Medical Technology Prelims 3o3l2c

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY • Refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science and technology to improve the management of health conditions • Technologies may encom any means of identifying the nature of conditions to allow intervention with devices • Methods to increase life span and/or improve the quality of life: - Pharmacological - Biological • Involves technology to evaluate health status • Medical detectives are under the supervision of pathologists CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE • The use of clinical laboratory tests to detect, diagnose, monitor and treat disease • Blood, tissue, and body fluids can be chemically analyzed and examined for foreign organisms • 85% of all medical decisions are based on the results of clinical laboratory testing Medical Technologist/ Clinical Laboratory Scientist • Perform and use sophisticated laboratory techniques to uncover diseases or monitor medical conditions and relate the data to various disease processes to aid in treating and determining the cause of disease • Are laboratory scientists who are part of the medical team of specialists that work together to determine the presence, extent, or absence of disease • A person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or licensed physician authorized by the Department of health in places where there is no pathologist and who having ed the prescribed course (Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/ Bachelor of Science in Public Health) of training and examination as ed under the provision of this Act (PRC definition) • Performs a full range of laboratory tests from simple blood tests to more complex tests to even assisting with the uncovering of disease such as cancer (AMT definition)

PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969 • Practice of Medical Technology in the Philippines: - A person shall be deemed to be in the practice of MT within the meaning of this Act - The fee, salary or other compensation or reward paid is given directly or indirectly - Purpose of professional services: aiding the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of diseases, promotion of health in general • Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic, immunologic, nuclear, and other lab procedures and techniques either manual or automated • Blood banking procedures and techniques • Parasitologic, mycologic, and microbiologic procedures and techniques • Histopathology and Cytotechnology • Clinical research involving humans require the use of MT knowledge and procedures • Preparations and standardization of reagents, standards, stains and others are exclusively for the use of their laboratory • Clinical laboratory quality control • Collection and preservation of specimens

FIELDS OF SPECIALTY 1. Clinical Chemistry 2. Hematology 3. Blood Bank & Transfusion practices 4. Microbiology (Bacteriology, Mycology) 5. Clinical Microscopy (Parasitology) 6. Histopathology & Anatomic Pathology 7. Immunology & Serology RELATED OCCUPATIONS 1. Analytic Chemist 2. Bacteriologist 3. Biochemist 4. Blood Bank Technologist 5. Chemist

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6. Clinical Chemistry Technologist 7. Clinical Pathologist 8. Crime Lab Analyst 9. Cytotechnologist 10. Food and Drug Inspector 11. Hemotherapist 12. Histologist 13. Medical Equipment Sales Rep. 14. Medical Librarian 15. Medical Laboratory Manager 16. Medical Technologist 17. Microbiologist 18. Parasitologist 19. Pharmaceutical Sales Rep. 20. Public Health Specialist 21. Quality Control Specialist 22. Research Assistant 23. Toxicologist WORKPLACE (Profit and NonOrganizations) 1. Biotechnology firms 2. Blood Banks 3. Clinics 4. Colleges and universities 5. Diagnostic testing companies 6. Health maintenance organizations 7. Hospitals 8. Laboratories 9. Medical equipment manufacturers 10. Physician’s offices 11. Pharmaceutical companies 12. Research institutes

Profit

HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (Early Beginnings: Evidence-based researches) Vivian Herrick, MT • Traces the beginnings of MT in 1500 BC: Taenia and Ascaris parasites were mentioned in early writings - Ascaris lumbricades- causes ascariasis - Taenia- agent of taeniasis (beef tapeworm infection) - Yeast cells- fungi that can be found in urine

Ebers Papyrus- book for the treatment of diseases that contains the 3 stages of hookworm infection

Ruth Williams, MT • An Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology- her book • MT began in Medieval period as ed by the fact that urinalysis was a fad • Urinalysis- oldest laboratory procedure • The polyuria of diabetes was noted in ancient times • Hindu doctors made scientific observation that urine of certain individuals attracted ants & has a sweetish taste (diabetes was noted as early as 600 BC) - Diabetes mellitus - Diabetes insipidus • Normal urine volume- 400 to 2,000 mL/day HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (Ancient Medieval Times) Hippocrates • Greek physician, the Father of Medicine • Hippocratic Oath- code of ethics for practicing physicians • Described four “humors” or body fluids in man 1. Blood 2. Phlegm 3. Yellow bile 4. Black bile Blood letting • Means of curing most afflictions throughout the medieval ages (until today) • A patient was bled with leeches or by cutting a blood vessel • Study of blood and its cellular elements began during the more enlightened age • Leeches prevent blood from coagulating, restores circulation; used in treatments that aid the success of reattaching severed limbs Pope Innocent VII First unlucky recipient of unsuccessful blood transfusion practices William Harvey Discovered blood circulation, the era of blood transfusion started Richard Lower

Animal- animal Dog- dog Jean Baptiste-Denis Animal- human Sheep- 16 year old boy James Blundell Human- human Human- women with postpartum hemorrhage Karl Landsteiner - Discovered the ABO blood group system by using the experiment on presence of antigen and antibody in a blood sample - 1901- his students, Von de Castello and Adriano Sturli discovered the AB blood type using the same experiment

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Aniline dyes- used throughout the laboratory (1850) Jules Duboscq- developed the 1st visual colorimeter based on beer’s law (1854) BEER’S LAW: the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed and inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light Louis Pasteur- pasteurization Robert Koch- PTB & Cholera Alexander Flemming- penicillin Acid fast stain- used to identify Mycobacterium and Nocardia Gram’s stain- gram positive and gram negative

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • (1632-1723) the invention and development of the compound microscope • First to describe RBCs to see protozoa and classify bacteria according to shapes CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 1. Cocci - in cluster - in pairs - in chains - in groups of 4 - in groups of 8 2. Bacilli - in chains - in singles - in pairs 3. Spirilla (Treponema pallidum) Motile- bacteria moving on its own direction Non-motile- bacteria moving due to bombardment of water molecules Marcello Malpighi • (1628-1694) greatest early microscopist • Founder of Pathology HIGLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (1600-1800) • Herman Fehling had a quantitative test for urine sugar (1848)

Notes:  Antigen - foreign substance that when

stimulated in the body, it will become an antibody Transfusion Antigen Antibody reactionBlood type A A Anti-B B B Anti-A O None Anti-A and B AB A and B None *The foreign substance is the antibody not present in the blood  Antigen - red cell  Antibody - serum Rh Blood Group System  Rh (-) D antigen is absent  Rh (+) D antigen is present

 Anti-D is produced when Rh+ is added to Rh Caucasians are Rh- Amalia Fuentes - Rosanna Roces - Gelli de Belen 450 mL of blood suspended of 63 mL anticoagulant Plasma with the antibodies Packed red blood cell

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Plasma extractor Adverse reaction- transfusion reaction ABO incompatibility- when the infant has a different blood type compared to the mother Rh- rhesus (rhesus monkey) discovered by Karl Landsteiner and Weiner/ Wiener Rh affects next offspring ABO group affects first offspring Rhogum- prevents the development of antiD; given 72 hours after delivery