<•nh rnto tlw c·ug<'. lkfoa'l' thi"~ ,.., d on<•, IHI\\1'\ "'·" C'IIC'IIIt\a' ... t,•t·l plnlt' i... da·opp<'d into t.ltl' !1\0tll·h of tlw c·ulo(l' -;o t hut it nul.\ c·omt· to n•..t. a ..,Jtm t ct .... t,uwt• dm\ 11, on foua· C'al<·hPs projt:c·t.ing t lm>11gh l ht• \\ltlt-; of I ht• top <·n-.t ing of t.ht• ('Ugt•. A <·arc·ulna· ..,Jat•t•l of prt •-.>~ hn~t)(ing ,.., pltwl'd cm top of llw pltttl'. ' l'lwn•uftt·a· t.lw nwnl j., -.t rH·kl<•cl in a l a~,.,. intn tlw c·ttJ.{t' mo11th. Tht• plntc• c·nt<·lw-. are mountf'cl on t\ ting "" thnt tht·) 11111\ lw \\ithrlrn\\ 11 simul· lotllll'oll-.h to nllcm t lw plnt1•, ln\gging and ltl.~ t•r of utc•nl to drop dcm 11 Cllt to t !If' lwnd of th<' rum. T ill' fnll ullm\t'd a-< uot. gn•11t, hm\t'\1'1', f()r tlw nun tn ht•J.:an \\lth '"' l'llll 11p nln11, ... 1 to t.lll' top of t.lw c·ngt•. t\1111 1\"4 t.IH• lonallllj.( pmc·c·t•d-. i-< nllowNI to dt•..,<·c•nd slcl\\ 1.\ tnl
•

THE ENGINEER

350 tl1P fact thnt the mc•al i-; quill} lmcomprC'sc;c·d. To tnke full ad\-autagc of tlw c·u.pu<·l l.) of the cagt•, tl wrdor~. strickling iR c·ontmuc:cl unt il t.he mm r{'aches the bottom of it~ ,..t.rol depth of the bottOHl cast.ing of the Caf!<· i-1 filled with meal. \\' h en p re.:;sing commences thh meal i!'l at a n early stage forred upwards into the <'aE!e proper and thPre, partially at !Past, makPs good tlw red\H·tJOn of 'olmuf\ ... uff•·r• d ~~~ t l1e J!f'nc·rnl bud y of tlw wc•n I. \\'lwn t lw c·n,gc· i-. full) chnrgNl t lw mo,·ablc hN\d '" run hncl< 0\'('r it. Tho cmd of tiH' lwad i-; tur1wd ton good fit. \\ith the horo of t he C'age. .Just bcfor·<• Jll'l'""" ro it! applied to the mc·a.l hy the ram, pres;;urr• i-1 ndm..ittcd to two anxilinrv 1'1\111 c·\ linclt'rs-c;c•o A. • • f<'ig. 41 "hic·h, ac·ting hcnco.t.h t.lw lower casting 11f tlw c·nw·, li ft, the c·t\go a. Hhort diHt.ance upward so U'l t o (•au~e it" mouth t o pn"~K on to the cylin(Jl'ical l•c•JHI a nd so clo-J of meal l>N·omt• bound tight h ugn in.<~t t.lw wall-. of tlw C'ngt•. Thl" f1·i(·tion tlm-. clt•\ elo p~d round thc·ir t•dgt•-. j,., ,.uffic·if'nt. t o lift tlw N\gP still fu rthC'r on to the hco.d as t.h<> compre-.-,ion C1f t lw m Pal incr<'ase~. J n othf•r "orclR, no pro,·iHion i-. H\ad(• to hring the cago a-. it, ri!i<'S u p againRt a dt>nd Rto p. ThiF; is an im p 01·tanb point. \Y ere Ruch a dead stop in exiAtenre thP friction rollnd the edgE'!! of the cake would retiult in the cakes being subjected t.o an efiect.ive prc. sure whjc·h would decrea e from NJ.ke to cake upwards. All it iR the cage " float. " wit.h the mE'al , &r., ~idE' it, and t.he> pff~(· t iw• prE'..,._ur(•

APRIL

a rra ng1·cl to "ork h\ it ,,Jf 1n c·cmjunc·tion "it l1 n "t•parnte uwal · ht•n.tmg lwttlt•. \ \•r\ f rNpiPilth·, h<JWC•\c•r, c·nge prc:-....o-; nrt• \\cwk('( ) in pairs or H I s<•t.; of tIll'<'<-\ the two or tlw t hr<•e pre~:~ses in eac· 11 ,.,t•l boing quite indepE-ndent, c• ... c·t-pt m so far a-1 they arc fed from a common kottl<·. J n Fig. 43 we gn t1 a. view of a two-prc"s -;et, wnde by A. F. Cra1g and Co., L1mitc-d, of Pai~-oley. The general arrangement of thi-; set is s hown 111 Fig. 4.5. Th111 engraYing inc·idNltnlh· indiN\h" t lw nnt ur1• of t lw founcla t icms • u~q niroo for an oil·prc-..... Tho pn•.....l'!-., t-IX('(•pt f(Jr Oil& or two ob·dou-. lllll\or ddll·ri•Jl(•t•-;, aro simtlar m cJo.sign to that alrcad.) dt·,..c·r1 lwd . The rnc>thocl of charging t ho cag<''{ is, ho\\ 1•vc•r, qni te cli fT1•rc•n t. A lwat ing kettle i~ o.r rungl'll ovc•r t lw pre-""(~s, lwing c-d pnrtially on tht· prr•'iH hNtdR and partial!.\ 011 an oxtra pillar. 'J'IIo bottom of the k ot t )1' iH providt•d wit h t wo outlot hol1•'! which regiF!ter wit.h a h ole formed a.t tho centre• of l"a,.h pre~s head-'-11'(" F'ig. 45. Ea.ch out le>t. i~oo c·o11 troll NI by a pair of -.hu tt~r<~, on<' above and on1• b Plow t h<> pr<'"~S lwud. Tlw-;A two ~> hHtters nro c·onnl'l t •·cl "o ns t0 be c,pe·rut NI ~ o.;s hN1.d wt th .nc•al and then discharge~ t Ius mPa<~larNl qunntity into the cage. An alternative arrangeml'nt by 1\fanlove, Alliott. Ellld Co .. L imited , iB ind..icatocl in Fig. 46. Th.iR flr · rangement iR pS\rticu1arly s uitable wh~re large pre!'IFWR a ro rPquired. It consiAts of a battery of four prP<:RM, a sep arate compressor and extractor pre R o.nd a power·driven travelling <·arriaj!E-1. The comprrs-.or and extra<'tor press iR p rovid<'d "ith a movable J1<>ad, ns in the case of the pre"''-'<'S d E>Scribed abo,·e, c;o that it c·hnrg('(l ,~;th ln yPr~ of rnPnl

20, 1917

nrrnnj!l"m('nt of working c·n~l" prr""~"S in group .. ~~~ Ill the adopt i()n of n rot Hr) fii'IIIC'If>l(•. An ( ':\Uruplt· ,,f t Ill' applic:ation of t lu'! pruw1pl•• i'i allu-;tratc•d 111 11111 ,'u pplc•ru£·nt, \\ lu.,rc• \H' H!ICJ\\ n ro,·oh •ing ('8):(1• pr1.... ., rnnd~ b) A. F. C rai~ nnd Co., Lim..itcd, of P aiHlc•\ under Crai~ and M:orfitt's patent. A photogrnph of !'lrrch a pre'<s is reproducl'd in Fig. 42. The fundamental fPnturc• of the dPsign liPs in the pro,·ision of three ragf\'1 nr rH n ~t'd with thPir <'entn nt t hfl apl('f' ral t r1 nn~IP, t hi'\\ lwh• hf·m~ rotatablE< a-. a IJicwk ronnel nn axis pa.<~::.ing t hrou~h tl11' rc•ntrc> oft hi" t r innglc•. ('orrc•ovonding t'l thn t hr1·e c·u~c·'l them~ art:< t hre<• fixod prt>S~ h ea{b~ a n cl t hrN• h,\d raulic cylinder.; and ram-;, arranged with thtolr (·c•n! rh nt lh<.~ tlpicE>'i of nn id('ntiC'al ~>quilstt•·rul t r inugl<·. During a. <'01npl<•l<• rotation of t hi' c·agc•-1 about. t lwir c·ormnon OXIR <'tH'h c·age pll'<"!c•-; in llll'll b<•l \\'c•c·n c·aC'h prc·o.;~ hc·ad ond it-1 (·orrhpondin~ hydrnulic ram. 'l'lw IM'tllocl of working i'l t o fill cagt'l A-Ree tho •'upplNnPnt~\\it h meal from on u.djnc·cnt kettle, \\hill" it "tnnc)q b<'n{'Sth one• of tlu• prt'"'~ Jwad'l, and to g iH• tlw 111r•al in it at t luq point a pr<·lirninary COHtprh' d <'lockwiRo through J 20 d fl~.. <;O R!i 1o hrin~ cagP A bc•nenth t lw "f'('(mcl prec:s hPad whc-ro tlw m<•nl is subjc>cted to an int<•rmed iate cornp re!l<~ion , a nd AO as t o bring ragfl C into the poc:;ition formerly occ~upiecl by cage A. Cag('l A iF! allowed t o Rtand und(~r preRaure w hile c:age c; i~ being e mptied and rPchargc•d with mflal. Thflrc•a ft.er a furth er rotation of tlw l'nge system thl'ough 120 d~>g. brings cage A IJent•ath the third pre<~s head where its m~al rec<'i\'e•i t h<' final comprcR~ion . Meanwhile, cage 0 is recc•i\'in,:t it.q intermE>dia.te compres ion beneath thE' fi<'COnc l prt>s.s hPad. while (·age· B h<'n<'al h thP first prec;, honu

•

F1g. 44

Fig.

n-

TWIN

CAGE

PRESSES- CRAIG

iti the flame on the t op a nd IJcJt t.o1u c·akP-1. It i, not, h owever, nece-,sarih• thP .;arw· t cm a rd-1 the middl(•, 'When the cakes han s t cwd for tt sulTicient h·ngt h of tirne unde r pre>c:-;urf•, tile· rr 1nul rarn I" ...... t to exhaust unt1l the cage l ::l lowered on t o tlw bottom btopo;. The auxiliary hydraulic cylmdeN ar~ a rranged to act a~ huffe rs for the cage so as t o bring 1t qu..i~>tl.r to re<~t. The• movable press head is t I1Nl r un out. I n 1t '! outluos t po-.ition it d oes n ot c·I ..HI' N>mplf\tely tho fact" of the top casting of the (·llg~>, und tlwreforc~ forrns a. stop which will for the timo b<•i ng prrwent the~ c·ugo from ris ing. Two additional HIOJ>'! uro p ro\'id f'd for the oppo~ite Ride of the• t o p e·u~lwg of tlw c·ag<'. Thf';;O two ~:~t op~ c·On!-iio;t of ludf c·apo; \\)Jich c·an lw "1\\llflg round cm the pillar'! CJf tlu• pr<'""· \\'ith tllC'' d, so t l1ttl its diU.11H·I1•r nt t Jw top <·nd io; n Hlnllll frac tion grc·u I cw t luw 1~t f he• IO\\'I'r Pilei. Tl1uH 1\. Hlight Hpward liWV<'IlH'rll o ft h<~ cakpo;, &c·., in 1Jw e·ngc~ iti fm 0ici<>nt to r<·lic·vn tllf• binding pr<•'-~'ill r<• round tlwir edgPs. f n gc•nc•ral the ea keq prod uN·d in n p rc>'<"' of t hi.., t .\ IJI' •lrc• again rPduced to rrl<'nl '' hic·h, after bc•mg lu·ut I'(J, i'l c•x preo;~d a sec·cm rican pn•..,.,,

.

pr<'~H ju~-; 1

dco•wribc•cl is

,,,.. 'ilwwn in F ig 44 -

PRESS

AND

from tlw acljaN·n f kt•l t 1<·. Tlw C'agco may bP rPgnrckcl a'i bcmg in t\\() part -.. thl• lrml'r or \\hich if.l fh c>d, m ~o fnr, at leost, as the po;.~Jtw n of itR centre line> ~~ conN·nu.od, whjle thr· upp<·r pu1t eau bt" run out 011 to cro·;.,. rails on the top of tl11· tru,·ellin_g carriag1-. Tlu.; "t r1c·kJing proc·reds until both part'i arc- fillPd " 1t h In.' 1•rs of meul. Prr ... ~urt· 1~ then applied in thr· rum C') tinder so Ul> to ccnupn .. ~ all the meal into tho upper rno' able part of t lw cugc•. \\-hf·n thi, I~> acc·ompl i-.hc•d t ht- prc>'<-.11r1· i"' r<•len-;<'d, and the movable pa1 t of tlw cuge i'i rw1 CHit on to tlw tra\ c·lling c·o.rriagc~, which thE'n transport-. it to one of the• fou r rntlin prc•-.!iP lling c·a rria~<~ i!i pr<)\·id<'d \uth l\\ o '-'1'('1 of <·ro..,.., rud'l 80 that it ma) ~uppcJI't 11 c·ug.• rc·ud ~ for prE<-.~ing, "lu ll' J!"'in g a<·(·om modal 1011 for t hP rt·<·Ppt 10n of a c·ag<• t he• prc''<'im g of "hu·h hH'I l11t•n <·ompll'l t-d. On tlw rt•lum j ournP,\, thPrl·f(Jrl•, t lw e·mTIUI(I• l,rin~~:~ hack t o tJw prc>lnuinar,\ prc·.,.., u c·ugt• from" hich the• c·ukc•'lur1• rNtdy to be f'~trud1•d TJuo.; (•xtrnc-tion i-; pc•r{ornH'fl Ill tlw pre•li m inu r~ prt• ...., 111 tiHI 11 11\lll ll'r indi<·at1•d uln•; ld,, f()r tlu• single• p r1•"'s IJ\• tl w 'if\IIH' rnu kc•r;;. Tllf' prt•l11ninur~r prcuo~q 11'<1'11 in thi-; Ry ... ti'Hl of wnrl '-llr,rt . HJo:\' 01.\'1\(: (' \1:1·:

\ L'fE H '\ATI\'E (',\QE J>H I~SS Arm\ '\C: E:\lr::~TS.

TJ.,,

CAGE

Anothr•r

Hll<•rc·~tiug

nnd

l'JH:S~.

il••pt,rlnnt

nlt<•rnr~ti\'1'

i~>

KETTLE

IN

A

MlLL

lwing ompti<·d and rc<'l•argf\d. A final rotation of thP cage s~:,tt·rn bring~t c·agc• A hac·k again hNwnth t IIH fir,;t pre" '~ h('ad for NII PI .un~ a nd rechargin~ . Tlw rnc-al, it will be ,r•<·n. 1-. prPss<•d in three ~c·parat1• sta~eos. It will al-;o be• gntlwrt.•d that tlw arrangc•ment ~c·cures pra(·t icalh c·ontiiiUOll.'~ "orking. I t i;; .. tnt<'d that f'\'C"r~ tlun~ about a s<•t of thf'ie pre .. -.c·~ c·an he• worked ln• one un.-.kdlt·d 111Un "nh the a'l-.istancc• of a. hO\. • Thr• dPtaileu U("'lign CJf t l w pres'l is not f'worthy. The HWtd hN1.tiug lwtt lc· l'i 11f thf' ll.s ual type, and 1~ fitlc•d with thc· \1'!\IHI uwa 11" of Mtirring,lwating and 111o i~;te n..ing t lw IJIN\1. lt i-. -;11 pported part!~· on tho fir'lt prP"~" hf'ad und p artly 1111 two se]Jurate c·olunm'l. TIIC' ,.,trH·kl ing hox .,.Jiclc·~ on a. Aurfac·P "ith gUJclmg PdgP'~ forrnf'd 0 11 top of tl1c> fir1-1t pre-.'1 }wad. A c·irc•ular hole oqua l m ciJUIIH·tc·r t o the bon• of tlu"! <·ngt• i'l formf"Cl in l heo pr<'""' lwntl, and i<J prond1•cl "1th four c·at c·he.;, o pt-rfl((oU HLilllllt Unt·IHJ'Ily, for ( 1•rnporarJI~ -;upport m~ the u unl Rtl•t•l ell-.(' and ci rc·u lnr pwc~ of Jll't'""' t•loth on to '' luc·h tlu• IIICU.l i, d<'po..,lt<'d from till' slric·klir1g bo;.. Tl 1• \\lthdrawal o f till' c·at<·h1•'! niiO\\M tlw pl11tt•. c·loth, nn.lln,, c•r of Jn<'al to fall 0 11 (IJ IJ w I'Uitl lu•ud. l>lll'lllg tl•(' r·hargin g OJ)l•TO(.iOI\'i. the• r•'m f.itaMing frmn ll" highc•'lt po' , opcratc•d h~ ruc·k~. prruons a nd hnnd "lwPI, ' " rno,·rd bnc k to c·'o-1 • t lw opc•nmg in tilt' pr<'"" lwud from t hP undf'r'< dt>. Tlu" s lid•• is prO\ idc·d \\ 1t h u. shullo\\ urc·ulnr I CJ'<'i turnc· d to fjt tlw borl' of tl1n c•ugc~. \\'lwn l nAtt.Pr~ t\1'1' 111 t h1-. c·mHlit.i()n, t.wo Hll\.1 · lu~··.\ h} dra.ulic· l'IUII'< I\ I'll hmugl1t int.o nc·t.wn

APRIL

20, 1917

THE ENGINEER

- ·~

be~wath

th., <·ompr<>ssion tha.mber which, lifting j ournalled in a. casting fixed on top of the lowerth1R c·hamber a.nd thf" c>a.gf', <.:lo~ e tbe t twtween s tationar y-ca stings of tho three presses. The !.hP:-(' two part. anci. also the t nt\L\\ e~n the position of it~ a.xiHi~; fixt'd by mea.w of three horizontal e~go uml t.ho ruu-out. ~;lid o bonea.LI1 Lho pr<.'ss h ead. roller~:; jourua.llctl on t.lte fixed roller casting a nd

I.JGRevs '; T

~ ....

-I.

·~ _..,

......~---l-

"'

•• 50 -~~

~~-J~i-1-r-z-'eJl

;

• I

.>:t

.... -. J ..... l

~

•lo •

I

•

.. •

19

-t '

I PI an oP

•

Fo undat ions . r

- -- -· - ----------

- ------- ..'

-::;.tj·_v

I

___j__ •

• -. 1 I

'I

I

I

I

I

:

I

I '

"TH(

~~ •

e tiC.I NEER

.'

•

I

~

.

I

•

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•

,,

-

be tween alternate pairs of tlu:ose at•rn..;; and a.re united thereto by m eans of rods running be tween the top a.nd bottom cage e nd castings ancl pa.s~:~ing through eyes in the endt; of tho urrru;. The cagel> a.t·o thus free to rU;e verticall y, but. a.re compelled to rotut.t> solidly with the central cylindrical ca.stiug. From the spider anns ~;.i..x bracket~> - not ~:~l 10wn in Fig. 42, but. clearly inclicated in the ::iupple mentdepend a.nd , crinoline-wise, u f•ire ula.r· rack which e ncloses a.ll three cages at the level of their bottom castings. This ring es close l·n bu t. n;thin the out er columns s upporting th('l pt·eRA heads, a.nd i,; provided with additional carrying means in. the sha.p('l of three rollers mow1tf'd Oil the bott om ea t ings of t.he presses u.nd bea.l'ing against. its undersidE'. Th~:~ ring- mes hes \vi th a pinion Oil a. v.-.rtiC'a.l s haft provided with a hanrl wheel. B~, tuming this hand wheel the ring, n t.ra.l ca.:4ing n nd <·a.g<'~ ard rotated us one hody fJ'OII\ om~ ...,PLI.ing to t.he next. J n tho press illus t.ra.tod in the ::iupplernent, t he ca.gt>~o~ a.•·e Hlin. in dia.mt,t.e1· a.ud !l4in. long. The ext€'ns ion chamber a.t t.he prPliminaJ'Y p r·eH.-; h.; 42in. long. T hese dimens ions g ive th~ press a ca.pa.c·ity of a.bouL 20 r•wt. of copra per hoUI'. Tho ctia.meLflrti of the lower e nds of the fir·,.;t. alld second rarruJ a.l'o less tha.u the ctia.metcw of t ho cagP. ()on.sequoutly. the pr~liminary and intennC'clia.to press ure~> on t.he meal a.re le::Js t.hau t.ho p1·essurC:' ad mi ttcd to the hydraulic cylinders. The lowe1· end of Llie t.hircl ram U; of grea.tm· clia.meteJ· t.han the cagE", ~;o that the final , pressure on t.he meal is gr·ea.ter tlta.ll the hydrauli<: pressure in use. Wi th a hydrauli<· pressure of 2 tons p er square inclr, I he pre Slu·e · on the 1nf'a.l wo•·k out a.t the foll owing ,·a.lues ·--Pre Umin.a.ry prE"!'::;, 11 c wt.; intermediate press, 30 cwt.: final tH'es • 60 cwt. p e1· square inch . A high final pt·e. w·~ is thus obtained without empiO,\"ing a n equally high hyrlra.ulic pressure. This iR of imp0rta.nce, bcca.w;e at n prossme of :3 tons per Kqua.ro inch the wear a.nd tear· on t he pump;.; a.nd \'alves of the hydra.uli<· pressure ~< uppl y sp;tf\m ili a.pt Lo becomf' a serions it~> • H in t.hc upkeep eiLarg<:'s. A sched ule of wodcing t ime-; for t his pre:-~s has bef'n s upplied to llli by t ho rnuke r·~>. According to thi;;, eight minllt.C'-; a ro allowed for e mptying anrl fillin g the tage at, the preliminary pre s. 1t iq ~.~.Jlo wed t o ~>tand und<·r· Jll't"Hsuro for sevon ntinute.-; ut. t.his press. One-ha.l f minute is co1vmm ed in lowering t lw rams all threo •·a.rn:; nre l owen~d s imultaneously - and A nothf'J' ha lf· minute is req uired to change the po:ii tiou.l'l of the cages. Thus thE' rneal iH Wlder pressw·e for ..,e,·en minutes in the prelimina.r) pre!'ls, fi ft een minutes in the inte rmediate a nd fifteen tninutEls in the final. or alt.ogether thirt.y-~;cve n minutes out. of t1o Lota.l wo rkin~ time of for ty-eight rninutoM. 1

I

I •i-

351

SWAIN

Cc.

OT HE R

. \RR A1\(: E.M l~N TS

OF

('A(:J~

PRJo::-;sE:->.

V a.1·iow~ other forms of <·agE" pres;;ses are rna.dP.

\\' o ca.n, however, but briefly m('lntiou two, bot-h m.a.de by Fig. 45- TWI!f CAGE PRESSE&-CRAIG Robert M.iddJe ton a.nd 'o., of L eods. One of these, L ambert's patented "con t inuous" oil prE-ss, is of the Pressure is then a pptietl beneath the main ra.m which, bearing again t the interior of the cylindrical ea tmgre\'olving t,vpe, but instead of ha.viug three cages. as rising through the compression box compres es thE" q f' p t he plan ,;~w in the Supplement.. in l\JE'sArs. Cra.ig's press rl<'Sc·r·ibed ttbove, it. has but The t op flange of the cylindrical casting is s pla.yf"d t\\'O, one ior Lhe preliminary a.nd tlre othl:lr for the meal entirely into the cage. A cert.a.in amount of oil is forced' out of th<> mPa.l a.t this stage, and i>. caught in a tray bcmea.th thP press. E \'f"n bcfoi'C' thf' mea.J is e ntirf"ly push ed out ()f the <'OmprE>s~ion box, t.he pr~<;surt> may be sufficit'nt with Hom A seeds t.0 • express a pm-t.ion of tho oil frnm th<> mea l. F or thi>l reason t.he t-f> P e nd of t~hE' c·ornp•·ession c ha.mbf>J' 1-; finely Pf'J'f oratrd. so t.hat. t.Jw oil Pxpressecl may escape ELEVATION rea.dil,\. \rlwn tilt' prCH.'> UI'f) of the main t·a.m is relie,·<>d. the m eal h•~ or,; L<'nri to t>xpund a little. To ob via t.e a.tl\' t.roublf' which t.hi..-; <>xpanRiou might. t·ause whe n .it. c·nmeH tn t·otating tht» ca.ges, the meal is !'Ontpress<>rl furthC:'r iut o t.hc c·a.SZP~> t.han would bP nf>cessa.ry \\'t•J·e expa.n.'> ion t>bst"n t. . The compre Aion sufferect by t.IH' 1fi<'tl-1 m t~e preliminar~· press iH s ufficient to bind the bulk of_ 1t within the cage. o tba.t w hf'n the 1·a.m fal ls it rem.a.ms ther~. 'l'he stPf'l pla.tt> and th<' presA <'loth a.t. the foot of the cage a.ncl one ot· two or thB lowest layers of meal require, however, t.o b~ suppor ted when t.he ra.m is lowE"r<>d a.nd whilr th<' cage is b eing turned round t.o c-om fl beneath t.h<> K<'Cond a.nd thi rd prt>ss hca.d>l. This Rupp01·t is givt"n h_y ~• pair of spt·i ng catches ~••Ta.ngt>d in the lowN' e nd casting of the cage. These c-a.tche>! ,:;lip in brnea.th the lowe<>t p re. s plaLe us tha I 1,...,r - T -:-.0 rsrn falls. 'J'ht\y ar·<' ~tu l, orna.t.icall y pui:!hcd back b,' \,.) I ·~ J t.lw l:lt'coud a.nd t.hir·d mm,.; wh<>n these rise into Lhe I I I I I c·A.,ge a.nd fall iHLo a('l.ion <~gniu \\ Jwn tlws<· ra.n1s ~·• ·~> ..... _J lowen>d. l\Ienrti'! ha.\"0 t.o be provided ~t Lhe preliminary • 'I ~~I prP:- ~fl c·ntcheR rru-..y, while the pre11s i!S J • I I ·' being charged, he rendered inoperative, so that they PLAN l' ' shall not prevent t-he chargt' from pa.Asing down into the compression chambe r. The~>e means confl.ist of )inks and lever~> operated from thE' long handle .F s hown in the , upplement. The manner in which the cages a.re mounted requires a word of explanation. They have to be free t o re volve toge ther about their common axis, a nd at tho same timo have to b e free to rise vertically a. short distance unde r the action of the a.u.xiliary h y draulic rams, so that the ts botweon them a nd "TH E E NOI NEER" SWAI N Se. the press h eads may be closed be fore the main ram is brought into action. The for the cage Fig. t&-BATTERY OF FOUR CAGE PRESSE&-JIAJfLOVE, ALLJOTT consU:.ts p rimarily of a. central vert ical hollow cylindrical casting-G in the Supplement-within which o.ro disposed the inner columns carrying the out into tho fonn of a six-armed spider. A littlo fi.nal pressing of t.he meal. The meal is fetl into the stationary press heads. This cylindrica l casting is more than ha.lf-wa.y do~n a. s imilar sot of s ix a.nns preliminary press o.t tho foot instead of a.t the t op of ed at its bottom ftange on a. series of rollers projects from the casting. The cages are situated tho cage by means Qf o. pair of circular ste~l boxes •

I

I

352

T HE ENG I NEER

mounted on a table which rotates about one of the pr~ss columns in such a. way that while one box is beneath the preliminary press, the other is beneaU1 the kettle_ receiving a charge of meal. In another arrangement by the same makers, the kettle works in conj~ction with a preliminary press much in the way• illustrated •in Fig. 46. I nstead, however• of the mam presses bemg arranged in a row, they are in this case arranged on the arc of a circle The cages are transporte~. when filled, from the preliminary press to. the mam presses on a turntable provided with rails and hydraulic running-out gear. The chief o~jection.which .can be urged against the ~ge type of OJI-press JS that 1ts construction, compared Wlth the Anglo-American type, is complicated. Its S';IC<'essful working depends very largely on the cal'e giV.en to the design and construction of the cage. This, as may be supposed, is an e>.~ensive item. Efforts, therefore, have been made to cheapen the cost of manufacture, while retaining t he principle of t·he cag? press by substituting for tho cage, built up of vertlCal bars, a cylindrical box of ver y finely perforated sheet steel.

TBB USB AND ABUSE OF STEEL.

•

T.l:iE paper on this subject read before the lnstitu · tion of Automobile Engineers, by Lieut. -Col. Bagnali V\Tild and Lieut. E. W. Birch, on the 11 th inst., lifted the veil. a little on some of the troubles experienct1d in the earlier days of the war with regard to aircraft steels. I t w~ t hen that the Royal Aircraft Factory rendered c?ns1dera~Je service in instituting detailed specificatiOns for atrcraft steels, because prior to that time the complete range of alloy steels had n ot been fully used for parts requiring great strength with a minimum of weight. It was found that in many cases firms engaged in the construction of aeronautical corn· ponents bad practically no knowledge of the treatment of special alloy steel, and as Col. O'Gorman said in his eviden ce during the inquiry into the air service, under the .chairmanship of .Mr. Justice Bailhache, representat 1ves of such firms were encouraged to visit the Royal Aircraft Factory and see for themselves what could be done, and in some cases of the R oyal Aircraft Factory staff were sent to works to instruct manufacturers' in the most up-to-date methods. Something of the same sort was done by the National Physical Laboratory sta.ff. A year or so ago, very few firms, except in the Sheffield district, possessed heat treatment plant of their own, and in this branch p articularly have great strides been made. Tho d.ifliculties, however, were not overcome by the mere possession of heat ~reatmen t plant, and even at the present time it is, m some parts, almost impossible to obtain men with the requisite knowledge, because when s teels are ~la.ssifiE>d according to their mechanical p roperties, m depcndent of chemical compositions, each composition requires a different heat treatment. Thus Col. Bagna.U -Wild showed that two steels differing widely in composition may, by different heat treatments, be made to give the same physical test res ults. Attention was called in the paper, once more, to the need for co-operation between the steel maker and the steel , the lack of which in the p ast has led to ~any costl.y mistakes. Then, a great deal of delay m p roduct10n, waste of material and financial loss has been found to arise from want of metallurgical knowledge on the part of some designers, and certain losses have also occurred owing to manufacturers not realising that alloy steels require more careful handling than carbon steels. Jagged edges in crank shafts have caused the development of serious cracks at 45 deg. to the angle of the web and the axis of the pin . In the d esign of crank shafts for 12-cylinder V type engines many difficulties have been encountered, and making shaft·s from a double width billet, so ~hat the twist would n ot exceed 60 deg., was found to rmprove matters, but did n ot entirely obviate the doubtful structure obtained in the t wisted j ournals. Various other methods were then tried ; cra.n ks were cut from the round, and they were also forged from trifoliate section . The latter method is thought to be promising. If, however, it is possible in the design to have, from the steel maker's point of view, a reasonable distance between the webs, it is felt that some form of pressing from a bar billet gives the most suitable structure in the s haft. The Bow of metal is t h en continued through the j ournals, up the webs, along the pins, and so throughout the shaft. But s uch a form of combined stamping and forging ~ n ot possible with the very short main bearing. The authors discussed steel specifications as a matter of considerable importance in the light of their wa.r experience. The custom of dealing only with the physical properties, making no attempt to specify the method of manufacture other than generally to determine the process, i.e. , whether the s teel should be an open hearth, crucible, &c., was con d emned. In this, Dr. Wa.lter Rosenhain agreed in the discussion, only, however, so far as the special steels for particular purposes are concerned. This p oint h as arisen par ticularly in connection with hair cracks in crank shafts. Some people have expressed the opinion that the existen ce of hair cracks, of the kind that have to be ·sought with a. po,verful glass, should n ot neces~itate "the rejection of a crank s haft,

but Col. Bagnall-Wild's experimen ts confirm the opinion he has always held on this p oint. An engine was tested with a crank s haft which showed certain cracks ; it was propo ed to run the engine for l OO hours, but the crank shaft broke after 78 h ours, and the eviden ce is regarded by the authors as convincing that the break developed from a hair crack. There is no definite proof that the e hair cracks open out during a short period of nmning, but there is evidence that after 60 or 100 hours' work they have in some cases caused! the 1fracture of shafts. Furthermore, it was put! forward in the paper that these hair cracks are derived from defects in the ingot. As a steel maker, however, Dr. \ V. H . H at6eld expressed the opinion that whilst it might be right to attribute some of the t rouble t o the ingot, he had never been convinced that the wholo of the trouble was traceable t o that cause, and after seeing the authors' slides, he was less convinced than ever. "Gnfortunately, shortne of time prevented him elaborating the point, but he has an explanation which he promised to give later. T he authors, however, whilst not wishing to introduce into steel specifications clauses that would hamper the steel maker, advocated some clause dealing with the dimensions of the ingot for certain purposes, and, in addition to physical tests, analysis, within reasonably wide limit::;, Nhould, in their opinion, be specified. Reference was rna.de to the opposition to the introduction of an impact test for aircraft steel and the greater regularity of the test figures in s pite of that opposition, whilst te ts are now being carried out v.~th a view t o the introduction of a round Izod test specimen. It is thought that this may be accepted in liou of t he sq ua.re specimen. Lack of knowledge on the part both of inspectors and s has led t o many trouble~. and a pl('a was put in for the iMpector t o be allowed to use some discretion. Considering steel specifications and production with regard to certain essential p arts, designers were charged with calling for higher ultimate strength and yield point for a connecting-rod than for a crank shaft, sufficient consideration not being given t o the engine factors governing the stress. Another p oint neglected by the designer is the dan ger aric;ing from sharp corners, and considerAble difficulty has been experienced with ea a-hardened parts where weight is of greater importance than in ordinary engineering practice ; in aircraft, case-harden ed p arts often cannot be left with a solid core, and the usual tensile test of the core is of d oubtful val ue as a r~pre entation of the material under the cemented kin. A most important point at the momen t is, of course, output, a nd whilst tho steel maker is using every endeavour to . produce steel free- from roaks, flaws and cracks, it JS recorded as the fRet that in spite of care a quantity of faulty steel is deliverer! to the machine s hops, and that sometimes a large amount of wor k is done on it before tho defects a.ro found. Much la.bow· is at pre ·ent being wasted in machin ing faulty s teel. ~lil itary specifications for the milder steels used ib. bolts, nuts and screwed part formerly did not include an analysis nor a n impact test, but it has been found neco sary to include one or the other. It has taken a long time for stampers to recognise that alloy steels cannot be t reated as easily as mild steel, and the chief cause of the t rouble has been with overheating. The paper gave many instances of trouble that has beon experienced through the causes outlined. There was a. long and interesting discussion , the steel maker, the steel ~er, and the s tamper all being represented. The tWJ.St on the crank shaft received some a~tenti~n, Mr. J. H. s .. Dickenson quoting experiments m which h e had tWJ ted a shaft 120 deg. with '/uin. gap as against the 7 l ..in. mentioned in the paper. At the same time, narrow gaps were not generally advocated. Dr. R osenha.in, as already mentioned, favoured strengthening steel speci6cations in the direction of s pecifying the chemical analysis, but he thought that nine-tenths of the difficulties mentioned in .the pap~r w?uld be apparent to the merest s uperficml exammat1on, and methods were available which would overcome them. ~r.. Hatfi~ld, referring to some s ulphur prints exhib1ted, satd that the shape of the ingot was not everything. From the prints on e might assume that if the ingot were made slightly broader at the top instead of broader at the bottom, and a refractory head was p ut on, all difficulties would be overcome. That was n ot so, and the art of steel making was n ot by any means as simple a.s that. Questions to be taken into consideration were the speed with which the steel was ~oured into t h e mould, and the casting temperature, t.e., the heat of the metal when it was p oW'ed into th e mould. Lastly, there was the composition; t he amount of silicon , manganese and a luminium. ~ese factors inBuenced greatly the soundn e of the mgots. H e merely pointed them out to show that there was n o imple form of specification which. would ensure freedom from trouble by the adoptwn of a certain weight of ingot, or a. cer tain amount of cropping. Mr. J . H . Brearley was oppost>d to'' anal:}' e within reasonably wide limits " being imposed in the specification . A heat treatmen t departmen t could no~ be exp~c~ t o produce uniform properties in a.rttcles which had been machined from steels of variable and unknown composition. The manager of such a departmen t could produce 'the best resul ts

APRIL

20, 1917

onl_r if he ~vas able to for~ulate a t reatment and stick t? 1t, and 1f he had no vo1ce in the matter jt was quito trme. that ~ho~e w~o had sh ould bear this import.a.Qt ~ons1de~at10n m mmd when making their purch.ases. The easiest and safest of all steels for handling in the beat treatment department were the air-hardening steels, but they were correspondingly d.iflicult for the steel maker a nd t he. stamper. The quality of s tructur~l aUoy steels dtd not rest exclusively with the des1gne~, .or the. steel maker. The stamper would leave his rmpre s ton on the material whether he was allowed a voice in the matter or n ot, and lastly, the heat treatment should confer absolute security far ~nd a~ay bey?nd the specification imposed by the mspectmg engmeer. To this end, the steel maker should produce a material which would it a t~mperatw:e variation. ~f ± 25 deg. without notable differen~e m the qualities. This s uggestion was not tmpractlca.?le .; there was notbin~ standing in the way except preJudice or want of mawpulative skill. Mr. H . Fowler regretted that n o ~xplanation of hair cracks had bee~ given by an y of the speakers. 1\fr. A. E. Berrunan referred to an American system of twisting crank shafts in which all the twist came on the pin. H e asked for information of the mechanics o~ ~he stra~ that went on during the process of twl.Stmg. This was a very interesting question upon which some information was wanted. .M:r. T. Clarkson asked if the Whitworth process of fiuid compression could be applied not onJy to the ingot but to t he casting of t he shaft. In that wa.y a good deal of the subsequent work upon it would be avoided. H e threw it out as a suggestion for solving one of the difficulties in connection with latent Baw11• Lieut.-Col. Bagna.ll-Wild briefly replied. Wo shall print the paper at length in future issues.

CHINA AFTER THE WAR.

•

(From a Crm'uponduu in China.)

from China might produce on the European ~ind an .~pr~ion: of chaotic goYernment, contmued polit1cal mtrtgue and corruption, with the very great p robabilit y of national bankruptcy as the natural result of an empty treasury. Those who are en tirely ignorant of the extraordinary resilience of the country might despair of the future. The political affairs of China have been the nightmare of the European ministers in Peking for the last sixty years. Yet the trade of the country has increased by leaps and bounds. On more than one occasion di.sa.ster and bankruptcy s tared the :ulers of the Celestial En:;tpire and their country m the face. On all occa.swns the breaking up of China. was avoided. In most cases the country actually benefited by the sins of its rulers. 1f it had been unnecessary to borrow money from foreign sources, the Maritime Customs Service, as it is to-day, would not have existed. If the Mandarins could have kept order in the country, an d had wisely ruled the people, they might have enforced their unprogressive views about railways and the other n ew-fangled notions of the " outer barbarians." Little by little the " Westerner" has carried out his modem ideas in China.; to-day the educated Chinese are among the most frank irers of new inventions and scienti1ic methods. D uring the last few months a great deal of attention has been given to the trade problems which will demand immediate solut ion at the end of the war. China. will be able to absorb a great deal of that surplus output of the engineering works of this country which will follow the cessation of hostilities. • In our determination to win the war we have mobilised the forces of applied science to such an extent that our p roduction of metal goods, when the war is ended, ·will be en ormously greater than when the Germans threw down the gauntlet. \Ve cannot ~agine that, in whole districts, the wheels of industry will suddenly cease. \Ve know quite well that wo shall have to find markets, and fortunately China. offers us one that is almost unlimited. The two great opportunities for British enterprise in the Far East li~ in the developmen t of t ransport facilities and the m.me . In both cases there is a certainty of an ample return on money properly expended. In both cases a great deal of machinery is n ecessary t o carry out the work. Recent even ts have sh own beyond a doubt that no really big con cern is likely to succeed under purely Chinese management in China. It is also apparent that, except p ossibly in Manchuria and the T reaty p orts, the engineering enterprise under purely foreign management will pro per in China. Tho explanation for this peculiar state of afiairs is re&lly simple. The Chinese find it imp ossible to stop a. leakage or constan t " squeeze " among subordinates, b~t ~he foreigner can do s~. Where the foreigner fails 1S that he has no relatives among the officiah; of the Government of the country . Therefore he cannot keep well oiled the official wheels. I t seemB almost certain that there must be some scheme by means of which the Chinese and the British shall make equaJ profits, if our own nation is to obtain the privilege of d eveloping some of the transport facilities and the mines of China.. It mus~ be understood that, at present, most of the carr ymg trade of that great countr y is done by A.DVICES

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THE ENGINEER

MAT 4, 1917 ti l ra~ion ~c-.t. l<;vaporating the wat~r to dr):UC's.-; and 1gnormg tho_ pE~rcentagt' of met~llic salts-ll'on , c?p~r, &c.-which ~he watEir ~1as dissolved fro~_the o ~ p1pes and comparmg tho gramJ> of AAitl" rE\mamul~, wtlh t~e rt' ·ult _when evaporating a irnilar volwno of co~liog wator ll:> about t_he oul.}~ reabonably accurate c herrucal methocl of fo mung an tcloa as to whore tho leakage O?CurR • . • . ~lecharuca.Uy, 1L t-. often po:-... tblo, ~-oometunes oven qwte easy to lo<·a.to tht' l c1~kag<'· . Whe re leakage_ o£ wah•r mto tlw od syAlt-m catutot very weU bo tW?tded _a. .. Wt~~M l<•g ·: c~n.-;i..,_ting of at. lEiast 4_ft . of vorhcnl pap~·-2~m . t o 4m. m daa.mete~fitt?d ~to <mo of thu .otl ttmk:-. •nay clo .great aervtc<', a~ tt w~ll <'t\l_ch the ~nu th·ops o r partt~Jes _of water ~·arc ul t~t.•."g t hc1 oal, n1ul_ onc_o a partw~e ts ~augh t ~~~ t..h? log 1L c·t~ruwt.. ttgnm n sc1 nnd ~11x wtth tlw ml ;_ tt goe _to tho bott o m of Lho I<·~· ~vhi'·.h shoul~ bo uramod Lw•.<·<• <'V<1l'Y 24 hot~n;. tn~!l mstr~;~cttOil.'i s ho uld ho gav<'ll that. iho dntm coc·ks 1n the oil tank or ton~s 1-'hould bo. op~ned L\\ i('CI c•yc•ry 24 hour::;, and twcr~ t 1 ~ 11 <' t htl tu l'lmu~ ~ tLbou t to :-.t_a rL up af_ter a rest, ; lho drauu-; shottld b<' ktlpt, opon wtlll <:l<'an oal appears. 'l'urb~no oils ~u·o uff<•cl<.~l b) "t\h•r if it conlaul.'-~ boiler -.al_h m solution, IIIOJ'<' t ha11 h) <'lt••m wat<.·~· a_nd certain hoiler compounds htt' <' tL ~-otmn,g <'JnU.'-~tfymg effect, but t~e grNtl~·st tll~l:ct ~o>(.'('ll\," to 1)(1 producNl_ by u~on :-alts m ~->olut •_on. I 11 • \H~tt•r <·at.moL he lp cb: ·ol\'mg ...,_,me_ of tho u·on d111'111~. Jt>~. a~aptcl fio,~· through the u~l P•P.<''-~, h(\UCO the d<.•s:"·niJlli~~ of us mg <:O~P"~ oil 111pes m profN'<'Il('(' to u·o n PllW"; <:upp<'a' ,,.., lrttle t\~tacked h.'_ "~tt I-41't•cl \\till t hf'l effEICL o£ an iron ~-oo l ution. (2) Solid I m purit i~. Thu di ... i.nh•gn\tiH~ tlffe(·t 1111 the oil t'"'"'t'd h~ fint• l ~ :-.11:-.pt•JHI(Icl l'!olicl i111pur it it>-., :-uch w; fuw n •:-.t , lltutlldl\f'l'i' 1-'tmd, t~c., i'{ vory tuarktld. T lto oil cla.rl <·ot lHidon\bly in colour, the acidity im·t·ea es n\pidl ~ ; tho oil u~~WJH'l'> a" burnt '' O(lo ur, ~\ :-~lim y dark colotu·od tioposit, develops atld lodge~. put·t.ic ularly in Lho oil coole r. If, furthermor e , there i :-~ a leakage, however Hlight, of water into the o il sy::;tem , the oil may geL badly emulsified, much 11\0ru than wouJd bo the case with water alone, as the oil is in a weak~med condition due to the oxidising effect.. of the o lid impurities. 'fhi~ will explain why, when stariu1g up a new turbine fo r the first time, emulsificatiotl of tho oil may occur even if the oil is of good qua.lity. \>Vhe ro tho iru;ido of tlw oil tank i'i painted, em ulsification aocl breakclo" ·n of the oil usually occl.ll'S, a..'l ther~ hardly E\xkt any paint:; that, uro ·• o il -proof '' under tlw exa<·ting conditions prevailing in turbine practice. The advi.<~ability of changing the initial charge of o il will, in Yiew of what U. said abov", n ow be fully lUlderstood, thEI Elffeci being that I he entirE~ &y tem g<'t~ thoroughly cleaned, and that the fresh c harge of otl \\1.11 htl\'C' \ 'E"I') much better conditions to work uodor. (3) A i r.- The circulating oil a.hH~oytl contains more (Jr less air, and when the temperature is above normal , hay mor e than 140 deg. Fah., this air has a tendency to oxidise the oil, a tendency that increases rapidly with increasing temperatures. This effect will be bet ter r ealised when consideru1g that the oil 61m m t he bearingM is vor y thin anci that the a ir is present iu exceedingly fill<' bubbl<.•:-~. which a r e intimately mixed with th11 oil. Tlw result is that the oil darkeM iu colour, itt<'l'Oa es in acidity. t111d in exta·eme <.'tt'-~t'S ~ depo it d evelop·, which is ('xtreme ly dangerous, as it may choke the oil inlets to thl' bearing~ and CtLU.'-~O :-~ luggi h working of the gO\'Cmor gear, or ma.} oven call..tle it to s tick, putting the governor out of action. Ano ther effect of air in tho oil s how8 itself o nly when an abnormal • amount is present; the effect i known as" fuming. " Fumes issue from the main bearing and oil tank, notwithstanding that, the bearing t eroperatlll'e are quite n ormal ; the fumes may be drawn into the gener ator windings tmd cause clisa trous res ults, The cause of the " fwncs " is that the fine air bubbles. wit h which tho oil is h eavily charged, burst in the bearing cavitiel:l and in the oil t ank, producing a very fine :-.pray of oil that, oozel:i o ut in the form of a. nuHtr tho o il " fwnes." 'fho o il wil l be fotmd c reeping aU ovot• tho outsidt1 of the bettrings and h u·bino bcd -pla.ll', for•ning n n•ry th.in film, and the l o~!i of oil may ho quito coH:~idera.ble, t>ovoral gaUons pe r 24 h olll'H. The r<1mody is to pr event, as far as possible, the oil from gettu1g churned together with the air. Perhaps the churning takes place between oil throwers and baffie plates inside the bearings, or the oil gets violently disturbed in the sight-feed a r rangements in the return pipes, or where the return branch pipes the main return pipe, &c. If the ~pray i'i for med ut.-.iclo tho bcaringl:i the ·e s hould be "entilated, a large pipe connection being taken from the all' space m the bearing ca' rties to the oil return tank ; the '' fumes •· will then go through these pipes instead of oozing out of the bearing ends ; sometimes enlarging the oil r eturn pipes will get over the trouble. The m a in roturn oil tank shottld alwayd have a ven t p ipe, at loa:.t l io. in o occur temporarily when a considerable perconta.ge of the oil in circulation is r en ewed at one timo. say, 50 por cent. ~ew oil ~'~~ould always bo addod in small quantiti~:~s at tho hmo. (4) E lectric A ct1on.-If in the ca~o of the e lectric

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there i.':! a a, light. lea.lut.ge of olect,ric c urrent. from the generator-direct-current generator- or if THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY· t,ho magnetic field ili out of balance-alta.-ua.tinf.(· MBNT OF VEGETABLE OILS. current generator- and produceli induced CLUTent" .,.J X • .1'"t0. "' • in tho turbine Hhaft, the result i.-; that, an elect r i<· 'l' IIJ·~ AHitA. Q.I!;~mNT o~· OlL MlLLS. current, p~ >~e~ through the shaft, down through one of the mnin bearings , through the bed-plate, and up .HA' u.G dea,cnbad u1 the Lwo preceding a rtacJ · ... through t\nolh<>r main bearing back into tbo Ahufl . the con.:;truction and \\ orking of t.ypical modem o tl The offecL o n tho oil is that it quickly darken." in preh. c::~, it, ia d e~ira.ble lhaL wo s hould now brif' (ly colour, increases in acidity, and throws down t1 deal with tho gt-ncra.l t~l'l'a.ttgeuwnt of oil mill.t; ~~nu doposit, which conts nll part:-s of the turbine \dt.h with some of t.ho mnchines and appliances '~ hic·h, \\ h.ic·h it comos in c·onta.ct, lodging particularly in the u t add it ion to t ho roll:>, kottlel:l, mouJcl ing maclain c:-~, oil cooler. 'J'ho depos it. is of a. fairly hard. brittlo un <'d r<•q uiring only Qnc pl't:H~>ittg. of tho oi l tubt>l:i in the oil <·oolt1r or of the turbinn ALA is ~hown a. t:wL of 5-IJigh Cl'll..tlh in.g roll;; of stan1la.n l s haft. uno b(\aring..., 1\nd <W<'ll in lh~ govoruor, causinl-{ d el;igu. The indi"iuua.l rolls a t·e :~H. Uin. lou g, the oil-operat.ed pi"~ton to ~:~tick, or may cat away the and hM o un av<·rogo ciiurnotor of about 16in. 'l'ho s harp edge · of the pilot, valvo. ~Cineml tlc•-.igu i~ i 111ila.r t.o that, of the e.K.l\ruples (5) Addin!{ New Oil. - \\' horo pmcticaUy n o wuh·r illltliii'Utc•d nn(l de.'>CI'ib<>d in t\ previoll..tl lll'ticle. onters the circulation ~-'Y~:>t<.·m, and \\ heore pt·act.icall.' 1"•·01n llw-.u rolls t..bo cr·tu;hed s<.· d i-. con veyed by a no wa!'ite o r· i<'akago of oil o<·cuJ-s, HO that, tho amount ~->lltall d1ain bucket e le\'ator H int o t.he Jnool-hea.ting uf nt'\\ oil adcl!'rl t o thC\ "~~tom per week is o nl.\· ver~ kl'l tin ('. 'l'hl' k<'ttlo followl:l the uRual de~>i~u, and :-.mull. th oi l in time hocorm.·~ \~t·y durk in coluur, ~~~~~ j,.., :ifl. in inll'l'llt\l di~•m•tl'l' by 2ft. 2in. deep. J t i,.., tlu· twidit .' ill<'f\'ll'f'~'~ c·owidl:\mbl~. In s uc h ca.':lns j l11ggf'd \\ ltai•· ft·lt ami is pl'OYidc•d wit lt n s tPUIIt

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A lllllLL WITH

AlfGLO -AM.ERlCAlf

it, has been fo Wld that, when add.mg new ou a dark deposit is thrown down throughout the system, owing to the action of the old oil on the new, and this is more particularly the ea. e '' ith heavy oils rather than with light oils. 'peaking generally, deposits a re a lways inc l.med t.o accumuJate in the mos t dangerous places, such as the oil pipes leading from the main oil pipe into the main bearings. A p artia l choking of the oil inlet would r educe t..he oil feed, the bear ing would heat up quickly, a.nd if not observed in time t..he b c1aring l:lurfacell would with a ll cerlainL.} be destroyed, which might. have very serious coru;equences, owing to the high !:ipeed at which aU turbines operate, and particularly so on of the time it takes- half an holll' o r more for the turbine to come to rest from full speed. If d eposits get into the oil pipe feeding the governor gear, the governor may fail to act, and consequently the turbine would gradually slow d own or increase in s peed much above the normal :-~pood . 'J'he parts in1~ide the governor gear in \\ith lhe oil art> ver.} ~;ensitive>-with s maU c learances-and the oil must be absolutolv • clean and good in o rde r to make tho parts work smoothly.

result of tho microscopic study of steel, says Iro1~ Aye, is the con clUhion that the electrical conductivity of a substance is primarily dependont upon the shape and distribution of the fundamental grains or particles comprising the substance, and even upon the presence or absenco of thin fa.lms of secondary material on' eloping these ultimato grains. A

STRIKISC

PRESSEs-ROSE,

DOWlfS AlfD

Se.

THOKPSOlf

reductng 'uh <' ~ud t~ ~ ulrt>ady described, and r educes f>ach charge of meal from an tmconsolidated layer 3in. thick to a rough formed cake l iin. thick. The four pre es E MA of the Atanda.rd Anglo-American de ign and Rize. Enc h iH <·apable of making at a. c harge 16 (•ukt>:~, m ea-suring about 2 in. by 12in. and weighin~ 10 to 11 lb. each. 'rho press rams a.ro l6in. in d it\mewr· nnd wor k undor a pt·essw·e of 2 t.oalH per squal'e i nch. 'l'ho p1·e:;se.'i l'!Lt\nd iu 1\ St<'ol t.nnk s unk into t he fio01·. 'l'ho expre~"led oi I iH ca.ugh t in t.h is tank and i~ dt·aw 11 thence b y an oil ptunp and forced into s tora.go ve sels. '£hes~; vcs::~ols have a capacity of 50 tons, and are provided with oil taps and with additional taps whence may be drawn any mucilage whi<'h m o.y settle out from the oil on s tanding. The cakes taken from the pre " are stripped of their bagging, nnd one by ono are placed on the tablo ,,f ~ power-clrh·cu pm·ing mac hin .. I<'. With t !J,....,,. maf'hinP~ "e ''iU d eal present!~ Theu ftmctiou 1 , to po.re off the extra oily edges of the cakes so as to trim the cakes to a more or lc:ss uniform size, and further, to r ecover the oily edge portions for additional treatment,. The parings are ed into an edgo runner G whero lhey o.re reduced again to t.ho form of m co.l. '!'his m eal is Lhon returned by means of the e levator H t.o tho lcettle C, where it is mixed with a fresh chargo. The edgo l:lt..ones aro of D erbyshire grit 4ft. in diamotor by 12in. thick. Besides reducing tho pa.rings lo the fo1·m of mea.l, they are a.lso ust-r\ • No. L'<. apJ)eared April 20tb,

THE ENGINEER

396

and to tho moulding rnachuw. Tho latter, m tlw ab~nco of a low-prc~uro o.ccwnulator, lta.S to bo of tho Ht<'.am-operated t.) p<'. The whole plant rllw~t r·ntod occupicl:! a room measuring 34ft. by 28ft. hy 18ft . hjgh, and ongugcs p~r ~:~hift tho a.ttonlicm of thrco mon, not counting tho boiler and cngino a.ttonda.nt.

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1917

kind of bood or nut. lti do:,ignod ca.pac1ty is 10 cwt. ()f copra per hour •f onc1 prChsing only is givon to tbo material, and ~ to !) C\\1. if it has to bo prc!l'>~ h\ ic•o. The cage prC.,kf\'1, l\\ o in number, a.re fod w1th hot meal from tm O\ c·rhea.d kettlo, the a.rrango· m<'nt boing in general on lho lines of tho pall" of pr ~cs by Me• ·rs. Craig, illustrated in Fig. 4 5 of cmr preceding articlE>. Each cage iM 19in. m mtc~rnal CAGE AND .\.NGLO-A:'III•:HIC;\ ~ PHER~ES IN cltamotcr by lOOm. long. The ram-. are l !m. in CO~IBI ~ \TION. diameter and work \UU!<•r lL prc•,.sure Of 2 tons f~r The ground plan of a. miJI also by Rose, DO\\ n .... , -;quare inc·h. u.n1l Thomp on- for trC'a.ting !>E'Cd~ which require The material is fir t par...,ed through a sot (){ to ho prc !red twice, it~ "'hO\nl in Fig. 4 '. Tho ~ocod reducing rolls 1 in. wide. From the o it is ra.U;ed by n•<'<'J\ od at A is paS!:!Od through a set of rolls B and an elevator and dropped into the hopper of a. bOt of ahr Niding and crushing rolls, 36in. "-ide, of the type illw;trated in Fig. 4 of our t.hird article. A oocond (l]e, a tor th<'n lift~:~ the ma.tcrial to the meal kettle a t t ho top of the fH'<'~SC!i. 'fh(\ c.>xpressed oil collects in 1\ n•<•(•i' ing tank and iH thc•nce forced by an oil pwup,

to treat likewise any broken or damaged cakes ar.lhmg from the working of the prc.~es. H ) draulic pre&-ure is s upplwd to the presses b.} a ROt of horizontal belt-drivon pump!! J . No accwnulaton; are UHed. The b~o of the;~e pumps forrr!H a c·Uitorn, whence the pwnps draw their s upply of prcllsuro flwd- oil usually-and to which the exhaw~t from the p1 e~es is delivered. I n workmg oil pret!HOs there are two distinct period~:~ . During the tir1:1t lho meal and p ress ba~ging are clo. Tho n·~istance experienced by tho pr<'"S ram is an increasing quantity, and the mo,·oment of the ram 18 considerable. During tho <>cond pt>riod the meal i~o~ loft standing undor preosur~. Tho J'<'sistanco on

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Fie. t&- PLAN OF llliiLL WITH OAOE AND AN OLO-AMERIOAN PRESSEs-ROSE, DOWNS AND TBOMl'SON

the ram i1:1 now constant, and itH movement is practi cally zero. Jt is distinctly economical to us~ a. low preasure on the ram during the first period, followed by a hlgher presstU"e d uring the second . In addition , it is found d irable to use a low pres.~uro during the <'arlier period, because if a high pressure lli usod the chances of the mee.l spree.din~ are increaH<'fl and the press bagging is likely to he quickly damaged. Theijo consideration~:~ a.ro a iRo of importance a.t t ho moment when the rhaogCI ovor from low to hi~lt prelll:llU'O iH being made. Tlto change should not be made suddenly ; the pre86w·e, rather, BhouJd grow gradually to its lllliximurn \'tJ.Iuc. ThiH i'> Hl'<"u rcd

is conveyed by an elevator (' to a kettle D. If tho fll'St prelSSing is to b<' <'O.ITi<'d out cold no ~;team rH ~ul m.ittcd to the jack(ll.K of this kettle. The meal, hot or cold, iH distribut<>d from it into two ea~<' prcsse.<; E E beneath it. Tho round cakes left aft t'J' the first pressing arc brok<'n up in a cake breaker 1•', mul nro ta.k<'n by an elevator <~ to a disintcgrator H , wJwrn the pieces aro r·('(luc·t>d to meal again. An c•lo\ a.t m· .J then conducts tJJ(I meallo a. second kettle, K and a. motLliling mach.Uw L. Tho second prEIH'>ing i~ c·onductc•d in a set of fou•· An.l(lo-America.n prN;ses M. 'l'ho paring ma.chino iH HIHJ\\ n at N tl.nd tho hydrnullc ptunps ut 1'. ·

Pie. 50-0 IL

PRESS PUMP- CRAIG

\\it h a. ram 3in. in d.iurnetor by 3in. stroke, iuto a t~torage vessel. The whole plant is driven by a 50 brake horbe-pow<•r, single-cylinder, horizontal enginn Rupplied with steam at 100 lb. pressure by an 18ft. Cornish boiler. The labour required to oporale t he p lant consists of two men for the presse~:~ a.nd a man or a boy to attend to tho reducing and crushing rolls. A second shift, similar to the above, is required for rught working, as the plant is, as wmaJ, rW\ continuously. In addition to these, two men aro required to look after the oil, the cakes, and the storage of the copra. These mon, however, work only dunng the day shift. HYDRAULIC

PU.MPL~O

EQUIPMENT.

As in the case of the mill arrangements illUMlratod in Figs. 4 7 and 48, the presses represented on page 397 nre operated directly by pumps without accumulators. Ea.ch press has its own pump, so that it ma.y bo

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LOW-PRESSUR E

usually hy employing regulat.ing valves of a suitahlo typ{'. ' l'ho pumps in t he inHLulla.liou illUMtra.tcd in l<'ig. 4 i have two low-prcs~;uro barrem 3in.t in. diameter and two high-pressure barrEils 1 tin. in diameter. The whole plant is dr1ven b) a. ~;i.ngle-cylinder horizontal engine of 45 inclicatod hon.o-powor running at 100 ro"olutions p er minute. The steam s upply is obtained from a Lancashire boiler 20ft. long by 6ft . cliamoter. This is m ore than large enough to moot the d emand!! of the engine. It has, of courbo, in adclition to &uppJy bteam for lho heating kcttlo

So.

OI L PRESS P UIII.P- ORAJ G

'J'ho oi I mill arrangements roprmmntod in FiS!i. 47 L~wl 4 way bo regarded ('lither a~ complet.o in LhNll1:1<11vE'>~ or as units of larger mil IH. CAGE PRESS OIL :'IIlLL

On tho opposite page wo reproduce the general arrangement drawing of an oil mill equipped with cage prc.ssos, a ll the machinery for which was supplied b) A. F. Craig and Co., Limited, of Paisley. The mill as bores h own was specially designed for treating copra, but by l:!wta.bly varying the preparatory crushing portion of t he plant it can be used for treating a.ny

\\ orked entirely independently of the oth er . In Figs. 49 and 50 we give the reproductions of a drawing and a photograph, which will enable the construction of the pumps to be understood. They are of a horizontal, belt-driven type, and are mounted on top of a cast iron s uction tank for tho hydraulic fluid . An additional fmct.ion Lank, it will be notic<>d from the geneJ·al arrangement drtl.\\ r.ng, is al~:~o providocl for each pump. Each pWllp has four rams, a.U or 3in. stroke. The rams are .rcc1procated b) a. crank shaft nmning at about sixty ro,·olutions p er minute o.nd working within blocks, which can slide vertically m crosshood.s, to which the rams, suitably guided, are attached. On ono side of the crosshead the ran"UJ are 2~in. in diameter, and generate the low pre.t~o~~w'O required during the early stages of the pressing, as abo,•e explainod. Tho two high-pressure rams on t ho oth er side of tho cro~hcad are lin. m diameter.

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,

MAY 4, 1917

TH' E

ENGINEER

4

397 •

CO P RA OIL MILL WITH C AGE TYPE PRESSES A. F. CRAI G ANU CO., LU111'EO, PA ISLEY, ENGf N ElmS

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398 .\11 lo1u· ~.~111.., dr.~" {nuu tl11• IHUi tp t·t,..terH tlnuu~h ""JllU.IIt· pipt• ... l''l111diu~ dll\\ll\\1\rd ... fnun tlw H\h t1 bo:\ 'l'lwi1· t\1 I toll ~;. uuit1·d d111 ill I! tlw 1·a1·lu I' "I agt• nf I lu Jl~"~'"""jiiJ.!, hut \\ ht•Jl .~ JII~''"IU'l' nf iiiO Jl1. j.., rl'lwlwd in till' 1111 ,...., I'.' liuclt•1, I htJ )cm -prt'""'u·n l'nlu..... arc• ~~utonmtic·,~ll\ .... 11ul "hilt, tlw lu~h-Jil'l'''"~'~' ''~"'"' c cmt uuw t'lw \\ nrk 11111 il thn final prt•,..,lll'l' of :! 11111" 1,.. n·t~dlf'll. 'J'hi-. l'lll'l'l ,..., nht.~illt'd h.' llll'all,.. uf .~ \\t•iglat1·d 11'\l'f 1111111tlt1•d 1111 top uf tl11• \t~h1· lu"

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~fAY 4, 1917 ,\t <'U\Illl, \TOit J•U\fl':-t

H~ .

Tho uwtl1nd of\\ w·king h.\ dn~ulw oil JH'~'N:>e" \\at l10ut 1~('('111111111\ICII'"· l').:l'lllplifiPd ill I hn aho\ 11 null arrtWj.!l'· 1111'111~. t•nh~al"' tl111 1a...1• of ~~ ..,llpar.~ll· pwnp fm· c•1Wh pn ,.,..., af I lu• Jll'l'""''"t\1'1' to lu• c·ap1lhl1• of bc>iug op•·•··~'"d lllllc•pl'lldt•utl~. Xt~turnll,\. Oun·fon·. Ou-. Jlll'thod a... h t·-.t. ""'lt•d to tlw t·a-.t• n l nd will ... h<\\ 11\j.! hut fl'\\ pl'l'"'l'"'· ln ,.,ll(•h t'U.'I'"• l1tt lt•, 1f all,\ lluug. i-. I o ht• J.:i~illt'd h) t~lopl111g iU'I'IIIIIIIh~tnr-.; i~tdt•t•d, ()1('-..1' IIUL.,\

'J'h•• plllHJl" I'III)JIO) od IH t·oum.'<:tiuu \\it la t 111 1\-t't:wnuh\tHr .... ill an oil mill nm lbuu.I.Jy of a n·rti•liLI n·c·iprcwating l11•lt -dri' I'll I.' I~~'· An 1':\1\lnplt 11) ) [anlo\ o, Alliot t.. nwl 'o., Limited, i.., illthtrated 111 Fig..i:J. ' l 'h~ t•a,.,l iron bt~.,., i-. iu t h~ form r,f a tauk iuto \d1ic-l1 thu hyrlruulic· lluicl frcun I IIf' pn•... .., ••xlut.tt-..11> t\lltl fr1111l whit·h t l111 pm up dnm" it ...... upply. A hridgu " c·n... t •wro..... tlw top nf I hu tank, t\Uti ou I hi ... ,u,, ri, ..d the ""I•· frmw· ... t·arr,,iug tho drt\1111! ... Jt.tfl. Tht ,.,jrJo fnlllll'" an· fi"·d lo tho tauk h't 101'1\ll.., of hult .... \daidt l''ll•ud r ight fl'lllll th" c··l.Jh of tho drh i111! ... h.~fl hc•,Lrin~... to I l1o uudt•r,..,iclc of tht• lu1dgt·. 'l'l1•

•

Plc. 52- ACCUMULATORS

Ili'

AB

OIL JIIILL-IIAlfLOVE,

ami r·muwt·lt•d h.' ,\ rntl 1Lnd le•\ t•r to 1\. rod pa....... in~ up ~" -. in :-.ueh ~ """'· lh~t \\)ll'nll J'hi'" 11 thnm ,.,. 1111',1' Hll\(• ... nul nf fWIIIJtl illlll ('t\11 ...1'... till' dl'll\ ('I\ ft Hill I lw In\\ ·j)ll"'"lll'l' I'
Plr. 5)- ACCUMULATOR I P UIIIP- IIIAKLOVE,

AL LJOTT

pr<'S!:>uro srdc of tho vah·1· box <'Oru;titute.s the workin~ element (1f a. ::;af
ALLJOTT

\\t•ll Ill' hut au ;\ddt•d c·tunplwnltou, <\llll t·ut.Lil 1111' pro\ j,.,IH of 111111'1' flno1· 'JIHI'I' 11t u~-owl.ll) it i>l londt•d :-;imiltl.l'!) to t lw higl t-prc·s~UJ'C' t\I'Ct llrtllh~ot or xlum 1 nJ,...o iu Fig. .; 1, nnmc•l.' hy mN\.11~ of a m.ild hlt•1•l pll\1 c•cl ('A."<' fi ll<•d "i I h ~-ola~, xa nd, o1· ot lwr nw.t c·•·ial. Th<.' c~ linclt•r is o f c·A.... t irou, fm·m<>d <•xternall,, "it h l\\o ribH, on "hi<-11 the wc•ight ('f\' hung from a cast iron <·ros>lhea.d fixed to the top of the ram. 'ometim<''> matter-. are r e\'er..,ed. the ram h<'ing fixed to the Aoor and the cylinder. "ith tlw \\E'ight c·a.sc• f\ltnc·hcd to it, f;(jding on tlw rnm. 'J'Iw lo\\ Jll'l'"'lll'l' ,lt'l'llllllll.tt 111' .u·p l'lllllllllllth d•·-..a~w·d 1111 •L Jll't'.-.""'" of :)1111 Jl,, '" 411111 ll>. JWI ·•ptaH.' uu·h l'JH.'II' lllliJ:o> ma~ ha' 1• a tuamete1 of fwm m tv lJin., and a :stroke of from 8ft. to 12ft. Tho hJgh -pr<'~::.url• accumulator::; gin> a wCJrking pr1·~bW'l' of 2 or 3 t on:s p<:l' ~-oc1uan• incb, accc,rt.l.ing ,\., lho prl"·"l" <\l'l. of tlw ...\.nglo-.\.nwricu.n or of the cagu typt•. Thoir ra1o::; var..' m dianH•tcr from 2!m. to Jm., and m strol~l' from ,)ft. to l 21t. In Fig. J2 "o g" o a viow o f thr<•u accumulator, by ) l anlo' <, .\lhott u.nd Co., Luni t,.d , un <'r' ctcd ut u.n oil mill. llt•ro th.-ru an:~ l\\o low-pn·~::.ur< 1•, •mutator,., ea" It with o. ~treAt< of lCift .. tuu l 0111• lHgh -pre,sure accumulator '' ith a stroko o f 5ft.

F1 g. 5t - R ELJEP

VALVE

DETAlLS- MABLOVE,

ALLJOTl'

dl'l\ 1111-( "l111rt t'ILITII'.._ 1\ll l''l'l'llllll' a( I'Hl'h 1'1111. 'J'I 111 l'"'l'll(rll' ro.J.., l~rt• of I'H"t '11'1'1 t~llol l'ac•Ja l'I'I'IJII'oi'!Lll'" .~ c'l'll""'l"•ad to \\l11c·h '"" null" ,1n· ,tlt.wht•d. Thn r.~111,... \\Oil, \\lll1111 frll'~t·d ... lt'l'l hlul'f...,... fitl1'cl Jll lo tlut t up oft Ill' l<~llk. Till' "111'11111\ \ tlh , ....
Pig. 65--CAKE

PARING

MACIIIlfE - ROBERT

llillDDLETON

n•pnir-.. l't'ljllioPol l11 I lto lll•lt'hill''l'\ "·"' ' tu l111 t•ffo•t•l••tl Ill I ht• ·""'I ltt"ll) I 1111" ·I oppag<',., .-\CCti)l L.\ fOR RELIEF V.-\.L \'£:::,.

be

As u:.ual, mtan... ha.vo to proviclt~ wh.ich :;top tho pwnp:.. In oil mills, howovcr, it is cu.:.tornary to kcop tbo pump:. running continuou,..ly and, when rl·qwrod, to duft~t their delivery back throu£?h a. r~lu·f 'ah l. mto th"' oupph· tank. An automat ic'l.ll v. o r ked rehef 'al• e arraugt>ment by ~Iel:>J)rs. ~Ia.nlo' f', Alho tt l.S illustrated tn F1g. 54..

•

M AY 4, 1917

TH "R ENn T NE "RR

399

l'a • t 11'11lu• ~ .. r tl11• Nmr...,.,,( t ruultHif untl1lw ' "''" u\ l.'tlt,l,l. Hl ll'l'l'l>d tug f•t~ok lll'i 1~11' ft lllllllt'd t Jw pd1• riHt'H infiJ f ill' lu;llu\\ lop IJf tllr· uuu·Jun h wat.tl, wH i t t'tLI'Il ft'~'>~ h •·uk u '"a.\ ),.. lnu l '' '"" tlt1· Pruii'IJIId uf t ill' ~r,rtlttunptort ln ..fltuto·, ( 'l•·lk••ll\\ o·ll , Loud1111, K('. I fl·d t o Uu• klufc•, u. tri•mntod c·aka iMJ'Hud y to b t- t'f;mov c•d l'oly!f•f'hntr• • ft'"'" t lw t o p of t JH, pil•'· 'J'J.., •·a.m i-. c;•m\'oniell t.l,\ Wt1l'kt .;H()I' ~of • l'tLkt ·H. r11 I "''"''• of ; •()lfl 'ri(', I h P u.<:ti•m iH 11111' ,,f Ct•IIICJf(\ 11\ n... Hlu•lli••ltl l11tH'I•rliif y , gtn··· till' lit'l'll of I\\ 11 pu r·o rilll'•~•·ing , I ho I'ILIW>~ l>1•i ng forrw l up fLgn.it l> ~ f 'llllfiHN I I 1J 1.L d u«•UK!iion 11f f111• ll\ uilublt• lwlllf\ Hup phl',. o£ 1rcm 11r0 anrl thC'I 14f•Nmd, wllic•l• will lw 1lr• l i v~1'Nl nP'I.I Monday, will lm IU•VOif'fl to lhH IJVf•rHN~Ii imnftroltiH whic·lt Hupply tho BriliRh rna.rkc•l . F rom J 904 tr; I!) J 4 ( :r-rrnany, AAitl P wf. F rarru;id 1•s, inl'rPil'tNI hr,r RtN•I p rorhwt ion from1~bout. 9 million ton" JIN' unnlt.tn t o J9 million toM; F ranrr' from two to ftvo miiJ ionH ; s~ncl Anlgium to a Hirn•lllr nxlfln t , hut f\lthnuglt lhh H a·iti~tlt out pu t hall grmo up, it. had not. rlom• Hll propc,rtionu.t c.ly. 'f11f• figurPH in ptg ir1111 H)WWI'd rL Jil !11• of tlH• hiHtory or li1PHH H•ovr•rrtNit >4. Ot· r•nany lto.rl im·rc•BRNl lwr nutp111 or }1ig iron fr11m lNl tni llion tliiU4 tn J!J()4 to nin~tl•l•ll ltltll•••ll tm\1! in J!IJ:l, u.ntl th11 otht·r· NmntriP>I )ul.ll ra.i1<1•1l tlH•trH tu n C'Wl.14HL•·rul,lt• 11:--tc•nt, l111l (:rr•rLf Hritulll lultl t~nly ulf•n •u!if•d IH•r" (rtma H~ Hli ll itlll 1 1111~ HI t!IO.J In f\ ltttl•· ••vr•r tnnullllic111 IIHU4 1r1 19 J:t IJ••aling "l)(•f·tfir·nlly \lil lt tl11• pm•ition in C:rPO.f Hril!.'ut fl111 ll•(•fllrOr I(IL\1' figiii'I'S dlll!4frfllillg Jl111 ru.l'f fhlll j11 l)w •·•u·ly ••1ghti r•~t tlu• IIIJ JIIt- Jlrmlur·tiou ,,r " '"' ' t.r•· wa'4 Vf'r~ ,.,,nJiidr An tct~Miily riHing. Tuk iuJ( tllf• or.prmlur·i~~~ Nll lfl t it·H HNitll i 1fi, '' wul4 p oi ul~·d 11u t t hut V ork · ,.)111'11 htlo(l Hllllifl (irHI for fift y yr•arH. 'J1H'I fit•fd l14 NmtinUOIIH 111Hl1'1· the• whr,IH c1f thc• ncH'Iltl'm part ()f ('Jrw4-land , tlu• tJ.ic·knt•">S varying frcun 17ft. down t r1 7ft. a.ncl 0\'flll lf'tll'4. ProfGA!Wr Lt>Uill, wlH1 rnNl..'UU'Pd up tltfl a vaala.hlt• orr• ( o r t.hA purpo~~e M tlw JntNnationo.l CongreAA ltima.tf', ra.an,. to UtA Nm<'lnAilm 1hat. th~;ro are :WOO million Im'IH of >4imilar Ml• l•q ually a<•f•f•>~>~ihi A in G'JAvflland, 110 tlli~L in thnt purl, or lhA Nmntry thom 111>4'd ho (l0 fpar Cif B ~hortO.gf'. 11•a r·hinf diffir·ulty tA thal of r<<•ll ing the nc.;rr.oAA&.ry labt'111 r to 111int-• the• ore>. In l !l l!i tltH outpu t wa.<~ fiva milllcm l llltH agtLt MI fli X million tOM in JIH :J. '11liR, AA id J1 roft'IW11' F e>arMidi'K, wa."' cmo Ci f tlH~ diatricU. ''' '' hirlt \\1' Hltottlo l havfl to look f'hi ofty for an im·rN~'IC• in our f;rf• Hupply u11d . Pilt. 56 - HYDRAULIC CAKE PARIR G MACBlNE- MANLOVE, ALLIOT'l' IOOrf'liVt• r, ore WM rninf'C) Vflry r•hNI.)lly Lhl'r••, \'11.. , Ul !iH. 4tf . p(\1' luu in 191!i. Only u. ~rnall q nan111 y M or~ wu.. min~d rrom thf• f'CJQ.IJ nM~'IurP!! Ill Vorkflhirn nnw, tJnJy 2:l,(JI)0 1011'1 ltLitll' fu.IJ ,. tL$(tLin llw luLr A , Fig. !i2, H lr·ik• ·>~ t lw 1\(J~ fl>ur r.xcd knivr•11 o.rra.ngc•d at. Uto odgea having been produrerl HI 19 I I. Jll'oJ~>l'!ing <'O.II• l<·\ l•t' ( ', 11111\1•>~ it i11, n.nd allc,wH Lh1• lo.t ~ iH r,( th a t C'ounty wa-. pul mto thc• 1rurk anorc• f'h eaply, 11 w&.'l n ot flne.lly so C'heap M tho ( 'II•VAian(L ort• rm rt1.iRPcl tlv- deliver y from I h<· IJIUrtp is dofiPcted frotu t h e a cc'\u nulatora back I o t lw Hupply tank. \Vhen THE TRAINING OF DISABLED SAILORS AND nf the diAtanl'e fr01n thE\ NJal mtneH. Tiltort• \\ o•rt•, indeE>d . SOLDIERS FOR BLBCTRICAL SUB-STATION f•oMiderabl~> quanli t il'll of N tJrthampltm i rt~ltHHme whic), 1ht> lever falls a.ga.in the d e liw·•'.\ to t h<> a.N·um ula.torl'l il'l 111 p rA.war tlayR it ha.d not po.id t c, WtJJ'k. LmcolMhirt• WORK. J'fl'iumcd. Th t~ a,.tual ra.jaing o f I he wc>ighted )eo, tor· a lHc, wM away frolll th" f'Oalflfllchl, but Ill thfl Jo'rodingharu iH not ~fff'Cif•ll l,y thEI rha.iu and l'tHl but. by a plungt't' RrNCE June. I !H G, nn imporLant oxperiment has b een i11 tliHt rict I her~> ha d b N\11 l(rN~t c•xleM ifJJ'U4 in thA iron or.• bt-nca.th it. A by-pa.s. iv('d m F ebruary, 19 16, by induatry i rL rPf'l'nt yf'arH. Th iR or11 r·11nt ai atf' rl a q uan t 1I..) JK a d m it l ,..cl h P111•a.th th.iK plung.-r l>y a pis t on va.lv11 E thu lAAtitution or Electrical EnginearR, wh ich app roe.ched of lime, and t>OnA~•(jUflntl y wa." ~«>I f flux.ng, and in thtK OJ)('J'atNl whl•ll tin~ II·Ww B iK •·air lll'ing I he• and ob tainPd the Rympathctit> h elp of th A E d ucation Ql'f'L\ there \\M1• }HJ)lf•P4 11r I'III IJtid MI).)))II (<XINU41011. JH J'l•'l(•tti n g (I{ thu Ul'ri.LitgNf\(•111. I hiK piHI W 1 vu.IV(< url K ('(,mmittPA of the L ondon C<.tunty Council. (t wa.a held Hoane po.rtAihe flrH wa.'4 aiHw~t. {l{!uivo.lf !>. ment wae Pntruated to the F.J(>ctrical Engineering Depart- tlll\n in rPC·••nl yC'arH. \Vfl had now r oBCh ed thA tirn•' t. of that JMtituw. 'T'ho training, which ia inwnsi ve, wlu·11 thn 1mpplie~~ we>ro nearly t1xhauxted. Bnd it wnulrl ' l'hil'4 rllil.chine iH tJ.ttcmdf'd hv . two .'ou t h K and r·a.n men 1a'l~ only thrt>u weekR, a new l'O IJJ'8e being held eA.Ch C1l1l) h i' hy a progrPIIIIiVO drweJopment in front O f I ho• pa.r e t.wo cakeH at a tirru•. lt. COlll}JJ'iHel'4 two knivC'H month, and tho number of students in each course being rrtfJV('(l by p f>WC1l' along t lu • Pd geH of ~~ ~tlc,t. ut. tlaf• limited to 20. The RCventh COUI'80 o£ the seri~s ended in actual m•c•chl that a uniform production (·ouJd be obtamed . r•f'n trc~ of itfi ta.blr·. ThA oily paringfl ft~ll into thc• March, 1917, and the eighth ill now in p rogress. St.a.tiRtih; Thfl output waR lol!l4 than I ! mi ll ion tmiJ! in 1913, and i11 J!JJ(, it wa.-4 onJ y 1,300,000 toM, and it. clid n(1L ROOm J.kel~ -.tot , \\ ltPrr· lhny fLrl· c·augh t. in n trCJug h nnd are of these courses are BR followR : tho.t the ou tput would ever r~>ach two nu llion tOM a gain . brokc·n llp and H HJ \ 'Nl {(lrwa.t•d tu tlw ttp ()u t. by o. f...<•irAAtorAhirr• Rupplie>-1 were drawn frorn a continuatiou ~eric·H nf HIPPI C()n veyor knives m ounted o n a power- N,rnJ,,.r of A ppliral i<J1111 for AtlmiiJirion from. .June. HI HI, f1f I he Linl'ol n11hir0 hPtlic, and there w('rn po!lllibi li tie~ drivf'u Hhaft within I)H, (.r ough. A KirnilaT· type of trJ Marrh 30th. Hll7. of incre&JI(~ ; Hlmilarly, Lanl'ILshire mw.t. hfl consid ered C 'o11r"'· f'•••:r·•· ~'••u~·,. e ·,.~~r.... c·,•:r••· l 'o,~r~., , .,~~ •· lHa.chin n iH Trta.do by R0'411, DoWIUI nnd Tliompdon, u ! :!11 11$ :!:1 Ill Id I I I H~corne (•)(,gged with oil) C'O.ke parin gf!. A mac·hine waR to.kfln from the coal measureR. The ores were clay Vu ntlJr r A ppr(lt)e !.!11 114 I ~I 17 I : to f'Ompote, ~-<xcept for a vC>try limited market. for p uddlect I he ca.ke!'l , o n e h y on1• from a. pi lP, arn moved forward iron, with ore from othM part'! of Lho C'Ountry producNI u.ga.inat. tw() kniw· r 50 Ovt:r 411 Over 45 Ch~~r 35 Over :J'ratluw Htllipucted a iEto thaL thoro wa.'! Rome othpr dj ,.. 1,, t he fi r&t tra.verlif'\, AO tha.t the I wo r!'maining NJgPs Totalll for Sevm Oour11M. udvunlag11 with theso ores ; but., at any rate, thPrA we.<~ 0.11 11f t ho ra.kP~ ma.y he pa.H8erl b('l t Wf'en a. AeC'ond pair ·'"'"'"·r 11t appiJcatlontJ tor l11tlcm . . . . lU~ unormous qll6nlaty uvaila.biA now 1\1 a. prt(!j'•. l n 1 88:~ ,,f k niveR. Hu ch a. me.chinc• f' Btt rPnrlily d Pn.l with .. 11ctuaUy commencing the cour.w . . . . 130 thH (JUBI)tity Of lh"sr' clay irOMt()O" 1Jr(•f4 Obt.aillf•d Wa>4 1h irteen l'a.kA"' p m· mj 0 ut c~. · ... Uflfltoved for employment .. . 114 IIVflr fivfl uuJii(m tM\8, hut it wt~!i n ow down to le!'41i than urtuaiJy placed . . • • . . 108• t W!J millioM. Therr• tnUI!t. IJr~ HfJillH 1mportant. rN~ROII 1'hMe iM sometimPli a. Jittlo diffic ult.y iu got.t.iug ., otnrmllcatlonll from ernploy"r"·'•\•·r .. 205 a c·lean c·ut <•ciao with th e~ n.hovo rnachineH. Furtheor, • \ t ..w or th088 npproved ror employm~>nt ttht:,ln··tl wt,rk J•rlvni••IY: r, ... lhe.t, and 11 rlid not appear tho.t. wo Y> ould coun1 , "11" r.r two ll3d to return lo h011pltal. tlu·~• N1al rnc•BRIIrH JrOJ\l'llnnPMBH •~tt important r.-.serv1•. t lwi r (,pPra.t ion call A (or a. l'Prta.in amount.~f Hkil~~nu Tho diAe.blements which have bl'en found n ot. Io fliR· J11 Oxfor1114hir.• th•• t·onditimU4 w•o•ntNl t o be Rimdur· JU 4 rapidly. tnt rnd llC'll(lfl of hy dra.ullr: parin g wa.c·hines. An disablement or OM limb. Disa.hiC'd mr·n HufTering from 'r'JH, Glamorgan <1rN1 wt•re compurahlr., 1o thn hornatilf• vxa.rn ple uf IIIIH r·las !i (Jbfained Up to the pr<>Mnt time the whole of tlH• mon who have ,,f uto.ximum produC'tion wBH I !IO:l, hu t the (111lp ut · " 0.'4 fl'lll ll l'a.ge prt'Hfi(M•4 iR ill uMh'a.tNl in Fig. IllS. rn thiM te.kfln Rllilkie!'t adve.nt.a.~'! o£ the t._re.ining to ~<'~ro the now t.'Ct.ending. Tlw re was uo rowu,n geologirally wh .' ma.c hinfl the cakPfl, one ut 1 ~ tim~> , a r f> puMhPd o.ga.iMt rec?f!lm ~J lt on p1 et~-1lll A JH o.drru tt ed I o ~~ hy<.l rauhc c .vlmdeJ 1 1 mt>ntR It il4 ~tuggesled that m l'..ertam case'! Ruth coo.lftAicU. 11 \HilLicl he• " fin1• pr,poRi t icm Ifl f·arry that oro• lwn~o.tlt t h o labln.. Thn :arn h~acl fo;"~'~ I h1• ,.ak1· ~n:~ might stiU bo utilised for thi11 ~ork by simple ~1H~~lifka· to tlt!• hl~t - furll.Q(·~>i. It \\M cht>aply obtaull'd and rath~r ILgamHt. t ho t'C'volvmg krufP, \\ hl('h trnnH lh ~< c·ak1· tions of parts of the Rwitehgear, and the p a.trlOI•Am of low in pho'lphCJnU4, and 11. ~ i mil1~1· matArio.l n1•ar thr. NJO.I hy a. c·ombinecl Hh Pa.•·ing and cutting o.c tion. Tho Atation f>ngineenl throughout the country is appea iNl t o llelr.ls would bo val uahl~. Althm•gh adjoirung ( 'Hu.l11 •rh~nll . llll' 1Jurha111 ,,.,.-1 f'l\ke, u.flfiJ' twi11g I rimmed , l'fll'O&inli \\ ith in I he c:il'f·ular to f•nnsider cart>f~Jy t he p oi!SibiJity of employing mon werc~ "r quit •• 11 clatT"r""' l)'pu, br•i•tg thn 1.y.pr11tl1wl I ;( k lllff• hfliug hi· Id thf•rH hy 1\11( ()Jnfll it· ('At c hc•>i. AH wltn ha.w• lnRt pnrltnlly fir\\ h r,lly t hr· I! !ill nr f >nl'l Brm .

\ \JWH f,),"' \\I'I JLJ. f, I'U ~I · 11f f)u • IU'I'II IIIIII t~lrH' rt•au-)11'>1 Il l'S [>l'C!:I<·rtbt·d hui~ltl, 11. lmt· lilt 11" f•t'ul!•dtl'tLI I, Hlto\\ 11 a.L A in Fig. !i:l, Rtrik~H Um c•nd ,,f Uw lh\ 1'1r H , l<'1g. 54, uwl puaheH tL Uf)\\tl.l'dH. ' rltt• oppo'i.ilt' t•nd ,,r thi-1 I.-\ t•t• IH r•CJJIIII ·I'tf!d b~ I\ t · lu~in , &o·., iu tlw lltUIIlll'l' dlOWO I 0 I ilt' Wt•aghtt•d ll'\ t•l' of fill' n•llt'f \'lLh t', ' rhHt Jt, \ ..,. ll'i lht•T'KfoH• Jawved up. l l IH !111ld ll)J h.' t iH• t"·tum r;l I),,. t'tl.tH it•vl't' 0 w luch. tul•\ inK out undf't I Ith 11 tl1 lWIII'tl •• r ·~ HJil'll\g p h m,f.{l'l', ; • ngo.gc•>~ t " " piu ~< I Hm 11 CJil flu • tw it• of 11t1• IPvf•r H. \\'ht•ll I ltc• 1 ~1'1' 1111111 ·

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!

MAY

THE EN G INEER

11, 1917

of !.run.ll '"'''"tlllnt·"' dt·"'i~•u·d h) C:t•J'IItnll.\ fw· t lw 'lfJt'('lal pUIJICI t• of la~ 111g 1HIIIt''i, 'l'JU•I'(• I"' I ('Q'iOII t o be liPv('l that o. very consid<'ro.ble nurnber of these boatR he.R been built in the 1Mt two years. They are of modPRt dirn~>nAion s , and tlu• wm·kma.nship iH t'Xtrnor·dnmrrl) •·• uo lt•, tt ftlt·t t hut •~PI ~~'H~""~ 1u ~uggt•>~t \ 1'1) r ..p ul t'IIIIMI r111 11011 . To I lw >~Hilll' t · hl""~ IH·Itmgt·d tlw l ' (' !;, '' hwh \\U'i <·uplun·d bv n Bt•tl l"'lt dt·'41nJ\ 1•1' • • • m Aprrl tn..t \ t·,u·, awl aft l'n\lu·d-. plat·t·d ott t·,lulut 11111 in L(mduu. Hhvlt•N '' ho '""l'''t·tt•d tlu" pr•z•· llll\) rt't·all lwt rough. llufini..,Jwd ''f'JWanuu t·, tlH' ""~'"'""' rl\l'liug. 1uul lwr gt·ru·r•~o l nppl't~oruuc·t· o f ltuving hc·c·u h111ll 111 j..'l't'ILt hn'ltt· b) u11-.ktlful \\tll'k1111·n. ' l'lw tlto;igu 1'4 t·\ult·ntl,\ u "'l!uulan l wu•, judgntg fnu11 tl11· f· lww H1111tlnl'il) lwl\\t'l'll t lw l ('!; tu ul tlw l ' ('l2. Ou I lit' Hlll'fll!'l' I lW,\ d ixplnf•(• I no I Oil M, nnd 21 () I ()Ill~ \\ lwn MIIIHIII't'J(t't l. ' 1'111• lt·ttg'llt is uppt·oxittn~otc· l ) 11 Oft., und tl1t• 111U'Ci11111111 diu11wl ,.,. I Oft. Fot• kllrftu·f' )JI'tJplll>~illll tlwn• IK 11. fout· I'\ ltlldt•t· !Ill ltor-.1·-po\\ rr J )w.,e·l t'II.I(IIH', \\ ltit·lt tlri\ f•o; t lw l~tu~l r~t a "'l'""d ,,f li k11111.,, lwr \t·loc·•t~ lwlr,\\ wull r· lw111,1! ''"1.' -' k11111". Apart friHn n dhTHtllllltnlrlt• tunc•hlfw ,l!llll f•>u rwd cm a tnpod lwf(Jr<· tlw N•ttJIIIIJ.! ''''"'I' tlll'n· i"' 1111 1\I"IIUUIIf'tll, hut 'ii "\ "c•Jit; Uti' f'l'll\ tdl'tl i11 1)11' f11r1• }lfLI"l IJf IJII' \to""C•I, ('Hf•h of \\hlf'JI I'CIIIItLIIIS l\\fl .,.. Jr . lllt\1'1111• llllllt''i, \\ l1ic·h ru·t• n•lt·n"t'd ~~~ 1~ I'CIItlrol CJpc•ro.tt·cl frtJIIt I ht• l'lllmin~ I''",.,.. \\ rn•Ji•..,s npptLI'Ill 11>1 i"' IIHIIU.ll,\ filtc·d, u nci t}H• c·oneplc•t~lf'lll <·r~tJsiHI -4 ,,r 1\\1) ofTic·c·t 11 llnd fiflN·n nwn. 'l'l11· ( ' ( ' 12, lWC·ordin~ to ht·r· lcrg-hnok, wns Cllll' trf tlw fit·>~l h\o rnirw-ltHIII$( Hllhwurim·,; \\lti(·h C:t·rtrtlill) pltwNI at tlw cli-..pc,"',,.l of Aw~truJ.-lf11ngrw~ fCJJ· I lw \\tLl' agai11"t Jtul) . Sill' \Hl-4 lnult at llll' \\'«·"'t·r \ nrd, Bl'<·rnf'n, ull llf'r trtll•nml fit till#(>! )wing f
417

'illhtwu·uat• at 11. dl'pth of rwarl)- J()(Jft . Tho c·xplrr•cioll ltud blown h er vractH·all) Ill t Wll. The extrE-rnilWd '' t>rP not much m jured, but, arnid~Jhips the havoc wn." vPry great, a s Will bf' HN•n b) the illustrations $(1\'1'11 herPwith and on pagn 42 0. The bodil'!! of fr,ltt'lt·• n c,f tltf' r·l't-" \\1'1• • found. F'r·a.grnt>ral ~ uf un•fu1111'4 ""'''• cJ,..,.,,, .. ,...rt, tow·tler·•· with hadgl"i, f•np J'thhon R, and IJI lwr· uti wit·>~. \\ t.wlt lt·ft 110 doulrt a~ I,, t lw ukt~tit v of I lw liw~f IUtd ht'l' c·rt·\\ . A • lllll.f'llltll' ,1!1111 \\11.-.. lll"'u l'I'!'IJ\I'I't·d pnwliN~IJ _v llltut·t . 'l'lw t·np nhhon~ hor•· Ktlf'll dt•\ wt•-4 ll-4 " S.)f S \' ul knn. • K \I .S. St t't•tll••·. · S. \L l .11 f(•J'MI'I'bout vr.. 2 )lttti'II · Abtt·illlll$(, . AI·. At fir~l ~ight tlw \\TN·krl.)£4' Ht't'llll'd toc, f·mupl•·tt• lo Ud1111t of Hll.hll.$(<', but H t•lo'il'l' 11111'\'1•.\ ('1111\ IIH't>d I J.r• I I 1~ltutt 1111.\11.1 l•llgillt•f•t'>! t lml I lw t·c·c·()JIKinwt 1011 c,f t ltt • lr11rLt "ould tJilt·•· no irex• qwt·u.lrlt· difTi1·1111 i t''~· 'l'lw \\l'l•t·k \\a'i u1·t·or·dangl.\ n~oao;t·d. 111 il>wlf 11. ln'il< nf 1111 IIII'IUI IJJ'dl'l·, ('IIIISJtlt•t'lllj.( I Ill' )£1'1'11.1 tli·pt lt I lw \\tllt·t·. 1uacl phu-t·d 1111 11. .. lttr fol' l'f'Jmll'. Tlw tnltf..,Jaip ..,,.,.,ton. \\ t.wlt luul I'ILIIJ(Itl I lw full fol't·t· nf tlw ,.,,,l,.,.i,HI. luul to l11• t•ttl tn·h rt-IJtlllt, \\ ltdt· 11.1 I he l11m lllld -.tt·t'll Ill'\\ plrl.l t•" \\l'l't' fillr·d. I Ill' " ·' ell'uplruu·"' llnd J'ntld•·•-. l·t·phu-Pd, n.nd t lw ,.Jmfl 111g l"t•patrf'tl. It ,.., to ht lll'l''illtrtl·d tt.11.l I lw ot tgitud pt'OJH•IIIIt,l! rntu·ltinf·r·~ \\ll"' lurpt •lt'"'HI.\ dnmagt·d , llltl 011 I 111.. point llwt·t· 111 1111 ddilltt«' infonml.lio11. 'l'lll·ougltout I lw wrwk KJWI·Hd t·rl.t'l' MI'C' IIIH to Jeaw~ lwt•n tu,kt•n I Jll'l'>~t•t'VC\ tlw r·lmr·ut·l •••·i11tic: fl'altrJ'hl tJf I lw di'Kign. \\ lta.t J'C•lfJII.illr·d of I he• C'IHIIIin,~t U>WI'r \HJ."~ Aki/full} t'I'Jitlirt•d, IHld "'lll·lt fjt I ingK 6'1 \\<1'1'(' AltJI twn i<'t>tl.bf,. "<'I'I' re•>~ I. 'l'h1• I ll'ik wa"' (j na.l h l'tnrtplt•tt•d, awl it will IH· n•nclth t·IIJW('(]NI that th·,. t•(•su lt, ll"~ clt·pit·tc•d Ill our t·11grr1.\ in~, rc·Rc·c·t-4 great 1·n•dit, cm n.ll <'Ont•(•rtwcl in tiH• W()rk. 'fhr• U 0 l 2 iH 11ow ll<'n. in~ 0.'4 n. unit ()( t h1• I tnlirl.tt nA.vy, though dnuht lt o;'i uncll'l' 1\ nt•\\ llllrrH• nnd un1• l<·s>e s uggt·"'l ivr·

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TBE

U C 12 IN

TB E SE RVICE

OP

TBE

ITAUAlf

NAVY

1\"o.i ...,.,. \\'ilh1•lm ( 'nnnl to Kwl, ")J(•r<' flhP nrrivf'd Cl( lwr Tt·lltflni(· Crrl,l!tn. I t iK intr•rf•"~l in~ to nolt· Ull I hc· I it lt. awl o.t onN· t'111lmt kt·d •~ t•tLJ',I!II crf mirw>~. t.l1nl , llf'f'tJrdtng to an offit·ial Ktllltl' r·orntnuniq111'· of A uHmllt IILt ~>r·, i.P., o.ftl't' ftuh '4 dt·c·lul't~lum of wur ,f O.Iliii\I',Y J:!th , BllOtlll•l' l'lll' lfl} l I I 1J bt- O il~ CJf tJw .Junf· 24 t h with lwr <·rr•w anti ('IJtrll tUJ.IIclt·r·. I fc•r<• ln.rgh (:c•r'IIJA.Il· huilt. m·t•rur -g<Jing Hllbrnarinf'K o f I()()() kh~' '' U."~ l'I'O.'-'"~t' lltbl c:d itt fc,ttr dt~ytJ, und ugain I O()l< ICIIIH cltHphte·f•ml'ttl, \\ lut·h hud hNm cwdt·J·ed by tl11· to tllf• wuti'J', intac·t o..o; ut fi1.,.t, l~ottd, n-. tlw Jtuliu11 A11~o~ttian (:o\r·rmcwnt. in 1912, and wf't'r tlue t o bt• ( :"' t-l"luawn t. 11b~·n C·"', " ( :rl'tllall 111 I'\ t·r.\ tit in~, dt•ll\ l'rt•d m Hll.). So fm· U'4 tlw 1:11111\llt·r· U () 12 i-4 frow t hP nupnut • Kui~c· l lt<'llf' \lunrlf' • on t'\ t·n c·otwt·r·nNI, 1111' Jtaliun tun1d uutlwntit·'i art- to lw c·hart to I lw C:E-nnan I tnt,.•rtul I'I'O\Hl tJl'llatrwnllllg I'IJIIJ,!T'lLilllfl.lC•d IJJl t)Jf' higltl.\o Hlll'l'f'"Kfu} Clmtplc-t ICJII tlu- t uhlt· ' I B.A.J<. Bt·klc·idttng,... cullt•d for no c,rcl111ar.\ dt·j...l'l 1·1· of prll Wilt'~' und tc·c-lrtJif·lll Abtc tlung. KiE-1- to till' mmwt·uu-. J nm Cl·c,"'>~~'"~ found inlwr int(·rior." On .Jul} 2!3tlt allcl August I 5th 8hf' viAit od I lw rwigltbtlltl'lJOcHI of u.n lt o.lian ruwul baAP, and t ~lf·rf' laid t \\'11 hart·ic•J'H of mini''~· In th<' following J>N·I'rrthc·J· tdw wa.'l at ('nttu.ro, tul ~tinN I MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. fur· tlu- rt•ht•IIJOII'i Arub~ 111 L \ hru. 'l'llf•,r• \\f'l'f' dui" lu.llclt·tl ut Harc!Ja, nPar Hoilu11a. 1111 tiH> NH~'It. ,;f r.-. .... c1rT. 11,. l tlt·~'' IC ' \1. "<,··ol.,·r·.,·'l.". · · (..YT~'ttlltf'tl. , n.rt1•r w h i(·h Kht· r1·turnr·t 1 to tlw Adrtalw. .-..... ' ·~ At tl11' Jwrwcl \\ hPrl tltt·n \\I~" a11 tl.lm''' rru\l lliiiiJIIllt, \\' 1• lW\\ pa ..,. Ill\ to clt ... t·rtiH• tlw ,.,.Nrnd Hll'l h"d 11f t,( twilit· ht•t\\f·c·n tlw t\\1) ... twn -. t•f tlw Adriatw i11 rt•c•o\ .. r"''-' oil~ frmn 't·lo{Hal,lt ~uh,.,tunc•t·"· rUlnH·I~. c·oruw1'111111 \\till llu· trun>~}HIIt of tl11• Sc•d)tl\tt urtu), tl'i tlu•tr f•"\lnu-tum " ·' 11 w 1~ 11 -c of t•hr•taw·ul xol\t' lll " iwpt·durwlltn nnd p1 itHHH·r·, rLil t•tltf•rpl't"'' "hlf'll, 'itll'll H .. Jw 11 ~..t·rw, f'IIH·t', c·hlt•t·ofor·.. ,, c·t~.dmn cli-..ulphtdt•, h} tlu• \\U). \\1\1< c·o.n·it·rl out ''it ho11t I lw lo>~ ... 1•f 11. 1•11 rho 11 lt·l mc·hlomli· ( • ('1 1 tttul li'lmr·lillm·thu.tw klltJ ~ f'I'IIIKtll.l( ofT J>w·uz~.u. ( 't('l•ll ~. Tl•e idt·t\ ,,f wclltlo{ Moh l·nt 'i for 1111,.. IL11d dt .. tr·ihu tillg 1niiii'K lilwndl,., in t l11· rwuh;ll·utl. ptti'J"'"'" j,.. hy 110 1111 , 1 ltt'~ IL n ·c·t•lll orw. 1t. WU"~ i11 t r·c1. ~~~~~~· ,,f t1JC•'4c·, IHJ\\1'\'f'J', t·luiuwd 11. \ic·l1111. Aftt·r· dtwl'd u .. !1. 111·ur·tic·al pnwe ·-.'4 IL'i long UJ-'O uo; IXI:l. thl'i \UIIlll.ltE'mpt K)lf, )lll.icl atwllll't' \i>eil to ( 'attaro, " ' Ft .. llf'r of B irrllillghtLIII. rt l'i 111'\'f•rlh~ ~ cw blurulc·I'NI 111tu th''"" \\ltlf'h hud l,l·t·n HnJwrf..c·t \\ork 111g. Tlw-.r• pn•Jtllllf•(..,. art' not \"t-<1 lutd fur tlw de·ft·rw<• c,f 1111 Jmrt. At all t·\C'nh, n In JUt\' 11 wuus 11tad, and t'\t•ll tttl1•xt -hoc1k" uf lugh dull c 'PIO>~JOn wa-. lw~:~.r·d , foll iJ\\I'tl h)· n.n iuunt·n-.c> !1im 11 1 i~l,l! stull·tHt'lll'< nm tu h•• f1111111l c·OJtl't1rning tlw c·oluu111 11f \\ult·r, 0.11(1 tlu• putt·t,l "'""~'I" ut <Jnt·t< 1 rt•slllt-. of 1 lw prot·(•-4-4 \\hwlt ~;1•r• 1 n to lw bU'4t·d 011 an I\"PO t o i1n t"itigatf' t "'"' pht·no11wrw11. DJ\,.,.,. who w~re RE-nt tlo,,n carue upon tlw \\t'Pc·k of tl10

"'"'"·

,,.,,,,,,c,, (>r

rnio;inforlllf.il ion a'l to it-4 morlem 'ito.to o f develop1111•111 .

OBJECTIONS ALLEGED Ml \T:\ST

THJ.~

PROCESS.

BefCJrt' pror·N·ding t n d... "'r·rib~ m odern Hxa.mpiA-4 o f '!tJh-tmt. uxt rnl't ion pln11l rt i.. ,.,.r,\ ri A~i rttbi H 1 h 1.t ,,.., -.hould de·ul \\it h I lu• c,Jrjc•r·IHJI\.'4 whi(·h I taw• IH•I'rl u.wl "'tt ll art• tiJ'gNI A.gu.inxt tht~ proN'"~"~· \\'11 raw. \ tm·fuc·t' 11111' rt•tiiUrk"' uttd (•r thi'i hc·ucl by '<£Lying that t11 britif t lw prot·lt-4'4 I'IHt.'iiKt" () ( ullowing om· M t lw """'hilt'~ ruunt•d a.bo\ t· to pMc·c,lutE' through tlw "~t-t-d Ill' rrwar in a dfl'~t'd vf•;c;cc>l, lwntNI or c·old, of druintng o0 th~ -.oh•..rll and the' oil whic·h it ha.'4 diAAoh•l>fl fro111 t lw 'il·l'd, of tranKft•rring t lw liquid to o. h t-ut11d Hti ll , ruul ()f tlw n driving ofT thu volatiln HOh-~ ~ dtffif'ttlt or i11tp(,s'4ihlt· htll trt·h• (() f•liminatc• nil trnNl c1f tht· '-~oh·ent. ltK!1tl both fmm tlw or I and t IH· rt•"'id uc1 o f rnE fHIJ']IO~e~ n.ncl (it oul_,. for MOI\)I· rnnking and kindrtod IIIWli, \\hilt> the nauxPOII"~ t mct u or }HJi>~onoux a.c·tion o f tlw Holvt>nt le ft in thf< llll'td providf•.'! o. llf'<'Ond rc•a<~on wh,v Huc·h mPa.l Aho11ld 11()1. ho ftt~l to c·a.ttlf'. In tho third pla.('(o~ not on& of I h1• Holvmrt-. uxc·d, it iR HBid, i~o~ frN~ from lt>c·hnit·al t•hjt•dioruc. 'fhuJoJ f f'rmit or their tmc~ <·ornrnercially. Tlti'l .,•• , ,,,"~to lw a -;omul c·ont<•ntion. ('arhon t.E>trac·hloruJ,•• tl J'i urgc·cl. is n.J ~o 1-'xpc·n."'ivn and i'l n.pt to f'XI-'rc·i"'t• ·~ poiHollouo; I\(• I ion on t h11 workeN att.f'nuing t lu• r't•f·(n c•r) pllmt. Fu rl lwr, whill-' o.drnittNII.V ll()n111(11\lrttllld)lt•, it ~n tiTt·l'"' frorrl I h~t grN~t diHach •antagt' t lu1.l iI VI'I',\ rNid tl ,\' nl1twl<11 1nH til:4. Regarc.J ing Nll'l11111 di"'Hipltidc•, it iM ll.rlo{IH.W I tha t while• if. iK a Vf'l')' go1HI Kt•lvc•Jil it i"' diflic-nlt. t.o ohThin purf! antl I.Jaat tl ,,.. •~JII to ""l'nrt 11\'t•n I o "~llltp ttllttlr· from cri I E-xt rac·t 11d \\ ttlt tl lUt liii)Jit-a...aut 'illlphuroll'i ru,u·ll. I I iR furtht'r 't'r\• r~·udth• inflt\ltUnnhh•,allfl likt•l·ll.rhon l f'trac·hlo rrdt· 1'"\C·rt·t .. ,.., l~ pmo;onou.'i tlf'l ton ott t hn"''' working with 11 -\gum-.t ht•tt:t.bllf' tiH· c-fupf c.bjt•c•t tun 11'\'C:.IIt'd i~ it • tnfh.uwnal~tltt\. In o.dtlrtHIII tl i'i -.tatNl to ha tlw ' """' dttlir·ull fJf n.ll tht· "~" " ~>nt-. to c· li~~tin ntt' fr.<~rn t lu· oil und tr~ eul. Tt•t nwhlorc•tluHIP i"~ a Hol\'unt. ,,f rt·c·t·llt llltrodut·l inn . So far n.'i we• know it. i-. uot u-.. •\ H in vxtf•nxiv<• IIKH f()r t.l11~ c•,trac·tion of oil'~ • It Kf'CJn.'!, how(•\'t"r, t o JIOHHOH!i N•rta.in ft•aturf"! whi1·h rraa.y in ti111f· IPatl to tl "~ wiclc• B(lopt.ion. Thtlil, i t "~ c·otn tnt·rt·ial prod uc·t ion np p<·ar;~ to he· "'i mplt ~'i, U'~ it c·n.n now hu c·urrit'd <Jut, i,. rapidly h11ing adoptc•d cm n.n t•xtt•n"'i\·c• o.; c·alf', a c·irc·ulf\Jitll.IIC't' "ltwh "~'11 \'i to uiTord t·tmc·lu.'ii\'1' fwidenc·c• thnt tilt• ohjr·r·t "'"~ '41111llllllrist·d nl"" t• nr<• now rc·c·of.n\i"~l'tl 11'4 lw111g no lungc•r \ alul. THE Oll.lf-:('TrO"S rtEFTTP.f>.

ln r1·futntion of tlw t1hjc·c-tion'i urgecl n.gn.inqt. tho p rtJ("t'"'"' it •••t~oy lm dirt·c·tl:r HIUtf'd that. (•x t rf.l.l·tc-od '"''n.IK rwc· duily bc•ing towcl in largC< qunnt it.ic•K J,crt h "' till>~ c·otmtry and abrond tl"~ food for c·attiP, whih~ n ttiiJrtl){'r "f l_)la n t-4 o.r•· nt wc,rk in t hi11 c·ounlr~· u-.ing the· c·huwicul soh ·ont c·xt rtu-t ion prrw1•-..-4 and produc·ing tlllLiung but oil of c-odihl•• qunlit.), U'i, for in."'t.an<·f', otl-l " ltwh arc· n."'e \'{·n " lwn nc•"\1 to t•llltrt•l) frt·o from oil. In uxplnnation of t hi'i 11 tnll.,\ bu pui11tutl CJut. that, \\ lult1 uil i'i a hc·at fornwr tl ,,.. tlw albuuwnc,id'l in I hc1 1nutorinl that c·ount frutn thu n.f'l,lln.l fowl m· (l,•..,lt . form ing point of vit~w, nnd tlmt, r•x trul'l!·tl 11WI.l.l iH r i <·lt~tr in thexn nlhw1wtwid .. t ha11 tlw t·nlw proc·urMI b y prc•M~ing t ho Kll.trHI Hl'(•tfx. Apnrt frotn thi"~ qtH•"'tion it i-. to be not c·d t lu\t no wl c·ako i"' f&d by iLKttlf to t' l\.tllt~. H i-4 d ilutE-cl "1111 hru.rj or CJtlwr Hllh'it an<:!•. Thf' " ot hf'r "~llh· sturwt1" tnuv . v<-n. \\t•ll bt• t-<xtro.(·tod mf'al, which IIIU\' lru 1111 xc-d ''it h tlw c·nk11 I o givo n. food ~-oliLIT of 1lu• d t'-.ir!·d oil <·on tent.. f n nny e\'ent the u.rgwuont uguitt'il, t tu., f>x tra<-tion pt'O('t-'"~'4, '' hich i-4 ha'Jt'd on t ha clf•fit•tf-lrlf'\ of oil 111 t ht- rt-''4iclue, 1-!ntir~>k fa.! I-. to tlu; • JerotuHl "lwn \~& OU"~t'r\ c• thul 11ntlt'r nwd~;~rH c·ondt t.JOWI the op<-rator tL'Iing t hi"' prul'tl-4'~ <·n.n armng~-< to

.

•

THE EN G INEER

418

MAY

11, 1917

leave a.q mnC'h or nq lil.tlo oil in tho rt'<;icluf'ln.q ho may SPNl <'ontaining 24 pPr c>C'nt. of r)il o1·iginnlly will, a ftet· to o.dvise as to 11 ubjects of proctical int ere.!t to the iron nnd st<~l m dustriee, on which tho Co Wlral can orgu.n.ise discW~~:Jions at c·mshing. nppt'tll' u~ desire. genero l m~tings, o r which llUI) rvqwro investigatton und

research. p,,.e such commtttee~ have been formed to deol woth the following I'UhJccts :-( I) Oreo~, .Fut>l. Refractories ; (2) Bla&t 34 lb. oal : va lue, at £53 per ton 4 11 Fumacee; (3) .'tool and •ts .Mecharucol Treatment and F orro I 9 I 92 lb. cake : vaJue, at £1 5 10 . per ton . From the technical p oint of v iew the chief advanAllo}'ll; (4) Iron and Steel F o undry Proc uoo ; (5} Metallography, Cht'miStry and Physics. tages att(lnding the adoption of the process lie first 2 1 6 10 2:H O F or mo.titm o.f o Cku• of A 680CiOtt8. - By resolution of Counc•l in th~ comparallvf\ Himplicity and cheapnes · of the Cake : I 0 pe r cent. oal. a. new class oi membe1"8, t.o be 1..-nown 11.:1 Associates. has bf.t.n plant required ; HPcondly, in the small amount of power 4 !I 4 formed, particuJa1"8 of wh ich have alre&Oy been published. l h9 )b. oo l : \'Bl ue, at £63 f~r t o n Oo.()perotion with Kindred butitutu.-Tbe CoWlcil have ol~o ab orbed in dri ving the plant ; and thirdly, in thA X 12 r; 1703 Ih. clr~ rl':~iduc : \'&llW. ut i 11 7:!. l"'r ton .. hllfi in mind the possibility of establ i'lhing a closer roletion.~ho 1l fact that tho labour d emanded for its attendance between the eeverol Institutes not matter to the oil extendod to the presidents of the following I n.stitutes out! So('io< t ies t o ottond, d~rin,g thoir tonn of offioo, meeting!! of the from place to place and from time to time. If it C t'tL<~ h er how much or how litt.le oil h e leavf's behind Comu·il of tho Iron and Stool l DBtituto, and t.o take part in ·•~ be a ques tion whethfw t he pras."' or ext.raction sy~t.e m in hi ::~ cakes. H e g(~ts t.hl'l sam e price fo1· thP oil dt'>lob!'rotion.c; :Thl' Clevolo>nd In.stitutio n of E nginoore. . s hall be adoptod, nvnry thing tmns upon whether wh<.•t.hPJ' h e rc•rovt>l'r; iL or a llows it t.o t'<'lnain in the The Hhuffield Society of Engm oors and Metallu rgist!>. or n ot t.ho sc•od t.o l>o t.real('d •yi1~l ds a rPsidue which, cakl". W<>1·e ht1 to adopt t.ho solvent. extraction pi'OThe StaiYordshire Iron and Steel Inqtitut.e. quHe apart from the prorm~~ of recovt'ry used, i.'! ('E'SR ho would not realise a penny more for t hc1 oil The \Vost of cotlund Iro n and Stool I M titute. in demand a..; a c·at.t,lo food . Thus rape soed, even contained origina lly in th(;) sPed . B y this means o. link uotwoon the seve ral I nstitutes ha.q boon formod, and a n opportunit y i,q nffordP<.l fo r the considt'> ratiwo uf when trfla.tc·d hy th ~ cn iAhing procflss, is n ot greatly At the pre. ent moment in this coun t ry liHsPE>d and any sugg<>St ions that muy un corH.lucive to the odvaut.ogo of ull valued a.'3 a c·atlltl food. I n s uc·h ca.<~f'>~ t.h~ only cot.ton seed are rl'llshed rather than e~'i.ract.ed, bt>Nl>lL~P • o r any of thi'm . p roduct p rimarily to be c·on.<<~icl !1rP t>d press cakE> A ppointmrnt of Oorrupolldillf} ~Iembers in Brituh Domi11io118. natmally point~ to the adoption of the solvent containing a considerable percentage of oil. Rightly - In thoso British Dominions whore a. membe1"8hip ull'rO ft in the cake would, as with eeverol other f!cient i.fic and technical I nstitutionJ!, in on'e to meal before it can be u.qed for this purpose. we have already stated, lower the manurial valuo of building. with a commoo mootin~ room, library, and roa~ room. The Tn.stitution.s of M.inin,tz and :\Jeta!lurgy, and Mining Extracted mPal is s nitablt> for it as soon as it is taken the- residuE>. Engineers, and the I nstitute of Metals have been approocbf'd, ou t of the extractor plan t.. F ar more important B y way of conclusion to this brief discussion of t he nnd the question of co-operoting in securing t occomaood.utio n than t.hi~, h owever, is t he fad , now well estabJjs hed, relative merits of the two processes, we n eed only with these l net itutions 18 under considerotion. C()mmittu of the Privy Ocmncil fnr Scienli{u; ou.d bidWitriol that grea. e or oil in. a fertiliser preven ts the soil foods remark that they should not be regarded necessarily Ruearch.-A grant of £100 was o fJerod t.o the I nstitute by tlau from being absorbed by the soil for, if present, it as rivals. The solvent ext1·action process has a ve1·y <'ommittee fo r Scientific and Industrial Research t.o meet th e ac·ts to defend the fertiliser against the attack;; of distinct field of its own. Worked side by side with t he cost of preparing for th e Cormnittoo a statistical s un•ey of tht; those organisi'JUI which convert the constituents of crushing pt·oress, so as to recover· the last p ortion of suppi,Y of rnw mutoriol-exclus ive of fuel -for UHe in the ia·on o.utl steel mdustries. The offer having boon accepted by the Vou ncol, the fertiliser into immediate soil, foods. Clearly, oil f1·om thu HE>t>d , it is of very great value in certain e. rl'port dealing with the irou o re resources o f the United Kong· t hen , the extraction p rocess, eliminating as it can particular caHt>t-:, •ts, fot· l'xamplc, when the matt>rial d om Mid the British D ominious, and wi~h the principal aron ore be made to do practically all oil from the residu.e, to be treated is oli ves. As a direct alternat ivE" to resouroos o[ other COWltries, as fu.r o.s information WBB availaiJI,.., compiled nnd subm itted to the R cseo.rcb Council in Oecean. has very great cla imA to attention when the residue c·rushing its importan ce is rapidly increasing. \\' hen woa bar. A further section of the a-eport referred to ~h e occurren(·e ha to be used as a fertiliser. t.he true value of extracted m eal as a cattle fC>t•ding and production of the o res (>(other m etnll! U1!ed in the industry . If the seed residue, on the other hand , is suitable s tuff b ecomes mo1·e generally recognised t he riva lry such as ch romium, cobult, manganese, molybdunuu1, nick~ gie Ruoorcll Fund.- ,Vith regard to the• odmini>~ · is whet h er there is a local market for it in this form. unde1·go great. clevelopm<>n t. !ration of the ('a rnegae Fund the Council have foWld tlont. owmg It may well be t hat there is n ot, and that, in view of t.o th<~ rt';~lri<'lion imposed on the age of ca.ndidote.'l, opp!Jcstaun" for gr antil for resoarrh work have not been couu ng f'.lr ward u" the cost of s hippin g the residue to t he nearest market., 'T'TT F. l OE.\T. OF THE PROCEX~. frooly AA tt,'! ual since thu beginning of the wor. 'fhey t hl'n'fore the balance is in favout· of using the re idue as a The iciC'al solv<>nt. Pxtraction process, it can b C' said, communicated with Mr. ('amegie on the s ubject, who \\liB gou l manure. Here agai n the adoption of the sokent to reply that bo wouJd be pleased to lravo t h,.. rnstter to ;;hould :-.t'('lii'P the complt>t t> rt>c<>\'f'ry of a ll t hP oi I in l'nough the judgmont or those 11\ who.ie hands the &Omin.istration of th .. extraction proce~ is indicated a:s desirablP. The llll' st-f*d o1· as m uch of it as it is dPsi rPd to r·eco,·<>•·Fund had boen placed. nnd t het he would be sat isfied with'' hut· conditions here touched upon arise very often wht>n in one ,.;tage, a nd . hould leave the residue of the :;<><'cl ever action tho CoWlcil might tuke in the matter needing conthe rPcovery of the oil in the ne ighbomhood wherP the sideration.. 'fhe Cou'nciJ thereupon d ecided to suspend the age iu a dry s tate. J t may be remarke-d that ce1 ·ta.in oil-bearing seed is grown is under consideration. This limit of thirty-fi ve for the preaent. e: ir judgml'ut, would after d eteriorating during its journey to some appeor t o he of the moqt pro('tirn l ud,•an tage to the iron nnd PRF.P.-\RATION OF T R F. 1\rATF.RJ.-\L. :!lt•eltLnu a ll il'd industries. d istan t factory. There is, however, probably no ADVA 'TAC E S OF THE PROCE. .

.

£ !! 13

s. d.

Palm I«'I'IWL"!, copra, ~oya bPans, and similn1· materiaL; t\1'(' JJrepa•·l•d for Lh~ extraction p rocess in prerisely t.h n ~me way u.H for cr ushing, the only differt'lnce bning that. t.hC' fl psh need n ot be reduced or s hredded to qui t.e the same degree of finenC>s:o;. Seed;; Huch as rape sel:'d, linseed, &c., n eed only hP light ly rollf'd. ( 'otton Reed, castor seed beans, and similar Jnat.c~ 1· ial ('011\lnon ly decorticated before bt>ing cnu;hed can, i f cl N~in•d , be ext.ract<-d in a.n undt>C'OI't.icat.ed s tat<>, t he R<'<>d being simply rollt>d so a..q to CO:\fM F:RCI AL ASPF:GT O F THE PRO<"ESS. lweak the <·ol't ex. '!'hA saving of the expense of cl<'<'or1.ic:at ing 1·esult :-~ in consid<>rahle econ omy if the '\Ve tlm!~ see that t.he solven t e-xtract.ion proces.~ hM re:iiclufl is I o be- ust>d tlH a. fp1·t i Iiser, or if the sk in m· distinct claim.c; to attention wlwn s hE'll of t.hp l'lf'<'d b~ing treated po~;;(':-~sC'~, tl'-~ is ;.:ouwt imc·s (a) The rPAidueisnot usa.blt> as a cattle food by reason 1hP c·n:<~<>, a dis tinct feedi ng vah w. of the nature of the seed i tself, and wh<>n (b) The reAidue, although s u.it.a.ble for cattlE' feeding, is not usable in this way by reason of ther·c> being no market for it situated conveniently near the mill. A IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE. third case a rises, namely, when No. I. (c) The re-sidue is usable as a c·attle food, and can Tnr.: annual mPC'ling of the Tron nnd , tP(') T n~ti­ be conveniently d isposed of as s uch. Thee condi tions are met with, fot· example, whPn it is a question tut.e wns lwld at tiH' h ousp of tltt~ Ins titution of Uivi l J ~ ngi J Wt' l'"'· on :\ fu.~ :lnl nnd 4th. tutdPJ' the of t reating linseed 01· cotton seed in this COlmtry. Which process it is best to adopt under these pi'('Sidency of Sit· \\' illitun BPa1·dnHH'C'. Tlwre was circumstances is a matter for very close study . t\ gooc L atl PIHittn<·e of HWtnb<·•·;;. 'J'hC' President. nw,·c•d llw n.dopl ion of t hC' r('port Several factors a1'e involved. But in inves tigating the matter a cot·tain line of argument frequently advan ced of l h<' C'ounci l for t.hP year· H) I H. by those interested in the solvent extraction process REPORT OF CO'L'Nt1 L (oiJritlgPd). s hould n ot be too readi ly accepted. According to this r r wl'r(l forty-niue m<~ onlwl'lf olr<-Wd l .. - in so far as it overlooks the fa ct that it is the custom 180 1 Ord11lliry :llc•ulhl'r:! • • •• of tho oil se<>d crus hing indus try to charge for the oil cake in such a way that the oil in i t r eaps the same Toto! .. • • 1 72 •• •• • • price as the bulk of t he oil separated from the seed. In arC'ordnnr~> with t.ho poweri! conf!'rred on the Council Wlder Thw~ a ton of linseed containing 40 per cent. of oil the n<> w hy·lil" confirmoo ut th(\ IM t un nuaJ meetin~. tbe namos of m embers of t'n(lmv nntionnh tv still rt>maininA: on the list et tho originally, a fter being crus hPd, appMrs roughly aslocal or conveniently adjacent market for the residue as a cattle food, and this, up to the present, has led to the shipping of enormous quantities of oil-bearing seed for treatmen t in this and other countries remote from the country g1·owing t he seed. B y adopting the solvent extraction process the grower can sa ve freight charges by shipping nothing but oil, and can dispose satisfactorily of t.he rPsiduP by using it as a mamu·e on his own plan t a t.ioltB.

74 7 lb. oil : value, at £53 per t o n 14!!3 lb. rnke: vnlue, at £19 J)('r ton

. . .. • •

.. ..

2 2~ 0

£ 17

12 30

Cake : I 0 por CC'nt. oil. 149 Ih. oil : value. at £53 JWr to n . . . . 1344 lb. dry r!'~idut' : vnluo, nt £ 1!i ' "'· r,.l. prr ton

3 !)

12

1<193

Similn.rl.v, n t(ln of tmdecort ico.t;Qcl Egyptio.n •

end of 19 15-1!6 in nil ho\o brim stru('k off the roll of the I M titute, t lw toto I numbt•r at tlau bl•gi nuing of the wn r lun ing ht>en R. d . I 07. 13 4 'fh(\ llCCount<~ show t hnt tho l otol receipts of t ho In.' ltitute fo r 13 4 the y11or, excludmf' the rncomo of the Camt'~ie R~rch Fw1d. were £4 767, and the expendaturo WllB £4208. The &xces.'! of income ovt>r 11xpon•liturc on the .~~:cnt'rol a ccount ill thus £55!1. G Tho receipts on accouut of the Curnl'gie Rt>search Fund wcr" .1: 98, and tho e xpenditure wos £675, the surplus of income over I0 R expendaturo heing £323. Appointment of 'l'telmicol Commituvr.-The qu11stion of the 2 more efficient o rganisation of the work of l ho I n.stitute h as b0en und1•r 1ho l'aroful conaid!lrotion of tho Counl'il during the pa.<~t 13 4 year, and it hoa been thou~-:ht that 1ho t~ff~>rl ive co·ope ra tion of thG mombe~ in the work or toe J nHtitulll migh t h0 incl'l'o<~od by ~ottnn. the appoln tmont of a cortl)in nu ml)')~ of 'J'e<>h!'lio~l C<>mrn.it.t"'''

:'\lr. \\'a.ll ('r Dixon, in seroncling th<> r<"Rolution, c>xp1'esst>d the general Rt~ti:-.fact ion of t.he at the ~t<>ps takon to appoint. technical committt><>s i11 c·on1wc·tion wi t.h tlw Jnst.itutC'. H e hoped tha& thcs~ c·onunit.tt-PI'I would tnk~ an active part in tlw work of t.ho l nAti!.ute, tuld Sttreeed in getting things d01w. The steps bei ng takfln to s<'Clu·e co-oper·ation wit.h kinclr<•cl im;titut ionK W<'l't' allso a mat tf'r of sat isfaction, and wonld H<'l'\'<' the intPrests of t he~ imn 1tnd s t N•I indw~t.1· ie-s. :\fr. (;eo1·ge Hatton pn>po. pcl the a.<.ldition to the Irou and Rtecl Foundry P r·a c• tic·c Committee of )ft>. .J. Arthw· H ampton a 1{cl :Mr. E. L t>. ter·, both repre;;enting branch es of the indust.1·y at " 'est B 1·omwich. The President Rn.id ho welcomed t.he proposal to s t1·t>ngt hen tho 'ommittee in this way, and the -.uggpstion would lw considPrc Council nt. it.; next me<>ting. '.fhe n Pw by-law, t.hp drafting of which nro~e out of the• clP:-irl' to nwk<' J>l'ovision for the <>xclu.'iion of Pnemy membPrs, and which came up bt.> fo re t.he laHt. a utumn HW<' I ing fm· consideration, was put bP fore the mcc•I ing on the motion of the Pl't>sid<>n t, and fot·mally a.dctp tNI. T he nf'xt. businPss wn;;; t.he pre-sentation of t hC' Besseme,. l\JpcJal, whic·h had bC'<'n awat·tlt'cl t o :\fr-. Androw L amberton. '.fhe President, in making the prC'SPntat.ion, F:Oicl that Mr. Lamberton was well known as t.he head of l.he finn of 'lesi'II'S. Lambert.on a nd <..:o., of <..:oatbridge. H is WOl'k in conner t.ion with thf' iron a nd st·<>t'l indus t.ry had be-C'n mainly in the d irE'dion of the development of t.he p1·incipal mechanical engint>cring applinnCC'S in u se in the manufa.ctlU·e of i1·on a nd s te-PI. H e was the autho1· of 1nany important improv<'· ment s in rolling mill machinf'ry, by which t.he cu.pac·ity of mills had be<>n incrt>asNl nnd the co;;t. of pl'oduction lowc>l·ed. From time t o time hP had coll\mtmicatecl to the ln.!>titute YA.luabiP papers dealing with t.lw p1·oblems rt>lat.ing to thE' driving of roll in~ mills a nd their· cle-..ign. It :-.hould be explained that the- fonn of the pr(''iE'ntation differed in one impot'tant re pect from the tL"'tt.al form. :'\f 1' • .La.mberton had, for patl'iotic rea...-..ons , for<'gonp thC' acceptance of a medal Htruck in gold , and the In~::>titute w~ presenting to him only the diploma, with the us ual nl('t.al replica of the medal at.tachecl. H e a. ked )Jr. Lu.mbPI't on to accept that. token of their recognition of his C'tni11 C'n t. ~-;<>n·i cC'~ in tho d e\·<>lopmcut of nwdtunic·n.l ongin<'f'l'ing u.s applied to .t.he 11\a.nufac· tur·o of il'on and ah •el, and wou I<.I )('lok forwn.rd t.o

-

THE EN G INEER

MAY 18, 191 7

4 39

THE PltODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- I whan hot extraction is ndoptec.l, U10 AolvMt it.tPd working, quite dry a.nd can, if t·equirl"d, be fed direct1y MENT or VEGETABLE OILS t\."1 u. liquid lHUiit at. lPa:-~t. in ptu·t Ul'('Orne VU.J.lOI'iHI'd. t o c·att.le ot· hor·St·'l, if the seed baing t reatB<.l render~ No

xn •

·

.

'. · · . • E\TRA<'TlON OF OH, t:n CHEMICAL ~O L\ ENTS (•o •.td.). 1::-l our last artich• \\t\ discu~st'' ( 1 in pra<·t ic·o. THE " • (' 01'1'"

EXTR.\ t:'I'TO~

]>L.\:o- T .

One of th~ b est .known fon•t.'~ uf ... u lvt•nt. cxt rtwl ion plant i-. that work in~ vn tlw .. ~~·ot t." s~ ...t<>m. nu cl m tHie by Geurgp ~<·u ti nncl Son ( Loudon). Lirrrilt·d,

Pig. 57- BENZENE

SOLVENT

'l'ho •· · cott " sy-;lt•rn. tht>t't•fon•, may be Raid to cotnbint> tlw ad,·turtngt•s of h ut. Pxt.nwtion with th11 '*\fc•ty of cold t-xtnwt ion. On page 441 "~ reprodnN' o. ch·awing, sprcio.lly prepared by l\IC'i!-II"X. Scott., fo r· llw pur·poses of I hi"' rwt.icle, showing in iliagram.rna.Li<· f o r·m the plani. wwcl tuHier the " ~ko t.t. " system. L•'ij.,TH. 57. 58 nud !i!l 1-1how viE'WI:i o f twt.ual in stalla.tiom~, whilc> in Fig. no n small f'XIrtH·Iion plant s uit.ahl<• fot· tr·ial nnd similar pur·pos('"' r-; rl1pr·c-;ented. Rt>f\'r'l'ing t o liH' lnr<• c•ng~·a, ing. it \\tll b<• t>en that. <·Lwh t•xt.r·actor· i:-~ ft•d "it h nwnl tlu c11r_gh n d oM at thf' I op f1·om o.n m·c·f'lw,td

EXTRACTION PLANT- SCOTT

Kingsway RousE', Kingsway, L ondon, W .C'. tTndN· hopper. Tht> d oors are, as indicatE'd in Fig. 58. pro· this syott>m tlw solve nt. commonly used is bf'n - \ ricled with hing<'d bolts, so that tlwy may. whon tlw z~nfl extract or is charg<'d, be r·eadily an.d tightly fastened B E>nzene or bN1ZOI, as it is l'l t.ill rrl1que ntly called down. The hopper system of feeding t.he extmc::t.ors in commerce is. when pure-. a c·olouriC'l:l'l liquid havin~ L•<·onomises labour·, but en.t.ails tho erection of a fair·ly a specific gra"ity o f about. 0.8 at 15 dt!g. Cent.. and ht-twy supC'r:-.t •·uct urt•. In largo 11ti lis it is somet imf':-~ boiling under nor·uu~ol pr·es ure at about 0 deg. Cent. found COn\'t'll iClnt. IO wspense \\ ith hoppers and to It is very slightly soluble in water. but is solublE' in pro\ id<.> instt>ad a <·onveyor '' ith n suitable off·t akP a lcohol, t-t her, carbon disulphide, &c·. On thE' otht>t' t o e:1ch extrnclo1·. This met.h od ha"' o.n additional hand. it very readi ly dissolve-; r·t'si n t~. sulphur·. advantage ovt••· tlw hoppet· systt'rrr, in that by its phosphorus, fats, oils , and rna.ny a lka loids a nd othE>J' adoption it is J'N\tlJly possible to fN•d the ext1·actorH wit.h a mixt.un• of s<'Pds in any J'l'<prir·c·cl propor·t.ion. organ i1· •c·ompound."'.

Figs. 58 and 59- SCOTT

Two ff"atureR o f the "Scott " s .yqtE'm ml\\· . here bC' set down. In thE' fh1-t place. the f'xtroction iR performed in thE' c·old, t lwrf'h~· pmct icnlly e liuunat ing all dangt-r ar·iHing from thf' in Attmma.bl<.> nat.ur<' of tlrl' ROivflnt mwd. f.it><·ondly, tlw c•xt ro.clion iR efTPCI('(l pMt.)y by th1• Rolwnt in liquid fm·m nnd part!~ by it in the fonn of n \'aponr. In thiR r't>Hpc•d, tlw R~-1lt'm dtffet"H from otlrtor:'l. Jn gt>nNul I ht• soh-t>nl i'l "holly in thE' fonn of a lrq uid. although i I is ,., icl..-n t t hnt • No. X r.

ap~ared

)J,\y Ill h

SO LVENT E XTRACTOR S WITH AND

WITHOUT

tlri'l pra<-ticablt.•.

C:F.'\ER \J,. YETHOD OF \\'ORI\."'NO.

During tlm p e1·iod of extt·aclion. the solvent, with th<~ oil it hM dissolvE'd, is dra.inrcl off from the foot of t. h~ E-xtractor· t.hf'Ough the pipo A. PM. ing along tho pipo B it. ri"Mhe'l a steam -h eated tubular vapori'ler . Ht're a pot·tion of the solvent is driven off as vapour, o.nd rio;;ing up the pipe 0 this port ion en tf'r·s the exl ra.dor at the top to act, a~ we ha\'f" explaint>d, in conjunc·tion "ith tht> solv('lnt itted ns a liquid. 'fhe remaining portion of the solvE'nt with all the tlissolved oil ltJavcs the foot of the vaporiSE'!' at D, and flowing a.lr>ng t.h e pipe E rencht>'l a pump whic·h lifts it up into a sti ll -feed tank. L<'twing this by way of thE' pipt• F t.he liquid flow"' l hrough a. ht>l\tflr· <·ondenS<'r-or " h t'at exchangt>r' " - and so rPtu·hes th~ continuous still appE'aring like a <·olUJnn on tlw t·ight of t.h<' E'ngnwing. Tht> constr·uction of lhit-~ st.ill will be rt>fc•rr<' e presently, it has picked up some water. It i£1, tlwre fore, taken by way of the pipe H to a water separator. The action of this separator dapE'ndR upon the differe nce between the sp ecific g t'U.\ itit!~ of the Holvent and wa.t<.>r. The water f!O\\"S of)' a.t the pipe J. The liquid solve nt pas e along the pipe K into a s t ore tank ready for r e-u se. It will thuR b e seen that of a gi,•en amount. of solvent introduc·ed into the extractor a portion i" returned dire<· I ly to the extractor as vapour, and a portion is dt>h\·f'red into the store tank r<'ad y for rt> -use. The former p ortion E'mt-rging fronr thE' e:~..-tra.ctor a~ IJquid containing oil in solution again r<'aches the vaporiset·. Pat·L of it is retumed onc•e more as vapow· to the extractor, and the remainder, pa s ing t.hrough the still, i€1 rl<.>ancd of dissolved oil u.nd j oins thu fir:st portion of tht> original charge of solvent in the st.ore t.ank. Obviously, as time got.>~ on, unle. s something is done, practically all t.h e original charge of solvent will bCI found in the store tank; no vapour worth speaking of will be found ascend1ng the pipa C, and the axt.,·aclion process ''ill come automatically to a Rta.ndl'ltill. ' This condition may or mo.y not. <·ort'E>Sponct with th(.> complete r·erov<'ry of the oil fi'OJU the seed or with th~ d egre<> uf rPcovery d e. it·ed. If it. does not, a fr(•'lh quantit) of c·lc•o.n soh ·ent is paRsed into t hf' Pxtra<'to r to complete th~ proce ·s or carry it a stag<> further. Tho mannet· in which this fresh quantity is intt·oduc·t>d is the Ramf' n-; that. in which t.ht~ original amount d Holv<'nt. is t\clnriltt'd into tlH' P-xtr·twtm· at s tarting up

AGITATING GEAR

\Vith many mn.tN·inls it is d <''limhh' t.ho.t the mo."'S in tlw E'xtractor :-~hould b e agitatt•d whilt• the solvent. iH at work. Figs. 57 nnd 5 and t.lw diclgram t•oprc>S<'nt. plt\n t s pro,·id(ld \\it h agitat.ing gNw d l'ivon by 11\t'nnH of a br•lt. pullc·~, worm and \\Mm wlll'~l. Tho plnnt. When tlw sh0\\11 i.n Fig. 59 has no ngitn.lor. t•'t rue· lion proN'""~ i"' <·omph•h•d, tlw dischargfl dooi'H n Nll' Ow foot of t lw Pxt.ractor'li f\l't• OJWIIE'd so that tlw ugitntor· ma~ ut>ll\ PI' the rPsidu<' u f the meal on to o. t·cm\ e~ or whic·h ruol' past t lw door::~. Thio;; rt>qidue. it. iti to be noll•d, is, undcl' tho "t·kot t." nwt hod of

It is conduC'tcd n.q follows :- The workman tc:'mporarily closes tho valvo L o.nd opNt~ the val,es M and N. Clt>an solvent. fr·om the~l o re tank now Aows down the pipe P to tlw vaporiAPJ'. Pa.r·t.ly as vapour it risC'"' up the pipe (J t o tht~ t-:~..tr·a('tor, and partly as liquid it flows out o.t. I) to tlw pump which, lifting it., sends tt along L!l(l pip~ Q pn..,l tlw nllvo N into tl w oxtr·nc· tm· at R. \\' lwn suffit•if'nt fl'esh Hoht>nt hns thu"' ht•,•n int rodu('cd, tlw \tlh cs ar't' n•..,t•t r.md the fornwr p1·oc·t>s-; i-; resunwd. JL i"! fcuncl t lmt '' ht'n t lw <.>'\ t I'!\<' I 10n of t lw otl from

•

TH E

440 the meal is nf'arly comple ted, the AOivPnt drawn ofT from the extractor contains vf'n little oil. It is n o t economical to tbift poor liquid into the still. It is therefore sent into a " half-spent" solvent tank-not shown in the dtagram-and is re-used as the first charge of solvent for a fr~h charge of meal. CLEANING TllE MEAL OF SOLVENT.

When the extract ion is quito c-ompleted, and boforo the dischar ge dool'IJ are oponed, the valves L and S nre shut down and the valve T is opened. Steam, m a dry contlition but not superhc>ated, iR than itted to tho extractor thruwzh the valve U. Blowing through tho meal this steam carries off all tracc•>4 of the solvt>nt from the m(•al. Thu 'ltf'am and "'olv<•Ht vapour ri tho pipo V r<.-a<·h the <"Onfhlltk(1rl4, and travc•rqing tho watM S('parator a'4 bflfc,re ar11 pa""*'U r ospoctivt•ly t o wnsto aml to thtt ~toro tank. ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF WORKINO.

The abovo df'•wription relat~ t~ tho working of one f'xtrncl or . The other extractor iR worked qimilarly, th1' vaporiser and it!J connPcting piping being duplicatNl for this purpo"'e. Our d~cription, furthar, covcflf only one method of working tho plant. )fodiflcationA are pro.,..jded for. ThUR the vaporiser, once the original charge of solvent has b<'On introduced into the extr&.C'tor, can be complotoly c-ut out, so that the extraction may be parformed entirely hy liquid "olvent. To achiE>ve this the valve L iR h1•ld c loRod and tho valvOR \\' and the vah·e X oponN I. Tho Rolvent with it!J diR.qolvf'd oil now rNu·h<~ t h'' pump without ing t hro uf!h t hn \ apor•sor, aml i!i Rent back to the extractor along tho pipo Q. Aftetr it ha..i b<>en circulated throuf.?h tlw mMI a Ruilicinnt number of times it iR s tmt 11\tCJ tho ... till f&t•d tank b y c·lo~ing th& valve N. R.\FETY '\"AL\.ES.

With plant o f thi~ natur11 it i,. w•ry important

ENG I NEE R

vo.lvfl fo r anv rt'a.qon fai l t o Mt. So fnr aii )fc •-;.'1~. • Scott know th<"'>O d oadwoiglat. Hnfr;ty valve!J ll&..VIt nevor yet on any of thoir plants bN•n called upon t o fuJ(il their function. THE

CO~TI!\'UOUS

STILI•.

Tho RCtparation of the solvMit. frr11n tho oil i.'4 begun in tho vo.poriRer. ThiR i; dowt Btrnply to tako incidental advantago of tho td1•tlTn r(K{uired to gonorate t ho vapour for tho c•,trac:tor. The main and final 11oparation takf"'l plat·o in tho Rtill. This Reparation is a most important foaturo of tho proce"'~• for on it.q completeno;;R muHt largoly depend the commercial value of tha oi l r1•covorod . Very fro· qU<mtly this Reparation 1 18..~ bNm att ampt1- lvent whi<-h a re the m ost d•flicult. to rornovo. At thu t.op of tht• At ill the Ht~am, partially usod up, iH given the aa.o.;i<•"'t work t o do, name ly, to attack the liquid wh1'n it is rich1•..t 111 >W h c•nt, and tlmroforo ha.H the low
It iH claim{!(( for tho " Scott" Ry-;tMn that vflry little labour i >~ required to run the plant. 'fh& proportion whic h tho labour chargtm will bc~ar to the othur working c·o~tt."' dapendli, howevE'r, 1m th£• ~iU1 of the pla.nL, for while tho size varieo.; tlw nurnbf'r of men rortuirecl t o opc.rat6 it N· •rwir04 con.'itant. I t is statt,cl t.hat the very largc·-~t plant>~ corMiHtin~ of many ext raclorK can bo o perated by two m eu. Economy of steam consumption is another JJIJint conn1•cted with the plant to which the mo.kcH"I'l c·a.ll attention. The coal rcci uired p or ton of raw mat urial, we a ro informed, may be Het down a.q from 2 to 3 C'\\ t.. The only othc·r item o f working coHts t o be coru-iciMI'(I re lates t.o thu solven t. I t i!J found that in operallon a corta.in a111ount o f HOlvont dili&.ppl"arl! ; whon• 1t goo11 to i.; by 110 meaM cloar. ThiH loK.q may b11 r eturned at. 1 ~ gu.llon.'l per ton of material trc•o.tt.U. I t iR, perhap~o~ , wMt.h adding that tha Kolvnnt extraction proc<•lili lt.ax to-1lay u. vt"ry widh fi£,Jd o£ application out.'lide o f the v1•gotable otl ind UHlry . It iR being employud for the fiXt rac·t wn or n·c·over.' o f grea~e, oil, or fat, from many HII'~C·c• llnrwou-. s ubHtancaH, such B..'i wool wa."'tC•, IJcuw... , IN\tlu·r ..,.ru.p, rags, fQ(·tory ~twf'epi ngH , and rf1fiJ!iC' of ull ..orh.

•

Fie. 60- SIIIA LL SO LVElfT

PLAlfT

to provide Ra.fety valv014 o.t all pointq whr-ro pr~s.uro might conceivably Q.('Cumulato, o.nd at t ho Ra.mo t1me to provide meanA whereby thJ'4 pr<'""'tro rnay be relie ...·ed without allowing any o f tho inflamrna.lJio Holvf'nt vapour to ~capo mto tho ntrnokphorc·. The point.~ at which BXCO!IS prt ....uro might po~J..ibly accumulate are in the vapori:-cl'li, in t hu c'xtr actorl!, and in the still. Safety valve!i are therefore providod at X, Y, and Z, respoctivoly. It will bo nc,tic·od t hnt tho two Hnfoty valv~>q X o.rtt connN:tf'd by a h orizo ntal pi pet having union wJth thn pip1~ V, up whic·h tlto ciNwing ~;t eam pa..·w~ at thH t1•r1raiw~tion r,f the o"t ra<-t ion procf'"'~· Bxc·E>... -4 .,. tlf' CIIlf pa....i ng tho flf.Lfc•ty valvc·R X doei not escapu into thn a.t 1111111· plwro but into thiH horizontal pipo, and >~o ret.u-lw-. t lw t·owlonxorH. A Hirnilar arrangNnf'nt iH provitiN.l for the tmf<,ty , •aiW»4 Y. The ..aff'ty valvo Z fM a Hirnllar rf'a.,on 1'4 nrrang••tl on a h y- pa""' hri1lging thH 11top vo.ht• fiJr thf' Hti ll, nnrl dt•lh·t•N o.ny ttxc:c•"'" \apour r•...c·aping flil"t it thriJuf!h the hE'ator-c·onclcm~(•r inlo tho 1nain condonilorll. Tlwro i.-. littlo dangur of any o.<·c·lunulation of prc ~14111'0 withan th11 Nmd11nj(( 4 or store tank. But., in o.ny evl'nt, th1' watM I'Opara.t or a<·t"' a"' a rwal to bo th, and thMc·fr,re fH an ~m<•rgwu-y pr(•"'4ure roljo~ing d ovico. On tht• top of each 'upow· pipe' C a c1Nl.4 lwaight 11o.foty valvo i!. priJVided \\ •t h CJIIt lt•t dirc•ct 1o t Jw ntrnosplwr•·· Tlal"' •~ a p•Irnly pr('eantiona.ry tnNhuro. Thh valw• i" sc•t tr> a fcm• p oullfl'4 abow' I lw r1•l1•a ...o pr1 ..-.ur<' CJf tlto vah o X, u11d ., intendc·d to N•rno 11110 11-<0 "'J.ould tho lu.tt~r

IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE. No. l i •

ON the IIPcond day of t 111~ mN•ting a papr•r, flf which we givu a preri8, wao.; IH"t•HI•r•ll·d b} ~ , .. .r. X . Kilby dc•uliug with STEfo:L l NC:OT T>Jo:F EC:T!-1. A good pnrf'.ontng<' of the defco('l~ 111 llt.f~•l lll.lft•l f'Olllf' urul• r th~ follow•nv ht•ad.s : l'lpH, H('l(nti{U.t 1011 : Oc ·dt~d oofl l 1111, IIIOUI<.I Wllh thu \0 11J0 NUJ UfJ wt thO IJfl(f N HIOUI'I\ h WJ IIIIIIIIIIUIII l"fJO. 'l110 longer tl w iugot m f>rcJportum lo tt.~ t•rOI Ill concr•rm>d, rrovuJt-tJ fl, i>:~ of ~ufric•nr•t. c.npacit.y adequately lo frf'•l t.ho clul porttcm. Tho 1•o11t. of prodm·tion turn~~ upon how much of tlau pipod porttc:.n of tha " uuft>rl " ingot 114 utllU!I'II M ·llh·uiJh· IIV·d. ••lfn~rU4t th, co~t of tlu• feeder hou.d a11d •t" S(l\111 w Y•' ltl. Th~> t•QO t Of ~ fi'O<Jor hi'UJJ fJI' f ton Of IJW fllll dly C'AAl!lll 1111 uvon {or what '' torrnet1 tho " ord mnry " IJV'ol • Oulu.d,.d Slau. Ar.id ()pen.-lbart/1 . -Auy ox•tl~' of irttn adrnJXPd •n 11IN•I exert" •l..,•lf WJ a l(rt·ut d••urun Uf""' tl&n 111ht·tm • Xo. 1. UJ.!JIIl.HtliJ \l•i)' Ill h.

MAT 18, 1917 And manf(anlliO addition.e juat. prior to lapping, and upon th$ aluru!u1u111 aft.er 14ppmg, forrrung p..ruclllll of " ala.p;." 11Jo author oon!Alnw thure ore two 10~ whereby •• oxtd ea • may t.e t.ak•·u and rr·t.u.mud m t.he •~1. vu.: ( I) That forrmng dunng m,.Jtma of thtJ charg~t and nr,c, aubauquontly removed : (2) that. tntroduCild by 6Ic-ivo or orrattc f-lmg of ore. In tho author'• opuuon the ar.t -nttal m acid open-hearth manufacture ahou1d be t.he one of oorrect and conat~t.ent. coo· dtt1t,,.,. at. the m t'lted etage. A charjlO going t.o boil by virtue of tho ox.ido formod durmg t.he m•·ltmg down •t•~e 111, t.o 14ly tho lllNt, not. conduc•ve t.o yielding a at.eel any thmg hka fn'>IJ of olticte. and alag inclu.aiooe. No matter what. au!Aequoot. method of deoXIdation be reeorted to, the author cont.und.e th~re 11 a great. danger of a llignifice.nt. ,.idual port1on. two important factore up to t.he " melt.ed" etage are : ( 1) Quit-k m,.Jun~r ; (2) 001 roct etat.e of ~ and bath al. mtltm~~:. The author haa found that a 2. 00 r " r o. ot• .Woon baail ,. a guod one t.o work t.o. By th.ia Ut m•.e,ot that. tbe whole charj/ 11 ehoulcl have an available !ilieoo conl ,.,• t of 2.00 per cent. Lll.ku11t the 1ilicon in the pig iroo, and DM~~mg the di1Jeronoo UfJ hy addmg lllag m with tlio charge. Efftr~ "' LimuiiJM. Acid 0M11·11Wrlh - The Ill-'\ or hrnl'· ton(J m tho Gl'ld O))"'n-hr·arth proee~~~ lA •m•· of th~> groat.eo-1. •mponunc·e. a.t a loo th~ ponod at. wh1ch add1t .,,._ ~h••u Ill oo madf<. A lugl,ly ewot'Oua alag low in Jo't•O may I><• .,e,.,..,.,,., ttu•ckly aft.er bo1lm,i. A elog of " fini11hing C4'mdJt•on • •• f"ru''"l ~.,., aftl·r thn clltlrJ(u haa gone t.o boil by oorrOI't. u WI chai"U(·J.-r t.owar

luc. Tit• rate of fall m carbon is more rogular and con.eilt!A'ul "1th IC•J rroct. N'l.il'tJon.. Loppinu• in lngo~.-Bottom- ol as t.o •· lap " badly, t.be chanooa aru much l(l&lll»t the UJguu. lllling. Chrome steels nod high ruhcon ateela (the latter up 1.e1 2.60 por ~nt. tnlicon) are almollt alwayiOJ•" t.o IUbJ&ct. thc~h· ~ t.o lappmJt m a more or 1088 de~ZJ'N'. fht' ap~nce of Jlta mgot. may ~ive eome idea. as to wheth£-r t he lappmg 11 gowj( t..o be a eeriou.11 defect. or not, but on tbe to.hole 1t JIJ a m&tter for furth"r mvetot•gation. The author 11 of tbe opmion lhut ADY c:w•ly or ~ht in a rolled o r forgod bar haa no relat&oOJ CclucJod flux('() runn•·r .,ricks. and that it IJI prh•·ut. 111 t h•' Jni!"IJt. 111 VllriOUll po llJOu,., !Jut prmc1pally from tho ak.Jn ,.,, ll df'pth of a few inchect. Cr(J("u w J,./]fJIA. A cid Open-1/wrth. -ThPra are two po~itiona in wh1ch crudu are cluefly oxpcrll'n<'N.i m m~tot.IJ : ( 1) (.'ro- ' 16Ctlonal ; (2) vert1cal, ond prmc1pally ut tbo coml'l'll oflllluurtt or octa~rona l ingot•. Around tho llubJoct th,•re r~M><~ tl1o l)()lflt of Cl\8ltn~. t.Noperature. M d wemm~ If~. The vat uo of pyromctry oa a ml'llrll of con trollull( furn.ae6 or cu.otwv temperoturo is wafortunu w•l) v•·ry mull w thu IIA'(·I mak~>r, and ho hn"' to bo guidud by bt oxperwnoo of the appr~r· nnl'o of the furnace, elng. and spoon lllltnpll:lll. In a oumoor of the workM V1011t<>d by tlto author tlw ac•tual ~d~~ timl:l ~·n little at • ond tht, r<·u.~tm for crockud mgote 1\8.8 •nvurutbly 1,1-en attributed t.o hoot. The onJy f'XOt.-pttoniJ to thm VII•" llli\ U ~JOl·n wbero spoed wta..~ t.horoujZhly CO(\.Ijidered. The qulllllton of and weig_ht. uf mgot. and woi.,rcht or !!tOOl t.o be ca~tt. o.ro all factors for conaid&tll· t1 on, M ot-o th6 WIO or and thu compositton of tho 1teel. :\[r. .J. FJ,.tr·hPr Aaitl the j)(~p~: r \\'a"' an exc~~dingly

,,,J

••z.e

uswful oue. Tho14e who \\ <•re. not th~h·es manu· far·turf'N, and had tO do with bought ingots, hiul occ-u..~icmally ,-~ry difficult. 111att<-rs to deal with. A point \\ hic·h appPal€'d partic·ula•·ly to him wali that brought o ut in thP 11Lag diagrum,. ~hown in the pap<'r. and it. appt>tlrcd to hi111 that. 1f tlw~ Wf're ~xarruru.·d closel y 111 thu light. of rnoUf'J'II IUJowledge of Hlag'l a gr1•at.dN1I could be• l<•arut. fro111 tlwm. :\lr. Kilby had dN\lt \\ 1t h nl&..l tc•l"!'l whic~h IJB hup<•d the HU't'l makl-'r woultl tukc· ~wio~.mly int11 c·lmMd<:ratJOn. On tlw o.dc.Jitiou of liine to the Hlng tl1f'H• \\118 an opportwuty of reducing the amowtt o f F h 0 , and at th~ Hame tuno making a ttlight B ferr•·ll to I" ~Ir. Kllby a p1warc•d t.o be well edlab· l i<~lted. 'fhut had a grNlt ch·al to do with the elimina· tion o f ~tlag pa •·t.i cl~~ in the RtPI'I. The matters dealt with in tho pap•·r had long ago rf'ceived attention in . l>r. \V. H . IIatfield c·omplimPnted the author on having madr~ a uotabl11 addition to the subjf'ct of 'lt.N·l 1ngot defects. ~tE>f'l make~ woulcl agrc-o \Hth tho bulk o f what ~{r. Kilby had writt<•u. He•, lao\\ · t-vo r ,_ aptp~ared to _,I•a ,•(e , o:e rloohik_odh hthe(D paHpt•t·"' pu 1[)1IH w< m I unu 11!l >~ w1t 1l w c fl r. a · fif'ld) was asiociau·d, and which c.ltRc~.;od the act.Hm of <~ lng upcm awel. JJ~t~·ing that inH·-;ttgatioll it wa" brought out very cleal'ly, and thr• fu.ct had ~tine·•· bren c·oufirrnecl, that if it worr• H'l'illiiU•cl that the Hlo.g uf Htt-1-'1 rruult- in th(· acid furnar·<· c·o""•.,l••d uf Sil icate~>~ bf iron. U"~ tllh carb(Jn reduced tlu• irtm uud ,.,•nt up the 'lihc·a couleut, a point of equilib1 111111 wu; rt>achc>d, and that, with fw-th~>r reduction of tlw irou conl<'nt, the ~tilita in tlw slag wa"' ac·tually Hpht up and tho Ri licon w&ut. bar·k into the· ~tr·t• l. 'J'Iw diugnun.-1 ttivr•n in the pap<·r would br· nwr1· valuable~ 1f tilt' uutlwr could Mhow tilt' tnfttwnc·f• llf tlu: add1t.ion of a fa1rly large qua.nt.it) tof lime ou tlw ciWIILil·td rt•1u·tiou takmg place be twet•JI thf' !-!lag and tlw Kt PPI. ft -.ce1rwd obvious that tlw addition of a large• quuutity o f lime would mov(• tlw pf'rcen tago p(Jm t at. '' Itit"! 1 t h~; .,j lic·on went back i 11 t" t ilr· "t or• I. )Jr. E. JI. Saraih·r, rc•ff'rring to what Mr. Fh·tc·lwr ~icl o.~ to d~>ft•l't-i iu it~got-1 deli\'l•rNI at the forga, Htlltl it wu-; not nr•1·c·o.;-mrv to as'iUJnl• t hu.t. the~o c.lt-f~>t·t o.; wc•n• m.udt' 111 ca;ting, ao.; it waR ve1·y eu"'y for the111 ~o h" dc·w·lorwd at n 'lub"'NJnent -.tag~' uf tfNLlml'nt ut lwat 1111( up o.t tlw ftJI"J(I• CH' ()I h1•1"' .-.~•. :\lr. 0. U . Hi(hdale tmid that "lwn limo wa"' added

1

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EXTRACTION

PLANT FOR VEGETABLE OILS

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ENG I N EER

Rtnt<'d in the im·oice, beyond certain pre~cribed limits of c•rror. Offic·ial agricultural nnalyRts and l'amplerl'l arf' appointed to assist in the nclnunistration of the Act. and the B oard of Agri<·ulturo is empowered to mnko regulations for t.h o purpoAo of carrying the Ac-t into Clxecution. It is generally ngr<>ed, h owever, that , with f<'w exceptions, the county and borough authorit ic>~.; c·oncernod have practically ignored it, and beyoncl appointing officials a!-l required by the Act ha,·e given thc-m little or nothing to do, so that offending trader" arc- rar<'ly brought to justice. Ff'etl inq Stuffs.-Among the principal artlficially pr<'por(>d feeding stuffs for cattle and sheep may bo nwntioned cotton cake and m<>al, which are very rich in nltmrrunoid.s, as aro also cako and meal from th<> ground nutandChineReAoya bean,and lins<'edand rapo c·a.ke, prflpare d from the marc or rC'fUFe from cruRhing for o il. Othflr industrieR providCI foocl matE~rinl, R11ch a-. brc>"'N'I'I' g:rainR, molt dw s.

ncJCl being present is the prime rc•a on "hy veg£'tahle 01IR aro not in favotu- lU4 lubJ'I <'nnt<~. J n addition to the remo.,al of muc·ilage. of colotu mg mattor, and o f free fatty acid, oi l r(\fining frequently inchad<>R a fourth clas'i of opPration. On a cold clay c<'rtnin qualities o f olivo oil "ill be noticed to throw clown a Oocculent whitiHh dc•poHit. Cotton seed and otlwr oiiR likewise become cloudy when the temperatu.rCI falls. This deposit is " Atearine ·• or " rnargarint>," M it is frequently and ROmewhat unfortunately called- and its removal is desirable in c<>rtain • C'lrcumRtances, notably so if the oil is to be u.,NJ for • burning, lubricating or edible> purposes. The " stearino " itself is a. valuable substance when isolated, and is made URO o f in the manufacture of c·nn clles, margarine, margarine ch<>eRt> ancl lard Aubstit..ut<'. The proc('sses employed in oil rc.>tining arc cithor m('chanical or chemical or a combination of both. Thus mucilage i remov<'d rn<>chanically. Bleaching is 111 gc•ueral t>ffected C'hemiC'ally, but is frequently arc·ompll->lwcl b~· what IS r<'all.' a mechanical proces"'. l<'n•(• fatt •\' acids ar<' rerncnc•cl by a chemical r<>aC'tiou . • THE PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY· " DP-margarination " •., mo"t frt>quentl)· f'fft>C'tPcl h) MBNT OF VEGETABLE OILS. ph' .;•ea I prCJC'E' !-lt.>-;. '\o XIII •.

I

OIL HE1'1.XI.:\G.

now corn<> to a section of OUJ' Hubject concerruH,g whic·h a g~'<~at. deal of secr<>cy is commonly excrcitwd. Od r<>fining is usually carried out in wori !·Wparate from the mills produciug tht> oil. It ma~, in f~;wt, b e propel'ly rPgard('(l a~ con&t it uting an indw~try b) itself. I t. I'Pquin•H the pOt>He sion of a conoiderable knowledge of cherru&tr), for each oil in gPneral has t o be treated in a special maru1er. 'fho refining may be carried out to \'al"}'ing degrees of c·ompleteness. According to its d egree, so does tho C'nhanced price obtained for the oil vary. As a rottgh guide, however, it may be said that refining I " 'f:

MAY 25, 1917 wards until they meet the of the plateR. Tho fares o f the> platC'~, a<J flhown in Fi~. 62, are formed with vertical woo,·es connected by short horizontal groove'l, RO that tho oil filterin~ through the c loths may triC'kJo d ownward s into a guttE'J' formed along the plate juRt above the lo w<>r raisNI c>dge. From this it ill conclnctc-d through throe hole~ into a central a~o wa) .J, Fig. 63, and so through c·ock~> K, Fig. 61, into a collecting trough. Instead o f ing the two clothR Jor each plate by a ring o f cloth, the cloths may be enti rely ~-;c>paratP. The central holeR in the cloth'> arc the n nipped to thf> Nlge of the feed hole in tho plate by means of a (')If) c.>ither of a screw o r bayonet-fastening type. Y <>t another alternative m<'thod, ono finding considerable> favour, is to fonn tho raised edges of the p late'! a"' n. separate frame having lu~, like those on the plat<>'l. for th<>ir indep<>nclont on tht> two h orizon tn.l

I'HELDIIX \RY HEFlX11\G JX THE OIL )[JLL.

A c·1•rtuin amount of prc•lirrunal"}' refinin~ iH c·cmunonh• conducted on the• oi l before it leav<>" Ow oil mill. This refining aimH onl.\ at the removal of tlw lllliCilage, &c., in tho oil. Formerly, it was coHductcd s imply by storing the oil for prolonged pc•r1ods, sometimes E'XtC'nclin~ to years, in btoragC> tanks, wherein the forc•ign rrultter gradually ft-ll to tlw bottom, leaving tlw c·lc·ar oil on top. )[odern prac•ticE' now make>i use• of filtc•r· presses, and so w•n grc>at l) t-conorruse~ both tJrnc· and Apace. Fi f.Tf:R l'RE • . ES.

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bars. This dehign of prc >t'i is that actually Hhown in Fig. 61. The feed h ole:-., a ... indicated at. L in Fig. 63, arf' in this form placed near the upper edge of the plates, and are continued through the loose frame•-. :\1. A hole N conduct'i the• oi l from the ft>ed pa. !'!age> into the chambers between llw plates. The cloths are placc>d b etween the IcoHe frn11W<~ and the plates. I n thiH wa.) the edges of tlw plu.t<>s and the feed h o le!i aJC~ sealed simultaneow;l,) "h<>n the press i~:~ !-lCrC>wed ur. Thif! design ha certaiu ach'antagcs when it i~-; d<>->ir<>d to remove in one p i<>c<> the cake left on the c lothH. The method ado pted fo1· c losing the press plateH also varies a good dC'al. Thw; it may, in addition to the manner sho\nt m Fig. 0 1, b e effected by mc>anR o f a central scre" or a compre, ed air cylinder, or a h,\ draulic ram. In conuN·t ion with the> fPt·dmg o f the pre s with crude oil con~>idt> rablt> attention has to be de,·oted t o th<> fac·t that the filtration toward'i

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PRESS PLATE

Fls. 61- FILTER

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increast>s the value from, ba.), £5 per ton, a~:J in the cas~ c,f rapt> oil, to anything up to £ I 0, as in the case of C'Ot ton ~.eed oi I. A p<>rft"ctly pure oil iH a d<>fiuite chemical body. Jt Jnll,\ hE' regarded as being fo1·mcd b y the union of a molt>c·ulo of glycerine with a molecule of fatty acid aC'companied by the withdrawal of a molecnle of wtttN·. The glycerine is definitc•ly constant frolll oil to oil. The fatty acid varies from oil to oil, and b.' its variation gives the oil its characteristics. All piU'(' oilA, such as we are for the moment considering. an• probably identical, in so far as they are colourleHs, oclouri(•Rs, and tas teless. Crud<J oils differ from purE' oih; 10 three principal resp<>cts. In the first plaN•, th<>) may be coloured. Th<' c·olouring matter iH dc•J·iv<>d either from the fteshy p o1·t ion of the seed frolll "hic·h the oil is recovered or from the hURk of the seed, if thiH is crushed along with t.he ftes h y portio n. HPcondly, crude oils contain vegetable fibrous mat.t or or· mucilage or other fore ign bodies crushed out of tht.> HePch~ along with the oil. Such mucilage is simply snHpended mechanically in the oil. Thirdly, they m.a~ c·ontain free fatty acid and free glycerine, caused b~ hOIOI-' portion of the oil absorbing water and splitting up. This splitting up proct>ss or hydrolysis, as it ill c·nllt>d, iH frequently caURPd b,\ careless or cruel<• nwthocls of manufacture, as in the case> of palm oil. Ev('n, however, with the moHt c·aJ'E'ful manufacttu-e. Hom<• fatty acid is nearly ce1-tain to be present in the crude oil, the reason !wing, apparently, the• h) d•·olyRiA of the oil by natw·al proeesseR in the se<Jd itself before it is cruHhed pot-.l'llbly <·ven before it ill gatherPd. The presence of fr<'(' glyc<.•ri1te in an oil ill rnrPI,\ objectionable, for it is colOlU'lt>ss, tasteless and odcmrl<>ss and stable. The p1·c•scnce of free fatty ac·1d IH nc•arl) a lways obje<-tionablf>, for to such may tHmally bE' attributed the· characteristic taste and • t-.mPll of an oil, while> in addition, its dc.>comp osition turnH tlw fat or o il rancid. Tlw possibility of Much • l'lo. XII. a ppeared M11y HH b

OIL- MANLOVE,

ALLJOTT

effectin g the t~epa.ration of Holids from liquidl3. It iR mad£\ in several modifications, but always follow:-. the principle o f forcing the lictuid t o b e filtered throug h a layer o f c loth, swansdown or twill. A filte r press suitable for use in an oil mill is illustrated in Fig. 61. It consist s pl'irnarily of a series of cast iron plates fol'm N I with a lug at t.>nch sido, which lugs s upport the plates on a pair· of steel rods- usually circulart'xtcnding bt-tween the two 6xcd ends or pedestals of the pr<>ss. In tlw form of plate s h own in Fig. 62 an edge is rai ed up all round the periphe ry of each fne<• , HO that when two plates are brought together the dished centres form a chamber between tht>m . Through the centre of each plate a circular feed holf' il'l formc>d for the oil. The method o f working will, perhn.ps, be understood with the help o f the sket ch. Fig. 63. F or each plate thcr£' are provided t.wo liltel'ing <·loths A B formed with central holes and tmitecl 1·ound the edges of these holes by means of a AhOI't. cylinder or ring of c·loth C. The cloth A can r<'adil,\' be I'Olled up, s lipped thro ugh the central h o le iu the plate and spread out. flat on the other sid e. The two cloths to facilitate the assembly of the plate-> are then held at their upp(' r edges b y meana of clip'! D pa<;~ing on to a rib formed ac·rosR the top o f tht.> plat<'. Whe n all the> plat ('~, thu"' c·lothed, ha,·e b PC>n nss<·mbled in the fram<J\\ ork o f the prt>ss, th<> pinion B, Fig. 6 I , is rotate(L b.) m<>a11s o f a tonmt~ - btu· ins<>rtcd in holes round its flange. ThiH pinion engag('S with a rack E>xtonding fwm t}w s liding hc•ad F, HO that the action rc-s ult1-1 in t-h<• pr<>H"' plate~ and their clothll be ing closed up together·. The final closw·e o f the plate~:~ is e ffected by t u r·ning d0\\' 1\ the half -covers 0 and scre" ing up thP hand whe<'ls H b~ means o f lc,·er~->. The chambers be twE>en the plutt•s are thw; sealcd b~ nipping the cloth H btltwet>n the raised edges. Cruel(' oil is now pumped into the press at the right-hand <'nd, and Bowing throu~h tlw C£'ntral feed h o les fills all t}.e chambers beh\'<'Pn the plates. Und<>r th<' p1 <'
SwAoll

Pie. 63

TWO FORMS OF FILTER

se.

PLATES

thP Pnd of tlw o pPration bf'c·omc>s s lowt>r, HO that 1\ lpo.;.,t-ned feed is requirf'd. Tf the press i., fed by nwan'i of a b elt.-dri,·en pump, a rPiief ,·ah·e should be pro, •idC'd on tlw f<>E'd pipf', .,o that with the pump running uniformly some of the fe<>d may be by-ed when t..h<' speed of filtration fall ~ ofT. A steam-driven pwnp can be itself regulated to s uit this r<>quirement, and the re fore doe~:~ uot requi1·<' th<> provision of a relief valve. A better method than either see m~ to b(• the adoption of a fo1·cing 1·am wo•·ked h) co rnpl'(''i~<'d air. The flow in thJs cu"lc• ~~ l'ltatecl t() h(• E'ntireh ~;el f -adjusting. As u:-.uall) ~uppl u•d th(•,(• filtt>r preo.;~P'! ma~ have> an~ thing from si}l. to 4:; c·hnmbc•n;. the di~awnMon.; o f the plates nll'~ ing frolll J:lin. to 40in. :-.quare>. The tlUC'k ne~;s of tht> cakP~ l<>ft in the m iH frm•t an inc·h to I Jin . LittlP <·an lw Slllllll'i to tlae outpnt, f
lf1AJ 25, 1917

T il E

EN G I NE ER

I to 1ts prevtoUR treatment, and whether or not it is A

var~es from_ oil to oil, and with the one oil, according is treated so as to separate the bulk of the oil from it. fil~ered hot or col~. As a guide, h owe\·er, it may be sa.t_d that a pre ~ ~th twenty-fo~ chambers and plates 25m. square--gtvmg a total filter~ng area. of 208 square fE't>t:-may be exp ected to filter ~n 24_hour, 140 c"~t. of linseed, cocoanut, or freRh ohve 011; lOO cwt. of

common method of effecting this separation i.'i by the employment of a. " centrifugal " s uch as is shown in Fig. G5. This machine consists of a cast iron casing enclosing a. basket of tinned s teel wire with a pressed s teel top ring and bottom. The ba~ket is mounted on a Yerti<-al s haft ed at

•

Pig. 6i -WASIDNG MACIDNE FOR

crude cotton oil; 70 C\'01, of crude rape or stale olh•e oil. or 16 cwt. of castor oil. The length of time for which the prel!iS will work without being opened for cleaning also depends upon the nature of the oil being filtered. In the case of linseed oil the press may be run continuously for about a week. I t would then b e allowed to s tand with the pressure u•moved from it for, say, three hours, at the end of which time it would be opened up and the cakes formed in the chambers removed. Thereafter it is readv for a further run. •

FILTER CLOTBS- MA NLOVE,

ALLIOTT

the top and bottom on 1.1bll bearingH, and driven through friction cones from a horizontal cro s-shaft. The peripht>ral speed of the baqket is usually about 9000ft. per minute. The slurry is placed ·within it, and in a very s hort time the bulk of the oil is driven off out of the baskc>t. This oil may be mixed with

FILTER CLOTH WASHING MACHINE.

Occasionally, and particularly when the production of edible oi ls iR in question, it iR desirable to remove the press filtN· cloths and ·wash them. A washing machine for this purpose is illustrated in Fig. 64. l n this machine the cloths are treated in a hot dilute . olution of caustic soda which, combining with the oil, produces soap and so cleanses the cloths from mucilage and dirt. The machine has an outer casing of ga.lvarused steel fixed to two cast iron ends. The internal rotary was hing compartment is constructed of hard-rolled braqs plates perforated from the inside in a special me.nne1· so as to avoid the creation of burrs. Five lifters or rubbers are provided inside the drum, while in the larger sized machines such as that illustrated there is a central partition. The outer casing and the inner drum are both provided with segmental doors sliding in brass guides. Handturning gear is p1·ovided for bringing the two sets of doors into alignment for loading and unloading purposes. The Ahaft carry ing the washin g compartment es through glands in the cast iron ends of the caRing, and is Rupported externally in adjustable roller bearing11. It is driven t.hrough a silent rocker chain from a !ihaft at the back of t he machine. This shaft carrie.q two looRe ptLlleys for crossed and open belts, and a fix ed belt pldley. A worm and a. worm wheel gear is proviclt>d automatically to move each belt alternately on to the fixed central pulley, so that the direction of rot.a.tion of the wa~hing compart ment may, d'uring a run, be reverst-d at regular interYals. • team and hot and cold watt>r val vt>~ are arranged on the caRing in order that tht> cloths may be wa hed , boiled, and rinsed. A full bort> waste outlet is also provided . After tht> cloths have been removed from the machint> the~ are placed in a centrifugal Fa,. ~CENTRIPUOAL EXTRACTOR FOR "FOOTS." hydro-extractor, which removes the bulk of the water. Thereafter they may be thoroughly dried, if thought nece!'l~ry, in a stRam-heat<'d hot -air rotary drying that t>xtraclNl in the u.'luul way or sold separately. The r<•sidue in the baskt>t i>; found to contain about machine. the sarn€1 pf'rcentagt> of oil a-.; dot>s the original st>ed THE TREAnJE);'T OF " FOOT ." before prt>ssing. It is th<'r<'fore returned to thE' mE'al I n all oil mills, whether tht> presses in use are of kettle and worked back to the pre.s with the fr<'Hh the Anglo-Aroerican or the cage type, a considerable mt>al. amount of meal sahu·ated with oil escapes from the press and accumulates in the tanks in which the presses stand. the oil dis hes, and 80 on. This material is kno"-n as " foots ," and to avoid waste

•

463

-

INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. AT the meeting of the In~titution in London Jaqt Friday, a paper entitled " Notes on the Construction of Turbine Pumps," by :\1r. A. E. L. Chorlton, of Lincoln, 'va.c; read and discussed. The first portion of it is reprinted in this issue. After reading it, Mr. Cborlton remarked that the efficiency of the turbine pump waq still less than that of the water turbine, but that it was gradually driving out of existence all other rival forms of pump. The greatest enemy it possessed was prejudice. H e thought that the perfortll.6nce of turbine pumps might, with great advantage, be made the subject of research, for if by research the efficiency of such pumps could be raised, say, by 3 to 8 per cent., the total saving, translated into term~ of money, would be very considerable indeed. The President, Mr. Mich~l L ongridge, in opening the cliscus'lion, remarked that the paper was of a type of which he desired to see many more embodied in the " Proceedings," namely , one describing the O\'ercoming of practical difficulties. I t formed a \'ery fitting supplement to Dr. Unwin's classical paper· on the centrifugal pump, read before the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1877. 1\fr. Chorlton's paper wa'~ also a warning to young engineers coming s traight from college, that all practical problems could not be solved by mathematics. He regretted that the author had chosen to illustrate his paper with cliagrams rather t han with drawings. Possibly, trade c;ecrecy had something to do with this, but be sincerely Moped that the time would soon come when manufa cturers would cease to practise secrecy to the extent. now followed. Ho fel t convinced that British engineers would distinctly benefit by giving freer publicity to their ideas and practice. In his reply later, Mr. Chorlton associated himself with Mr·. Longridge's ploa for less secrecy, and stated that diagrams had b oen given rather th.e.n drawings simply because they were more easily prepared under present circumstances. Professor E. G. Coker questioned the author regarding the laying down of the tangent s for the throat of the guide age, illustrated in F ig. 5. H E' desired infonna.tion as to how the point from which t he tangents were drawn was selected. Mr. Ch orlton intimated that the sketch in question wM a poor one, and that he was not positive it was correct. P1·ofesc;or Coker a lso aqked the author if he could gi,·c the efficiencies of recent designs of turbine pumps at different powers and under different heads. B y way of reply, ~Ir. Chorlton ~aid that some of his audienct'l might bt> able to give the required figures more readily than he could, but that a 500-gallon per minute turbine pump might be expected to show an efficiency of about 76 per cent. A similar sized water turbine would have an efficiency of from 80 to 84 per cent. The diRcrepancy was sometimes explained by saying that t he turbine pump ran with a divergent Bow and c•·eated eddies, while the water turbine ran with a convergent flow and suppressed eddies. He did not quite agree that this was a sound explanation, and would not accopt it as a reason for believing that it ·was impossible to bring the efficiency of t he turbinfl pump up to equality with that of t h e water turbine. Mr. T. G. Sherwell agreed with the author that. rt>search work in connection with turbine pumpR would be profitable. Manufacturers for the moment. could not spend any time on such work, but there was great r oom for independent research. Efficiencies as high as 85 per cent. had been obtained with turbine pumps, a nd, in his opinion, an efficiency of even 90 per cent. could be secured. D ealing with the question of the " ring " ver8U8 the " cylindrical " type of casing for turbine pumps, he said that in his view too much had been ma.de of the difference. In hi~ ('xperionce he found them equaiJy good and had had no trouble with either. Mr. Munro asked the author for information as to how long the initial efficiency of a turbine or centrifugal pwnp was maintained. In a reciprocating pump it was, he believed, maintained indefinitely, but in a centrifugal type of pump the tips of the impeller would wear or corrode away as in dealing with acid water- and 8 0 lower the efficiency. ]\'lr. Chorlt on , in his reply, a dmitted that this wa.'i an important point. in connection. with wa.tenvorks practice, but did not. give any figures a.q to the probable duration of th<> initial efficiency of n turbine pump. H e said that it was n ot now cllf!toma.ry to pump gritty waters such as formerly wore handled. Modern practice t-ended towat'd.'i the inRtallation of a settling plant through which the water was ed before being led to tlw pump. The genflral practice as regards the avoidance of wear which he.1,dvocated in connection with thf' d<.•!-!ign of t urbine "l5umps, was the increasing of thl' stiffncs~ of the imp(11ler shaft. This permitted fin<> cleara.ncc:i to be givon between the impeller and the ca<~ing interior. Tho finer thE> clearances, tht> les~ would be t ho flO \\ of \\at er through them, and con'~equ('ntly the less would be the wear. It waR only uec<'ssUJ'Y to glanct> at tht> development of the . team t urbin(' to se<~ th<~ irnpoMan<'e n ow attarhed to shaft stJ·rr nc>s-1. • )Jr. Pel'(•y Oriffith, speaking from the water• Wt' do not •1nlte follow .Mr. Chorltoo lo this nraument. 'l'lw rP • hM u' mu r h to do with the "ear ll~ tllf'ir omuunt Ell Tn£• ~;

•

THE ENG I NEE R

486 r

nion-Cnstle boat - was torp<' dit f'r­ ra.nea.n on t ht> 26th. AlthO\Jgh t.h<' \'t"R~t'l wM torpedoc:d hdcc within an hour all( I t\-hal f. all the patients, Rtaff. and cr t>w on boarrl wer<' Raved. with the exception of six of t hP latter. On t.ht> sam<' dat (• it wa al o inti matt>d tha.t the armed mt>rcantile t·ruist-r Hila.ry- a. B ooth tt>a.mslup Compa.n~··s ,·el'lsPI - had beE>n torpedoed a.nd sunk in the X orth ea, "ith the loss of four live$. and that a. B rilisn torpedoboat destroyt>r had been in collision, a.nd h t\cl Aunk wit hout lo.. of life or otht>r casualties.

The Civil A erial Transport Com mittee. I.

thE' H ous<' of Commons on April 26th, during thE" Air Board dt>ba.te, th<' Pa.rliamt?ntar~· errete.ry to the Boerd, :.\la.jor Ba.ird, it; will he reca.lled, indicated that the novernment deemed it E:-xpeclient that s tep should now be taken t owards thE" s tudy of civil aerial t ransport after t-he war. On :\lay 23rd , the composition of the Committee to which tht> duty of inves tigating the matter will bP ent l"\lSted was announced b~r 'Major Ba.ir< l. Tht> Committee will be uncl<'r the C'ha.irmanship of L ord N orthcliffe, with Major Baird al'l deputy-chairman. The hip iz; in ever y way thoroughly reprPsenta.tive of all the interests concerned'\n the question. The Treasury, t he F oreign-office, the Navy, the Army, the B oard of Trade, the B oard of Customs, the Postoffice, the Colonial-office, the India-office, t he i\Jeteorologica.l-office, and, of COtiJ'l'!e, the Air Board itself, will be represen ted . The Dominion of X ew Zealand, the Union of outh Africa., a.nd, it is hoped, 1.ht> D ominions of Canada. a.nd Australia., will a.lso have representatives on the Committee. On the scientific a.nd manufacturing sides the Committee is particularly st-rong. I n this connection we may note among it~ memb ers the names of Mr. A. E. B erriman., Mr. C. B. Cockburn, and l\Ir. G. Holt-Thoma~. of t-he Aircraft 1\-fa.nufa.cttll'ing Company, Limited ; :\lr. Cle.ude J ohnson, of the R olJs-Royce Comp any; Mr. 1<'. \V. La.nchester, Lit>utena.nt-Colonel O'Gorma.n. )fr. J . . 'iddeley, l\'lr. T. Sopwit.h, lVIr. H. G. Well!=~, and Mr. H. White Smith, Chairman of the Societ.v • of British Aircraft Constructors. The Committee is to report with rE:-ga.rd to ( I ) the steps which should be taken with a. view to the development a.nd regulat.ion, after the wa.r, of aviat ion for civil and commercial purpo es, from a. domestic, a n Imperial, and a.n international standpoint, a.nd (2) t.he extent to which it will b e po. sible to utilise for t he above purpoRe the trained personnel a.ncl t he aircraft which the conclw ion of peace ma.y leave over and abo\'e the requirements of the Kava.l a.nd l\'lilita.ry .rur Service~ of t he L'nited Kingdom a.nd Overseas Dominions. A similar Commjttee, it may be added, has bt>en set np by the French i\Iinistr~' of Commf:'rce . 1

J CNE

THE PRODUCTION A.ND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- bottom, while the oil ri.-;es as a. clear liquid to tho top.

The clear oil is then drawn off for f\lrthE>r treatmt~nt. The re-sidut~ a.t. the foot of t-he kettle, containing as it does a rPrta.in amount of neutral oil be id£>. the soda., &c., is remo,·ed sE:-para.t<'l~·. a.nd is sold to the oap maker a'!" soap stork.'' To facilitate the 8c ttlin~ out of the soap, &C'., from thp oil, salt is sometime thrown into the kettle-, for Roda ~oap is insoluble in salt water. 'T'hE' dear oil ha'i next to be wa. hed with water to rE>move all traces from it of the soda.. 'fhEirea.fter it is t rented in a. vacuum . till to drive off a.ny volatill." fatty acids which may li nger in it, as well as the la:.t t.race!'l of moisture left in it by the wa rung procefll.:. A vacuum st.ill i.<J used in order that the volatile acid'4 a.nd the moisture may be d riven off a.t a. tempera.tnrC' below that which " ·ill clelet£>riou
MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. No.

xna.

addition to the p•·eliJuinnry ow pt~oration tJf Jnerht\ni- I c·a l impurities carried out as mentioned in our prececl ing article, the refining of oil compl'ise. the rpmoval of free fatty acids and of bleaching to get rid of the c·olow·ing matter. Broadly, it ma~· be said that the removal of the fr·ee fatty acids is necessary if thE' oil is to bP used for edible pw·poses, and that bleaching is desimble if it. is to be Ullt>d for the manufa<·h1rC' of paints or ,·arnishes. fN

RE~!OVAL

OF FREE FATTY ACIVS.

B y removing the free fatty acids from the crude oil, the oil is deprived of the elements ,.,_,hich give it its che.•·aC'teri t ic odour and taste, and wluch rendt>r it liable to decomposition. At the Hame time its colour will probably be improved. fot· the free fatty acids a.re e. cause of discoloration in addition to the colouring matter absorbed by the oil. dw·ing its extraction, from t he husks of the seed!$. The sta.n da.rd method of removing Lhe fatty acids is to t reat the cwde oil with caustic soda. solut.ion , carPfully regulated in strength and amount,

BLEACHIXC.

I

Tht> oiJ may or may not now have to be bleacht>d. If it is to be used for edible purpo. es, it is desirable that it should be bleached by means of ftlller's-ea.rth, or such-like absorbent material. For othet· purposeR, chemicals liberating chlorine Ot' oxygen may be w E>d . Treatment with fuller's-earth , animal charcoal, &C'., not only helps to bleach the oil; it also assists in oeoclorising it. The prorN!S consiRts in thoronghly

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Refractory Materials.

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ADDITIONAL evidence ha.s been ftll'nishecl during the month tha.t questions cqnnected with the supply of refractor y ma.terie.ls are receiving serious consideration, a.nd t he progra.mme of wor k which is nbout to be undertaken encourages the hope that not only will it be po sib le to provide the ra.w materials of the refractory ma.terie.ls industry from home or Empire sources of s upply, but that the re. ea.rch wor k which is about to be undertaken will Jea.d to an important technical advance in ma.nufa.C't uring methods and in the quali ty of the product. At the meeting of the Iron and Steel In. titute l\Ir. Co m o J ohns presen ted a. paper in which he set forth the specia l requirements of t he iron and steel t rades for refractories, a.nd at the meeting of the Ceramic Society at Stourbridge the . ubject was again discussed. I t is clear t hat t he pioneer work clone by the Faraday • ociety is bearing fruit, and t.ha.t the attempt now in progress to make Brit is h indu try self-ing with regar d to s upplies of refractories will find all clas e. intere. tf:'d- ma.nufa.cturerz;, s, and research wor kers-in clo. e co operation. The Geological \ IJ'vt>y ha. tmder ta.ken the t a. k of compiling da.ta. a.s to home d epo~it s of ra.w materials, including their p etrological and mineralogical cha.racteril'ltics, and their chemical and phy. ica.l prop erties, and it is hoped that the sa.me valuable wor k wit-h regard to Empire s upplies v•ill be undertaken by the I mperial I nstitute. A practical s uggestion which arose out of t he discussion at tourbridge is that t h e co-ordination of rel'learch work s hall be secured by placing it under the cont.rol of the Central School of Science a nd T echooJogy at Stoke-on-Trent, where a. good dea.l of work has a.lrea.dy b een carried out, a.nd establishing ot.her research centres for special branches of inve· tiga.tion a.t Sheffield , Glasgow, outh W ales, B irmingham, a.nd in London, where attention is being given t o the s u bject a.t the I mperial College of Science and the National P hvs ical LaboratorY.

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1

•

1, 1917

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Fig. 66-COTTON SEED

OIL

R EPINERY- MAHLOVE,

and at a carefully regulated temperature. 'fhe soda solu tion combine with t h e free acids to. form a soap, but is not ufficient in a.mow1t to go farther· and saponify a.ny material amount of the neutral cil. It is h ere to be noted that more caustic soda has to be added to the oil than is theoretically necessary to neutrali. e t.h e p ercentage of free acid revealed by analysis in t h e crude oil. The surplus soda. does not, however, attack the n eutral oil unless of course it is permitted to be present in an altogether exces i,·e a.mount. The reason both for t he procedw·e and of t h e res ult lies in the fact tha.t the action between a. given amount of caustic soda. and e. given amount of oil will cease at a point, short of completion, at which a. state of equilibrium is e ta.blished between the amount of soap formed and the amount o£ oil and of caustic soda still left uncombined. The point in questicn is influenced by the temperature at which the reaction is con ducted. On the ne ut ralisation of the free fa.tty acids being completed, there is thus left in the refining kettle a. mixture con sisting of soap, acid-free oil a nd caus tic . oda in solution. This mixture i allowed to stand for some h ours to permit the soa.p, soda. solution and a.n y mucilage or albuminous matter to ~i nk to the· • toto. Xl U. avoeared llay 2..>1h

S e.

ALLIOTT

stirring the dry a bsorbent powder into the oil when gently heated a.nd, after agitation for a. short time1 in ing the liquid through a. filter press s uch a.s we ha.ve described above. The earth or charcoal wit h the absorbed colouring matter is retained on the filter cloths, while the clear oil is drawn off. The filter press is usually arranged to permit steam to be blown through it after filtering is completed. In this wa.y the cakes are washed free from oil , so that on tht> press being opened the earth falls out as a powder. It ma.y surprise some to learn tha.t oils can be bleached in the above purely mechanical manner. The e:A-planation of the matter lies in the fact that the colouring substance in the original seed is, in genera.!, in the form of a. powder, and es a.s such into the oil. It ca.n therefore be. absorbed a.nd held back by the earth or charcoal. I t will b e n oticed that this method bleaches t he oil by t he direct removal of the colouring matter. A similar end is a chieved by t.he s ulphuric acid method , which is applied occa.::;ionally for blE-aching certain oils. The a.cicl dehydrates or chars the colouring matter and othor impurities, a.nd cause!" them to coagulate, so that t.hey may readily b e removed by filtration or sedjmente.tion . This treatment incidentally ecures t he t·emova l of a.ny moisture in the oil, by rei\MH1 of the t.trong

J t' Nl

487

THE ENGINEER

1, 1917

attraction for water possessed by sulphuric acid. As, washed with water to remove the caustic soda the production of the best edible oils two or thr<'e however, some acid may remain behind in the solution remaining in it. 'The water is distributed wa~hings may be required. bleached oil, the mt-thod is not uFmnll~· arloptPd if uniformly O\'Pr the• s urface of t.he oil, which, as before, If the oil is for edible purpoRes--sa.y for the manu· facture of margar ine or lard substitute - it will e ither be ed without. being blea.chec.l into the vacuum pan N or will be bleached by the full er's-earth method already referred to. Oils for other than edible purposes are ed from the washing tank into the bleaching tank B. H ere they a.rt> agitated in the usual way and are subjected to the t. action of hydrochloric acid delivered from the ea t iron tank E, and of bleaching powder solution drawn from the s late tank F. \\' hen bleaching i ~:~ completed, the charge is retw·ned to the tank H , wherein the bleaching ch emicals and t h e salts formed by them a.re wa!'lhed out of it. The procedure may be slightly varied by ing the oil direct from. the tank A into the bleaching tank. This a,,·oidH the first \'O'a!:lhing, but res ults in a ce1·ta.in amount of acid b eing wasted in t h e neutrali~~ation of thf\ cau.'ltir soda solution remaining in the oil. ThiR neutralisation it may, however, be noted, res ult~ in the production of sodium chloride, the presen<:e of which in the oil is by no means harmful, but frequently o r a.!!siste.nce. The oil drawn from the washing tank is n ow ed into the vacuum pan N- sbown separate ly in Fig. 67. H ere it is mocha.nicf\lly agitated and h eated under a vacuum, so as to drive off the mois ture and any free volatile fatty acids which may yet remain in it. The expelled product~'! are caughL in the con denser P . 1f the oil is an edible oil, a nd if it iH required in a bleached condition, some refiners combine the fuller' s-~arth treatmen t with the treatment of the oil in the vacuum pan. On leaving the pan. t he oi I is, in such a ea "'e>, pa <~sed through a filt e r prNc~. whPrefor the market. aft('lr it i-. rf>ad,· • <'OCOANUT OlL REFI:O."'NC.

A small r~?finery for cccoanut, palm kArnel a n r· press A to r emove muC'ilage, &c., and i~ t hence run into a storage tank B. F•·orn this it is pa-."!ed by j:{I'M ily into the refinin{Z tank C s ituated on thC' floor b<~low, Fie. 67- VACUUM PAN AND CONDENSER where it iP hcat<>d, agitated, and treated with caustic soda. solution from the tankR D in the u!'lual wa\' . • thP oil is to be Ufled for edible or lubricating purpoRt-H. is violently agitated b~ rMans of compresHed air jets. After settlin11, the mucilag(' and other re:~id ue iH Bleaching by mean!'! of <'hlorine or oxygen d oes not On allowing the C'hargt- to H£>ttlP, thP oil t'iHPH to tlw drawn off into the pitch-pint: tank E sitUI\.ted on th•) l-.ecure the rC'moval of the colouring matter. Thl" coloumtion is dcstroved by the oxidation of the • • F'l!t t:r Press colouring matter, but thiH, when oxidised, is allowerl to remain behind in the oil. The chemicals used are, in ~f>neral, such as to rC'nder the process unsuitable for application to the trC'atment of an edible oil. In moRt cases the oxygen or chlorine is generated by • rhE'TTtical r eaction within the oil itself. Thus bleaching by means of oxygen may be effc>cted by adding to tho Or11u• to SttJom tr11p nil manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid. • imilarly, chlorine may be generated by adding blenching • powder and hydrochloric a cid. In ono case man~anese sulphate, and in the other calcium chloride, is lt>ft behind in the oil, and has subsequently to b e removed by washing. Further, in both cases tho rPnction of the C'homiC'ala results in the formation of "ater. Many othPr methods of blPaching oils by means of c·hemiC'a.ls, or othcrwi:iC", nre practised or have been proposed. It iA not ne<>e<~Rary for us here> to ruscUAa thE"Se, for they belong more to the chemical than to the en,lrin«>ering aide of our subject. \Ye need only rt-mark that ono of thCI oldest and one of tho ,·cry lwst methods i8 b;r (•xpo<~ing the oil to the action of f>IUJ light and air. 'fhis proc·c>ss results in the natural oxidation of the colourin~ matter, and i'l exton11ivc>ly adopted in the NlS<' of linReed, poppy and walnut oils, as used by artists. It iA, of course, a very alow method. R ecently, tho bleaching of oils by mC"anR -~ -- ~ of ultra.-vioiC"t rayA has attract<'d aom~> nttC~ntion.

--~r

COT'TO~

)re{JmmJ,..Y Still

OIL HEFL"''DW.

1:; I

~·

The arrang<'m<>nt of a typical rPflncry for tre>ating rotton-l!('c>d ()il is reproducc•d in Fig. 66. Tho oil in thiA Cll'!O iH fJrAt h<>at<>tl by RtC'am in a mixing tank A until it rc>ach<>'l a. tC'mpPrature of about 140 deg. Fnh . Thereaft er Uw oil iK violf•ntly a,lritat<>d by meanA of H c·ompresqed air. th(' tc•mperaturC", mPanwhile, b<'ing kc>pt as Mar 140 d(•g. Fah. as poll~i ble>. During thP agitation cauRtic AOda Aolution from th<> tanka 0, D . l'i run into the mixing tank. As thiA Molution, being ht-a.vi(•r than the oil. tN1d11 to !-link to tl1Cl foot, c·ar<' i~o~ II<'<'Cill'Ulry if it ia to be bro ught prop<>rly into in timatc• c·ontact \\ith the oil. ThiH iH f!<'cured by di11tributing P1tt:lt Pmt: T11nk the aolution ovc-nly ov1·r th1• Kurfarc> of tho oil, e.mlln I • (,' I I the vigoro11>1 a~tation to ''hi(·h thf' C'ont<>nlH of thf' I \ 1 mixing tank arc- Hnbjf'd(•tl. \ Vhe>n it hns lwt•u I ' a"certained hy t<·Hting ~<Srnpll·~ that Huffkic-nt cauatic· I'Oda has bn a.dd<'cl to Of•utra.li~<> the acid rc•action of the oil, th<> chnr~c i~ allowf'cl to atan(l and Rl"tlln in th<> mixing tank. Tlw !oil ttling is u~ually suffici<'ntl~ c·omplcte> at the• e>JHI of nhout twt•lw· hours to permit the clear Auper-natant l>tl to bo drawn off and pBR'~('H iuto thf' wa'~hin~ tank JI. In '~O doing. wrat caro hnR Fir. 63 COCOA NUT OIL REPilfER Y MAJfLOVE, ALLIOTT to bo CX<'rl"iflcd that non<' of th~; r<'f cl top. Tlw \HI.ll'r· contuini.ug tbo 11odu. iu solutiun ~ruuu cl floor, \\ hilo the clc•ar oil is pa.s~d into the into thf' mucil&go tank 0. . In thP woqhing tank thl' oil ia gf'nth· hNtfNl ~nd ~
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488

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washed wit.h hot water from the tank G and iA. in addition, heated by m eans of a steam coil. The tank F, in fact, not only serves for washing the oil, but also acts a.s a preliminary still for driving oft a certain amount of the volatile free fatty a cids which yet may linger in the charge. By means of a rotary pump H, the charge in the tank F can be sent back to the refining tank 0, so a.s to be returned to the t.ank F for further washing and heating. The oil, previously treat-ed with fuller's·earth or not, as is thought desirable, is ed from the preliminary . till F through a. second filter press J , a.nd thence into a. finishing still or vacuum pa.n K of the design illustrated already in Fig. 67.

while the other iA under prec;surA. Special pro,· i~ion is mado to emHu·e that tho prc~;;u.re shall be applied very slowly. The refrigeratetl cakes a.ro pres. eel between steel plates. The. e arc sufficiently large to accommodate four cakes each. All the machines a.nd plant illustrated in this a.nd the preceding article represent the practice of Ma.nlove, Alliott and Co., Limited, Nottingham.

DEl\IARGARI NATION.

as wo ha,·e indicatt>d abo,·e, t h<> measures taken to assure the quality of food for Ct'Lttle a re, to a. large ex-tent, ineffective, those taken in respect of our own food are certainly more satisfactory, although the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts might., with a.dvan · tage, be m ore thoroughly istered in some parts of the country. The term " food" includes every article used for food or dl'ink by man, other· than drugs or water, a.nd any 1\rticle which ordinarily enters into, or is used in, the composition or pl'epa.ra.· tion of human food, a.nd also flavouring matter and condiments; the term "dmg" includes m eclicines for internal or external \L<;e. Public analysts are appointed to examine samples chiefly milk and dairy products-taken under the Act, a.nd proceedingR frequently follow both in the inter'ests of health and of the prevent.ion of fraud. Some may protest t.ha.t tht> work of the public a.naly::;t is not in the intet·ests of industry , but it mu.c;t be itted that the honest vendor is directly protected by the prosecution of t.hf' fraudulent, and it should be noted also that ma lY

g ..eat ly incrE'n.
•

SUGAR.

WHAT INDUSTRY OWES TO SCIBNCB. No. XIV.•

FOOD. \\'RILE,

Certain oilA, notably cotton·seed and olive, a.~ we have already remarked, tlwow down o, deposit of "st-earine" when the tempetatur·e fall s below a. certain point. Chemically, an oil is fom\ed by the union of a. fatty acid with glycerine a-ccompanied b y the withdrawal of a certain number of atoms which, taken tog€ther, constitute water. The body formed by such a. union is known a a glyceride. A glyceride is thus an oil, but no actual oil, so far· as we know, is formed of one a nd only one glyceride. Stearine is n glyce,·ide, being formed by the union of stearic acid with glycerine. Palmitine- pa.lmitic acid and glycerine is another. And there are many more, such as oleine, linoline, linolenine, and so on. These glycerides solidify a.t d.i.fferent temperatures. Thus, of tho e mentioned, stea.rine and palmitine may be a.id to have relatively high solidifying points, a.nd oleine, linoline and linolenine, relatively low solidifying points. Taking the particular ca1>e of cotton-seed oil, we find that this oil consists principally of a

1, 1917

Sugar is contsl.ined in the sap of many t rees, such as the date, palm, a.nd the maple, a.nd in nearly a.ll fruit s . The main sources, however, a re the snga.r-cane and the beet. The e:\.--tra.ction of sugar from cane is said to h.a.ve been practised in Bengal a.nd in China abo11t 800 a.c., a.nd existing records indicate that the Egyp· tia.ns, Arabs, a.nd Persians were acquaint ed with cane sugar over 1100 years ago. The cane iR now cuJti. va.ted in the 'Vest and Ea.st IndiPR, in the Southern States, a.nd in South America. In the old method 6f manipulation the cane, which contains up to 18 per cent. of its weight in sugar, was crushed between rollers, the expres ed juiee treated with milk of lime to neutralise acidity , filtered and evaporated to obtain the crystals. The solid was separated by drainage in perforated casks, a.nd the mother liquor- which contains various substances which prevent complete crystallisation-appeared on the market as treacle or molasses, or wa.s fermented to make rum. With modern mechanical a.nd chemical developments the industry h~s been brought to a. state of great efficiency. The introduction of evapo· rating pans and similar plant has effected matked economy in fuel ; the crystals are separated by centrifuges, resulting in great saving of time, a.nd a leaf h.a.s been taken from the book of the beet sugar manufacturers by the employment of a diffusion process to replace the cru."'h.ing. The cane is shredded and soaked in water, the sugar diffusing through the cell walls of the cane into the water·, a.nd the yield being enor'mou. ly incr·eaRed. · The process of refi11 ing crude sugar generally consists in diRsolving it in hot wa.t<."r- blood being adclecl to very nude sugars to carry do'vn impurities in coagu lating- filtering, decolouring by t ho action of a.nima.J charcoal, and evaporating to crystallisation. The pr·oducts &l'e sopa.ra.tt>cl in to various grades according to purity. As an instance of tho value of scientific control in F~ugar · refining proces. es, we may . mention that onE' c·oncern has for many . .vears pa t effected a saving of bt>tween £7 5,000 a.nd £100,000 a year ru a retw·n for an expenditure of £20,000 a. year on its la.bora.tories a.nd stafL.:; of chem.i.-.ts. ugat' wa · cliscoYered in beetroot by :\larggra.f, f~ German chemist, in 1747, but it was not until 1801 that a factory was established for it.s extr·action, • the fu·st heing erected in , ilesia. by Acha.rd. In the light of p1·esent-da.y event it is int-eresting to obsen ·e that the German industry received c·onsider· able impetus in its early years through the land blockade of Prussia, enforced by Buonaparto, which made the home production of sugar a. neces ity. Buonapar·te also gave encouragement to the esta.b. lishmen t. of the industry in , and it is now carried o n in Rw sia, Holland , a.nd other· European countries. The juice of the common beet contains only a low · percentage of . ugar, but by careful scientific cult.iva.tion the yield has been steadily increased, so Lhl\t some va.rietie · give OYer 15 lb. of suga1· per 100 lb. of beet, in. tead of ahout. 6 lb. or less. The y ield of beetroot f1·om the land ha. been increased by about 15 per cent., and the coal con· ~'~umption in t.he process of extraction has been reduced by about 80 per cent. The exhausted sub· stance is utilised for making feeding stuffs for cattle. In the ea.dy meth od of extraction the roots were cleaned a.nci shredded, the shreds placed in woollen bags, and the juice squeezed out by hydraulic pressw·e. This practice still prevails in some p laces, but has been replaced in others by the cleaner a.nd more effi cient diffusion process. The roots a re cut into thin strips which a.t·e exposed to the action of water; the sugar diffuses out into the water, leaving colloidal substances in the cells, the walls of ·which a.re impervious to colloicls. The trea.t.ment of the juice is similar to that employed in the case of cane sugar, the yi<-ld of crystallised sugar being about 70 per cent. of the sugar in the r oot, the other 30 p er· cent. remaining in solution a.s molasses or lireacle, to he sold as such or w~ecl to m.ake rum. Increased yields of sugar in the cryst.a.llised sto.te, from both cane and beet, are largely attributable to the Osmose process, based on c,·a.ha.m's work on dialysi.<;, and t.he Elution processes elaborated hy 't.effen and by 'cheibler. In the first p rocess the sugar is allowed to diffuse through a parchment membrane into pure water, the substances which pr·event <'rystallisa.tion b eing unable to through t.he mt>mhra.ne. 'fhE' solut.ion obtained is then worl<ecl np for suga1· and fo r pot.a sium nitrate which a.ccom· panies it, while t.he remain ing liquor goes to the distillery for the manufacture of by·products. The Elution processes depend on the formation of the sparingly soluble calcium or stront.inm salts formed by sugar- calcium a.nd st.rontium saccha.r·ates. These salts, obtained by var·ious methods in pur<> condition from the sugar in molasses, a.re suspended in water and decomposed into ugar a.nd calcium or· 'ltrontium carbonate, a.s the ca.Re may be, by the a.ot-ion of carbonic acid gM. Other Ruch p r·oc·esses hnve been devised, but that 1

_

Fig. 69-STEARINE

P RESSES

mixture of palmit.ine, oleine a.nd linoline. When the temperature falls, the pa.lmitine solidifies out, while the oleine and linoline a.re still liquid. The" stearin e" deposited by cotton ·seed oil is, therefore. not stea.rine, but pa.lmitine. From other oils-for example, from olive oil- it ma.y consist. of a. mixture of true stea.rine, pe.lmitine, a.n d other glycerides solidifying a.t a. relatively high temperature. The extraction of the " stearine " is a.n impol'ta.nt oper·a.tion, particularly in the case of cotton·seed oil. This oil, after b eing " de·ma.rgarina.ted " is known as .. winter oil," because it mll not throw do·wn a. de· posit or become cloudy a.t temperatures normally occurring in winter. A usual method of car·rying out. the de·margarination is to cool the oil a.rt.ificially until the "stearine " portions solidify, and then to t.he whole through a. fi lter press. A slightly different method consiF~ts of completing the freezing of the whole oil in flat pans, wrapping the frozen cakes in bagging and pres!'ling them in a. hydraulic press. Under the pressure, the portion8 of the oil h aving the lowest freezing point, liquefy, and a re forct>d out a.nd drain away. A set of stea.rine pres>'es, snitablo for this method of working, is illustrated in Fig. 69. The p1·esses differ conl'!iderably from t.JroRe of tlu3 Anglo·American t~· pe tu~ed for cru~hing seeds. Et~ch is provided with a ram 12in. in diameter· and suitable for a. working pr·essure of two tons. A square table is formed a.t the head of the ra.m, and on to this a four·wheeled carriage can be run on rails from eithor· side of t h e presq. The carriage is pro,•ided with catches, which can be hinged do\vn to engage t.he columns of the press, a.nd with two vertical guide baf'!l, which, when the ra.m rises, enter holes in the press h ead a.nd so h old t.he carriage stead y. 'I'he expr·e sed oi l is caught in I he box· like carriages. Tlu~re a.re t.wo ca.r-riagt>s fo1· c:>aC'h P''eHc;, so that one may he fill ed

POR

DEMARGARINATJNG OIL

prepared foodR, snrh M biscuits. cocoa, ma.rgn,r·ine. preserved meat., tiRh. fntiLs and ,·egt>tablcR. ja.rn,.; and confect.ionery. a.nd bc,•era.gt>s are p1·oduced under scientific> sup(wvision. The methocL<; of p1·eservation of pe,·iRhahlt> food products are due to the a.pplicat.ion of science. The sterili.c;ation by boiling o f meat and of fi sh, followed by immediate hermetic sealing in cans, is the rt>snlt of a knowledge of the nature of bActerial life, a.<> also is t.he practice of preserving b.v the applicatiort of cold, the meat or fish boing e ither actually frozC'n, or maintained at a tempera.tme near the fr-eezing p oint ·w ithout a.ctua.l congelation. We will refer again to the subject of cold storage later·. The law governing t.he sale of milk in this count11' eoacts. that the content of fat (cream) shall b e not less than 3 per <'ent. The va.r·iotL<: preservatives available for tL"'e a.re either· pr·ohi· bitecl, or are restdctt>d as to the qua.nt.ity that ma.y he added. This is a. nereR-<;ary precaution , a.<: most of the preserva.tiveR, such M f()rma.lin ancl boric· a.c·irl, are not desirahle ft·om tho point of ' 'iew of hea lth, especially in the ca!'le of mHk. which is so impot·tant to infants a.nd im·alidl'l. The !lterilisa.t.ion of milk b y pa. tew·isation, whiC'h C'l)n!liHts in pr·olonged heating at a. moderate temperat.\u·e, is a. tLsefn.l mean>< of sa.fegua.nling the public h ealth, the taste, an cl therefore the palatability, of thf:l milk being ve1·~· little affect.ed by the treatment. Scienre provides the means of distinguishing betwcon genuine hutter' and the various . ubRtitut.('s now in common u se, such di~tinction b eing necessary for the detection of fraurl. Careful inveHiga.tion by botanical worker·s, combined with t h e pt•oper application of manmes, haR • No. XIII. appeared May 2:>tb.

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8, 1917

THE EN G INEER

511

THE PBODCJCTION AND INDUSTRIAL EMPLOY- can bo offccted i£ tho oil is suitably treated with moment there is a fooling of uncertainty a.s to this h ydrogen gas in the presence of finely cUvided nickel employment of them, for it is not yet settled h ow far MENT OF VEGETABLE OILS. or palladium. Each of those metals acts a.s e. cata.lyHt No. XV•. THE HYDROOENATION OR H ARD E!\'fJ:NO 01<' OILS.

F ATTY vegetable ~o; consistin~ ?f a

and animal oila may be deRcrib ed glycerine pa;t and an acid part. f ho compos1t10n of tho glycenne part is constant. The composition of the acid p art varies from oil to oil, and is characteristic of any one oil, or of any" ono group of oils. Several important vegetable and animal oils contain an acid part having the general chemical form ula C',. Jltr,. 0 2 • Among these we have butLer fat , cocoan ut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, lard, tallow, and ,, nous . " b u tters, , sueh as cocoa, mace an d nutmeg v .. but.ters. It will be noticed that the oils and fats mt'ntioned are in general characterised by the pos~es­ ~ion of e. thick consistency ; that is to Ray, they have high m elting points, or , in ot.lwr wore!:;, they arcn aturally " hard." . Many other important vegotabl and animal oi l ~; d if1(~r from those juRt mentioned, in that their acid purti(fai l w fit, the senor~) formula quot<>d to the

and is left unaltcr<·d aft.or the hydrogenha.s boon ta.ko~ up by the oil. Those a re the broad chemjcal aspects of the process wo a ro now cUscussing. Wherein ljes it~:~ commercial applic?-bility ? The answer to this question can be g1ven ln _a. general statemen t. For the purposes of modern mc.l ustry the world's supply of natural faLs is deD.cient, whi le tho supply of liquid oils is superabundant. The h ydrogenation process permits us to m.a.ke ~ood the de6cioncy by converting some of the s uperabundant liq u.id oils into hard fats. AB an instance of the commercial applicability of the hy drogenation process, we may look for a moment. at the 60ap -making industry. T he ideal Kubstance for Lho soap maker to work with ma.y be tJaid to be tallow. It is a. firm substance, and yields a fi rm soap Buch as we aro accwit.omccl t.o. T allow, however, is expensive, and is obtainable only in Kt.rictly limited amounts. The soap maker accordingly fa.lh; back upon Flomo of the har rnel oil. Tlwtso

tho poKBible prc!!ence in the hardened oila of a small o.mo~mt of the nickel or other catalyst is harmful to the human conAtitut ion. The chief oil hardened at present is whale oil. Incree..~ing quanti ties of cotton -seed, linseed, soya. bean, cocoanut, and other oilB are, however, also being subjected to t he process, so th.a.t the subject is ono quite properly falling within t he scop e of this series. With regard to the hardening of cocoanut oil, a word of explanation is n o d oubt desirable. T his oil is just on the border line b etween the true oils a nd the t rue fats. It is one thing in one part of the world , and tho other in another part. All i ts acid part is not sa.tll · rated but contaiM portioM of unsaturated acids. 1t. is therefore capable of absorbing a certain amo unt of hydrogen, and so becoming harder than it, is n orrnt\lly in this climate. · Hardened oi1.11 are white, tasteloHs. odourlcMR Kll b . stances of ta.llow -liko consistency. Theoretically at lea'!t, thoy s hould all b o idon tieal, whatever may bo the particular oil started wi th, and in pract.ice s uch identity seems to be attained, a.t least. in the oil

•

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Purtf',er House Slockmg Floor

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FIJ.

7~PLAN

('rlent ·of two, four , Rix or eight a toms of hydrogen. 1'hua, in rape oil, and certain flsh oils, two hy drogen atomB are missing. F our are abRent in the acid parts of Hoya bean oil and cotton -seed oil. I n linseed oil Hix atol'll8 arc mjssing, and in certain liver and blubber oiiH eight atoms a re a.-wanting. All these oils, it will ho noticed, are in general cha.ra.cteriged by the p osse8· Hion of a. liquid consiBtency. Jn pe,..,sing it should be ohHerved that castor oiJ does not appear under either di' .iJ.Iion. ThiA oil is excep tional, fo r it.s acid part contn.inH not two but three atoms of oxygen. The oils of the second divit~ion- or, to be quite exact, the acid parts of the11e oils- a.rc termed un · Ratu.ra.ted, for they a.re, theoretically a.t least, capable of -taking up and combining with additional atoms of h ydrogen. In practice, however, under normal <:(mditioro~, h y drogen, oven in the ne.~c<·nt stato, is quite without action on fatty oils. T he great corn· J'TI(•rcia.l value attaching to the power of being able to <'OuvE>rt an \lJlli&turated into a saturated oil has led h! rnuch inveHtigation of the matter. It has l>e(>n d!HC'Ovort>d that t he add ition of t.ho hydrog<>n a.toms • Jro. Xl V. appeared J nne

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OIL

llYDROGENISING

FACTORY

ON

TilE

LANE

oils a re also expenaive.,and a re in incree..~ing demand in other industries. If, however , the Aoa.p maker tries to replace them with one or other of the abundant naturally liquid oi ls, such a..'! whale oil, soya bean oil, and so on, his product looses greatly in quality, and is apt to be a. soft, s ticky masA, unusable or unaa.lca.blo 68 soap for m any purp01~cs. B y hardening t hese oils before UAing thl'm in the soap kettle, h e obtainA a s ubstance practically identical with tallow without affecting the yield from them of that va.l u'a.blo by-product of tho soap making ind ustry, glycorino. The hydrogenation process th llfl throws open to the soap maker a. wido range of oi iR which othorwiRo wouJd bo next to useless for his purpose. Similar remarks apply to the candle-ma.l rtain that arti · fi cially ha.rden<>d oils wi ll soon be in extensive ancl I A.Cknowlc <'d trRe for l'dihlc purpoR<>~. .J uRt for thc-

SYSTEat

aR freRhly hardened, but there is some uncertainty whether a. hardened oil if kept long enough will ot• will not develop Aomo character it:lticH of i tH paren t.. ThllR, hardened whale oil may, sooner or later, d evelop a fiRhy smell , and hardened cocoanut oil the character if!tic s mell of cocoanuts. In practice, however, th(} oils are us ually hardened a.t the soap worl
Coming to the tech nology of the procCf!f! we fin
•

•

THE EN G INEER

5 t2 little variation of procedure may quite readily result in an entire failure to harden the oil. The catalyst commonly used on a commercial scale is metallic nickol prepared in a finely divided state by cherrucal precipitation. Once made it must be kept rigorour.ly apart from certain other t.ubsta.nces, notably air, moibture, s ulphur, arsenic, carbon monoxide, methane, &c. Th«>se substances oxidise or otherwise react on the metallic nickel, and quite destroy ita catalytic action. Thus it is stated that a tenth of one per cent. of sulphuretted hydrogen, if present in the hydrogen used in the process, will prevent the hydrogenation of the oil. The effect of these substances on the catalyst is felt in three directions. First, a.s we have said, it means that the hydrogen used must be very pure, and free especially from moisture and sulphW' corn· pounds. Secondly, the oil to be hardened must be thoroughly freed as a preliminary from the moiStW'e which, when received, it is certain alway~ to contain. Thirdly, in preparing the catalybt a stage is reached when it must be treated and handled out of with the atmosphere. Given the satiKfactory attainment of these condi· tions the process is simple. The oil with the catalyst added is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen inside a closed vessel an autoclave- fitted with a mechanical agitator. The oil and hydrogen are brought into intimate and at the end of three to foW' hourb the absorption is found to be complete. The temperature at which the work is carried on is of great importance. It appears that f or any given preR!lure of hydrogen inside the auto· clave there is e. definite temperature which rnUHt be reached before tho absorption begins. At atrnos·

D

PIJ. 71- LA!I'E AUTOCLAVE

J uNt 8, 1917

of the hardening process of an inexpensive supply of pure hydrogen- to describe the Lane system of generating hydrogen. In the engraving Fig. 70 on page 513, we reproducf> the ~eneral plan of an oil-hydrogenising plant erected to )lr. Lane's df'c;igus. A.., set to \\ <.11 k in the fin,t inhtance tllis factory ha~ a capacity for treating one ton of oil per hour, but throughout provision is made for trebling the plant and the output. In this article we are concerned solely with the low(•r portion of the plan- the oil treatment departmf'ut. The upper portion- more than 50 per cent. of the whole represents the lay-out of the hydrogen producing plant which we will deal with in o ur next article. RECEPTION AND DESI CCATION OF THE RAW OIL.

The raw oil is received at the works at the point marked A in the lower left-hand corner of the plan. The first operation is to remove tbe oil in a cleanly and thorough manner from the barrelh an.d to pas. it into steel storage tanks. AB the raw oil may be naturally thick -such as is the ea e if cocoanut, palm, or palJD kernel oil 1.8 being treated- means have to be provided for heating it so that the barrels may bo properly emptied and the oil in tho storage tanks may be kept suffi~ient l y liquid t ~ be pumped on to the next stage. 1he means prov1dcd consist of steam jets for heating the barrels and Bat steam coils at the bottom of the tanks to pre~rve the contents in a. liquid state. The tops of the storage tanks are open, and 9cro~>s their mouth" i~o.

FIJ. 72-MR.

BOWARD

LANE'S

-

EXPERlllllENTAL OIL·BARDEBilfO

erected a wooden stage in wlUch grilles are formed on to which the barrels are emptied. The next stage consists in thoroughly drying the oil so as to meet the requirement for success, mentioned above, that the catalyst should not be brought at any time into with moisture. The desiccation is performed in two f!tages. The oil ia first pumped from the storage tan~ iu to open preliminary heating ves~e ls circular in RCC'tion and having conical bases. The!;() ves"cls are fitted "ith mechanical awtating gear and with steam heating coils. In thc>m the oil is freed of the greater part of its moisture. To secure the final and complete desiccation the oil is pumped into vacuum pans consisting of circular sectioned vessclH with domed tops and conical bases, and containing e. hc>ating coil and mechanical stirring gear. The domed top of each pan is provided with an inlet connvction for the oil and a connection to a \'acuum pump. The outlPt for the oil is throu~b a. cock at the foot of the conical base. , team, ftuid level and vacuum ga.uge!o4, and thermometcrti arc fitted in connection with the pans. The oil leaving the panR is now reAdy to be brought into with the hydrogen in t ho autoclaves, but before proceeding to de!';crihe these we will deal with the preparation of the catal) ..,t;

pheric pres.'iure this temperature appears to be about 250 deg. Cent. In pra<:tice such a temperature would almost certainly result in the hardened oil being discoloured. To avoid this some temperature approximately 200 deg. must be W!ed. The pressw·e of the h ydrogen has to be increased above atmospheric as the temperature is decreased. A normal working condition is a temperature of 170 deg. to 180 deg. Cent. in conjunction with a pres.'iure of 70 to 80 lb. per square inch. When the absorption is complete the oil is run out of the autoclave, cooled, filtered, and allowed to solidify. For the purpose of this and the succeeding article we have made a close study of the hydrogenation and hydrogen producing plants designed and patented by ~Ir. Howard Lane, of the Laboratory, Ashforcl, )fiddlesex. )1r. Lane has kindJy allowed us to inapect when at work the experimental plants which he• has erected at hi~ laboratory. T o avoid creating a rn.ti>apprehonllion we desire to make it quite clear at this point that we are not dealing with a system or plant which is only in the experimental stage. The PREPARATIOX OF THE C.\T,\LYST. generation of pure hydrogen is a subject which ha~ engaged ::\lr. Lane ,:; attention ~ince 1903. TlH1 The catal~ ht c·mployed in the Lane• woces~ is finely development of hiH oil-hardening plant followed divided metallic uic~kel. It iH n•c<Jived at the works upon the corruncrcial ~;ucceas of his ideas as to tho in the form of uickel sulphate in crystals. The generation of hydrogen. ~1any installations, both of first step in it~ prepa.rn.tion COJtRi'ltfi of makin~ a the hydrogen plant and the hydrogenation plant Rolution of tlw mc·kcl s1tlphato and another solution erected to his dc,;;igns, are to-day succes:;fully at wo1·k of ~o.odium carbonatc. This is done in the two tanks on a large scale both in this country and abroad. It B (' respcC'tJvt'ly. Each of thcse tanks iH fitted i,:; propohed in thi~ article to de"'Cribe a typical hydro- with an opr-n st(•arn jet to facilitate tho pregNtation plant on the Lane syl'ltem, and in the 1 pa.ra.t ion of the solul ion. Thc•y are erected over J.<.·xt- becau e <Jf the vital importance to the sucCN·i a third t:1nk pro\ idcd with rnr•au~ for mixing tho • • •

two solutions when they are turned into it. The result of this mixture is the precipitation of insoluble nickel~ carbonate and the age of sodium sulphate into solution. Previous to the ission of the two flolutions a quantity of finely divided refractory J.eutral mntcrial is placed in the mixing tank. In prnctice this material is usunlly kieselgnhr-that i!:l to say, infusoria.l earth consi~;ting of siliceous diatom foAAils. Its function is to act a.s a carrier for the nickel. The mother liquor, the precipitate of nickel carbonate, and the kieselguhr are drawn off from the mixing tank and pumped through a fiJter prc>,.s of the type described in our preceding article. When the fiJtering is completed the nickel carbonat<• and the kieselguhr are found con~'>oljdated on the filter cloths a.s cakes. These cake.'! are thoroughly dried in hot air stoves, and thereafter are reduced to powder by means of an edge runner. The carbonate ha.s now to be roasted or cakinN1 >lO a.s to reduce it to the form of oxide. Thereafte r comes the very • delicate operation of reducing the oxide to the metallic form. This is effect<'d by heating the oxide in conta.ct with hydrogen- which must be quit<' free from air- at a certain temperature. One form of the apparatus employed is contained within a heat·in&ulated vertical case to which the pulverised materiAl is fed automatically at the top, while the hydrogen is a.dmitted at the foot. IMide the case there is provided a series of Hlowly reciprocating grida or sieves. The m o,•ernent of thc-.e constantly expoacs

PLA!fT

or

fresh portions of the substance to the action the hydrogen, and at the same time determines the rate at which the substance falls:through• the case. The apparatus is heated by the hydrogen itself, the gas before its a.dmis ion being heated to the requisite temperatW'e in an external superheater or stove. In this particular form of reducing apparatus the reduction of the oxide to the metallic form is effected in the lower portions of the case. In the upper portion the material- fed to the case in the form of the carbonate is calcined to the oxide After leaving the lowest grid the reduced material accompanied by the kieselguhr, must not, of coUJ"SS. be permitttd to come into with the air. It is therefore caused to fall into a tank of oil of the same kind and quality as that to be hardened. After thorough mixing the black oily preparation is ground to a suitable conlli.qtcncy, and is then finally ready for ission to the autoclave along with the oil. THE

LA~E

AUTOCLAVE.

An autoclave, designed according to )Jr. Lane's patents, iH illustrated in section in Fig. 71. It is a

cylindrical upright vessel, clo,;;ed top and bottom, and surrounded by an outer jacket of fire-brick to constitute a flue for the gases of a separately fired furnace. The upper half of the vessel is occupied by agitatiu~ gear consil'iting of a series of square beater disc·>~ A mounted on a. power-driven vertical shaft, and an equal number of metal plate cones B formed with square holes at their centres, and fixed relativcly to the walls of the vessel. The lower half is, i.n the working condition, occupied by the oil to be treatc>d rrux< d with thP catalyst. A pump C draws the oil from th<" foot of the ve"--el and discharge,; it continuo01~ly on to the uppermost of the cone'i B . Falling from thi~o~ c.n to the fir~;t. of the be~ttr~r plateq A it is shot off againat th<: wo.llQ of the vesSf'l, and ia rlische.rged thro\lgh the

THE ENGINEE R

514 OJX>ru.ng in the ~>econd cone on to the second beater plate. Before it rot urns to I he bottom half of the vet.Sel the oil i~> thlL'> thoroughly churned up m the a.tmol>phere of h) t are tutroduced at D and the hydrogen at E. At F a. cotmcction to a. vacuum pump is proVJded where b), as a preliminary to the introduct10n of the catalyst and hydrogen, the air in the ve~'<"'cl can be removed. It has been found, a.':! the resuJt of practical experionce, that the oil in the lower part of the vessel is apt to sufier from bomg exposed too long in with the hot surroundmg walls. To overcome this Mr. Lane, in his moRt recent designs, extends the agitator shaft to the foot of tbe vessel, provides it with a beater or paddle, and surrounds it with a. cylindrical jacket. The oil i.. thus circulated from the paddle up tho annular space between the jacket a.ud the walls of the autoclave, and down again through the jacket to the paddle. In the enguwi.ng on page 513 wo give the general arrangement drawing of a. Lane autoclave provided 'vith this improvement. lf matters are properly regulated the pressure inside the autoclave, as the hydrogen is puruped in, is seen to rise at first. On r~ching a. certain point, depending upon the temperature maintained in the oil, the pressure becomes stationary, indicating that the hydrogen is bemg ab orbed by the oil as fast as it is pumped in. When, by sampling, the hardening is judged to be completed, the oil 1B drawn from the autoclave through the pipe D, Fig. 71, and as indicated on the engraving on page 611, is cooled and fiJtered. The cooling is not sufficient to solidify the oil, but is onJy sufficient to prevent the hot oil from ruinmg the cloths of the fiJter pre....a. In the 6Jters tho very large buJk, if not the wbole, of the metallic mckel and the kie:.elguhr is held hack. The cake,.. left on the cloth are washed and freed from oil, are broken up, and are returned to the cataly~;t preparing dopartment, where the material is made ready for fw·ther use. In Fig. 72 we give a. view showmg the interior of Mr. Lane's laboratory at Ashford with the experimental oil hydrogeni.bing plant. In the middle of tho background the autoclave is to be seen with, to the right, the coke or coal-fired furnace used in ccn· junction with it. l n the foreground to the right we have the cooler for the hardened oil, and to the left the fiJter press. COST OF

WORKL~O

British <"nginPertl have expl01tcd tho briqu<'tting procct>:S so little. The first 1s that the total co~;t of t ho plant runs away wtth the profit, and the second. that. no machine of Brtti h design hM a. sufficient capacit} per unit to make it pay to install one. Lot us exarruno \\hat truth there is in theso two a.s.qertions. At the outset, we may state that though there is certainly a. great deal of divergence in the views held as to the amount of saving in metal which may be effected, there certainly is a. saving which m a. properly de igiled and managed plant may a.ttaw very sub:sta.ntia.l proportions, and there appears to be no reason" hv oven the smaUc~:~t machine f'houJd not prove to be a. r~aying investment. A few examples may be given of the evidence on this point which our inquiries have brought to light. We have before us the esti.m.a.tes for a. briquetti.ng plant which ~ f'hortly to be put to work, if, indeed, it has not already begun operations. It has been designed after opecial study by A. Bntu.h engineer, to \\hose experiencO$ we shall refer in our second article. It comprises three presses ma.clc in tlus country, but of continental de~ign. The proposed output it! 100 tons of briquettes of non-forroUR swa.rf per week of fifty-foW' hours. Each preRS has, therefore, a. capacity of 33 i tons per week, or say, 1383 lb. por hour. The total co~;t of the installation, including the pre.....;cs and other machinetJ', preliminary expenReS, stores and sundries is given as £3800. The standing charges, including rent, rate,., taxes, light, depreciation

.,

THE PROCE S.

The following e timate of the co~;t of working a plant having a. capacity of one ton of oil per hour 1'> ba.--ed on figures ~;upplied by .Mr. Lane. In studying the figures it should be noted that the rates charged for nickel sulphate, lU&;elguhr, and carbonate of socla aro not necets~sarily tho~>e for which the:.e materralt; could be bought m the present abnonnal time. On the other hand, the price set agam~>t the hydrogen r;,, owmg to recent tmpro,·ements, probably in exce"'"' of that at wruch it U. obtainable, oven under the conrtitJOni\ of to-da.). In the second place 1t il> to h<' noticed that the figures relate to the hardening of Jin~;oed oil. C:<wta.i.n oils, for example, whale oil, r·equiro more hydrogen to hardou them than doe~ linrseed. Others, ~;uch as cotton-seed oil, require les.~. AB the charge for hydrogen is the heaviest in the h,..t, the que tion of what precise oil is being dealt "tth 1.t1 a point of considerable importance in its bearmg upou the working costs. The only other heavy item m the list is that Het against " lo~s of catalyst." The magnitude of this figure also depends upon the natW'O of the oil being hardened. Con of Hardming OM Ton of Lin8wl Oil. Hydrogen : 3630 cu. fL. at 48. 6ld. r*r 11111() cu. ft. .Loea o (ea ta1 yat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuel for Hee.ung : J cwt. coke at 308. J" 'r t•m . . Power .. .. .. .. .. Steam : 13« lb. aL 3e. 4<1. p<-r ton Water: 400 cu. ft. at lOd. per 1000 cu. H ... !<'alter cloths : 1 ynrd at le. 3d. per }tlrU • • • • Labour (tncJud.tn~ preparation of cat~ I>~L): 7 men at Gd.. per llour .. .. .. n unmng repairs • . • . . . . . . . Total ..

.. ..

•

•

•

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d.

f)

16

0

11

u

2

1 J

CJ

:l

(I

0

0 1

4 3

11

3

6

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f)

0 0 CJ

fj

N 1ckel sulphate at 428. per cut., kic..ulguhr ut J 7e. fJ<•r c" t ., carbonat(l of ~<>
THE BRIQUETTING OF METAL SWARF. No. L

IN a note which we published receutly under the hc·a.ding " Random Reflections," we drew attention to the fact that the question of tho briquetting of tnctaJ swa.rf had been greatly neglected in this country. Since writing that note wo have gone still further into the matter, but have failed to find any rea.t;On to modify our views. There is no denying that British engmeers have not hitherto studied the means of preventing waste during remelting to that degree which the importance of the subject undoubtedly justifies, though we are glad to observe signs of reformation. Very divergent vtews as to the aa.vings which are effected by briqu<'tting still exist. No two makers of briquetting m.a.<:hinery or melten> of bnquettes give figures which aro exactly comparable, und it is high time that a. moro thorCJugh understanding ot tlw \\hole :.UIJJ<:ct wa:. !'!ought. Two main WQ.t)Ollt! havo been buggo~;Lou to UJ:i \\try

Fir. 1- BOLLiliGS AHD GUEST BRIQUETTDJG MACIWIE

and sundries, are estimated at £64 per week, and the rwming costs, labour, stores, office and other charges, at £47 per week. The total weekly expenditure will therefore be £111. With an output of 100 tons per week, the cost worlo:i out at 22 . 2 shillings per ton. As the financial result of this installation, a. net saving, after making all provisions, of over £1 per ton is anticipated. Taking the value of the remelt.ed swa.rf at £70 per ton, this represents a. net gain of nearly 1 . 43 per cent., after paying the cost of briquetting, and from information which we have derived from other sources it ,,.ouJd appear, too, that a. higher figure might reasonably have been counted on, especially as we gather that in this ca...qe the remelted material is to be used for casting direct, and is not to be simply run down into ingots. That, however, is the figure given to us, and, comparatively small as it is, it represents an excellent return on the invest.od capital. This percentage is, we may say, the lowest figure we have met with. At the other end of the Acale, the highest claim for net saving which has come to our notice is £15 per ton. Between these two there is a. very wide clifference which we are unable t.o explain, though pobSibly some of it may b e duo to the varying composition of the metals dealt with. This, however, wouJd not accow1t for anything like the whole of the difference. In fitill another case, ca.lcul.a.tions aro ba.<>od on a. saving of 5 per cent., which is referred to as being " qwt•
JcNE 8, 1917 I

how complPtcly at variance the publiFohed figure~ CJU the subject aro. As regards copper, we ar Q.b.-~ured that the lo"'""'.S may be reduced by brtquottu1g from an average of per cent. to an average of 1! per cent., thli> ~>ho\\'lng a. saving of 6l per cent. StX and a._half.per cont. ou, ~ay, £130, HI nearly £8 10:i., and buppooing the co~>t of hriquetting to be 22.2 srullings per ton, the actual f'aving in money wouJd appear to be well over £7 por t on. Then agam, ua melting alum.iruum borin~ w1thout briquettmg, the loss may be very high u1dt:ed, amountinl't. st t,., t.atd, b) one authority, to as much a>J from 30 to 50 per cent. After briquetting, the lo~>~>, we are assured, need not be more than 7i_per cont., and AhouJd certainJy not be more than 10 per cent. Fifty per cent. is probably a great deal higher than it wouJd be were proper precautwns taken, but supposwg the lo se· before and after briquettwg to bo 30 and 10 per cent. rGSpectively, the not saving wouJd bo 20 per cent., and 20 per cent. wtth remelted a.lunu.niwn. swa.rf at, My, £210 per ton, wouJd mean £42, bO that, a.Uowing for the cost of briquettwg, a. good deal more than £40 wouJd be saved on every ton that wal> melted. It should be ... tated at th.i.t. powt that some makers of furnaces deny that such lo:s bes are nothing like 88 high as tho figurco quoted. Further than that, they allege that the COl>t and total working charges of the machinery for briquetting leave~ less profit than does a furnaco properly designed and constructed to deal wtth Joose swa.rf. The .Monometer Company, for example, which certainly makes exceUent furna.ces for this purpo:,e, and has achieved fi.nst-rate resuJtd, clau:ns that it ha,.., reduced the loso on average a.luruinjum Mwarf to J 0 per cent., and the loss on bra.RS Mwarf to half tLat amount. It is not part of our present purpose to <1 furthe r the relative a.d of two plans indicated and have merely touched upon matter hero to hhow that it has not been overlooked. bo ed however in majority cases firms bw-tne><·>··<<>>>£>>>£>

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